-

- A.

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...
:
...

, 2012

- A.
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13 2012.
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, 2012
3

- A.
...

Copyright - A. , 2012
M . All rights reserved.

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Abstract
The aim of this paper is to approximate an energy independent house-guest room in Mani .
The first part analyzes the theoretical background that includes a) statistics on energy
consumption in buildings in Europe and Greece, b) presentation of bioclimatic design and
analysis of its main principles, c) information on the so-called green devices and energy
labels, d) a description of simple architectural methods of ventilation, cooling and natural
lighting, e) techniques and use of artificial lighting methods and LED, f) presentation of the
basic data of a geothermal installation and g) extensive report on photovoltaic systems and
wind turbines.
The second part is the practical application of those mentioned in the theoretical part. The
implementation took place in a certain house-guest room in Mani, which accommodates up
to 4 people. Particularly, there was selection of energy efficient equipment, i.e. green
household appliances, ceiling fan for cooling, hot air fire place for heating and LED for
lighting. The next step was the calculation of the energy required per day, per month and per
year. Finally, there is a study of a photovoltaic and wind turbine standalone system to
investigate whether in fact these systems can meet the energy needs of the house.

Keywords
Energy saving, housing, heating, air conditioning, natural and artificial lighting,
photovoltaic, energy class, fireplace, ceiling fan, wind turbine, LED, green appliances,
energy label.

, . ,
,
.

........................................................................................................................................3
.................................................................................................................................5
Abstract...........................................................................................................................................3
Keywords ........................................................................................................................................6
.....................................................................................................................................7
: .....................................................................................................12
1 : .........................................................................12
1.1 .........................................................................12
1.2 .................................................................16
2 : .....................................................................................20
2.1 .............................................................................................................23
2.1.1 ..........................................26
2.1.2 .......................................................................................................26
2.1.3 .........27
2.1.4 ..........................................................................30
2.2 .................................................................................................................................36
2.3 ...........................................................................................................................37
2.4 ..............................................................................................................38
2.4.1 ..............................................................38
2.4.2 . ..............................................................39
3: ................................................................................48
3.1 ....................................................................................................................48
3.1.1 ...........................................................................................................................48
3.1.2 / .......................................................................................................50
3.1.3 . ...............................................................53
3.1.4 ...................................................................................55
3.2 ...........................................................................................................................56
3.2.1 - . .................................................56
3.2.2 ...................................................................57
3.2.3 ..............................................................................................59
3.2.4 .......................................................................................................61
3.2.5 ...................................................61
3.2.6 (Ground-coupled heat pumps) ..........62

3.3 A .................................................................................................................66
3.3.1 ...........................................................................................................................66
3.3.2 ...................................67
3.3.3 ..................................................................69
3.3.4 ..............................................................................71
3.3.5 .....................................................................72
3.4 LED .....................................................................................80
3.4.1 ...........................................................................................................80
. .....................................................................................................................89
4: - ......................................................................................89
4.1 ........................................................................................89
4.2

.............................................................................................................90

4.3

..................................................................................................................92

4.4 ; .......................................................................................93
4.5 ; .......................................................................................................93
4.6 ................................................................................94
4.7 .............................................95
5: .................................................................................................99
5.1 ..................................................................................................................................99
5.2 . ...................................................................99
5.3 . ........................................................................101
5.4 ......................................................................101
5.4.1 ........................................................................101
5.4.2 .....................................................102
5.4.3 ........................................................................103
5.4.4 / ...............................................................................105
5.4.5 ...................................................105
5.4.6 ...................................................106
5.4.7 ......................106
5.4.8
. ....................................................................................................112
6: ................................................................................................114
6.1 ................................................................................................................................114
6.2 .............................................................114

6.2.1 ...............................................................................114
6.2.2 ............................................................................115
7: ..........................................................................................................117
7.1 ...............................................................................................................117
7.1.1 ..................................................................................................117
7.1.2

....................................................................................118

7.1.3

. ..........................................................................121
7.2 ...........................................................................................................122
7.2.1 .....................................................................................122
8: . ....127
8.1 .........................................................................................................127
8.2

. ......................................................................................130
9: ..............................................................................................................131
9.1 .............................................................................................................131
9.2 LED
..........................................................................................................132
9.3

........................................................133

10: - .............................................135
10.1 ,
......................................................................................135
10.2 ,
...........................................................................................................136
10.3
................................................................................................................................................138
11: ....................................................................................................140
11.1 ......................................................140
/ .............................140
/ ........................................................140
11.2 E / , inverter .............................................................141
11.3 / ..................................................146
11.3.1
...................................................................................................................................146
11.3.2 / .........148
11.3.3 .........154

10

PVSYST V4.36- . .......................................................................................154

12: .................................................................................................160
12.1 .......................................................................................160
12.2 ........................................160
12.3 ...............................................................................................164
12.4 .....................................................................164
12.5 ............................................................165
13 : - ................................................168
...............................................................................................................................171
..............................................................................................................................176

11

:
1 :
1.1

,
. ,

2007.
.
,
.
,
20-20-20:
20%
1990, 20%
20% 2020.
30%
, 2002
2002/91/ .


, ,

(), .
.. ( )
.
150 230
kWh/m.
200 400 kWh/m,
.
120-150 kWh/m
.
140 kWh/m 96 kWh/m
1980 , , 92-123 kWh/m 75-94 kWh/m .
( 1.1 1.2)

12

1.1: (
2006)

1.2: ( )

.. . ,
.
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80% .
1995-2006 53% 27
22%.

13

1.3:
( 1000 ) : Eurostat, : 13.05.2008

14

1.1: 1000
(1=11,63MWh). : Eurostat, : 13.05.2008

15

1.2: 1000 .
:Eurostat, : 13.05.2008

1.2
30%
.
1980,
,. ..,
1/3
.
..
76% . 70% 2001 29%
16

1981( 1.4).
2001
:
2,1%
30,4%
12,7%
1,5%
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20% ( 29% 1981
)

1.4: (. 2001)

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17

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1.1: . .

1.7:

2006 ( )

1.8:
( 2001)

19

2 :

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1997 ,

7%.


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( 2.3)

22

2.3: .:

2.1

2.4: . : , Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory 2009 (ENERGY STAR)

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.

,

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.

23

.


. (Diana Farrell and Ted Halstead,
Americans should be warming to energy efficiency, Financial Times, June 21, 2007).
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:
< > -energy label-

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<Green Seal>

Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)

24

.
(Energy Star)

.

