Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Quan Ly Mang Vien Thong
Quan Ly Mang Vien Thong
H NI - 2007
LI NI U
Hin nay, bi ton qun l mng vin thng lun l mi quan tm hng u v l mt trong nhng vn quan trng nht cn gii quyt ca cc nh khai thc vin thng. Vi nhng kh nng m h thng qun l mng vin thng em li cng vi s pht trin ca mng li, cc nh khai thc u xy dng cho mnh cc h thng qun l mng thch hp nng cao hiu qu vn hnh v khai thc mng. Mc tiu ca ti liu l cung cp cho hc vin nhng kin thc c bn trong qun l mng vin thng nh m hnh tng th ca h thng qun l mng, cc yu cu v quan im tip cn trong qun l mng, nguyn l v cc kin trc ca mng qun l vin thng TMN, giao thc qun l mng n gin SNMP v cc vn v qun l mng trn nn IP. Vi mc tiu t ra nh vy, ni dung ca ti liu c chia thnh 3 chng. Chng 1 gii thiu mt s m hnh h thng qun l nh h thng qun l m, qun l phn tn, qun l trong bng v ngoi bng, cc yu cu trong qun l mng cng nh l cc quan im v cch tip cn trong qun l mng. Chng 2 trnh by cc ni dung lin quan n mng qun l vin thng TMN, trong i su vo xu hng qun l tp trung da trn cc giao thc v cc tiu chun c chun ha nhm nng cao nng lc ca mng. Chng 3 cung cp nhng khi nim c bn nht v giao thc qun l mng n gin SNMP: cc thnh phn, chc nng v phng thc hot ng ca giao thc, ng thi gii thiu cc phin bn ng dng ca SNMP v so snh nhng im khc bit gia chng. Qun l mng vin thng l mt ni dung rt quan trng, cn c nghin cu k lng nng cao hiu qu vn hnh v khai thc mng. Yu cu i vi hc vin sau khi hc xong mn hc ny l phi nm bt c cc yu cu chung v qun l mng, cc thc th vt l cng nh cc thc th chc nng trong mng qun l vin thng, cc giao din v chc nng qun l, cch thc qun l v iu hnh mng thng qua cc giao thc qun l khc nhau. Ti liu c bin son trong khong thi gian tng i ngn nn khng trnh khi cn nhiu thiu st. Nhm tc gi rt mong nhn c cc kin ng gp ca c gi v nhng ngi quan tm.
Cc h thng v dch v qun l Hnh 1.1. M hnh tng qut h thng mng Nhim v ca qun l mng rt r rng nhng thc hin c iu ny li khng n gin mt cht no. Hy th hnh dung vi mi mt thit b li c mt danh sch c t cc chi tit v c hng t cc cng ngh khc nhau vi hng trm cc thit b c pht trin, thit k v sn xut bi hng ngn cc nh cung cp. Tt c iu l cc thc th ca h thng qun l mng nht l khi i vo xem xt vic truyn ti thng tin t u cui n u cui vi cc chc nng gim st, chn on, iu khin v a ra bo co. My tnh c nhn, my trm, server, my vi tnh c nh, my vi tnh c ln, cc thit b u cui, thit b o kim, my in thoi, tng i in thoi ni b, cc thit b truyn hnh, my quay, modem, b ghp knh, b chuyn i giao thc, CSU/DSU, b ghp knh thng k, b ghp v gii gi, thit b tng thch ISDN, card NIC,cc b m ho v gii m tn hiu, thit b nn d liu, cc gateway, cc b x l front- end, cc trung k ng dy, DSC/DAC, cc b lp, b ti to tn hiu, cc chuyn mch ma trn, cc bridge, router v switch, tt c mi ch l phn u ca danh sch cc thit b s phi c qun l. Ton cnh ca bc tranh qun l phi bao gm qun l cc ti nguyn mng cng nh cc ti nguyn ca cc h thng my tnh nh hng ngn cc doanh nghip, ngi s dng, cc ng dng h thng, cc c s d liu khc nhau cng nh cc h thng phc tp, chuyn ho v rng ln. Tt c cc thng tin trn c thu thp, trao i v c kt hp vi cc hot ng qun l mng di dng cc s liu qun l bi cc k thut tng t nh cc k thut s dng trong mng truyn s liu. Tuy nhin s khc nhau cn bn gia truyn thng s liu v trao i thng tin qun l l vic trao i thng tin qun l i hi cc trng d liu chuyn ho, cc giao thc truyn thng cng nh cc m hnh thng tin chuyn ho, cc k nng chuyn ho c th thit k, vn hnh h thng qun l cng nh bin dch cc thng tin qun l v bo li, hin trng h thng, cu hnh v bo mt.
1.3. CC YU CU QUN L
S a dng ca cc ti nguyn c qun l m d nhn thy nht cc trng truyn tin nh thoi, s liu, truyn thng video... to ra cc quan im khc nhau v chc nng v yu cu qun l trong cc h thng qun l.
Chc nng gim st c nhim v thu thp lin tc cc thng tin v trng thi ca cc ti nguyn c qun l sau chuyn cc thng tin ny di dng cc s kin v a ra cc cnh bo khi cc tham s ca ti nguyn mng c qun l vt qu ngng cho php. Chc nng qun l c nhim v thc hin cc yu cu ca ngi qun l hoc cc ng dng qun l nhm thay i trng thi hay cu hnh ca mt ti nguyn c qun l no . Chc nng a ra bo co c nhim v chuyn i v hin th cc bo co di dng m ngi qun l c th c, xem xt ton cnh hoc tm kim, tra cu thng tin c bo co. Trong thc t, tu theo tng cng vic c th m cn c mt vi chc nng khc c kt hp vi cc h thng qun l v cc ng dng qun l c s dng nh qun l k hoch d phng thit b, dung lng, trin khai dch v, qun l tm tt ti nguyn, qun l vic phn phi ti nguyn mng/ cc h thng, qun l vic sao lu v khi phc tnh trng h thng, vn hnh qun l t ng. Phn ln cc chc nng phc tp k trn u nm trong hoc c xy dng da trn nn tng ca ba chc nng qun l lp cao l gim st, iu khin v a ra bo co.
1.3.3.
Mc d thut ng qun l mng mi c chp nhn vo gia nhng nm 80 ca th k trc nh s ra i b cng c qun l ca IBM (IBM NetView) nhng cho n nay qun l mng c gng pht trin ngang bng vi s pht trin ca cc h thng vin thng, truyn thng s liu v mng cc h thng my tnh. i vi h thng vin thng v truyn thng s liu, cng ngh qun l tp trung vo qun l cc thit b truyn dn v chuyn mch (bao gm cc thit b phn cng, cc kt ni, cc knh lung) cng vi cc thit b chuyn i v iu khin truy nhp. Cn i vi cc h thng my tnh, cng ngh qun l li tp trung vo qun l cc ti nguyn h thng my rng ln (nh phn cng, cc giao din, b nh, cc thit b lu tr s liu, ...) v cc ng dng/cc c s d liu.
Tuy nhin, vi s hi t ca h thng vin thng v h thng my tnh m in hnh l s tch hp ca h thng in thoi trn my tnh (thoi trn Internet), quan im chung hin nay cho rng trong tng lai khi nim mng s l mng ca s kt ni ca tt c cc h thng trn v qun l mng s l qun l mng truyn thng s liu rng khp.
Hnh 1.2. M hnh nn tng ca qun l truyn thng vi cc ti nguyn b qun l m cha c bt k c cu t nhin no truyn thng tin qun l, ngi ta cn phi to ra mt thnh phn trung gian, l agent. Agent cng c th l agent qun l hoc agent b qun l. Manager chnh l thc th qun l trong khi agent l thc th n di s tng tc gia manager v cc ngun ti nguyn b qun l thc s (hnh 1.3). Thc th b qun l Thc th qun l Agent Ti nguyn b qun l
Hnh 1.3. M hnh Manager-Agent M hnh Manager-Agent rt thng dng, c s dng miu t s tng tc gia thc th qun l v thc th b qun l cc lp cao. y cng chnh l l do m cc m hnh c to ra t nhin cho mc ch qun l u gn vi m hnh Manager-Agent. Tuy nhin, trong thc t th m hnh Manager-Agent phc tp hn th nhiu (hnh 1.4) Chng ta c th hiu r s phc tp ny hn khi xem xt s tng tc gia manager hay cc ng dng qun l vi ngi vn hnh mng. Ngoi ra cn c cc thnh phn khc, tuy khng r rng bng nhng li chim v tr kh quan trng trong s tng tc gia cc manager vi cc agent, l cc chnh sch qun l v ch dn vn hnh, c a ti manager chuyn ti ngi iu hnh mng.
Cn c mt vi m hnh khc cng c s dng cho vic trao i thng tin qun l nh m hnh client-server hay m hnh application-object server. Nhng m hnh ny, v bn cht, c dng xy dng cc ng dng phn b hoc cc mi trng i tng phn b.
Manager
Agent
Hnh 1.5. M hnh truyn thng Manager-agent C ch yu cu - phn hi c coi l mt c ch truyn thng ng b. iu ny c ngha l, manager s ch s phn hi t agent trong mt khung thi gian gii hn no trc khi n tin hnh bt k mt s kin no tip theo. Nu qu thi gian cho php m khng nhn c phn hi, manager s tin hnh pht li yu cu. Bn cnh c ch yu cu- phn hi cn c mt c ch na cho s truyn thng gia manager v agent, l c ch thng bo. C ch thng bo l mt c ch khng ng b. Trong c ch ny, agent s gi thng bo n manager nhng thay i quan trng v trng thi ca cc ti nguyn b qun l v yu cu manager lu n hay can thip vo.
MANAGER
Qun l chc nng
Cc p ng
AGENT
Qun l chc nng
Cc thng bo
M hnh t chc
Hnh 1.6. M hnh quan h Manager-Agent. M hnh kin trc s dng thit k, cu trc cc thnh phn tham gia vo tin trnh qun l. iu ny c ngha l manager hay cc manager v cc agent cung cp cc thng tin qun l thng qua kin trc mng. Manager c th c thit k nh l mt c s qun l bao gm mt c cu qun l v mt b cc ng dng qun l cung cp cc chc nng qun l thc s nh qun l cu hnh, qun l li v qun l hiu nng. M hnh vn hnh nh ra giao din ca ngi s dng vi h thng qun l trong ch r trng thi cng nh kiu nh dng ca cc tng tc ti ngi s dng nh iu khin cc i tng c qun l, hin th v tm kim cc s kin, cc bn tin hay bo ng vi ngi iu hnh trong trng hp cnh bo nghim trng. Phn ln cc c im ca hot ng iu hnh qun l ny u c trong cc ch tiu k thut ca h thng in trong cc ti liu hng dn s dng.
M hnh chc nng nh ra cu trc ca cc chc nng qun l gip cho h thng qun l thc hin cc ng dng qun l. M hnh chc nng c cu trc phn lp. Cc chc nng c bn trong m hnh ny l qun l cu hnh, qun l hiu nng, qun l li, bo mt v thng k. Ngoi ra trong cc chc nng c bn ny cn tch hp mt vi chc nng khc nh chc nng to phiu bo li, tr gip trc tuyn, hot ng gip / d phng, lp k hoch lu lng... cc lp bc cao trong m hnh chc nng u l cc ng dng thc hin cc chc nng phc hp nh tng quan cc s kin/ cnh bo, cc h thng chuyn gia v qun l t ng. M hnh t chc lin quan cht ch n cc chnh sch qun l v th tc vn hnh. M hnh ny s xc nh cc min qun l, s phn chia quyn iu hnh cng nh quyn truy nhp ca ngi s dng vo h thng qun l cng nh h thng qun l mng khch hng. M hnh ny cng cung cp kh nng trao i vai tr gia cc manager v cc agent cng nh s hp tc ton cc gia manager ny vi cc manager khc hay vi cc ng dng qun l. M hnh thng tin l m hnh c cp cui cng trong m hnh quan h ManagerAgent nhng li nm vai tr quan trng trong tt c cc vn lin quan n qun l. M hnh thng tin nh ra bn tm tt cc ngun ti nguyn c qun l di dng thng dng m cc manager v agent u c th hiu c. M hnh thng tin cng xy dng mt c s nh dng, t tn v ng nhp cc ngun ti nguyn c qun l. Trong m hnh thng tin, thut ng i tng qun l c s dng nhm tru tng ho cc ngun ti nguyn vt l v logic b qun l. Vic truy nhp n cc ngun ti nguyn b qun l phi thng qua cc i tng qun l. C s d liu cha cc thng tin qun l c gi l MIB (Management Information Base). Khi chng ta tham kho ti mt MIB c bit no c ngha l chng ta ang tham kho n min hay mi trng c t chi tit nh dng ca cc i tng qun l. nh dng ca i tng qun l c chun ho v da trn c s chun ho ny mt manger tin hnh thc hin giao thc chuyn ho v truyn thng vi cc agent phn tn trn cng mt MIB.
lp, cc dch v qun l gn km. Kiu qun l ny c ng dng qun l cc giao din ca cc cng ngh c bit nh ATM, SONET v WDM di hnh thc cc knh thng tin gn kt hay cc thc th qun l lp LMEs (Layer Managemnt Entities) i cng. Khi nim v kiu qun l ny c a ra trong m hnh tham chiu c s OSI, thit lp nn kin trc v qun l phn cp chun ho.
Qun l mng
Cc ti nguyn vt l
Qun l h thng
Host
WS
PC
Qun l ng dng
ng dng
ng dng
Cc ti nguyn logic
Qun l c s d liu
Data
PDU
1.5.
H THNG QUN L M
c th nh gi c cc h thng qun l cn phi c mt m hnh tham chiu. chnh l h thng m v m hnh tng ng ca n l m hnh h thng qun l m.
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bao gm cc dch v qun l s kin, cc dch v truyn thng, cc dch v cung cp giao din ho cho ngi s dng v cc dch v v c s d liu. (hnh 1.9). Phn mm cc ng dng
C s ng dng
Hnh 1.9. H thng qun l m. Nh cp pha trn, thnh phn mu cht ca cc h thng m l cc APIs. y, cc APIs l cc APIs chuyn ho cho php pht trin cc ng dng qun l bi vic s dng cc dch v c s qun l chuyn ho. Cc c s qun l l cc thc th c lp nhng khng tch bit. Chng truyn thng vi cc agent b qun l v vi cc h thng qun l khc. Cc giao din ngoi trong trng hp ny l cc giao din chun ho xc nh cc hot ng, cc dch v v cc giao thc qun l.