Energy Star
(
). ENERGY STAR
.
,
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ENERGY STAR,
ENERGY STAR,
.

25

2.1.1
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() 66/2010
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Ecolabel). -


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(H/Y )

/


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2.1.2
(92/75/CEE, 94/2/CE, 95/12/CE,
96/89/CE, 2003/66/CE, ..) ,
,

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G,
G
.

26

.
2010/30/EU
,
,
, . (Contract N: IEE/09/628/SI2.558219)
2.1.3

.
+, ++
+++.
,
2010/1015/E.
(kWh / )
(kWh / ).
(EEI- energy
efficiency index),
60C
40C ,
: (left-on
mode) .

()
,
60 C
40 C ,
.
) ()
:

:
AE c
SAE c .
) (SAE ) kWh/
:

:
c
60 C
40 C ,
.

27

) (AE c ) kWh/
:
i)

:
E t
P o
P l
T t
220
ii)
,
,
(AEc )
, :

:
T l .
) (E t ) kWh
:

:
E t,60 60
C
E t,60
60 C
E t,40
40 C .
) (P o ) W
:

:
P o,60
60 C
P o,60
60 C

28

P o,40
40 C .
) (P l ) W
:

:
P l,60
60 C
P l,60
60 C
P l,40
40 C
) (T t )
:

:
t,60 60
C
t,60
60 C
t,40
40 C
) (T l )
:

:
l,60
60 C
l,60
60 C
l,40
40 C
,
:

29

2.1: .

A+++ ( )

EEI 46

A++

46 EEI < 52

A+

52 EEI < 59

59 EEI < 68

68 EEI < 77

77 EEI < 87

D ( )

EEI 87

2.1.4

I.
II.

III.

IV.

V.

VI.

VII.
VIII.

/
,
, ,

/



(AE c), kWh :
"" kWh , 220
60C 40C
,
(AW c ), :
"VWXYZ" , 220
60C 40C

, kg,
60 C 40 C
,
-

60 C
, dB(A) re 1 pW,
.

30

2.5: .

I.
II.

III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.

.
,
, ,

.

(AE C) kWh
(AW C)


.
dB (A)

31

2.6: .

I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.

.


kWh
. > -6 C
. < -6 C
dB (A)

32

2.7: .

I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.

.


W
.
.
,
0,01 Watt,
.

33

2.8: .

12kW. :

G
( 500
)
IV. kW
V.

VI. (, /)
VII. ( )
VIII. dB
:
1. kW
2.
I.
II.
III.

34

2.9: .

:
I.
II.
III.
IV.

A G
H lumens
Watt

2.10:

35

2.2
,
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20-30%.
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37

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, :
50 W
9.000 Btu, 55 980
, Greenpeace.
(
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.

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( )

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, -).

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30-50%

,,
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2.4.1

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( 2.4) , ,
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38

( ),
.

2.4: . :

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50%.
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1.
2.
3. ( )
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2.4.2 .
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.

(-)

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39

2.5: . :

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.
,
( 2.8).

41

2.8: . : CLEAR (Comfortable Low Energy

ARchitecture) multimedia teaching package f or daylighting and the achievement of com fort
through energy effi cient design in architecture

( ), .
(
.
2.9).

2.9: . : Sola Lighting Limited Sales & marketing UK &

Eire for Solatube tubular skylights

(-).
-, ( 2.10, 2.11)

42

2.10: . : lophellas

2.11: . : lophellas

( 2.2).
50 m 15m 15.000 lumens
15.000 lumens/ 50 m=300lux,

2.2: .:
Solarlight

43

,

. , (
) . ,

, :
:
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. ( 2.12)
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44

2.12: . :

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.( 2.13)

2.13: . :

.

,
.( 2.14)
.
(2-3
).
.
,
.
45% 80% (
8% ).

45

2.14: : www.tsb. wetterau.de

- ,
, .

( 2.15).
,
,
.

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.

2.15: . : www.nulightsolutions.com

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(
).
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( 2.16).
.
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.

46

2.16: . : www.nulightsolutions.com

47

3:
3.1
3.1.1

. ,
,
.( 3.1)
/
(),
.

3.1: .

(Si).
Si
Si . (
() (Ph)
.


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( ) ,
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.
(cells) , (modules).
/ .
/ (panel). / (
3.2).

48

3.2: .

1 W 1.5V
/
Pp(Wp) peak power.
1kW/m 25C.,
0,4%
25C.
/

3.3: .

1839.
n p . ,
,
n p .

3.3 ( 0.5eV)
/ ,
Si (1,1eV)
, -.
49

p-n
, n
p . .

I-V.( 3.4)

3.4: .

/

(Pmax)
:
n=
: /
.
:
. /.
/.
. UV
.
/.
UV

.

.
3.1.2 /
, ,
.

1.
2.
3.
,
.

/ /
,
50

. 15-16%,
20% , 24%.
,
,
. 200 m,
.
,
, .
Czochralski
(wafers) 200-400 m

E 3.1: . :
http://www.energotechniki.gr/site/

/
. 10-14%
17-20% .
(
.)
.

/ .
' ,
(""), EMC.


(wafers) .

51

3.2: . :
http://www.energotechniki.gr/site/

( )
/
6 8%,
14%.
/.
.

/ . 1.2 1.6 eV ,
1.1 eV
.
, / .


/, ().
100Wp/m.
2,5 .

3.3: ( ). :
http://www.energotechniki.gr/site/

,
.
3.1:
3.1: .

52

4,5 11%

11-16%

11-19%

1kWp

9-25m2

8-14m2

7 14 m2

3.1.3 .
3468/2006 (

(... 129/27.06.2006)) ,

. ... (3851/2010
85/4.6.2010)

20% 2020
.
2009 36MW
/ 55MWp ( 3.5).

3.5: . : ( .
).

53

3.2: / ( MWp) : , .
.

2011
/ (MWp)
/
(Wp)
/

(Wp)

75,7
274,2
281,1

: 2005
.
( 3.6)

3.6: / .

T 2005 1,8 GWp (

Photon International)
.
:
3.7
, 2009.

54

3.7: / . : European Photovoltaic Industry

Association - EPIA

3.1.4
,
, .

. ,

.
, ,
,
.
, ,

.

,
,
.
, 1MW ,
0,8MW . ( )

55

3.1: .

3.2: .