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Cc h thng qun l m
kh dng
Kh nng di ng
Kh nng phn cp
Hnh 1.10. Cc yu cu i vi h thng qun l m. Kh nng di chuyn din t s n nh ca c s qun l hay cc ng dng ca cc h thng qun l khi b thay i mi trng (c s tnh ton) hay ni cch khc, c s qun l hay cc ng dng ca cc h thng qun l khng b thay i hay s thay i l ti thiu. Kh nng nng cp l kh nng h thng c th nng cp, m rng phm vi qun l, phm vi ngi s dng, cc chc nng qun l m khng lm thay i thit k ban u.
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CPU
CPU
Memory
Memory
CPU
Memory
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i vi kin trc qun l phn tn thc s, cc server (hay manager) c th trao i thng tin qun l vi nhau, gi ng b thng tin MIB c chia s, tip tc min qun l ca manager b li v cc nh iu hnh h thng c th tc ng vi nhiu manager. (hnh 1.12). Tt nhin vi nhng h thng nh k trn u s dng gi thit manager l manager cp cao c quyn truy nhp v cu hnh li cc agent t xa v mi agent li ng vai tr nh l mt agent qun l thu thp thng tin v cc i tng b qun l v cc qu trnh qun l.
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WS
PC
WS
NE
EMS
NE
Cc phn t mng Agent
Mng video
Agent Agent Cc ti nguyn mng b qun l
Hnh 1.12. Kin trc qun l mng phn tn. Gii php trn y c s dng qun l cc modem bng tn thoi. Mt gii php khc l s dng cc bit d tr trong lung bit truyn ti (v d cc bit trong ghp knh lung T1) to ra cc knh d liu dng cho mc ch qun l hoc s dng cc trng n nh trong cc khung hoc t bo pht ca cng ngh SONET v ATM.
CU HI N TP CHNG 1
1. Cc chc nng qun l lp cao ca h thng qun l mng l: a. Gim st, iu khin v a ra bo co. b. Pht hin li, gim st v iu kin. c. nh cu hnh, gim st v a ra bo co. d. iu khin, bo mt truy nhp v nh cu hnh. 2. Thut ng qun l mng c chp nhn vo gia nhng nm 80 ca th k trc nh s ra i b cng c qun l ca .......
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a. IBM. b. Compact. c. HP. d. Alcatel. 3. Manager chnh l: a. Thc th qun l. b. Thc th b qun l. c. Agent. d. Cc ngun ti nguyn b qun l. 4. Agent chnh l: a. Thc th b qun l. b. Thc th qun l. c. Cc ngun ti nguyn b qun l. d. i tng trung gian th hin s tng tc gia manager v cc ngun ti nguyn b qun l. 5. M hnh thng dng cho vic m t s tng tc gia thc th qun l v thc th b qun l l: a. Manager -Agent. b. Client - Server. c. Application -Object server. 6. C ch yu cu - phn hi l c ch ...... a. ng b. b. Cn ng b. c. Khng ng b. 7. C ch gi thng bo l c ch ...... a. ng b. b. Cn ng b. c. Khng ng b. 8. MIB l t vit tt ca: a. Management Information Base. b. Mathematics Information Base. c. Management Information Basic. d. Management Informatic Base. 9. Phn ln cc quan im hin ti u cho rng, c ..... min qun l chnh. a. 1. b. 2. c. 3. d. 4.
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10. H thng qun l phn tn l h thng: a. n x l. b. a x l. c. Chia s b nh. d. Bao gm cc h thng t tr v khng chia s b nh. 11. H thng qun l ngoi bng l h thng a. S dng cc di bng tn nm ngoi di tn truyn thng d liu. b. S dng cc bt d tr trong lung bt truyn ti. c. S dng cc trng n nh trong cc khung hoc t bo pht ca cng ngh SONET hoc ATM. d. C ba c im trn. 12. Qun l cc giao thc chun trong truyn thng c xp vo min qun l no? a. Ngun ti nguyn vt l. b. Ngun ti nguyn logic. c. Min qun l c bit khng trc thuc hai min k trn.
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Mc ch ca chng 2 l cung cp cho ngi hc cc ni dung lin quan n mng qun l vin thng TMN. Vi xu hng ca vic qun l tp trung da trn cc giao thc v cc tiu chun c chun ha v mong mun nng cao nng lc ca mng, TMN ra i p ng nhng yu cu . Hin nay, vn qun l mng lun l mi quan tm hng u v l mt trong nhng vn quan trng nht trong mng vin thng ca cc nh khai thc vin thng. Vi nhng kh nng m h thng qun l mng vin thng em li, cng vi s pht trin ca mng li cc nh khai thc u xy dng cho mnh cc h thng qun l mng p dng qun l cho cc mng ring. Nhm t c thng nht gia cc h thng qun l mng, kh nng lin kt cng nh nng cao nng lc v hiu qu s dng ca cc h thng Lin minh vin thng quc t (ITU-T) a ra cc khuyn ngh v cc m hnh mng qun l vin thng (TMN). Trong chng ny trnh by cc ni dung v nguyn l ca TMN, cc chun lin quan n TMN cng nh cc ni dung v cc m hnh chc nng, m hnh vt l, cc giao din qun l Hc vin cn nm bt c cc yu cu chung v qun l vin thng, cc thc th vt l cng nh cc thc th chc nng trong mng qun l vin thng TMN v c bit l cc giao din qun l v cc chc nng qun l trong TMN.
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b. Mng qun l vin thng thng nht vic iu hnh qun l cc mng khc nhau trong cc thng tin qun l c trao i qua cc giao din v giao thc chun ho. TMN khng ch qun l s a dng ca mng vin thng m cn qun l mt phm vi ln v thit b, phn mm v nhng dch v trn mi mng. Sau y l mt s v d v cc mng, cc dch v vin thng v mt s thit b chnh c th c qun l bi TMN: Cc mng cng cng v mng ring bao gm c mng dch v ISDN (Intergrated Services Digital Network) bng rng v bng hp (bao gm c ATM), cc mng thng tin di ng, cc mng thoi ring, cc mng ring o v cc mng thng minh. Bn thn TMN. Cc thit b truyn dn (b ghp knh, b phi lung, thit b chuyn knh SDH...). Cc h thng truyn dn s v tng t (cp, cp si quang, v tuyn, v tinh...). Cc tng i s v tng t. Cc mng WAN, LAN, MAN. Cc mng chuyn mch gi v chuyn mch knh. Cc dch v vin thng, cc dch v km theo v u cui ngi s dng.
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WS
WS
WS
OS
OS
OS
Ex
TS
Ex
TS
Ex
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Khi cc mng vin thng mang c TMN chng tr thnh d dng phi hp v mng v thit b gia cc nh cung cp dch v vi nhau. Tm li kh nng phi hp c th t c gia cc mng c iu hnh.
Tng quan v cc khuyn ngh M.3000 Nguyn l ca M.3000 v TMN Cc thut ng v cc nh ngha M.3000
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din n cng ngh trung tm nh: Din n phi hp khai thc Mng cp quang ng b SIF (SONET - Synchronous Optical Network Interoperablity Forum) v din n Phng thc truyn dn khng ng b ATMF (Asynchronous Transfer Mode Forum) cng a ra cc giao din ph hp yu cu iu hnh ca TMN.
QAF
NEF
Chc nng ca TMN bao gm: Chc nng phn t mng NEF. Chc nng h thng iu hnh OSF. Chc nng trm lm vic WSF. Chc nng thch ng QAF Chc nng trung gian MF. Chc nng ca TMN l cung cp cc phng tin truyn ti v x l cc thng tin c lin quan n vn qun l mng vin thng v dch v. Ta xem xt cc thnh phn di y: Mt tp cc chc nng qun l gim st, iu khin v kt hp mng. Mt tp cc phn t mng c qun l. Kh nng cho ngi s dng TMN truy nhp hot ng qun l v nhn c s trnh by v kt qu ca hot ng.
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Cc im tham chiu v giao din trong TMN s c trnh by trong mc 2.3 v kin trc vt l TMN.
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Khun dng d liu v bn tin h tr thng tin gia hai thc th chc nng TMN hoc gia hai khi chc nng TMN ca cc thc th bn ngoi (ngi s dng hoc mt TMN khc). Phn tch v quyt nh, to kh nng cho p ng qun l. C hai kha cnh: h tr cho phn t c qun l bi OSF, cung cp cc chc nng vin thng l cc i tng qun l cho mng vin thng cn c qun l. S qun l ny c th hin i vi TMN thng qua cc chc nng h tr lu lng. Cc chc nng cu trc khng phi l mt phn ca TMN, tuy nhin cc chc nng h tr li l mt phn bn thn TMN.
TMN
Hnh 2.5: Chc nng thch ng Q 2.2.5. Chc nng trung gian MF
MF (Mediation Function) hot ng truyn thng tin gia OSF v NEF, cung cp chc nng lu tr, lc, bin i... trn cc d liu nhn c t NEF. Chc nng trung gian hot ng trn thng tin truyn qua gia cc chc nng qun l v cc i tng qun l. MF cung cp mt tp cc chc nng cng ni (Gateway) hay chuyn tip (Relay), n lm nhim v ct gi (lu), bin i ph hp, lc phn nh v tp trung thng tin. V MF cng bao gm cc chc nng x l v truyn ti thng tin, do khng c s phn bit ln gia MF v OSF. Cc chc nng ca MF: Cc chc nng truyn ti thng tin ITF (Information Tranfer Funtion). Bin i giao thc.
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Bin i bn tin. Bin i tn hiu. Dch/ nh x a ch. nh tuyn. Tp trung. Cc chc nng x l thng tin: Thc hin. Hin th. Lu gi. Lc.
Cc im tham chiu
Kin trc vt l
Cc thnh phn vt l
Giao din
Hnh 2.6: Quan h gia m hnh chc nng v kin trc vt l TMN l mt mng, n c nt, ng lin kt v cc giao din. Nt trong TMN c th l mt h thng phn cng, mt h ng dng phn mm hoc kt hp c hai.
2.3.1. Cc khi vt l
Cc chc nng qun l c th c thc hin trong s khc nhau ca cc cu hnh vt l. Mi quan h ca cc khi chc nng ti thit b vt l c trnh by bng 2.2. N nh r cc khi vt l qun l theo tp cc khi chc nng m mi khi ny c cho php cha ng.
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i vi mi khi vt l, c mt khi chc nng m l c im ca n v c tnh cht bt buc cha ng. Ni cn tn ti cc chc nng khc tu chn cho cc khi vt l bao hm.
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Cu trc vt l ca OS c kh nng thc hin cc vic phn phi hoc tp hp. Mt OS tp hp b chc nng OS hon chnh trong mt h thng n. Mt OS phn phi c th c chc nng phn phi dc theo s lng ca cc OS: Yu cu thi gian thc cho la chn giao thc TMN, y l mt nhn t rt quan trng trong kin trc vt l ca OS. S la chn phn cng ph thuc rt nhiu vo vic c hay khng mt OS cung cp dch v thi gian thc, gn thi gian thc hay khng phi thi gian thc. Truyn ti thng tin qun l. Cho mt OS phn phi, phn t mng phi lin lc v qun l rt nhiu OS. Yu cu dung sai li. Mt OS phn phi t khi xy ra s c nghim trng do nguyn nhn l s kt ni khng thnh cng ca knh l. Nghin cu qun l v t chc.
2.3.1.3 Thit b trung gian MD Mt MD thc hin chc nng trung gian nh nh ngha trong kin trc chc nng TMN. Nhim v ca chc nng trung gian l x l thng tin truyn gia OS v phn t mng m bo lm cho thng tin ph hp. Chc nng ti nhng im ny c th l lu tr, chuyn i, lc, xp xp v phn loi thng tin. Qu trnh trung gian:
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Sau y l danh sch nhn dng nm qu trnh trung gian ph hp vi khi chc nng trung gian nh miu t trong kin trc chc nng TMN: Chuyn i thng tin. Chuyn i gia cc m hnh thng tin l mt loi x l, qu trnh chuyn i thng tin s chuyn i rt nhiu m hnh thng tin thnh m hnh thng tin ng nht, bin i thng tin t MIP ni ht tun theo m hnh thng tin ng nht. Lin kt lm vic. Qu trnh ny cung cp giao thc thit lp v dn xp kt ni bng cch duy tr phm vi thng tin. X l d liu. Qu trnh ny cung cp tp trung, la chn d liu, t khun dng cho d liu v bin dch d liu. Ra quyt nh. Qu trnh ny bao gm truy nhp trm lm vic, xp xp, lu tr d liu, nh tuyn d liu, truy nhp kim tra. Lu tr d liu. Qu trnh ny bao gm lu tr c s d liu, cu hnh mng, phn loi thit b, d tr b nh. Cu hnh ca thit b trung gian Chc nng trung gian c th thc hin nh mt thit b trung gian. Trong trng hp ng mt mnh, nhng giao din trc ca NE, QA, v OS l giao din c bn ca Qx v Q3. Khi trung gian l mt phn ca NE, ch nhng giao din c th trc OS s l giao din chun. Chc nng trung gian c th cng c thc hin nh mt vai tr thay th cho thit b trung gian, thit b trung gian c xem nh thnh phn khng r rng nht ca TMN. Trong thc t mt p ng Q thng c cp ti nh l thit b trung gian. 2.3.1.4 Trm lm vic WS WS l h thng m thc hin cc WSF. Cc chc nng trm lm vic dch thng tin im tham chiu f ti mt khun dng c th hin th im tham chiu giao din ngi my v ngc li.
OS
Hnh 2.9: Trm lm vic WS Mt trm lm vic TMN c th tr thnh u cui kt ni thng tin s liu ti mt OS hay mt MD. Thit b kt ni u cui ny c kh nng bin dch thng tin im tham chiu f c m t trong m hnh thng tin TMN thnh khung hin th cho ngi s dng im
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tham chiu g hay ngc li. Thit b u cui s c lu gi d liu, x l d liu v h tr giao din. Nh trong hnh v trn, ta thy mt phn ca trm lm vic nm trong ranh gii TMN v mt phn bn ngoi TMN. Mt trm lm vic thc hin hai loi chc nng: chc nng hin th v chc nng WSF. Chc nng hin th cung cp cho ngi s dng u vo, u ra vt l v nhng phng tin din gii xm nhp, hin th v sa i nhng chi tit ca thng tin bn trong ca mt TMN. Chc nng ny cng cung cp s h tr cho giao din ngi-my, c gi l im tham chiu g. Giao din ngi-my c th l mt hng lnh, ng dn hay ca s c s. Mt WSF cung cp cho ngi s dng nhng chc nng chung ti thit b u cui x l u vo, u ra ca d liu n hay i t thit b u cui ca ngi s dng. Nhng chc nng ny bao gm an ton truy cp ti thit b u cui, phn tch v xc nhn tnh hp l u vo; t khun dng v xc nhn tnh hp l ca u ra; duy tr c s d liu, h tr danh mc, mn hnh, ca s v thanh cun. Mt trm lm vic phi c mt giao din F v khng gm bt k OSF no. Nu OSF v WSF c kt hp lm mt th x c xem nh mt OS. Lu rng mt trm lm vic nh l mt nt ca TMN n khng truyn t cng ngha nh trm lm vic trong th gii my tnh. 2.3.1.5 Thnh phn p ng QA Mt p ng Q c th l mt phn cng, phn mm hoc l s kt hp c hai. p ng Q thc hin chc nng p ng Q (QAF) ni chuyn i mt giao din phi TMN thnh mt giao din TMN. Mt QAF bin i giao din cho giao din lp Q3 v Qx. Mt p ng Q c th gm mt hay nhiu QAF. p ng Q phn nh s nh hng ln nhau ca TMN v nhng h thng tn ti. l iu lun kh c chng minh xy dng p ng Q dokh khn trong vic sp xp gia giao din TMN v nhng giao din khc. Gn y trong nn cng nghip, rt nhiu ngi s dng thut ng thit b trung gian thay cho ngha p ng Q. Trn thc t s s dng rt thng dng, thut ng thit b trung gian bao hm ngha ca p ng Q. Cu hnh p ng Q:
OSF QAF
OSF
OSF Q3
Q3
Q3
QA M
NF
QAF NE
NF
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p ng Q c th l trng hp nh m t trong hnh v di. S vn dng vt l ca mt p ng Q c th thay i t mt h thng ny ti mt h thng khc. X l p ng Q: Mt QAF thc hin hai chc nng c bn: chuyn i thng tin v chuyn i giao thc. Chuyn i thng tin: QAF a ra m hnh thng tin TMN trong mt m hnh phi TMN v ngc li. iu ny i hi QAF hiu c php, ngha v cu trc MBI ca c hai m hnh thng tin lin quan. p ng Q lm bin i loi ca nhng m hnh thng tin phi TMN thnh nhng m hnh thng tin TMN. Nhng m hnh thng tin TMN c nh ngha cho giao din Q3 gia nhng phn t mng v EML OS bao gm: M hnh thng tin qun l khch hng (Q.824.0 n Q.824.4,1995 ITU-T) v m hnh thng tin qun l chuyn ti (Q.823,1996 ITU-T). M hnh thng tin phn bn tin c truyn ti ca mng SS7(Q.751.1 ITU-T). 2.3.1.6 Mng thng tin d liu (DCN) Thc hin y chc nng thng tin d liu (DCF) ca kin trc chc nng TMN v cung cp s kt ni gia cc nt TMN. c bit mt DCN lin kt nhng phn t mng, p ng Q, thit b trung gian ti OS qua giao din Q3 v lin kt cc thit b trung gian ti nhng phn t mng v nhng p ng Q qua giao din Qx. Cn c mt s hn ch trong thnh phn mng to nn mt DCN. Chng c th gm nhng mng d liu chuyn mch gi, nhng mng chuyn mch cng cng hay nhng mng khu vc. Mt yu cu duy nht l cung cp kh nng trung chuyn gia cc im nt TMN. Mc d DCN c th l mt mng tch ri, nhng trong thc t DCN thng l mt h thng c qun l bi TMN.
Ngoi ra hai im tham chiu phi TMN (non-TMN) c nh ngha l : m Gia QAF v thc th non-TMN b qun l Hnh 2.11 m t s lin kt cc khi chc nng qua cc im tham chiu
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im tham chiu q kt ni cc chc nng TMN nh: OSF; MF; NEF; QAF trc tip vi nhau hoc qua DCF; trong nhm q th q3 kt ni: NEF - OSF; MF - OSF; QAF - OSF; OSF OSF; qx kt ni MF - MF; MF - NEF; MF QAF. im tham chiu f kt ni OSF v MF vi WSF; im tham chiu x kt ni cc chc nng OSF thuc cc TMN khc nhau, hoc kt ni gia mt OSF trong mi trng TMN vi mt chc nng trong mi trng khng phi TMN. im tham chiu g khng c coi nh mt phn TMN k c khi n mang thng tin v TMN; im tham chiu g khng phi TMN t bn ngoi TMN (gia ngi dng v WSF). im tham chiu m cng nm ngoi TMN, gia QAF v cc thc th b iu hnh phi TMN hoc cc thc th b iu hnh nhng khng theo cc khuyn ngh TMN (cho php qun l cc NE phi TMN qua mi trng TMN). Cc chc nng NE, OS, WS, QA, MD c kt ni vi nhau qua cc giao din chun ca DCN. Cc giao din DCN m bo kh nng tng tc ca cc h thng c kt ni vi nhau thc hin chc nng iu hnh/ lp k hoch TMN. Giao din Qx h tr mt tp hp nh chc nng bng cc giao thc n gin ph hp vi NE, khng yu cu nhiu chc nng khai thc bo tr OAM (Operation And Maintenance); Qx c th truyn a thng tin hai chiu lin quan n cc s kin: thay i trng thi cnh bo, khi to li cnh bo, iu khin mch vng; i vi ng dng ny c th la chn mt s giao thc h tr dch v t nht l t cc lp 1 v 2 ca m hnh tham chiu OSI; Cc giao din Qx vi tp hp giao thc phc tp l bt buc h tr mt tp hp chc nng khai thc bo tr OAM ln hn v i hi phi c thm cc dch v giao thc b sung t lp 3 n lp 7. Giao din Qx vi mt tp hp cc giao thc phc tp thng c s dng cho NE v MD phc tp.
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im tham chiu:
Giao din:
Hnh 2.13: Quan h gia im tham chiu v giao din
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Giao din Qx c p dng ti im tham chiu qx, Qx l phn giao tip gia NE v MD, MD v QA. Giao din Qx h tr mt tp hp nh chc nng bng cch s dng giao thc n gin nhng ph hp vi cc thnh phn mng khng i hi nhiu chc nng v c s dng vi s lng ln nh thay i trong trng thi cnh bo, khi to li cnh bo Hai nhm giao din Q3 v Qx c xp th t theo s dch v truyn thng m n cung cp v phong ph cng nh phc hp ca cc ng dng TMN m chng h tr. Thng thng giao din Q3 cung cp cc dch v v giao thc phc tp hn, thc hin nhiu chc nng hn cho mi thnh phn mng (NE). Khi mt thnh phn mng ch c giao din Qx mun kt ni ti OS th phi qua thit b trung gian (MD)
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Lp qun l dch v (SML- Service Managerment Layer) Lp qun l kinh doanh (BML- Business Managerment Layer)
B-OSF q3
Lp qun l dch v
S-OSF q3
Lp qun l mng
N-OSF q3
Lp qun l phn t
NE-OSF
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35
36
to nn c mt vn v ng b d liu. Kt qu l to kh khn cho nh cung cp dch v mng, v to kh khn cho vic pht trin cc dch v, cc cng ngh mng, qu trnh qun l mng vi s thay i mnh ca cng nghip vin thng. Kin trc v h thng iu khin l cha kho cho ci tin cc h thng qun l mng c c nhiu hn ch p ng cc yu cu ca mng tng lai. Bng vic phn b v xy dng li c s d liu mng c c cc u im ca cc phn t mng thng minh, thc hin cc giao thc v bn tin tiu chun, chia s cc chc nng OAM&P gia cc h thng iu hnh v phn t mng thng minh s cho php pht trin cc dch v mi v cc yu cu nu trn. Loi dch v Remote H thng qun l mng v cc qu trnh Chuyn mch trung tm
dch v c bn
Ti ba mch vng s
Chuyn mch ni ht
MUX
N i cho
MUX
OAM
MUX
Quan im mng thng minh s c p dng trong mng qun l vin thng (TMN), nguyn tc thng tin qun l nh ngha mi quan h c bn gia cc khi chc nng mng c bn (h thng iu hnh, mng thng tin s liu, phn t mng) bng cc giao din chun. TMN cn gii thiu nguyn tc iu khin phn mng trong phn mng ng vai tr quan trng trong vic pht trin mng qun l p ng cc yu cu tng lai. Phn mng l tp hp cc phn t mng c cc tnh cht chung (cng ngh, chc nng) v c cc ng dng qun l mng xem nh l mt thc th n l. T quan im qun l mng, qun l mng c chia thnh nm nhm chc nng, mi nhm biu din mt tp cc hot ng do ngi qun l hay khch hng thc hin. Trong nhiu
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trng hp, c h thng qun l mng v cc phn t mng thng minh cng tham gia thc hin. Vic vn hnh qun l c phn tch da trn c s nh ngha tng qut OSI v cc chc nng OAM&P v theo mt cch chung nht i vi cc loi hnh dch v v cng ngh, cc chc nng qun l bao gm: Qun l hiu nng; Qun l s c; Qun l cu hnh; Qun l ti khon; Qun l bo mt.
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Ch ti s phn tch v d liu hot ng dch v c thu thp bi chc nng gim st hot ng. D liu hot ng c th yu cu x l thm v phn tch nh gi mc hot ng ca ton b mng. Hnh v ch ra mu n gin ca qun l mng v iu khin m t ging nh ba chu trnh hoc ba vng. Mi vng bao gm gim st mng, x l d liu v cc li ra hoc cc hot ng iu khin ca mt s kiu. Yu t quan trng ca cc vng ny l thi gian dnh cho mi vng.
Phn tch li B
Vng A l vng d phng mng. Vng ny s dng cc php o mng nh l mt gi tr u vo d bo lu lng v qu trnh nh ra kch c mng c th. Kt qu l mt s nhn bit v nhu cu dung lng qua mng trong tng lai c th dng trong vic thit lp k hoch chng trnh xy dng mng. Thi gian cho qu trnh ny l vi nm k t khi o c n khi xy dng hon chnh mng mi. Vng B l vng phn tch hot ng ca mng. Hot ng ca mng c gim st v phn tch kt qu ch r cc xu hng li. Cc chng trnh qun l c th c s dng sa li bt k cc vn li no. Gim st v phn tch c th vt qu chu k ngy, tun hoc mt s thng. Cc kt qu cng s dng nh mc ch lp k hoch cho cc chc nng ny. Vng C l vng qun l lu lng mng. Hot ng ca mng c gim st trong thi gian thc v cc chin lc iu khin thc hin vt qua s v ca mng mt cch nhanh nht khi n xy ra. Thi gian cho qu trnh ny l t vi pht n vi gi.
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Mt tnh hung l di s nghin cu iu khin, cc nguyn nhn c bn c th a ra h tr cho ngi s dng trong tng lai hoc sa li thit b hay li thit k. 2.5.1.4 m bo cht lng hot ng Ch ti cc hot ng m bo cht lng ca dch v v thng bo kt qu phn tch. Cc hot ng ny bao gm gim st v m bo cht lng kt ni, tnh trng nguyn vn ca bn tin, cng tc vi qun l li thit lp nguyn nhn ca li ti nguyn v kt hp vi qun l cu hnh thay i nh tuyn v tham s iu khin ti.
2.5.2 Qun l s c
Qun l s c l tp hp cc chc nng cho php pht hin, c lp v sa cc s c nhng hot ng khng bnh thng ca mng vin thng v mi trng ca mng. Bao gm 3 chc nng chnh: gim st cnh bo, c lp s c, sa cha v kim tra li.
Cc ch th qun l
S liu th
Pht hin cc trng thi hot ng bt thng Cc s liu khc Phn tch vn Cnh bo v bo co
Nhn dng vn
X l
Gim st cnh bo bao gm: phn tch s liu thu c t cc cnh bo khc nhau, ch lc s liu cnh bo so snh tm ra mi tng quan gia cc thnh phn mng v tng quan theo thi gian. Chc nng ny cung cp kh nng gim st trng thi ca NE trong thi gian gn vi thi gian thc. Khi c li xut hin, NE s thng bo li ln h thng iu hnh, da vo TMN quyt nh tnh cht v mc ca li. C lp s c: T cc thng tin v li v s c xy ra trn mng, phn tch v cn thit th dng cc phng tin o kim tra mng xc nh nguyn nhn gy ra li, v tr xy ra li v s c trn mng. Vic kim tra li c th thc hin bng mt trong hai cch sau
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y: TMN ch th cho NE thc hin vic phn tch mch hoc cc hot ng thit b, vic x l c thc hin hon ton bn trong NE v kt qu c t ng a ti TMN. Cch th hai l vic phn tch c thc hin bn trong TMN, trong trng hp ny TMN ch yu cu NE cung cp truy nhp ti mch hoc thit b quan tm v khng c cc tin bo no khc trao i vi NE. Sa cha v kim tra li: Kim tra thc trng v mc nguy him ca li, phm vi nh hng ca li v x l li bng cc phng tin nh hiu chnh cc ch tiu, khi phc hoc khi to li cu hnh h thng. Khi thng tin s c ban u khng xc nh li th thng tin b sung do cc th tc xc nh v tr li cung cp, cc th tc ny c th s dng cc h thng kim tra bn trong v bn ngoi v c th t di s iu khin ca h thng qun l mng vin thng.
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42
M hnh thng tin qun l: M hnh thng tin qun l th hin mt cch tng qut cc xu hng qun l ti nguyn mng v cc hot ng qun l h tr c lin quan. M hnh thng tin xc nh c th trao i thng tin theo cc tiu chun xc nh. Hot ng ny nhm h tr m hnh thng tin ti mc ng dng v bao hm c cc chc nng ng dng qun l nh lu tr, ti hin v x l thng tin. Cc chc nng c bao hm ti mc ny c xem nh l Cc khi chc nng TMN. Trao i thng tin qun l: Trao i thng tin qun l bao gm cc DCF c kt hp nh mt mng thng tin v cng vi MCF cho php cc thnh phn vt l xc nh lin kt ti mt mng vin thng thng qua mt giao din no . Mc hot ng ny ch bao gm cc c cu thng tin nh cc giao thc ngn xp. i tng trao i thng tin trong cc h thng qun l c m hnh ho di dng cc i tng qun l, i tng qun l c nh ngha bi: Cc thuc tnh r rng ti ranh gii ca n; Cc hot ng qun l c th c s dng i vi n; Cc tc ng m i tng thc hin nhm p ng cc hot ng qun l hoc cc hot ng thuc loi kch hot. N c th l cc b hoc m rng; Cc nt m i tng a ra. Ngoi ra, mt s vn cn quan tm thm khi xem xt m hnh kin trc thng tin ca TMN l: Khng cn xp xp tng ng mt mt gia cc i tng qun l v cc ti nguyn thc (c th l vt l hoc logic). Mt ti nguyn c th c th hin bi mt hoc nhiu i tng. Khi mt ti nguyn c th hin bi nhiu i tng qun l th mi i tng s cung cp mt cch nhn khc nhau i vi ti nguyn. lu rng cc i tng ny c th c ghp cp trong cc tc ng ca chng thng qua cc quan h vt l hoc logc. Cc i tng qun l tn ti v n th hin l cc ti nguyn logic ca TMN hn l ti nguyn ca mng vin thng. Nu mt ti nguyn khng c th hin bi mt i tng qun l, n khng th c qun l thng qua giao din qun l. Ni cch khc l n khng c h thng qun l nhn thy. Mt i tng qun l c th cung cp mt cch nhn tng qut i vi cc ti nguyn c th hin bi cc i tng qun l. Cc i tng qun l c th c gn lin, ngha l i tng qun l c th th hin cc ti nguyn ln bao hm cc ti nguyn c m hnh ha nh mt thnh phn ca i tng ln.