3.2
3.2.1 - .
, ASTM E-957 (Standard
Terminology Relating to Geothermal Energy), :
.
, ,
, 5000 C
.
,
.
56

,
, .
30 C/ k m.
, ,
,
,
.
,
. ( )
:

3175/2003 ( ' 207) ,
.

, .
, ,
, ,
(25C).

.

.

.
,
.
:
25C-90C.
90C.

.

.
,
.

.

,
,
.
3.2.2
,
(, )
(100-1500m).

57

1971
( & ) 1979
( ) .
,
,
,
.
,

. 1971 :
(, , , , , , .)
(, , , ,
.), , , ,
56 .

3.3: .

. 325 C 1000
m. 350 C 1500 m.
20 5 W,
200 50 MW .

58

3.4: .

,
.
-, -, - .
75 C,
.
.

, . .
70 C
. . ,
, 82 C.

56 C.
100 . 100 C.
3.2.3
,
(~50%),
(~50%).
, . (
).
( 3.8):
1. (>90 C), ( )
2. ( >60 C, >40 C,
(>25 C),
3. ( >60 C,
<30 C)

59

4.
(>25 C),

5. (>15 C)

6. (>60 C),
,
7. = 25-40 C

3.8: Lindal.

3.5: / . .

60

3.6: Spirulina . .

3.2.4

,
,
.
,
0-200m, 25C.
,
, , 0-30m ,
. 0-15m
,
.
,

( . 1992).
3.2.5
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
( . 1992).

61

3.2.6 (Ground-coupled heat pumps)

(, ,
, ) 10-30C, (, , )
5-25C, ,
0-15C.

(COP) 3 . COP

.
(> 4,0) (Mendrinos D. and Karytsas C. 2003).

1) ,
2)
3) .

40-60C ,
- (fan coils),
(air handling).
.

FHP ( 3.3), S
9001:2000 IGSHPA, ENERGY STAR, GEOEXCHANGE &
RI.
3.3: FHP.

62

,
, ,
.
.
, .
,
.
( 3.8).

3.8:
() () . : Sanner B., J. Lund, L.
Ryba ch, R. Curtis, G. Hellstrm 2004 Geothermal (Ground-Source) Heat Pumps - A World
Overview.

,
2 .
( 3.9).

3.9 . :
Sanner B., J. Lund, L. Rybach, R. Curtis, G. Hellstrm 2004 Geothermal (Ground-Source)
Heat Pumps - A World Overview.

,
U, 50 150 (
3.10).

3.10: . :
Sanner B., J. Lund, L. Rybach, R. Curtis, G. Hellstrm 2004 Geothermal (Ground-Source)
Heat Pumps - A World Overview.

63

, (
Slinky)
40% ( 3.11).

3.11: . : Sanner B., J. Lund, L.

Ryba ch, R. Curtis, G. Hellstrm 2004 Geothermal (Ground-Source) Heat Pumps - A World
Overview.

3.7: (
)
220 m2 / ( ). :

,
,
( 3.12).

64

3.12: ()
() . :
Sanner B., J. Lund, L. Rybach, R. Curtis, G. Hellstrm 2004 Geothermal (Ground-Source)
Heat Pumps - A World Overview.

,
.

.
(standing column well),
, ,
( 3.13).

, .
, (
) (L. Rybach and B. Sanner 2000 Sanner B., Kohlsch .) .
,
.

3.13: . : Sanner
B., J. Lund, L. Rybach, R. Curtis, G. Hellstrm 2004 Geothermal (Ground-Source) Heat
Pumps - A World Overvi ew.

.
.
( 3.14) .
Oberwald Furka
Airolo, Gotthard

65

3.14: (
Ehrenfriedersdorf, ). : Sanner B., J. Lund, L. Ryba ch, R. Curtis, G.
Hellstrm 2004 Geothermal (Ground-Source) Heat Pumps - A World Overview.

500-1.000 / kW (th),
, 1.000-1.500 / kW
(th) .
(Mendrinos D. nd arytss C 2003).
, 2005 15.379,29
MW (th). 7.100,39 MW(th)
.
3.840 MW(th) 600
MW(th) 532,4 W(th) 400 W(th).
,
, 3-5 km,
150 C.

3.3 A
3.3.1
.

, ( )
.
, ,
(.
, ).

66

3.3.2

, .

3.15: (: . ,
).

.
(.. )
.

,
.
,
,

67

(.. ).
,
,
.
,
,
(. , ).

, ,
( 3.16):
1. / .
2.
, .
3. ,
(DC) (rectifier) ,
. .
4. , (inverter)
, ,
(C), .

3.16 : /.
(: . ,

... )

.
,
.
800 kW 3000 kW.
CP, o
. ( ,
):

,
V .

68

CP
:

R .
.
, CP, Benz
16/27=0,593. 59,3%
. ,
CP=0,5,
/. 2040% (, ).
3.3.3
(/)
. /,
:
/ ,

,
( 3.17).

3.17 : .
(: , )

/ ,
( 3.18)

69

3.18: .

/
/ ( 3.19) : ,
.
,
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71

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72

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74

A/ No 1.

3.8: / NEG-Micon 750/48

.
A/ No 1.
/
: NEG-Micon 750/48 ()
.
: 750 kW
/
: 48.0 m/46.0 m

: 22 14 RPM

: (stall controlled)
. 7,0 m/s : 1.850 MWh/
/
/
: /Schneider Electric
.
: 1000 kVA
.
: 0.69/20 kV

: 5.84 %
/ ,
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75

A/ No 2.

3.9: / Enercon E-48

A/ No 2.
/
.
/

: Enercon E-48 ()
:
800 kW
: 48.0 m/46.0 m
: 16 32 RPM
: 72.0 m/24.0 m
: -
(pitch controlled- variable speed)
. 7,0 m/s : 2.180 MWh/

76

A/ No 3.

3.10: / Vestas V90

A/ No 3.
/
: Vestas V90 ()
.
: 3000 kW
/
: 90.0 m/90.0 m

: 10 14 RPM
: 135.0 m/45.0 m

:290 t

: -
(pitch controlled-variable speed)
. 7,0 m/s : 7.000 MWh/

0,85-0,9 We .
1,3MWe
3MWe .
,
.
,

. ,
90m 1,8MWe,
2MWe 3MWe.

77

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60m
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-
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/.

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, ,
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/ 3.4 .
3.4: .
: - & - 41
2007.

78

3.22: MW. : The HWEA Wind Statistics

3.23: E MW . : The HWEA Wind

Statistics

3.22 3.23
, .

79

3.4 LED

.
H
, ,

.