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h thng qun l xc nhn cc hot ng qun l ti cc giao din m cc h thng truyn thng qun l tng tc vi nhau. N khng hn ch vic trin khai thc hin bn trong ca cc h thng qun l vin thng. i tng qun l c nh ngha bi: Cc thuc tnh c th nhn thy c ti ranh gii ca n Cc hot ng qun l c th c p dng cho n Hot ng ca i tng qun l p li cc hot ng qun l hoc phn ng vi cc kch thch lin quan ti cc loi qun l khc (bn trong: vt qu ngng, hoc bn ngoi: tng tc vi cc i tng khc) Cc thng bo do i tng pht ra
Nh qun l
Tc nhn
i vi mt tng tc qun l nht nh, tin trnh qun l c th ng mt trong hai vai tr sau: Vai tr nh qun l: a ra cc ch th, yu cu thao tc qun l v nhn thng bo hot ng qun l Vai tr tc nhn: qun l cc i tng b qun l lin quan v tr li cc lnh do nh qun l ca tc nhn pht ra. N cng phn nh s liu ca cc i tng ny cho nh qun l, ng thi thng bo cho nh qun l v ng x ca nhng i tng ny. Mi s trao i qun l gia nh qun l v tc nhn c thc hin trong mt tp hp nht qun cc hot ng qun l ( khi to thng qua vai tr nh qun l v cc thng bo do cc tc nhn pht ra). Phng thc cc tc nhn tng tc vi cc ngun ti nguyn m chng chu trch nhim qun l ph thuc vo cc nh ch to.
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CU HI N TP CHNG 2
2. Trong m hnh chc nng TMN, cc khi chc nng chnh ca TMN c th thc hin c chc nng qun l (manager) v tc nhn (agent) A. true B. false 3. Giao din Q3 l giao din duy nht m QA, MD hoc NE c th s dng giao tip trc tip vi OS. A. true B. false 4. C bao nhiu khi chc nng trong m hnh chc nng TMN A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6
5. Khi chc nng no trong TMN cung cp chc nng cho hot ng lin kt gia ngi s dng vi OSF A. NEF B. WSF C. QAF D. MF
6. Khi chc nng no cung cp s chuyn i kt ni NEF hoc OSF ti TMN, hoc nhng phn t mng khng thuc TMN vi TMN mt cch c lp A. NEF B. OSF C. QAF D. MF
7. Khi chc nng no c hai nhim v chnh l truyn ti thng tin v x l thng tin A. NEF B. OSF C. QAF D. MF
8. Kin trc phn lp logic chia m hnh qun l ca TMN thnh bao nhiu lp A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6
9. Kt ni gia cc lp qun l trong m hnh LLA ca TMN thng qua im tham chiu A. q B. f C. x D. m
10. Trong m hnh LLA ca TMN, lp ______ va c nhim v qun l cc thc th trong lp va c nhim v cung cp cc thng tin qun l cho lp NML.
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A. Lp qun l phn t mng (NEML- Network Element Managerment Layer) B. Lp qun l mng (NML- Network Managerment Layer) C. Lp qun l dch v (SML- Service Managerment Layer) D. Lp qun l kinh doanh (BML- Business Managerment Layer) 11. C bao nhiu chc nng qun l trong m hnh TMN A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6
13. Trong TMN, nh ngha bao nhiu im tham chiu phi TMN (non-TMN) A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5
15. im tham chiu gia QAF v thc th phi TMN b qun l l ____ A. q B. x C. m D. g
16. Khi ni n TMN, im tham chiu no sau y l im tham chiu TMN A. q B. x E. m 17. Khi ni n TMN, im tham chiu no sau y l im tham chiu phi TMN (non-TMN) A. q B. x E. m 18. im tham chiu ____ nm gia OSF ca hai h thng TMN A. q B. x E. m 19. Khi nim mng qun l vin thng TMN c ITU-T cng b ln u tin vo nm no? A. 1985 B. 1990 C. 1988 D. 1995 C. f D. g C. f D. g C. f D. g
20. TMN ch s dng duy nht mt h iu hnh OS thc hin chc nng qun l?
46
A. ng
B. Sai
21. Hai chc nng h iu hnh OSF ca hai TMN c kt ni thng qua im tham chiu: A. q B. m C. f D. x
22. Trong mt TMN, chc nng trung gian MF c kt ni vi chc nng WSF thng qua im tham chiu ____ A. q B. g C. f D. x
23. Kt ni trc tip hai QAF trong TMN thng qua im tham chiu ___ A. q B. g C. f D. x
27. Trong kin trc phn lp logic TMN, _____ l lp qun l mng A. NEML B. NML C. SML D. BML
28. Trong kin trc phn lp logic TMN, _____ l lp qun l kinh doanh A. NEML B. NML C. SML D. BML
29. im tham chiu ____ phn chia hai lp qun l SML v NML A. q3 B. qx C. f D. x
30. Qun l hiu nng bao gm 4 nhm chc nng c bn no? A. Gim st, pht hin li, cnh bo v khc phc li B.Gim st, iu khin qun l, phn tch v m bo cht lng c tnh. C. Gim st, pht hin li, phn tch v khc phc li D. Gim st, iu khin qun l, phn tch v khc phc li
47
31. Trong cc chc nng qun l ca TMN, __________ l tp hp cc chc nng cho php pht hin, c lp v sa cc s c nhng hot ng khng bnh thng ca mng vin thng v mi trng ca mng. A. Qun l hiu nng B. Qun l s c C. Qun l cu hnh D. Qun l ti khon E. Qun l bo mt 32. Theo khuyn ngh M3400 (1992) ca ITU-T vic qun l cu hnh c chia lm 3 ni dung chnh: A. Lp cu hnh; qun l trng thi v ci t B. Qun l trng thi NE; ci t NE v cnh bo C. Cung cp; trng thi v iu khin NE; v ci t NE D. Cung cp, qun l cu hnh v cnh bo 33. Trong cc chc nng qun l, _________ cung cp v m bo kh nng truy cp an ton ti cc chc nng v nng lc ca cc thnh phn cu thnh mng li A. Qun l hiu nng B. Qun l s c C. Qun l cu hnh D. Qun l ti khon E. Qun l bo mt 34. C th ni kin trc thng tin TMN l mt bn sao ca OSI? A. ng B. Sai
48
49
Bng 3.1 : Nhng RFC ban u nh ngha SNMP RFC 1065 RFC 1066 RFC 1067 Kin trc v nhn dng thng tin qun l cho cc lin mng da trn nn giao thc TCP/IP. C s thng tin qun l cho vic Qun l mng ca cc lin mng da trn nn giao thc TCP/IP. Giao thc qun l mng n gin
Sau khi ra i SNMP nhanh chng tr thnh mt giao thc qun l mng thng dng cho cc mng my tnh da trn c s TCP/IP. SNMP lm cho vic trao i thng tin qun l gia cc thit b mng hot ng ti tng ng dng ca ISO/ISO tr nn thun tin hn song bn cnh n cng c nhng hn ch (xem phn tch c tnh ca SNMP trong bng 3.2). Bng 3.2: c tnh ca SNMP u im C th gim c chi ph cho vic trin khai phng thc i l dng giao thc SNMP. Vic ci t SNMP vo thit b trong cu hnh mng n gin. C th b sung thm mt cch khng hn ch thit b v cc nh cung cp cng nh l nhng i tng qun l. SNMP l mt gii php c hiu qu cho vic qun l thit b nhiu nh cung cp. Khuyt im SNMP lm tng lu lng ng k. SNMP khng cho php phn b tc ng trc tip cho cc i l. Khng c s iu khin tng hp ca nhiu ni qun l.
IETF to ra SNMP nhm cho php qun l t xa cc thit b da trn nn tng IP. N h tr mt cch rng ri cc thit b nh my ch, my in, b ni, b nh tuyn, hub... Giao thc ny c trnh by mt cch chi tit trong ti liu RFC 1157 ca IETF. Nm 1993, SNMP Version 2 (SNMPv2) c IETF a ra vi mc ch gii quyt vn tn ti trong SNMPv1 l c ch m bo bo mt. SNMPv2 c nhiu thay i so vi SNMPv1 nh h tr cc mng trung tm cp cao, mng phn tn, c ch bo mt, lm vic vi khi d liu ln... Tuy nhin SNMPv2 khng c chp nhn hon ton bi v SNMPv2 cha tho mn vn bo mt v qun tr bi vy nm 1996 nhng phn bo mt trong SNMPv2 b b qua v SNMPv2 c gi l SNMPv2 trn c s truyn thng hay SNMPv2c. Nm 1998, IETF bt u a ra SNMPv3 c nh ngha trong RFCs 2571-2575. V bn cht, SNMPv3 m rng t c c hai mc ch l bo mt v qun tr. SNMPv3 h tr kin trc theo kiu module c th d dng m rng. Nh th nu cc giao thc bo mt c m rng chng c th c h tr bi SNMPv3 bng cch nh ngha nh l cc module ring. Bn cnh mt phn quan trng ca qun tr mng l kim sot t xa. Tnh nng kim sot t xa (Remote Monitoring - RMON) nh ngha thm vo SNMP MIB nhm h tr vic qun tr lin mng. RMON to cho ngi qun tr mng kh nng kim sot ton b mng con hn l cc thit b n l trong mng con.
50
Application layer
Ping
SMTP
FTP
Telnet
NNTP
etc...
RPC
NFS
Transport layer
OSPF ICMP IGMP BGP
TCP
UDP
RIP
Internet layer
ARP
IP
RARP
Data link
Media (physical)
Hnh 3.1: SNMP trong TCP/IP 3.2.1 Qun l lin lc gia nh qun l vi cc tc nhn
Nhn trn phng din truyn thng, nh qun l (manager) v cc tc nhn (agent) cng l nhng ngi s dng, s dng mt giao thc ng dng. Giao thc qun l yu cu c ch vn ti h tr tng tc gia cc tc nhn v nh qun l. Nh qun l trc ht phi xc nh c cc tc nhn m n mun lin lc. c th xc nh c ng dng tc nhn bng a ch IP ca n v cng UDP c gn cho n. Cng UDP 161 c dnh ring cho cc tc nhn SNMP. Chng trnh nh qun l gi lnh SNMP vo mt phong b UDP/IP. Phong b ny cha cng ngun, a ch IP ch v cng 161. Mt thc th IP ti ch s chuyn giao khung UDP ti h thng b qun l. Tip , mt thc th UDP ti ch s chuyn pht n ti cc tc nhn. Tng t nh vy, lnh TRAP cng cn xc nh nhng nh qun l m n cn lin h. Chng s dng a ch IP cng nh cng UDP dnh cho nh qun l SNMP, l cng 162.
51
3.2.2
Vic la chn c ch vn chuyn c tnh trc giao vi giao thc truyn thng . SNMP ch i hi c ch truyn ti khng tin cy d liu (datagram) truyn a cc PDU (n v d liu giao thc) gia nh qun l v cc tc nhn. iu ny cho php s nh x ca SNMP ti nhiu nhm giao thc. M hnh vn chuyn datagram gim c phc tp ca nh x tng vn chuyn. Tuy nhin, vn phi nhn thc thy s tham gia ca mt s la chn tng vn chuyn. Cc tng vn chuyn khc nhau c th s dng nhiu k thut nh a ch khc nhau. Cc tng vn chuyn khc nhau c th a ra nhng hn ch quy m ca PDU. nh x tng vn chuyn c trch nhim phi x l cc vn nh a ch, hn ch quy m PDU v mt s tham s tng vn chuyn khc. Trong phin bn th hai ca SNMP, ngi ta s dng kinh nghim lm sc nt v n gin ha qu trnh nh x ti cc chun vn chuyn khc nhau. Giao thc qun l c tch khi mi trng vn chuyn mt cch trc giao, iu ny cng c khuyn khch s dng cho bt c nhm giao thc no.
3.2.3
Trong iu kin mng thiu n nh v thiu tin cy th s lin lc qun l cng tr nn quan trng. Lm th no cc nh qun l lin lc vi cc tc nhn mt cch tin cy? Vic SNMP s dng c ch UDP lin lc c ngha l thiu i tin cy ri. SNMP hon ton li cho chng trnh nh qun l chu trch nhim v x l vic mt thng tin. Cc lnh GET, GET-NEXT, v SET u c phc p bng mt lnh GET-RESPONSE. H thng c th d dng pht hin ra vic b mt mt lnh khi khng nhn c lnh tr li. N c th lp li yu cu mt ln na hoc c nhng hnh ng khc. Tuy nhin, cc bn tin TRAP do tc nhn to ra v khng c phc p khng nh. Khi lnh TRAP b tht lc, cc chng trnh tc nhn s khng bit v iu (tt nhin l nh qun l cng khng hay bit v iu ny). Thng thng cc bn tin TRAP mang nhng thng tin ht sc quan trng cho nh qun l, do vy nh qun l cn ch v cn bo m vic chuyn pht chng mt cch tin cy. Mt cu hi t ra l lm th no chuyn pht cc bn tin TRAP trnh mt mt, tht lc? Ta c th thit k cho cc tc nhn lp li bn tin TRAP. Bin s MIB c th c s ln lp li theo yu cu. Lnh SET ca nh qun l c th t cu hnh cho bin s ny. C mt cch khc l tc nhn c th lp li lnh TRAP cho n khi nh qun l t bin s MIB chm dt s c. Hy ghi nh rng, c hai phng php trn u ch cho ta nhng gii php tng phn. Trong trng hp th nht, s ln lp li c th khng m bo lin lc mt cch tin cy. Trong trng hp th hai, mt s c mng c th dn n vic hng lot bn tin TRAP b mt ty thuc vo tc m cc tc nhn to ra chng. iu ny lm cho s c mng tr nn trm trng hn. Trong c hai trng hp, nu ta cn chuyn pht nhng bn tin TRAP ti nhiu nh qun l, th c th xy ra tnh trng khng nht qun gia cc nh qun l hoc xy ra hin tng tht lc thng tin rt phc tp. Nu cc tc nhn phi chu trch nhim v thit k cho vic phc hi nhng bn tin TRAP th cng lm tng thm phc tp trong vic qun l cc tc nhn trong mi trng a nh ch to. Ngi ta cng theo ui ci tin c ch x l bn tin s c cho phin bn th hai ca SNMP. Th nht l n nguyn TRAP c b i v thay th n bng mt lnh GET/RESPONSE khng yu cu. Lnh ny do tc nhn to ra v chuyn n cho nh qun l by ti cng UDP-162. iu ny phn nh mt quan im l nh qun l s c c th thng nht
52
cc bn tin s c ri tr li cho cc yu cu o. Bng cch b i mt n th, giao thc c n gin ha. Ngi ta cng b sung thm mt c s thng tin qun l c bit TRAP MIB thng nht vic x l s c, cc nh qun l nhn bn tin v cc s c ny v vic lp li ci thin tin cy trong chuyn pht thng tin.