3.11: . : http://www.lighting.philips.gr/projects/hsbc_tower

3.4.1
.

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. ,
.

80

3.12: . : http://www. buy-lightbulbs.com/

3.13: LED. : http://www. buy-lightbulbs.com/

( ) (
),
.

1 2010, 75 watt ( 3.14)
2012,
( ),
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,

.

81

3.14: . http://www.buy-lightbulbs.com/

.
,
.

.
dimmer.
,
.
,

.

3.15: Philips. : http://www.lif.co.uk/lampguide/incandescent.html

.

82

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.
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25%.

ballast. 36
W ballast 8 W
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ballast 2x36 +2 x 8.1=88.2W
II. ,


III. 4
2
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VI.
(BEMS), .
:
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83

3.16: .: http://www.lif.co.uk/lampguide/incandescent.html

CFL (Compact Fluorescent Lamps),

, ,
, .
35-55 Lm/W 8.000 .
()
,
ballast.
,
.

3.17: .
: http://anothertitle.com/2008/10/16/fluorescent-lamp/

:
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3.
84

4.
5.
:
1.
2. .

,
.
.

(ignitor) .
260C
, , .
:
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3.
:
,
.
(
)
.
,
.
.

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3.18: . :
http://urbngreen .com/?m=200806

85

.

,
. .
200 mmHg 1000 C.

3.19: . :
http://www. outdoorlightinglamps.com/security-lights

- .
,
.

, .
.

3.20: . :
http://www. outdoorlightinglamps.com/security-lights

,
. ,
.
86

3.21: . :
http://www.archithings.com/osram-ceramic-lamps-now-as-100w-syst ems/2009/08/10

LED (Light Emitting Diodes)

. , ,
.
L.E.D.
,
.

3.22: LED. :
http://www. flickr .com/photos/leipzi1/3428123379/in/photostream/

LEDs
: lm/W .
:
.
.
: ( 2mm)
.
ON/OFF: . LED
microsecond. LED
.
: , LED

87

.
LED.
: .
35.000 50.000 ,
1.000 2.000
10.000 15.000 .
: LED, ,

.
:
.
.
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.
, ,
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88

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100 m .
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. ,
.
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,

.

89

4.2: .

4.3:
-.

4.2
autocad
.

90

4.1: -.

4.2: -.

91

4.3
( 4.3)
( 4.4) -.

4.3: -.

4.4: - - -.

92

4.4 ;
(ecotourism)

.

4.5 ;
.
GREEN LODGES
(Intelligent
Energy for Europe).
, ASTER, AEA
(EVA), ICEDD, EE74, EDV ENERGIA,
ENERNALON, AGENER, BESEL ( ).

() ( , ,
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93

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4.6
4.5 4.6
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4.5:
.

94

4.6: .

:
,
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.

95

4.4: : (
).

96

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97

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.
,
.

98

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5.1

:
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, .
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99

5.1: . :, . (1999),
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5.2: / Fujitsu .: Fujitsu Technology Solutions(

)

: (300
/)

: (260
/)

standby

13

14

100

5.3 .
, :
5.3: -.

1,5

52

50

52

0,5

52

1,25

52

5.4

.

:
5.4.1
.
157 Kwh.

5.1: Siemens KG39EAW40G.

101

5.4: Siemens KG39EAW40G.

Siemens KG39EAW40G specification Dimensions (mm)

LowFrost
Yes
Shelf Type
Safety Glass
Manufacturer Warranty
2 Year(s)
Energy Rating
A+++ Rated
Auto Defrost Refrigerator
Yes
Fridge Capacity (Gross)
252 Litres
Fridge Capacity (Net)
247 Litres
Freezer Capacity (Gross)
95 Litres
Freezer Capacity (Net)
92 Litres
Required Room Temperature 10 To 43 C
Annual Energy Consumption
157 Kwh
Noise Level 38 dB
Fast Freezing Yes
Vacation Button
Yes
Number of Shelves (Fridge) 5
Number of Compartments (Freezer) 3
Bottle Storage Yes
Adjustable Shelves Yes
Salad Crisper Yes
Super Cool Yes
Interior Light LED
Reversible Door
Yes
Open Door Alert
Yes
coolBox
Yes

600 x 2010 x 650

: 157 Kwh
5.4.2

. 96,2 kWh.
5.5
(0.93 Kwh) .
5.3.

5.2: Miele WT2789iWPM.

5.5: Miele WT2789iWPM.

102

Miele WT2789iWPM specification Dimensions (mm)

Requires Own Furniture Door
Yes
Quick Wash Time
30 Minutes
Manufacturer Warranty
2 Year(s)
Energy Rating
A+ Rated
Wash Performance A Rated
Spin Performance
A Rated
Wash Load 5.5 Kg
Drying Load 3 Kg
Spin Speed 1600 RPM
Energy Consumption
0.93 Kwh
Water Consumption 45 Litres
Loading
Front Loading
Large Porthole
Yes
Number of Programmes
16
Anti Crease Programme
Yes
Delicate Wash
Yes
Easy Iron Programme
Yes
Hand Wash Yes
Quick Wash Yes
Rinse Hold
Yes
Silk Wash
Yes
Wool Programme
Yes
Audible End of Programme Yes
Control Panel Type LCD
Variable Spin Yes
Delay Timer Yes
Drum Interior Light Yes
Time to End of Programme Yes
Water Supply Cold Only Fill
Sensor Drying
Yes
Sports Programme
Yes
Jeans Programme
Yes
Dryer Type Condenser
Honeycomb Drum
Yes

595 x 820 x 575

5.3:
2 /.52 / 0,93 kWh/=96,2 kWh/
: 96,2 kWh/
5.4.3
.
513,24 kWh. ,
5.6

.
5.3.

103

5.3: Bosch.
5.6: Bosch .

: Bosch
/ :
: 4
: 4
:
:
(W): 8.300 W
( x x ) (mm): 850 x 600 x 600 mm
(xx) mm: 960 x 670 x 700 mm
- 1:
- 1: A
(kWh) - 1: 0,89 kWh
- 1
(kWh): 0,79 kWh
: , .

(mm): 180 mm
(kW): 2 kW
:
: Z standard,
(mm): 145 mm
(kW): 1 kW
: .
: , standard
(mm): 220 mm
(kW): 2 kW
:
: , standard
(mm): 80 mm
(kW): 0.45 kW
,
2 kW,
1kW
.
5.3:
1 2 kW ( ) 1,5 h+
104

+3 1 kW ( ) 1,5 h+
+3 0,79 kWh=9,87 kWh/
9,87 kWh/ 52 = 513,24 kWh/
: 513,24 kWh/
5.4.4 /
/.
45,1kWh. Energy Star
(www.eu-energystar.org) 5.7.
5.7: / SPRIMO Mobile X9515.

: 45,1 kWh/
5.4.5

. 3,9 kWh.

(4,8 V* 1000 mAh =48W) . To 5.3.

5.4: Gowireless - C03G0070115.

5.8: .

105

Gowireless - C03G0070115
NiMhAkku 4,8 V, 1000 mAh
, Impedanz 8 Ohm
FM (88 108 MHz):
AM (500 1700 KHz)
Si-Solar cells
/OFF




:
: 10 .
: 20,5 .
: 6 .
: 6,6 .
LED
.
6 V / .
300 ,
5.3 :
48W 1,25/ 65 = 3,9 kWh/.
: 3,9 kWh/
5.4.6
JOHAN 400W RCY1. .
20,8 kWh.
400W. To 5.3.

5.5: JOHAN 400W RCY1.

5.3:
400W 0,5/ 2/ 52/= 20,8 kWh/.
: 20,8 kWh/.
5.4.7
,
.
:

106

.
332 Kwh.

5.6: Smeg FA311XS2.

5.9: Smeg FA311XS2.

Smeg FA311XS2 specification Dimensions (mm) 600 x 1615 x 650

Manufacturer Warranty
1 Year(s)
Energy Rating
A Rated
Frost Free Freezer
No
Auto Defrost Refrigerator
Yes
Fridge Capacity (Net)
242 Litres
Freezer Capacity (Net)
68 Litres
Required Room Temperature 18To38 C
Annual Energy Consumption
332 Kwh
Arrangement Freezer Over Fridge
Number of Shelves (Fridge) 3
Number of Compartments (Freezer) 1
Glass Shelves Yes
Adjustable Shelves Yes
Freezer Star Rating 4
Ice Cube Tray Yes
Hinge Position
Left
TemperatureControls Mechanical
Power Failure Safe Storage 16 Hours
Split Type
70/30
Please Note Requires An 80mm Gap On The Hinge Side
: 332 Kwh

107

. 474 kWh.
5.10
(4.56 Kwh) .
5.3.

5.7: Bosch WVD24520GB.

5.10: Bosch WVD24520GB.

Bosch WVD24520GB specification Dimensions (mm)

Manufacturer Warranty
2 Year(s)
Energy Rating
C Rated
Wash Performance A Rated
Spin Performance
B Rated
Wash Load 5 Kg
Drying Load 2.5 Kg
Spin Speed 1200 RPM
Energy Consumption
4.56 Kwh
Water Consumption 49 Litres
Noise Level 75 dB
Loading
Front Loading
Wide Opening Door Yes
Large Porthole
Yes
Number of Programmes
15
Number of Drying Temperatures
2
Anti Crease Programme
No
Delicate Wash
Yes
Easy Iron Programme
Yes
Economy Wash
Yes
Hand Wash Yes
Quick Wash Yes
Length of Quick Wash
15 Minutes
Pre Wash
Yes
Rinse Hold
Yes
Silk Wash
Yes
Wool Programme
Yes
Control Panel Type LCD
Variable Rinses
Yes
Variable Spin Yes
Variable Temperature
Yes
108

600 x 860 x 560

Delay Timer Yes

Drum Interior Light No
Fuzzy Logic Yes
Super / Extra Rinse Yes
Super Silent No
Time to End of Programme Yes
Drum Capacity
42 Litres
Water Supply Cold Fill Only
Number of Drying Programmes
2
Auto Half Load
Yes

5.3:
2 /.52 / 4,56 kWh/=474 kWh/
: 474 kWh/

.
639,6 kWh. ,
5.11

.
5.3.

5.8: Belling FORUM317.

5.11: Belling FORUM317.

Belling FORUM317 specification Dimensions (mm)

502 x 900 x 602
Energy Consumption (Second Oven)
1.1 Kwh
Energy Consumption (Main Oven)
1.1 Kwh
Electrical Connection 9.9 KW
Door Type
Glass
Manufacturer Warranty
1 Year(s)
Energy Rating
C Rated
(kW): 1,8 kW
(kW): 0,9kW
(kW): 1,4 kW
(kW): 0,9 kW
Fuel Type
Electric
109

Hob Type
Solid Plate
Oven Type
Electric
Main Cavity Type
Electric Fan Oven
Main Cavity Capacity
53 Litres
Second Cavity Type Electric Conventional Oven / Grill
Second Cavity Capacity
24 Litres
Number Of Ovens
2
Number of Functions 1
LPG Convertible
No
Requires Electrician To Hard Wire Yes
Pyrolytic
No
Removable Inner Door Glass Yes
Defrost Feature
No
Slow Cook Feature No
Grill Pan
Yes
Grill Type
Variable Grill
Roasting Dish No
Rotisserie
No
Number of Burners / Zones 4
,
1,8 kW,
1,4 kW
. 5.3:
1 1,8 kW ( ) 1,5 h+
+3 1,4 kW ( ) 1,5 h+
+3 1,1 kWh=12,3 kWh/
12,3 kWh/ 52 = 639,6 kWh/
: 639,6 kWh/
H/Y
/,
250W.
300kWh. , 5.12.

110

5.12: . :

250W
5.3 :
250W 4/ 300/= 300kWh/.
: 300 kWh/

,
( 5.12) 30W.
5.3 :
30W 1,25/ 7/ 52 / = 13,65 kWh/.
: 13,65 kWh/

TWIN TURBO.
67,6 kWh. 1.300W. To
5.3.

111

5.9: TWIN TURBO.

5.13: TWIN TURBO.

TWIN TURBO.
1300 Watt .
2 , 4
2 .
52 .

5.3:
1300W 0,5 / 2 / 52/= 67,6 kWh/.
: 67,6 kWh/
5.4.8
.
5.14:
.

(kWh/)
(kWh/)
513,24

639,6

45,1

300

96,2

474

20,8

67,6

3,9

13,65

157

332

836,24

1826,85

112

5.6 ,
, 54,23%.
:

700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0

/


(kWh/)

(kWh/)

5.1:
.
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0

(kWh/)

(kWh/)

5.2:
.

113

6:
6.1
.

()
.
/


.

6.2
6.2.1
6.1:
( ).