3.2.4
Vic s dng mng b qun l h tr cc nhu cu thng tin lin lc qun l (qun l trong bng) gy ra nhiu vn th v. Vic qun l trong bng v ngoi bng l hon ton trc giao vi vic la chn giao thc qun l. Qun l trong bng c th dn n tnh trng mt lin lc vi mt tc nhn ng lc tc nhn cn s ch v qun l (ty thuc vo ngun ca s c). Ngi ta c th lm gim nh c vn ny nu chnh cc thc th m tc nhn qun l li bo v ng truy nhp ti cc tc nhn ny. C mt nh hng nh v kh nng qun l xut hin trong bi cnh nh a ch tng vn chuyn. V d: c th xc nh c tc nhn SNMP mt cch duy nht bng a ch IP v s cng UDP. iu ny c ngha l vi mt a ch IP cho trc th ta ch c th tip cn c mt tc nhn duy nht. Hn th na, tc nhn ny li ch duy tr mt c s thng tin qun l MIB duy nht. Do vy, vi mt a ch IP duy nht ch tn ti mt MIB. Vic gn kt MIB vi a ch IP c th hn ch c phc tp ca bin s liu m tc nhn cung cp. Xem xt trong cng mt hon cnh trong h thng yu cu nhiu MIB qun l cc thnh phn khc nhau ca n. Cn phi thng nht cc MIB khc nhau ny di mt cy MIB tnh duy nht c th truy nhp chng thng qua mt tc nhn duy nht. Trong mt s hon cnh nht nh, vic thng nht khng th thc hin c. Trong nhng trng hp nh vy, mi MIB i hi phi c ring mt nhm giao thc SNMP/UDP/IP. iu ny dn ti s phc tp cao trong vic t chc qun l (cc thng tin tng quan t nhiu MIB thuc mt h thng cho trc) cng nh vic truy nhp n (thng qua nhiu a ch IP). C mt cch khc l mt tc nhn duy nht trong mt h thng c th gi vai tr nh mt proxy m rng cho cc tc nhn ph ng gi nhng MIB khc nhau cng lin quan ti mt phn h cho trc. Cc phin bn m rng SNMPv2 h tr phng php ny x l nhu cu truyn thng ca nh qun l. Cc phin bn m rng ny cho php tc nhn ng vai tr nh mt nh qun l ca cc tc nhn con ti ch, do vy cho php tip cn hng lot cc tc nhn con.
53
S m t cc i tng b qun l c SMI thc hin thng qua ngn ng m t ASN.1. Vic nh ngha loi i tng gm 5 trng: Object: Tn ca i tng, cn c coi nh l phn m t i tng cho mi loi i tng cng vi phn nhn dng i tng tng ng ca i tng. Syntax: C php cho loi i tng. c th l mt trong cc loi c php n gin nh: Integer, Octet String, Object Identifier, Null hay mt c php ng dng nh: a ch mng, b m, kiu Gauss, Time Ticks, dng d liu khng trong sut, hay cc loi d liu ng dng m rng (c th xem thm trong RFC 1155 bit thm chi tit). Definition: Cc nh ngha m t ng ngha ca loi i tng. Truy nhp (Access): Phng php truy nhp c th l: ch c, c-ghi hay khng th truy nhp. Trng thi (Status): C th l cng ch, ty chn hay khng cn hiu lc.
54
Hnh 3.2: Cy ng k ca OSI Hnh 3.3 minh ha t chc ca cy MIB-II Internet. Mc tiu ca MIB ny l cung cp cc bin s b qun l x l nhm giao thc Internet (IP, UDP, TCP, ICMP). Ngi ta chia MIB-II thnh 11 cy chc nng con. Mi cy con i din cho mt nhm bin s lin quan trc tip n thc th b qun l (thc th giao thc IP hoc TCP). Cc cy ny li tip tc c chia ra thnh cc cy con di na. Ti y ca cy l l, l c s dng nh du cc bin s b qun l thuc mt loi nht nh. Mt s l (nh sysDesc m t h thng) ch nh du mt thi im duy nht ca bin s b qun l v ch i hi mt t bo lu tr duy nht. Nhng l khc (nh tepConnState m t trng thi mt ng kt ni TCP) c th ch dn nhiu thi im khc nhau. Cc thi im khc nhau ny c t chc thnh cc ct ca t bo. Cc ct ny to thnh mt bng m cc hng ca bng ny biu din nhng thi im khc nhau ca mt thc th (nh mt ng kt ni TCP hoc mt giao din).
55
Hnh 3.3: Cy MIB-II Internet Vic nh ch dn truy nhp i vi cc thi im l mt vn n gin. T bo lin quan ti l nh vy c coi l con ca l v c nh nhn l O. V d, bin s b qun l cha s nhn dng vt th ca h thng (t bo bn di sysObject) c xc nh bi 1.3.6.2.1.1.2.0. iu ny c ngha l ng ti sysObject lin kt vi O. Tuy nhin cc s liu c xp thnh bng li i hi mt c ch ch dn phc tp hn, bi v ta cn phi xc nh mi hng trong bng mt cch duy nht (mt thi im ca thc th).
th t t tri qua phi v cc hng c th t t trn xung di. Th t ny c gi l th t tin t (preorder). GET v GET-NEXT cho ta phng tin truy xut d liu MIB. Bng n nguyn SET ta c th iu khin c ng x ca thit b. SET thng c s dng khi to hnh ng ca tc nhn lm hiu ng b sung i vi nhng thay i ca MIB. V d: ta c th khi ng mt th tc kim tra chun on bng cch t trng thi hnh chnh ca thit b (thng qua SET) l th nghim. iu ny c ngha l cc tc nhn phi ch ng gim st nhng thay i ca MIB v khi to cc hnh ng cn thit. iu ny khng ging vi cc h thng c s d liu th ng m s cp nht s liu ch n thun l vic ghi li s liu. C mt nhc im ca vic truy xut s liu bng lnh GET-NEXT trong SNMP, l h thng cn phi truy nhp mt hng ti mt thi im. iu ny c th lm chm qu trnh i li trn cy, c bit trong trng hp bng c kch thc ln. Thng th h thng phi qut v truy cp ton b bng. khc phc nhc im ny, trong phin bn th hai SNMPv2 ngi ta thay lnh GET-NEXT bng lnh GET-BULK. Lnh GET-BULK truy cp mt s hng lin tc va vo mt khung UDP. Ta c th nhn nhn vic ny nh l vic tng quan ha lnh GET-NEXT ci thin thi gian truy cp i vi d liu dng bng.
3.4.3
Ni dung ca MIB
Cu trc thng tin qun l (SMI) cho ta mt m hnh n gin v s liu b qun l. M hnh ny c nh ngha bng ngn ng m phng c php d liu ASN.1. SMI m phng su loi d liu, l b m, kiu (gauge), tch tc thi gian, a ch mng, a ch IP v s liu m khng trong sut (opaque). B m c s dng din t s ly mu tch t ca chui thi gian. Kiu (gauge) din t cc mu ca chui thi gian, tch tc thi gian c s dng o thi gian tng i, cn loi s liu khng trong sut th c s dng m t mt chui bt bt k. Ngi ta cng s dng cc loi d liu c s chung nh s nguyn chui octet, c im nhn dng vt th xc nh s liu b qun l. Vic gii hn cc loi d liu trong SMI v hn ch quy m ca cc hng mc s liu trong MIB lm gim nhiu phc tp ca vic t chc lu tr, m ha, gii m s liu. Trong mi trng tc nhn c ngun ti nguyn hn ch th s n gin ha v vic iu khin ngun ti nguyn hn ch gi mt vai tr trung tm trong vic thit k SNMP. SMI cng bao gm mt MACRO m rng c bit ca ASN.1 l OBJECT-TYPE. Macro ny phc v nh mt cng c chnh xc nh cc vt th b qun l ti l ca cy MIB. Macro OBJECT-TYPE cho ta phng tin nh ngha bin s b qun l v gn cho n mt loi d liu, mt phng php truy nhp (c, vit, c/vit), mt trng thi (bt buc, ty ) v mt v tr cy MIB tnh (c im nhn dng ng). nh ngha ca Macro OBJECT-TYPE v ca cc bin s b qun l c trnh by trong bng vi phn th nht ca nh ngha MIB cho ta cc c tnh nhn dng ng ny i vi cc mode bn trong ca cy MIB v c gn vo nhiu loi d liu nhn dng vt th. Ta c th xc nh c im nhn dng ca mt nt bng cch buc mt con s vi c im nhn dng nt m ca n. Khi cc nt bn trong c xc nh, bng Macro OBJECT-TYPE h thng c th to ra cc nt ti l cy. Cc nt ti l cy ny xc nh loi d liu (c php) ca cc bin s b qun l m chng lu tr. Cc nt l cy cng iu khin vic truy nhp, xc nh trng thi v ng c im nhn dng vt th truy nhp bin s b qun l. Di y l mt s im hu ch cn lu v cc nh ngha ny v cch s dng chng: 1. Cc c im nhn dng vt th xc nh v tr ca cc nt bn trong (nh system, 57
interface) hoc l trn cy MIB (sysDescr, ifInError). Ta c th to ra c im nhn dng ng bng cch ghp ng m vi nhn ca nt (v d sysDescr={system 1}). 2. Cc bng c to nn di dng chui ca cc hng. Cc hng xc nh ra cc ct ca bng. V d: bng to giao din c thit lp t cc ct c dnh ring cho cc tham s giao din khc nhau (ifSpeed, ifInError). Cc tham s ct khc nhau ny c ng k nh l di cy con ifEntry m t trong bng. Cc nh ngha cu trc MIB ch n gin cho ta mt cu trc v c php. Ting Anh c s dng gii ngha cho cc bin s khc nhau ny. Hai phin bn trin khai thc hin MIB khc nhau c th din gii ngha ca mt s bin khc nhau. i khi ta khng th m bo vic tun th cc ng ngha. H thng c th s dng cc nh ngha chnh thc ca MIB to ra MIB v cu trc truy nhp chng. B phin dch s dng cc nh ngha ny to ra cu trc c s d liu cho vic lu tr MIB. iu ny lm n gin ha qu trnh pht trin MIB. Vic trin khai thc hin MIB l r rng. Ta c th lu tr cc s liu khng phi dng bng trong cu trc d liu tuyn tnh c nh. H thng cn to kh nng cho s liu dng bng thu nh hoc m rng khi cc hng ca bng b xa i hay c b sung. Ta c th dng cu trc ca mt danh sch lin kt hoc cy biu din cc s liu ng nh vy (cc bn ghi ca bng c lu tr ti l cy).
3.
4.
5.
Chng ta cn nhn nhn cu trc MIB theo cc h thng c s d liu truyn thng. Ngi ta c th s dng ngn ng x l d liu (DML) to ra h thng c s d liu v m t cu trc ca c s d liu. Ta c th coi m hnh SMI hoc cc phin bn m rng ca ASN.1 nh l ngn ng DML xy dng MIB. B bin dch MIB cng tng t nh b bin dch DL, c s dng to ra cu trc c s d liu t mt chng trnh tru tng. Ta cng c th coi cc n nguyn truy nhp giao thc nh ngn ng x l d liu DML. Nhn trn quan im h thng c s truyn d liu truyn thng th ta c th coi SNMP nh l mt h thng c s d liu th bc n gin m bn cht ca n do cc ngn ng DL (SMI) v DML xc nh (cc n nguyn giao thc).
Interface Group
{1.3.6.1.2.1.2}
58
c trnh by di dng bng. i tng u tin (ifNumber) ch s giao din trn thit b. Mi giao din s c mt dng tng ng trong bng vi 22 ct/dng. Cc ct mang thng tin v giao din nh: tc giao din, a ch (phn cng) vt l, trng thi vn hnh hin thi v thng k v gi. Address Translation Group {1.3.6.1.2.1.3} Nhm phin dch a ch gm bn a ch IP v a ch thun vt l (c trong MIB-I nhng b phn i trong MIBII). Phn i ngha l MIB-II vn c nhm ny tng thch vi MIB-I, song c l s b loi tr trong nhng phin bn sau. Nhm phin dch a ch cung cp mt bng phin dch gia a ch IP v a ch (phn cng) vt l. Trong MIB-II v nhng phin bn sau, mi nhm giao thc s cha bng phin dch ring ca n. N cha mt bng vi mi dng gm 3 ct. Nhm giao thc Internet ny l bt buc vi tt c cc nt v cung cp thng tin trn cc my trm v router s dng IP. Nhm ny cha mt con s ca cc i tng v hng cung cp s liu thng k d liu lin quan ti IP v ba bng sau: bng a ch (ipAddrTable), bng phin dch a ch IP sang a ch vt l (ipNetToMediaTable) v bng hng i IP (ipForwardTable). RFC 1354 nh ngha ipForwardTable, thay th ipRoutingTable trong MIB-II. Nhm giao thc bn tin iu khin Internet l thnh phn bt buc ca IP v c nh ngha trong RFC 792. Nhm ICMP cung cp cc bn tin iu khin ni mng v thc hin nhiu vn hnh ICMP trong thc th b qun l. Nhm ICMP gm 26 i tng v hng duy tr s liu thng k cho nhiu loi bn tin ICMP nh s lng cc bn tin ICMP Echo Request nhn c hay s lng bn tin ICMP Redirect gi i. Nhm giao thc iu khin truyn ti l bt buc v cung cp thng tin lin quan ti vn hnh v kt ni TCP. Nhm ny c 14 i tng v hng v mt bng. Nhng i tng v hng ny ghi li cc tham s TCP v s liu thng k, nh s lng kt ni TCP m thit b h tr, hoc tng s lng phn on (segment) TCP truyn. Bng tcpConnTable cha thng tin lin quan ti kt ni TCP c th. Nhm giao thc d liu ngi s dng l bt buc v cung cp thng tin lin quan ti hot ng UDP. V UDP l kt ni v hng nn nhm ny nh hn nhiu so vi nhm TCP c hng. N khng phi bin dch thng tin ca nhng n lc kt ni, thit lp, ti lp Nhm UDP cha bn i tng v hng v mt bng. Nhng i tng v hng ny duy
IP Group
{1.3.6.1.2.1.4}
TCP Group
{1.3.6.1.2.1.6}
UDP Group
{1.3.6.1.2.1.7}
59
tr thng k d liu lin quan ti UDP, v d: s lng d liu gi t thc th ny. Bng udpTable cha thng tin a ch v cng. EGP Group {1.3.6.1.2.1.8} Nhm giao thc cng ngoi l bt buc vi mi h thng c trin khai EGP. EGP truyn t thng tin gia cc h thng t tr (autonomous systems), v c m t chi tit trong RFC 904. Nhm EGP gm 5 i tng v hng v mt bng. Nhng i tng v hng ny duy tr nhng thng k bn tin lin quan ti EGP. Bng egpNeighTable cha thng tin EGP ln cn. CMOT (OIM) Group {1.3.6.1.2.1.9} Trong qu trnh pht trin ca Khung cng vic qun l mng Internet (Internet Network Management Framework), c lc c gng s dng SNMP lm mt bc chuyn tip trong hon cnh thc bch c chun qun l mng, v to Giao thc thng tin qun l chung (CMIP) trn nn TCP/IP (CMOT) gii php di hn OSIcompliant. Kt qu l, nhm CMOT c t trong MIB-II. Tuy nhin, kinh nghim cho thy l SNMP khng phi l gii php chuyn tip, v giao thc qun l mng lin quan ti OSI ch yu cu cc MIB. V vy, khng chc chn l bn s gp nhm OIM trong bt k thit b qun l hoc agent SNMP thng mi no trn th trng. Tuy nhin, nhm CMOT c gi ch {1.3.6.1.2.1.9 } trong MIB-II. RFC 1214 chi tit ha cy con ny, c t OSI Internet Management (OIM) MIB. Hin ti, RFC 1214 c xp loi l giao thc lch s.
Transmission {1.3.6.1.2.1.10} Nhm truyn dn cha cc i tng lin quan n vic truyn dn d liu. RFC 1213 khng nh ngha nhng i Group tng ny r rng. Tuy nhin, ti liu ny cho bit l nhng i tng truyn dn ny s nm trong cy con thc nghim {1.3.6.1.3} cho ti khi chng c chng minh. SNMP Group {1.3.6.1.2.1.11} Nhm SNMP cung cp thng tin v cc i tng SNMP. C tng cng 30 i tng v hng trong nhm ny, bao gm nhng thng k bn tin SNMP, s lng i tng MIB khi phc (retrieved) v s lng by SNMP gi.
Mi nhm m t mt cch tng quan v thuc tnh i tng. Bng 3.4 cho ta ni dung chi tit v nhm h thng . Bng 3.4: Nhm h thng trong MIB-II Cy con nhm h thng 1.2.1.1.2 sysDescr sysObjectID (1) (2) Ni dung M t vn bn ca mt h thng b qun l Nhn dng nh ch to ca h thng di dng cy con MIB thu ring
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Thi gian theo thang 1/100 giy tnh t khi bt u qun l mng ca h thng Thng tin v tn v truy nhp ca ngi chu trch nhim Tn h thng V tr h thng Cc dch v h thng
3.5.1.2 Agent
Thit b chu s qun l (Managed device): L mt nt mng h tr giao thc SNMP v thuc v mng b qun l. Thit b c nhim v thu thp thng tin qun l v lu tr phc v cho h thng qun l mng. Nhng thit b chu s qun l, i khi c gi nhng phn t mng, c th l nhng b nh tuyn v my ch truy nhp-Access Server, nhng switch v nhng bridge, nhng hub, my tnh hay l nhng my in trong mng. Mi thit b chu s qun l bao gm phn mm hoc phn sn (firmware) di dng m phin dch nhng yu cu SNMP v p ng ca nhng yu cu . Phn mm hoc phn sn ny c coi l mt agent. Mc d mi thit b bt buc bao gm mt agent chu qun l trc tip,
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nhng thit b tng thch khng theo SNMP cng c th qun l c nu nh chng h tr mt giao thc qun l c quyn. thc hin c iu ny, bn phi ginh c mt agent y nhim (proxy agent). Proxy agent ny c th c xt nh mt b chuyn i giao thc v n phin dch nhng yu cu SNMP thnh giao thc qun l c quyn ca thit b khng hot ng theo giao thc SNMP. Mc d SNMP ch yu l giao thc p ng thm d (poll-respond) vi nhng yu cu do b phn qun l to ra dn n nhng p ng trong agent, agent cng c kh nng xng ra mt p ng t nguyn. p ng t nguyn ny l iu kin cnh bo t vic gim st agent vi hot ng c nh ngha trc v ch ra rng ti ngng nh trc. Di s iu khin SNMP, vic truyn cnh bo ny c coi l ci by (trap).
3.5.2
SNMP s dng cc dch v chuyn ti d liu c cung cp bi cc giao thc UDP/IP. Mt ng dng ca Manager phi nhn dng c Agent cn thng tin vi n. Mt ng dng ca Agent c nhn dng bi a ch IP ca n v mt cng UDP. Mt ng dng Manager ng gi yu cu SNMP trong mt UDP/IP, UDP/IP cha m nhn dng cng ngun, a ch IP ch v m 62
nhn dng cng UDP ca n. Khung UDP s c gi i thng qua thc th IP ti h thng c qun l, ti khung UDP s c phn phi bi thc th UDP ti Agent. Tng t cc bn tin TRAP phi c nhn dng bi cc Manager. Cc bn tin s dng a ch IP v m nhn dng cng UDP ca Manager SNMP. SNMP s dng 3 lnh c bn l Read, Write, Trap v mt s lnh ty bin qun l thit b. Lnh Read: c SNMP dng c thng tin t thit b. Cc thng tin ny c cung cp qua cc bin SNMP lu tr trn thit b v c cp nht bi thit b. Lnh Write: c SNMP dng ghi cc thng tin iu khin ln thit b bng cch thay i gi tr cc bin SNMP. Lnh Trap: Dng nhn cc s kin gi t thit b n SNMP. Mi khi c mt s kin xy ra trn thit b mt lnh Trap s c gi ti NMS.
SNMP iu khin, theo di thit b bng cch thay i hoc thu thp thng tin qua cc bin gi tr lu trn thit b. Cc Agent ci t trn thit b tng tc vi nhng chip iu khin h tr SNMP ly ni dung hoc vit li ni dung (hnh 3.5).
SNMP Agent
Cc ti nguyn c qun tr ng dng qun tr ng dng qun tr cc i tng GetReponse Trap Cc i tng c SNMP qun tr GetRequest GetNextRequest SetRequest GetReponse Trap UDP IP Cc giao thc ph thuc mng Mng hoc Internet
Hnh 3. 5: M hnh giao thc hot ng SNMP
SNMP Agent
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3.6 SNMPv2
3.6.1 Cc thc th ca SNMPv2
Trong SNMPv2 c mt s thay i sau so vi SNMPv1 l : Thay i trong cu trc thng tin qun l SMI Nhng giao thc cho php hot ng v tng thch vi SNMPv2. Trao i thng tin cp qun l
Do vy v c bn nhng thc th trong SNMPv2 cng tng t nh trong phin bn mt, tuy nhin phc v cho thng tin cp qun l nhng thc th cp qun l cn c thm vo MIB.
3.6.2
Trong SNMPv2 vic trao i thng tin gia trm qun l v cc i tng qun l nhm ly thng tin v thit lp cc tham s c thc hin thng qua 5 lnh c bn (phin bn 1) cng thm 2 lnh (trong phin bn 2), thng tin trao i s dng dng bn tin. 3.6.2.1 Cu trc bn tin Thng tin trao i s dng dng bn tin SNMPv2 cha cc n v d liu giao thc (PDU). Trong SNMPv2 c tm kiu bn tin PDU. Cu trc cc bn tin ny gm cc trng nh hnh v 3.1. Trong : Trng Version: c gi tr l 1 th hin y l SNMPv2. Cc trng khc tng t nh trong SNMPv1. iu ny ch ra, hin nay, bt k mt bo mt no cng c cung cp cho SNMPv2 phi da vo khi nim truyn thng SNMPv1. Nu c mt tho thun trong tng lai v cu trc bo mt mi, n phi c thc hin di dng mt kiu bn tin mi.
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PDU Type
Request ID
Object1, Value1
.....
Trng error-status c s dng trong cc dng bn tin nh trong bng 3. sau: Bng 3.5: S dng trng trng thi li trong cc bn tin bn tin
SNMPv2 Error
Get
GetNext
GetBulk
Set
Inform
x x
x x
x x
x x
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readOnly1 genErr noAccess wrongType wrongLength wrongEncoding wrongValue noCreation inconsistentValue resourceUnavailable commitFailed undoFailed authorizationError notWritable inconsistentName x
2
x x x x x x x x x x x
x2 x x
x2
Vi 1: Khng c s dng bi i tng SNMPv2 (ch c nng lc u quyn). Dng tng thch vi SNMPv1. Vi 2: Khng s dng n trong SNMPv2 ch tng thch vi SNMPv1 Trng error-index: Khi trng error-status khc 0, gi tr error-index th hin bin (i tng) trong danh sch lin kt bin gy ra li. Bin u tin trong danh sch c ch mc l 1. Bin th hai l 2 Trng cc bin lin kt: Trng ny cho php mt ton t n c p dng trong mt nhm phin bn i tng. N bao gm mt chui cc cp, phn t u tin l nhn dng i tng v thnh phn th hai l mt trong s sau: value: gi tr lin quan vi mi phin bn i tng; c m t trong mt PDU yu cu. unspecified: gi tr NULL khi s dng trong yu cu ly thng tin. noSuchObjecbn tin: th hin mt Agent khng th thc hin vi i tng c tham chiu bi nhn dng i tng . noSuchInstance: phin bn i tng khng tn ti cho ton t ny. endOfMibView: th hin mt c gng tham chiu n mt nhn dng i tng bn ngoi phn cui ca MIB ti Agent.
3.6.2.2 Truyn mt bn tin SNMPv2 Qui tc gi v nhn bn tin ca Manager v Agent c th hin trong bng 3.6.
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SNMPv2 PDU
Agent Generate
Agent Receive
Manager Generate
Manager Receive
x x x x
x x x x x x x x x
Mt phn t SNMPv2 thc hin cc hnh ng sau truyn mt PDU cho mt phn t SNMPv2 khc: S dng ASN.1 m t mt PDU. PDU ny c chuyn sang dch v xc nhn cng vi cc a ch ngun v ch ca truyn thng v mt tn truyn thng. Dch v xc nhn sau thc hin nhng bin i bt k theo yu cu cho s trao i ny nh m ho hoc thm m xc nhn v tr li kt qu. Phn t giao thc sau lp nn bn tin, gm trng s hiu phin bn, tn truyn thng vo kt qu ca bc trn. i tng ASN. 1 mi ny sau c m ho s dng BER v gi n dch v giao vn.
3.6.2.3 Nhn mt bn tin SNMPv2 Mt phn t SNMPv2 thc hin cc hnh ng sau nhn mt bn tin SNMPv2: Kim tra c php c bn ca bn tin v loi b bn tin nu c php sai. Kim tra s hiu phin bn v loi b bn tin nu khng tng hp. Phn t giao thc sau chuyn trn ngi s dng, phn PDU ca bn tin v cc a ch ngun v ch ca bn tin ti dch v xc nhn. Nu xc nhn b sai, dch v xc nhn bn tin cho phn t giao thc SNMPv2 ni to ra Trap v loi b bn tin. Nu xc nhn hon thnh dch v xc nhn tr li mt PDU theo dng ca mt i tng ASN.1. Phn t giao thc thc hin kim tra c php c bn ca bn tin v loi b bn tin nu c php sai. Ngc li dng truyn thng theo tn, chnh sch truy cp SNMPv2 tng ng s c chn v PDU c s l tip theo.
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MIB trong SNMPv2 nh ngha cc i tng m t tc ng ca mt phn t SNMpv2. MIB ny gm 3 nhm: Nhm h thng (System group): l mt m rng ca nhm system trong MIB-II gc, bao gm mt nhm cc i tng cho php mt Agent SNMPv2 m t cc i tng ti nguyn ca n. Nhm SNMP (SNMP group): mt ci tin ca nhm snmp trong MIB-II gc, bao gm cc i tng cung cp cc cng c c bn cho hot ng giao thc. Nhm cc i tng MIB (MIB objects group): mt tp hp cc i tng lin quan n cc SNMPV2-Trap PDU v cho php mt vi phn t SNMP 2 cng hot ng, thc hin nh trm qun tr, phi hp vic s dng ca chng trong ton t Set ca SNMPv2.
Nhm h thng: Nhm system nh ngha trong SNMPv2 ging trong MIB-II v b sung mt vi i tng mi. Cc i tng mi ny c tn bt u bng sysOR, chng lin quan n ti nguyn h thng v c s dng bi mt Agent SNMPv2 m t cc i tng ti nguyn m vic iu khin chng tu thuc vo cu hnh ng bi mt qun tr. Nhm SNMP: Nhm ny gn ging nh nhm SNMP c nh ngha trong MIB-II nhng c thm mt s i tng mi v loi b mt s i tng ban u. Nhm snmp cha mt vi thng tin lu lng c bn lin quan n ton t SNMPv2 v ch c mt trong cc i tng l b m ch c 32-bit. Nhm cc i tng MIB: Nhm cc i tng MIB cha cc i tng thch hp thm vo vic iu khin cc i tng MIB. Phn u ca nhm ny l mt nhm con, snmpTrap, bao gm hai i tng lin quan n Trap: snmpTrapOID: l nhn dng i tng ca Trap hoc thng bo c gi hin thi. Gi tr ca i tng ny xut hin nh mt varbind th hai trong mi SNMPv2-Trap PDU v InformRequest PDU. snmpTrapEnterprise: l nhn dng i tng ca t chc lin quan n Trap c gi hin thi. Khi mt Agent u quyn SNMPv2 nh x mt Trap PDU sang mt SNMPv2-Trap PDU, bin ny xut hin nh mt varbind cui cng.