, .
, 6.1,
,
. 65 .
-,
, .

.

114

:
.
6.2.2
6.2: . ( : )

:
- 4 - 200 l.
MALTEZOS:

6.1: MALTEZOS.

()

6.2: .

( 6.2):
1. 316L HiMo.
2. 316L HiMo.
3. ( 70mm, 35-40Kg/m2).
115

4. 304.
5. ().
6. , , .
7. ()
8. .
9. .
10. ( ) 10 .
11. 316L (..
) ( - 3).
NCS MALTEZOS

: 6.3 .

(
6.3):
1. , .
2.
.
3. .
,
.
4. .
5. .
:
6.3: .

116

7:
7.1
7.1.1
,
( - ),
.
,
0,5-0,8 m/s.

:
1,8 m
2,5 m .

10m.
:
HUNTER SONIC 24363

7.1: HUNTER SONIC 24363.

7.1: HUNTER SONIC 24363.

: 112 & 132 cm ( ).

: 4
: 13500 /
: 180
: 65 watts/0.45A
65W .

117

:
7.1: .

13

7.5

10

32

7.5

7.5

10.2

10.3

:
4 .
5.3 ,
:
65W 1,5/ 7 / 16 / = 10,9 kWh/.

-:
10,9 kWh/ 6 = 65,4 kWh/.
=65,4 kWh/.

7.1.2

400-500 btu/m.
:
118

7.2: tu/ .

btu

13

5200

7,5

10

4000

32

12800

7,5

7,5

10,2

10,3

4080

98

Daikin URURU
10.000 btu ( 7.2) 3 Kenmore 5,200 btu ( 7.3)
.

7.2: Daikin URURU 10.000 btu.

7.3: Kenmore 5,200 btu.

119

10.000 btu
7.3: Daikin URURU 10.000 btu.

Daikin URURU SARARA FTXR28E / RXR28E

kW/BTU 2,8 /
kW/BTU 3,6 /
EER 5,00
COP 5,14
A, A
R-410A

mm 209x890x305

mm 693x795x285
: 1~/220-240V/50Hz
: 46 db
: 46 db
: R-410A
: 30m
. : 20m

3412btu/h=1000W
10.000 btu/h 2931W.

EER. :
EER = 5,00=
=
W= 586 W
586W
5.3 :
586 W 1,5/ 7/16 / = 98,45 kWh/.
=98,45 kWh/.
5200 btu.
7.4: Kenmore 5,200 btu.

Kenmore 5,200 btu Room Air Conditioner ENERGY STAR

Power and Performance
Cooling Amperage: 4.5
Cooling BTU:
5200
Cooling Wattage: 475
Cord Length (ft.):
6
Energy Efficiency Rating:
11
Kilowatt Hrs. per Year:
356
Maximum Air Flow (CFM): 176
Rated Amps (Receptacle): 15
Room Coverage in Sq. Ft.: 165
Total Connected Load:
0
Voltage:
110/120V

120

(475W). 5.3
:
475 W 1,5/ 7/16 / = 79,8 kWh/.
=79,8 kWh/.
:
79,8 kWh/ 3 = 239,4 kWh/.
=239,4
kWh/.
:
98,45 kWh/ + 239,4 kWh/ = 337,85 kWh/
= 337,85 kWh/
7.1.3
.
7.5:
.

E
(kWh)

65,4

337,85

7.5
65,4kWh,
337,85. ,

80%. :
400
350
300
250
E

(kWh)

200
150
100
50
0

7.1:
.

121

7.2
7.2.1
.
, .
7.6: .

. .
.
, , , ,
.
60-70 m.

7.2: .

122

7.2, :
1. (
)
2.Air wash ( )
3.
4.
5. .
6.
7.
306

7.4: 306 .

KA306
.
,
( combi).
DIN 18895A1.:
1) .
2) . 3)
.

123

7.7: 306.

. ,
,
:

124

FLAT minimal 125

7.5: FLAT minimal 125 .

7.8: FLAT minimal 125 .

: 119x47cm
: 160cm
: 137cm
: 62cm
: 30cm
: 320Kgr
: 74%
11,78% 3903 Kcal/Kg: 8Kg/h
: 27w
, .

. .

125

7.9:
.

(m)

13

7,5

10

32

7,5

7,5

10,2

10,3

98

126

8:
.
8.1
8.1
m ,
.
8.1: ( kWh/m)
. (: C.A. Balaras et al. / Building and Environment 42
(2007)

.
.
m -
8.1.
, (zone A) 2010 :
m
92,4 kWh/m
(98 m):

9.055,2 kWh
8.1
. ,
,
:
:
= (COP)
: COP( )=0,8

127

, 8.1,
:
=

kWh =11.319 kWh

=11.319 kWh

FLAT minimal 125.

. 7.8
74%, :
COP( )=0,74
:
= COP
:
=11.319 kWh0,74=8.376 kWh
kg .

( 7.8) :
=
=310,2 h
7.8 :
11,78% 8Kg/h.
:
=310,2 h 8 Kg/h = 2.481,8 Kg

kg (3903 Kcal/Kg)
7.8. :
=
=
=2.481,8 Kg 3903 Kcal/Kg=9.686.465,4 Kcal= 11.265,36 kWh
= 11.265,36 kWh
0,12 /kg
:
= 0,12 /kg 2.481,8 Kg= 298
= 298

128

8.2: . : 1 1.2

.
8.2
. , 8.1,

:
=9.055,2 kWh 1,10=9960,7 kWh

=9960,7 kWh

:
= 11,9kWh/Lt
= 0,65 .
=1,313Lt

:
=
= 760,94 Lt
:
E =760,94 Lt 0,65/Lt= 494,6
=494,6

.
8.2
. , 8.1,

:
=9.055,2 kWh 1,05=9508 kWh

=9508 kWh

:
=11,2 kWh/
M ( ) =0,577 /
129

= 1,196


:

=
= 808,5
:
E =808,5
0,577 /
=466,5
=466,5

8.2
.
8.3:
.

(kWh)

K ()

11.265,36

298

9960,7

494,6

9508
466,5
8.3 ( )

298,
. ,
, .
:
600

500
400
300
K ()
200
100

8.1: ,
.

130

9:
9.1

:
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.

VI.
(Lm)
.
,
, (Lux).
Lux SI ( International System) .
,
, ,
.
lux = lm/m
Lumen SI .
. ,
.

. ( Watt),
, ,
, .
,
.

LED.
,
LED ,
.