Phn th hai ca nhm ny l mt nhm con, snmpSet, bao gm mt i tng n snmpSerialNo. i tng ny c s dng gii quyt hai vn c th xut hin khi s dng ton t Set: Th nht l mt qun tr c th s dng nhiu ton t Set trn cng mt i tng MIB. Cc ton t ny cn thc hin theo mt trt t c a ra thm ch khi chng c truyn khng theo th t. Th hai l vic s dng ng thi cc ton t Set trn cng mt i tng MIB bi nhiu qun tr c th gy ra mt s mu thun hoc c s d liu sai. i tng snmpSet c s dng theo cch sau: Khi mt qun tr mun t mt hay nhiu gi tr i tng trong mt Agent, u tin n nhn gi tr ca i tng snmpSet. Sau n gi SetRequest PDU c danh sch bin lin kt bao gm c i tng snmpSet vi gi tr nhn c ca n. Nu nhiu qun tr gi cc setRequestPDU s dng cng mt gi tr ca snmpSet, ci n Agent trc s c thc hin (gi s khng c li) kt qu lm tng snmpSet; cc ton t set cn li s b li v khng ph hp vi gi tr snmpSet. Hn na, nu mt qun tr mun gi mt 68
chui cc ton t set v m bo rng chng c thc hin theo mt trt t nht nh th i tng snmpSet phi c gp vo trong mi ton t. 3.6.3.2 Cc trng thi thch ng cho SNMPv2 Mc ch ca cc trng thi thch ng l nh ngha mt thng bo dng ch r mc gii hn thp nht c th chp nhn khi thc hin mc thng thng. C 4 macro c nh ngha: Macro OBJECT-GROUP: Macro ny dng ch r mt nhm cc i tng c qun tr c lin quan v l n v c bn ca tnh thch ng. N cung cp mt phng thc cho mt nh sn xut m t tnh thch ng v cp ca n bng cch ch ra nhng nhm no c b sung. Macro OBJECT-GROUP gm cc mnh chnh sau: Mnh OBJECTS: lit k cc i tng trong nhm c gi tr mnh MAXACCESS l accessible-for-Notify, read-Only, read-write hoc read-create. Mnh STATUS: ch ra nh ngha ny l hin thi hay qua. Mnh DESCRIPTION: cha mt nh ngha nguyn bn ca nhm cng vi mt m t ca bt k quan h no vi nhm khc. Mnh REFERENCE: dng gp mt tham chiu qui li vo mt nhm c nh ngha trong mt vi khi thng tin khc.
Macro NOTIFICATION-GROUP: c dng nh ngha mt tp hp cc thng bo cho cc mc ch thch ng, gm cc mnh chnh sau: Mnh NOTIFICATIONS: Lit k mi thng bo cha trong nhm thch ng. Mnh STATUS: ch ra khi no nh ngha ny l hin thi hay qua. Mnh DESCRIPTION: cha mt nh ngha nguyn bn ca nhm cng vi mt m t ca bt k quan h no vi nhm khc. Mnh REFERENCE: c th c s dng gp mt tham chiu qua li vo mt nhm c nh ngha trong mt vi khi thng tin khc.
Macro MODULE-COMPLIANCE: Ch ra mt tp nh nht ca cc yu cu lin quan n vic thm mt hay nhiu khi MIB. Cc mnh STATUS, DESCRIPTION, v REFERENCE c ngha tng t nh trong cc macro OBIECTS-GROUP v NONTIFICATION-GROUP. Macro AGENT-CAPABILITIES: Dng cung cp thng tin v cc kh nng c trong mt phn t giao thc Agent SNMPv2. N c s dng m t mc h tr c bit, m mt Agent yu cu, lin quan n mt nhm MIB. V bn cht, cc tnh kh nng th hin cc ci tin hoc bin i nht nh lin quan n cc macro OBJECT-TYPE trong cc khi MIB. 3.6.3.3 S pht trin ca nhm interfaces trong MIB - II Nhm interfaces ca MIB-II nh ngha mt tp cc i tng qun tr bt k giao tip mng no cng c th c qun l c lp vi dng nht nh ca giao tip. Nhm interfaces: Bao gm i tng ifNumber v bng ifTable. i tng ifNumber phn nh s lng giao tip v do vy l s lng hng trong bng ifTable. Tuy nhin khng cn
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gii hn s lng s cc giao tip trong di 1 n gi tr ca ifNumber. iu ny cho php thm/bt ng cc giao tip. Bng m rng giao tip: Bng m rng giao tip ifXTable cung cp thng tin thm cho bng ifTable. Bng ifXTable m rng bng ifTable c sa i, do vy n c sp xp bng ifIndex t bng ifTable. Bng giao tip khi: Bng ifstackTable a ra cc quan h gia cc hng trong ifTable m c h tr bi cng giao tip vt l vi mc trung bnh. N th hin cc lp con no ang chy trn cc lp con khc. Mi mc trong ifStackTable nh ngha mt quan h gia hai mc trong ifTable. Bng giao tip kim tra: Bng ifTestTable nh ngha cc i tng cho php mt qun tr hng dn mt Agent kim tra mt giao tip vi nhiu li. Bng cha mt mc cho mt giao tip. Bng nhn a ch chung: Bng ny cha mt mc cho mi a ch m t h thng s nhn cc gi tin trn mt giao tip c th, ngoi tr khi hot ng trong ch ngu nhin. Tc l bng ny lit k cc a ch m h thng ny chp nhn v t h thng ny s gi li cc gi cha mt trong cc a ch ny nh l a ch ch.
3.7 SNMPv3
Nh trnh by trong chng trc, bn thn SNMPv2 c phn bo m bo mt c thm vo, tuy nhin phn ny cha to c s ng thun ca ngi s dng do tnh tin li v bo mt ca n. sa cha nhng thiu ht SNMPv3 c gii thiu nh mt chun ngh cho lnh vc qun tr mng v c trnh by chi tit ln u tin vo nm 1998 vi cc ti liu RFC2271 - RFC2275. Chun ny a ra nhm hon thin hn vn qun tr v bo mt. Thng 4 nm 1999 v thng 12 nm 2002, nhng ci tin, b sung nhm lm hon thin hn SNMPv3 c trnh by trong cc ti liu RFC2570-RFC2576 (nm 1999) v RFC3410RFC3418 (nm 2002). Cc ti liu t RFC3410 n RFC3418 trnh by mt cch chi tit v y nht v SNMPv3, c s thng tin qun tr SNMPv3, cu trc thng tin qun tr SNMPv3, s tng thch gia SNMPv1, SNMPv2, SNMPv2c v SNMPv3... Mc ch chnh ca SNMPv3 l h tr kin trc theo kiu module c th d dng m rng. Theo cch ny, nu cc giao thc bo mt mi c m rng chng c th c h tr bi SNMPv3 bng cc nh ngha nh l cc module ring. C s thng tin qun tr v cc dng bn tin s dng trong SNMPv3 cng hon ton tng t trong SNMPv2.
3.7.1
Cc c im mi ca SNMPv3
SNMPv3 da trn vic thc hin giao thc, loi d liu v u quyn nh SNMPv2 v ci tin phn an ton. SNMPv3 cung cp an ton truy cp cc thit b bng cch kt hp s xc nhn v m ho cc gi tin trn mng. Nhng c im bo mt cung cp trong SNMPv3 l: Tnh ton vn thng bo : m bo cc gi tin khng b sa trong khi truyn. S xc nhn: Xc nhn ngun ca thng bo gi n. M ho: o ni dung ca gi tin ngn cn vic gi thng bo t ngun khng c xc nhn.
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SNMPv3 cung cp c m hnh an ton v cc mc an ton. M hnh an ton l thc hin vic xc nhn c thit lp cho ngi s dng v nhm cc ngi s dng hin c. Mc an ton l mc bo m an ton trong m hnh an ton. S kt hp ca m hnh an ton v mc an ton s xc nh c ch an ton khi gi mt gi tin. Tuy nhin vic s dng SNMPv3 rt phc tp v cng knh. Tuy y l s la chn tt nht cho vn bo mt ca mng. Nhng vic s dng s tn rt nhiu ti nguyn do trong mi bn tin truyn i s c phn m ha BER. N s chim mt phn bng thng ng truyn do lm tng ph tn mng. Mc d c coi l phin bn ngh cui cng v c coi l y nht nhng SNMPv3 vn ch l tiu chun d tho v vn ang c nghin cu hon thin.
Cu trc phn t SNMP Tt c cc Agent SNMP v trm qun tr SNMP trc y nay c gi l cc phn t SNMP. Mt phn t SNMP c to ra t hai phn: mt cng c SNMP (SNMP engine) v cc phn mm ng dng SNMP (application(s)). SNMP engine Cng c SNMP cung cp cc dch v cho qu trnh gi v nhn cc bn tin, chng thc v m ho cc bn tin, iu khin truy cp ti cc i tng qun l. C mt s kt hp 1-1 gia cng c SNMP v phn t SNMP cha n.
Cng c SNMP cha bn thnh phn l: Dispatcher: B iu vn. Message Processing Subsystem: Phn h x l bn tin. Security Subsystem: Phn h bo mt. Access Control Subsystem: Phn h iu khin truy cp.
B iu vn: Trong mi phn t SNMP ch c mt b iu vn duy nht. N cho php s h tr tn ti nhiu phin bn khc nhau ca bn tin SNMP. B iu vn c trch nhim: Gi v nhn cc bn tin SNMP. Xc nh cc phin bn ca bn tin v tng tc tng ng vi cc m hnh x l bn tin. Khi nhn c mt bn tin, b iu vn xc nh s hiu phin bn ca bn tin v sau chuyn bn tin n khi x l bn tin tng ng. Nu bn tin khng th phn tch xc nh phin bn th b m snmpInASNParseErrs tng ln v bn tin b loi b. Nu phin bn khng c h tr bi phn h x l bn tin th b m snmpInBadVersions tng ln v bn tin b loi b. Cung cp mt giao din tru tng ti ng dng SNMP cho s gi v nhn ca PDU ti ng dng. Cung cp mt giao din tru tng ti cc ng dng SNMP m n cho php chng gi mt PDU ti mt phn t SNMP xa. 71
Phn h x l bn tin: Phn h x l bn tin c trch nhim: chun b cc bn tin gi i v trch d liu t cc bn tin nhn c. Phn h x l bn tin c to thnh t mt hoc nhiu khi x l bn tin. S sau a ra mt phn h x l bn tin h tr cc m hnh SNMPv3, SNMPv1, SNMPv2 v mt vi m hnh khc. Phn h bo mt: Cc phn h bo mt cung cp cc dch v bo mt nh: xc nhn bn tin, m ho v gii m cc bn tin m bo b mt.
SNMP entity Phn t SNMP SNMP engine Cng c SNMP Message Processing Subsystem H thng con x l bn tin Security Subsystem H thng con bo mt Access Control Subsystem H thng con iu khin truy cp
Dispathcher B iu vn
Application(s) Mt (nhiu) ng dng Command Generator B to lnh Command Responder B p ng lnh Notification Receiver B nhn bn tin Notification Originator B pht bn tin Proxy Forwarder B chuyn tip u quyn Other Cc b khc
Hnh 3.8 Cu trc phn t SNMP S sau a ra phn h bo mt h tr cc m hnh cho SNMPv3, m hnh trn c s truyn thng v vi m hnh khc. M hnh trn c s truyn thng h tr SNMPv1 v SNMPv2c.
Security Subsystem Phn h bo mt User-Based Security Model M hnh bo mt ngi dng Community-Based Security Model M hnh bo mt truyn thng
Hnh 3.9 Phn h bo mt
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M hnh bo mt trn c s ngui dng s bo v cc bn tin SNMPv3 t cc mi nguy him: Mt ngi c php gi mt bn tin m c th b sa trong khi truyn bi mt phn t SNMP khng c php. Ngi dng khng c php c gng gi trang nh ngi dng c php. Sa chui bn tin SNMP da trn c s UDP l dch v vn chuyn khng lin kt. Cc bn tin c kh nng b bt gi v sp xp li, lm chm v c th chuyn li sau . Nghe trm, do cc bn tin cho php c m ho, mt ai nghe trm trn ng dy s khng th phn on rng h nhn c g.
B iu vn iu vn PDU
iu vn bn tin
v3MP * otherMP *
C ch
UDP
IPX
......
Mng
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Phn h iu khin truy cp : Trch nhim ca phn h iu khin truy cp l: xc nh khi no vic truy cp vo mt i tng qun tr l c php. Hin nay mi nh ngha mt m hnh: m hnh iu khin truy cp trn c s thm tra (View-base Access Control ModelVACM). Cu trc SNMPv3 cho php cc m hnh iu khin truy cp b sung c nh ngha trong tng lai.
ng dng B p ng lnh
iu khin truy cp
B iu vn iu vn PDU
iu vn bn tin
v3MP * otherMP *
C ch
UDP
IPX
......
Mng
Hnh 3.11 Cc thnh phn ca mt SNMP Agent. i vi SNMPv3 khi ni n cc ng dng, ta cn xem y l cc ng dng ni b bn trong phn t SNMP. Cc ng dng ni b ny thc hin cng vic nh to ra cc bn tin SNMP, 74
p ng li cc bn tin nhn c, nhn cc bn tin v chuyn tip cc bn tin gia cc phn t. Hin c nm loi ng dng c nh ngha: Cc b to lnh (Command Generator): To ra cc lnh SNMP thu thp hoc thit lp cc d liu qun l. Cc b p ng lnh (Command Respoder): Cung cp vic truy cp ti d liu qun l. V d cc lnh Get, GetNext, Get-Bulk v Set PDUs c thc hin bi cc b p ng lnh. Cc b to bn tin (Notification Originator): Khi to Trap hoc Inform. Cc b nhn bn tin (Notification Receiver) Nhn v x l cc bn tin Trap hoc Inform. Cc b chuyn tip u nhim ( Proxy Forwarder): Chuyn tip cc thong bo gia cc phn t SNMP.
SNMP Manager: Mt phn t SNMP bao gm mt hoc nhiu cc b to lnh v/hoc cc b nhn bn tin gia cc phn t SNMP. Mt SNMP Manager c gii thiu di: SNMP Agent: Mt phn t SNMP bao gm mt hoc nhiu cc b p ng lnh v/hoc cc b to bn tin (cng vi cng c SNMP kt hp chng) c gi l mt SNMP Agent. Mt SNMP Agent c gii thiu hnh 3.11 Gi mt bn tin hoc mt yu cu Qu trnh gi mt bn tin hoc mt yu cu gm cc bc sau: Yu cu ng dng c to ra nh sau Nu gi tr messageProcessingModel khng miu t mt m hnh x l bn tin c bit ti t b iu vn th gi tr errorIndication c tr li cho ng dng gi ti v khng c hnh ng no c x l na. B iu vn to ra sendPduHandle cho qu trnh x l tip theo. B iu vn bn tin gi yu cu ti module x l bn tin phin bn c trng v c xc nh bi messageProcessingModel Nu statusInformation biu th li, th gi tr errorIndication c tr li cho ng dng gi ti v khng c hnh ng no c x l na. Nu statusInformation biu th s chp thun, th sendPduHandle c tr v ng dng v outgoingMessage c gi i. Truyn thng c s dng gi outgoingMessage c tr v qua destTransportDomain v a ch m n gi c tr v qua destTransportAddress. Qu trnh x l mt bn tin gi i hon tt.