131

9.2 LED

:
9.1: . : 1

9.2:
( )
(
),
. : 1

9.3. .

132

: ..

9.3
9.3, -
lm :
9.4: lm

1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2

m
13
7,5
10

Lux
150
150
500

lm
1950
1125
5000

32
7,5
7,5
10,2
10,3
98

250
150
150
150
150
1650

8000
1125
1125
1530
1545
21400

9.1 18 lm/W
LED 60 lm/W. lm -
, W
LED .
:
133

= 1188,8 W
=356,7 W LED
3713h ,
9.2, .
9.5: ( kWh) LED
.

kWh

1188,8

4414

L.E.D

356,7

1324,4

(kWh)
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0

L.E.D

9.1 kWh LED

LED
70%. ,
LED.

134

10: -
T,
, :
= + 2,7

10.1 ,

10.1
- ,
.

17.276 kWh.
10.1: , ,
, .

(kWh/)

(kWh/)

(kWh/)

11.265,36

11.265,36

65,4

176,58

836,24

2.257,848

1.324,4

3.575,88

2.226,04

11.265,36

17.275,668

135

(kWh/)

(kWh/)

(kWh/)

(kWh/)
1%
13%
21%
65%

10.1: , ,
.

(kWh/)

(kWh/)

(kWh/)
3%

38%
59%

10.2: ,
.

10.1 10.2
.
,
, , (59%).

10.2 ,

10.2
- ,
.

136

25.049 kWh.
10.2 : , ,
, .

(kWh/)

(kWh/)

(kWh/)

9960,7

9960,7

337,85

912,195

836,24

2257,848

4414

11917,8

5588,09
9960,7
:

25048,543

(kWh/)

(kWh/)

(kWh/)

(kWh/)
4%
9%
40%
47%

10.3: , ,
.

137

(kWh/)

(kWh/)

(kWh/)
6%
15%

79%

10.4: ,
.

10.3 10.4

.
.

10.3

10.5 10.6

.
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000

1000
0


(kWh/)

(kWh/)

10.5:
.

138

30000
25000
20000
15000
10000

5000
0



(kWh/)

(kWh/)
10.6:
.

50%
,
,
.

139

11:
11.1
/
/ , ,
.
,
.
( , , ,
). 11.1 / .

11.1: / .

/
/
/ , ().
, .

. (220Vac)
(inverter).
/ , ,
. ,
, / /
, , , ,
, ,
, , , ,
, , . ( )
11.2 / .

140

11.2: / .

.
. , ,
:
11.1
.
11.1: / . ( )

, , 3000kWh/ year
3000 kWh *0,55 / kWh =1650 ,
, .

11.2 E / , inverter
/ () ,
- .
.
141

11.1: .
a: / , b: L , c: , d:
, e: .

/ (Power plus 230P, Conergy) 230 Wp .

/ 35
30 .
, PVSYST V4.36
,
. ,
/
.
11.2 (Conergy)
Power plus 230P.

142

11.2: (Power plus 230P, Conergy).

/ ,
Conergy
/ .

143

11.2: ( Power plus

230P,Conergy).

11.3: .

144

11.4: ( Batteries OPzS range).

145

11.3 : inverter.

11.3 /
11.3.1


(Pload)
(
=Energy consumed per day).
-
, -
.
. :
.
11.5: .

146

Wh

65

1,5

97,5

2000

1,5

3000

63

126

465

930

40

0,5

20

18

24

432

48

1,25

60

356,7

1783,5

3055,7

6449

11.5 :
Pload max= 3 kW

= 6,5 kWh
E, , ,
(0,8) Pload:
Pload = Pload max 0,8 = 2,4 kW
A inverter.
E : Inverter IPG 3S 3kW
E DC . 12V 24V
48V. Conergy 48V.
.
E : 3kW
(C Ah).


() .
C =

=135Ah

O Conergy .
,
,
Ah 30% .
C=
= 450 Ah

.

. ,

. 2 .
900h.
Conergy:
Eo: 1200 h 2V
24
1200Ah.
: 24 600 Ah ,
24 600Ah
.

147

11.3.2 /


, ,
..
.

PV GIS (http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/).
( 11.3),
35,
( )
( 11.4).
(Ed)
P=1kWp ( 11.6).

11.3: PV GIS.

148

11.4:
/ PV GIS.

149

11.6: PV GIS (
) 1 kWp.

150

11.5: PV GIS.

11.6:
PV GIS.

151

1kW Ko 1230kWh
( 11.6).
d=1,74kWh.T /
. ,
/ (Ppv) :

= 6,5 kWh , , ,
d=1,74kWh
/ 1kW 1kW /.
Ppv= 3,73 kWp
Conergy 230 Wp Ppv= 3,73 kWp , 17
.
30m ( 7,5m 4m)
Conergy ( = 1,65m = 1m )
:
1,65 cos 35=1,35m
Conergy ( 1,35m 1m )
14 (
) 11.7:

11.7: 14 1:100
( 35 ) .

14
:

230 Wp = 3,22 kWp.

3,22 kWp.

152

PV GIS 3,2 kWp :

11.7: PV GIS (
) 3,22 kWp.

Conergy 36,66 V. O
(48V
).

DC 48V
3kW 3000W/48V=62,5
. ,
.
,

,
.
.

153

:
,

= 6,5 kWh . 7.3.3
3,22 kWp
, .
, PVSYST
V4.36 .
11.3.3
PVSYST V4.36- .
/

PVSYST V4.36.
Meteonorm ( 11.8)
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL, Facility of the US
Department of Energy). :
I.
II.
III.

IV. mismatch
V.

VI.
VII.
VIII. .

11.8:
( Meteonorm).

154

11.8 11.9

.
11.8: .

155

11.9: 1 .

( 11.9 11.10). / 35
(30 ).
11.9: .

156

11.10: .

,
:
11.11: -.

157

11.10: .

PVSYST V4.36.
:
PV GIS ( 11.7)
3,22 kWp, 3.950kWh.
PVSYST 3,4 kWp
2.451kWh.
kWh, (1.424 kWh).
: 2.451kWh + 1.424 kWh = 3.875 kWh.
,
.
PVSYST kWh
. kW / .
11.12 kWh
-
- ( :
, 10.2).

158

11.12:
.

(kWh)
(kWh)

172,1
210,1
465,7

180,7
189,8
465,7

209,8
210,1
465,7

202,5
203,4
465,7

209,8
210,1
465,7

203,3
203,4
465,7

210,1
210,1
465,7

210,1
210,1
465,7

203,3
203,4
465,7

205,9
210,1
465,7

173,4
203,4
465,7

133,6
210,1
465,7

2474,1
5588,09

(kWh)
38
9,1
0,3
0,9
0,4
0,1
0
0
0,1
4,3
30
76,5
159,7

(kWh)
293,6
285
255,9
263,2
255,9
262,4
255,6
255,6
262,4
259,8
292,3
332,1
3273,8

- ,
/ ,
. ,
,
.
/
.

159

12:
-

11.12.

12.1
( 2000/2002), /

, / 1,5 .

12.2
1. (9.419
). Building Simulation 99.T
: Improving the weather information available in Simulation programs
D.Crawley, J. Hand L. Lawrie.
excel
:
12.1: 7 m/s /( 1 m/s).

m/s
0<1
1<2
2<3
3<4
4<5
5<6
6<7

160

/
3868
11
1940
1315
896
474
256
8760

4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
/

2000
1500
1000
500
0
0<1m/s 1<2m/s 2<3m/s 3<4m/s 4<5m/s 5<6m/s 6<7m/s

12.1: 7 m/s /( 1 m/s).

0<1m/s

1<2m/s

2<3m/s

3<4m/s

4<5m/s

5<6m/s

6<7m/s

6% 3%
10%
44%
15%

22%
0%
12.2: 7 m/s /( 1 m/s).

161

2.
Meteonorm.

m/s
2,7
3
3,3
2,9
2,7
2,6
2,5
2,4
2,3
2,2
3,2
3,3

12.2 : .

3.
.

.
.

162

163

12.3
, 3kW
. /
HUMMER Residential Wind Turbine 3 KW Off Grid System

12.1: / HUMMER Residential Wind Turbine 3 KW Off Grid System.

12.4
12.3 /.
/ ,
/,
.
( 12.3).
12.3: / HUMMER.

164

12.3: / HUMMER .

12.5
( 12.3) :
12.4: / ,
.

m/s

/
HUMMER kWh

0<1

3868

1<2

11

2<3

1940

3<4

1315

0,3

4<5

896

0,6

5<6

474

6<7

256

1,7

8760

:
,

. .

165

12.4,
, (
12.5).
12.5:
/.

T m/s
/
kWh/
0<1
3868
0
1<2
11
0
2<3
1940
0
3<4
1315
394,5
4<5
896
537,6
5<6
474
474
6<7
256
435,2

8760
1841,3
9.419
Building Simulation 99
.
/
HUMMER kW
0
0
0
0,3
0,6
1
1,7

600

500

400

300

0<1m/s

200

1<2m/s

100

2<3m/s

3<4m/s
4<5m/s
5<6m/s

6<7m/s

12.4:

166

12.4 /,
:
12.6: / .

(kWh)

82

140,7

107,8

150,8

131,1

153,2

249

223,5

200,3

40,1

142,7

192,7

/
kWh
300
250
200
150

100
50
0

12.5: kWh / .

167

13 : -
11.12 12.5 13.1.
/
/ 3 kW.
: 3.273kWh
( 11.12)
/ 1.841,3 kWh ( 12.5).
13.1:
/ /
.

38

9,1

0,3

0,9

0,3

0,1

0,1

4,2

30

76,5

/ kWh
82
140,7
107,8
150,8
131,1
153,2
249
223,5
200,3
40,1
142,7
192,7

13.2: ( kWh)
.

168

/
( kWh)
82
140,7
107,8
150,8
131,1
153,2
249

/
(kWh)
172,1
180,7
209,8
202,5
209,8
203,3
210,1

( kWh)

( kWh)

254,1
321,4
317,6
353,3
340,9
356,5
459,1

210,1
189,8
210,1
203,4
210,1
203,4
210,1

223,5
200,3
40,1
142,7
192,7

210,1
203,3
205,9
173,4
133,6

433,6
403,6
246
316,1
326,3
4128,5

210,1
203,4
210,1
203,4
210,1
2474,1

500
400
300
200
100
0

(kWh)

(kWh)

13.1: ( kWh)
(kWh ) .

169

250
200
150
100
50
0

(kWh) /

(kWh) /
(kWh)
13.2: ( kWh)
(kWh ) .

:
(,
inverter ).

/ /,
. 13.2,
,
, / .
-
, ,
. ,
,
.

170

171

172

173

174

175

:
Ecotec.
Stiebel Eltron. http://www.stiebeleltron-usa.com,.
(....).

(......), http://www.hellasres.gr,
California Energy Commission http://www.energy.ca.gov/geothermal/
EERE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy www.eere.energy.gov
EGEC European Geothermal Energy Council www.egec.net
European Geothermal House www.geothermie.de/egec-geothernet/menu/frameset.htm
ENERGIA.gr www.energia.gr
GAI Geothermal Association of Iceland www.jardhitafelag.is/english/
GEA - Geothermal Energy Association http://www.geo-energy.org/
GEO - Geothermal Education Office http://geothermal.marin.org/
GEOCEN Geothermal Energy Research Development Test and Education Center
http://geocen.iyte.edu.tr/
GEOEXCHANGE www.geoexchange.org/
Geothermal Exchange www.the-gx.com/main.asp
Geo-Heat Center http://geoheat.oit.edu/
GeothermalInstitute www.science.auckland.ac.nz/uoa/science/about/research/gei/gei.cfm
GRC Geothermal Resources Council www.geothermal.org/
INL - Idaho National Laboratory http://geothermal.id.doe.gov/
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IGA International Geothermal Association http://iga.igg.cnr.it/index.php
New Zealand Geothermal Association www.nzgeothermal.org.nz/
NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory www.nrel.gov/learning/
Science direct www.sciencedirect.com
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(..), http://www.ypan.gr,
,
http://www.maltezos.gr/el/hlinox.html
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.
. :
3851/2010:

.. : . 2008.
, . (2005), /
, : , &
, , 10 .
, . (2001), , ,
, : .
, . (2001), , , :Gutenberg.
& (.....). (2003),,
& ,
.
. (2000), -
. .

177

. (2006),
, ,
..., , , 31
.
. (2006),
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.
(....). (2004),
.
, . (2006), ,
, .
(). (2000), "
"
(). (2001),
.
(). (2002),

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London (1977).
. , . , ,
. , ,
(),
ISO 13790
,
: ,
, 2007
, ,
2002/91/,
, 2008
,
, ,
2008

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