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B iu vn bn tin s gi yu cu ti m hnh x l bn tin thch hp c nhn bit qua gi tr messageProcessingModel. Khi mt p ng chun b c gi i Nu result l errorIndication th errorIndication s tr li ng dng gi ti v khng c hnh ng no c x l na. Nu result c chp nhn th outgoingMessage c gi i.Truyn thng c s dng gi outgoingMessage c tr v qua destTransportDomain v a ch m n gi c tr v qua destTransportAddress.
iu phi PDU ca bn tin SNMP nhn c Nu sendPduHandle l rng th bn tin nhn c l mt yu cu hoc mt bn tin. Qu trnh x l nh sau:
Gi tr ca contextEngineID v pduType c phi hp quyt nh xem ng dng ng k cho mt bn tin hay mt yu cu. Nu khng c ng dng no c ng k: 9 snmpUnknownPDUHandlers c tng ln. 9 Mt p ng c chun b to ra 9 Nu result l thnh cng th bn tin chun b c gi i. Qu trnh x l kt thc. Trng hp cn li: Pdu c x l
Bn tin n l mt p ng: Gi tr sendpduHandle c xc nh. ng dng ang i p ng ny c xc nh thng quan sendpduHandle. Nu khng c ng dng no i , bn tin b hu b v qu trnh x l kt thc. stateReference c gii phng. nmpUnknownPDUHandlers c tng ln. Qu trnh x l kt thc.
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Cc giao din dch v tru tng Cc giao din dch v tru tng c nh ngha m t cc giao din khi nim gia cc phn h khc nhau bn trong mt phn t SNMP. Mt cch tng t, mt tp cc giao din dch v tru tng c nh ngha bn trong m hnh bo mt da trn ngi dng (USM: User-base Security Model) m t cc giao din khi nim gia cc dch v USM chung v cc dch v ring v xc thc c lp.
Nhng giao din dch v tru tng ny c nh ngha bi mt tp cc giao din nguyn thu m xc nh cc dch v cung cp v cc phn t d liu tru tng m phi c truyn i khi cc dch v c gi. Phn ny lit k cc giao din nguyn thu m c nh ngha cho m hnh bo mt da trn ngi dng.
Cc giao din nguyn thu xc thc m hnh bo mt da trn ngi dng M hnh bo mt da trn ngi dng cung cp cc giao din nguyn thu bn trong truyn d liu i v n gia bn thn m hnh bo mt v dch v xc thc Cc giao din nguyn thu bo mt ca m hnh bo mt da trn ngi dng M hnh bo mt da trn ngi dng cung cp cc giao din nguyn thu truyn d liu i v v gia bn thn m hnh bo mt v dch v bo mt (privacy service) Ngi dng ca m hnh bo mt da trn ngi dng Cc hot ng qun l s dng m hnh bo mt ny phi s dng mt tp nh ngha trc cc ID ngi dng. i vi bt c ngi dng no m vi t cch ca h, cc hot ng qun l c xc thc ti mt phn t SNMP no , m phn t SNMP phi c thng tin v ngi dng . Mt phn t SNMP m mun giao tip vi mt phn t SNMP khc cng phi c thng tin v mt ngi dng c bit bi my , bao gm thng tin v cc thuc tnh c th dng c ca ngi dng .
Mt ngi dng v cc thuc tnh ca h c xc nh nh sau: UserName: Mt chui th hin tn ca ngi dng. securityName: Mt chui c th c c th hin ngi dng theo mt khun dng, l tnh c lp ca m hnh bo mt. C mt mi quan h mt-mt gia userName v securityName. authProtocol: Mt du hiu cho bit cc bn tin gi vi vai tr ca ngi dng ny c c xc thc hay khng, v nu c, kiu giao thc xc thc c s dng l g. C hai giao thc nh vy c nh ngha trong ghi ch ny: 9 Giao thc xc thc HMAC-MD5-96. 9 Giao thc xc thc HMAC-SHA-96. authKey: Nu cc bn tin c gi vi vai tr ngi dng ny c xc thc, kho xc thc (bo mt) i vi vic s dng cng gioa thc xc thc. Ch rng kho xc thc ca ngi dng thng thng s khc nhau i vi cc phn t
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SNMP xc thc khc nhau. authKey khng th truy nhp thng quaSNMP. Cc yu cu chiu di ca authKey c nh ngha bi authProtocol c s dng. authKeyChange v authOwnKeyChange: Cc duy nhn cp nht t xa kho nhn thc. Lm nh vy theo mt cch bo mt, v th vic cp nht c th c hon thnh m khng cn s dng bo v ring (privacy protection). privProtocol: Mt du hiu cho bit cc bn tin gi vi vai tr ngi dng ny c c bo v khi bi l khng, v nu nh vy, kiu giao thc bo mt no c s dng. Mt giao thc nh vy c nh ngha trong ghi ch ny: giao thc m ho i xng CBC-DES. privKey: Nu cc bn tin gi vi vai tr ngi dng ny c th c m ho/gii m, kho bo mt i vi vic s dng giao thc bo mt l g. Ch rng kho bo mt ca ngi dng thng thng s khc nhau i vi cc phn t SNMP xc thc khc nhau. privKey khng th truy cp thng qua SNMP. Cc yu cu di ca privKey c nh ngha bi privProtocol c s dng. privKeyChange and privOwnKeyChange: Cch duy nht cp nht t xa kho m ho. Lm nh vy l mt cch bo mt, do vic cp nht c th c hon thnh m khng cn ti bo v ring.
Cc bn tin SNMP s dng m hnh bo mt C php ca mt bn tin SNMP s dng m hnh bo mt ny gi vng khun dng bn tin nh ngha trong ti tiu M hnh x l bn tin cc phin bn trc (v d nh RFC3412).
Trng msgSecurityParameters trong cc bn tin SNMPv3 c kiu d liu OCTET STRING. Cc gi tr ca n l chui BER theo th t ASN. 1 Cc dch v c cung cp bi m hnh bo mt da trn ngi dng Phn ny m t cc dch v c cung cp bi m hnh bo mt da trn ngi dng vi cc u vo v u ra ca chng. Cc dch v cho vic sinh ra mt bn tin SNMP gi i: Khi mt phn h x l bn tin (MP) gi module bo mt da trn ngi dng bo v mt bn tin SNMP gi i, n phi s dng dch v thch hp c cung cp bi module bo mt. C hai dch v c cung cp:
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Cho n khi tin trnh hon thnh, module bo mt da trn ngi dng tr li statusInformation. Nu tin trnh thnh cng, bn tin hon thnh vi vic bo mt v xc thc c p dng nu n c yu cu nh vy th securityLevel c th c tr li. Nu tin trnh khng thnh cng, th mt errorIndication c tr li.
Cc dch v cho vic x l bn tin SNMP n: Khi phn h x l bn tin (MP) gi module bo mt da trn ngi dng kim tra bo mt ng n ca bn tin n, n phi s dng dch v c cung cp cho mt bn tin n. Cho n khi hon thnh tin trnh, module bo mt da trn ngi dng tri li statusInformation, v nu tin trnh thnh cng, cc phn t d liu thm vo cho vic x l su hn bn tin. Nu tin trnh khng thnh cng, 78
th mt errorIndication, c th vi mt OID v cp gi tr ca mt b m li m c tng ln. To ra mt bn tin SNMP gi i Phn ny m t th tc c sinh ra bi mt phn t SNMP khi n sinh ra mt bn tin cha mt hot ng qun l (nh mt yu cu, mt phn hi, mt bn tin, mt bo co) vi vai tr ca mt ngi dng, vi mt securityLevel c th. Nu mt securityStateReference c truyn i (bn tin phn hi hoc bo co), thng tin lin quan n ngi dng c trch ra t cachedSecurityData. cachedSecurityData by gi c th b loi b. securityEngineID c thit lp v snmpEngineID cc b. securityLevel c thit lp v mt gi tr c th c ch ra bi module gi. Da trn securityName, thng tin lin quan n ngi dng ti snmpEngineID ch, c ch ra bi securityEngineID, c trch ra t b lu tr d liu cu hnh cc b (LCD, usmUserTable). Nu thng tin v ngi dng khng c LCD, th mt du hiu li (unknownSecurityName) c tr li cho module gi. Nu securityLevel ch ra rng bn tin c xc thc, nhng ngi dng khng h tr c giao thc xc thc v bo mt, th bn tin khng c gi i. Mt du hiu li (unsupportedSecurityLevel) c tr li cho module gi. Nu securityLevel ch ra rng bn tin c xc thc, nhng ngi dng khng khng h tr mt giao thc xc thc, th bn tin khng c gi i. Mt du hiu li (unsupportedSecurityLevel) c tr li cho module gi. Nu securityLevel ch ra rng bn tin c bo v khi s bi l, th chui octet th hin scopedPDU a ra c m ho theo giao thc bo mt ca ngi dng. lm nh vy, mt li gi c thc hin cho module bo mt m thc thi giao thc bo mt ca ngi dng theo giao din nguyn thu tru tng. Nu module bo mt tr li tht bi, th bn tin khng th c gi i v mt du hiu li (encryptionError) c tr li cho module gi. Nu module bo mt tr li thnh cng, th privParameters tr v c a vo trng msgPrivacyParameters ca securityParameters v encryptedPDU phc v nh l trng ti ca bn tin ang c chun b. Ngc li, nu securityLevel ch ra rng bn tin khng c bo v khi s bi l, th mt OCTET STRING c chiu di bng khng c m ho vo trng msgPrivacyParameters ca securityParameters v scopedPDU thun vn bn phc v nh l trng ti ca bn tin ang c chun b. securityEngineID c m ho thnh mt OCTET STRING vo trng msgAuthoritativeEngineID ca securityParameters. Ch rng mt securityEngineID rng (chiu di bng khng) l chp nhn c i vi bn 79
tin yu cu, bi v n s lm cho phn t SNMP (xc thc) xa tr li mt bo co PDU vi sercurityEngineID chnh xc c t trong msgAuthoritativeEngineID trong sercurityParameters ca phn t tr li bo co PDU. Nu securityLevel ch ra rng bn tin c xc thc, th cc gi tr hin thi ca snmpEngineBoots v snmpEngineTime p ng cho securityEngineID t LCD c s dng. Ngc li, nu y l mt bn tin bo co hoc phn hi, th gi tr hin thi ca snmpEngineBoots v snmpEngineTime p ng cho snmpEngineID cc b t LCD c s dng. Ngc li, nu y l mt bn tin yu cu, th gi tr zero c s dng cho c snmpEngineBoots v snmpEngineTime. Gi tr zero ny c s dng nu snmpEngineID rng. Cc gi tr c m ho thnh INTEGER vo cc trng msgAuthoritativeEngineBoots v msgAuthoritativeEngineTime ca securityParameters. userName c m ho thnh mt OCTET STRING vo trng msgUserName ca securityParameters. Nu securityLevel ch ra rng bn tin c xc thc, bn tin c xc thc theo giao thc xc thc ca ngi dng. lm nh vy mt li gi c thc hin i vi module xc thc m thc thi giao thc xc thc ca ngi dng. Nu module xc thc tr li tht bi, th bn tin khng th c gi i v mt du hiu li (authenticationFailure) c tr li cho module xc thc. Nu module xc thc tr li thnh cng, th trng msgAuthenticationParameters c t vo securityParameters v authenticatedWholeMsg th hin s pht hnh ca bn tin xc thc ang c chun b. Ngc li, nu securityLevel ch ra rng bn tin khng c xc thc th mt OCTET STRING chiu di bng khng c m ho vo trng msgAuthenticationParameters ca securityParameters. wholeMsg by gi c pht hnh v sau th hin bn tin xc thc ang c chun b. Bn tin hon thnh vi chiu di ca n c tr li cho module gi vi statusInformation thit lp v thnh cng.
X l mt bn tin SNMP n Phn ny m t cc th tc c sinh ra bi mt phn t SNMP bt c khi no n nhn c mt bn tin cha mt hot ng qun l vi vai tr ca mt ngi dng, vi mt securityLevel c th. n gin ho cc thnh phn ca th tc, vic gii phng thng tin trng thi khng phi lun c ch ra mt cch r rng. Nh mt nguyn tc chung, nu 80
thng tin trng thi l c sn khi mt bn tin b loi b, thng tin trng thi cng c loi b. Hn na, mt du hiu li c th tr li mt OID v gi tr cho mt b m tng dn v mt gi tr tu chn cho securityLevel, v cc gi tr cho contextEngineID hoc contextName cho b m. Thm vo , d liu securityStateReference c tr li nu bt c thng tin no nh vy c sn ti im m li c pht hin. Nu securityParameters nhn c khng phi l s pht hnh lin tc ca mt OCTET STRING c nh dng theo UsmSecurityParameters nh ngha trn, th b m snmpInASNParseErrs [RFC3418] c tng ln, v mt du hiu li (parseError) c tr li cho module gi. Ch rng chng ta tr li m khng c OID v gi tr ca b m c tng ln, bi v trong trng hp ny khng thng tin sinh ra bo co PDU. Cc gi tr ca cc trng tham s bo mt c trch t securityParameters. securityEngineID c tr li cho bn gi l gi tr ca trng msgAuthoritativeEngineID. cachedSecurityData c chun b v mt sercurityStateReference c chun b tham chiu ti d liu ny. Cc gi tr c lu tr l: msgUserName. Nu gi tr ca trng msgAuthoritativeEngineID trong securityParameters l khng bit th: Mt phn t SNMP khng xc thc m thc hin khi phc c th to ra mt mc mi mt cch tu chn trong kho d liu cu hnh cc b (LCD) ca n v tip tc x l, hoc b m usmStatsUnknownEngine c tng ln v mt du hiu li (unknownEngineID) cng vi OID v gi tr ca b m tng ln c tr li cho module gi. Ch rng s kin nhn c msgAuthoritativeEngineID c chiu di bng khng, hoc c kch c khng hp l khc nn c chn lm cho vic khi phc engineID tr nn thun li. Mt khc, vic la chn gia a v b l mt vn pht sinh trong ci t. Thng tin v gi tr ca cc trng msgUserName v msgAuthoritativeEngineID c trch ra t kho d liu cu hnh cc b(LCD, usmUserTable). Nu khng c thng tin no c sn cho ngi dng, th b m usmStatsUnknownUserNames c tng ln v mt du hiu li (unknownSecurityName) cng vi OID v gi tr ca b m tng ln c tr li cho module gi. Nu thng tin v ngi dng ch ra rng n khng h tr securityLevel c yu cu bi bn gi, th b m usmStatsUnsupportedSecLevels c tng ln v mt du hiu li (unsupportedSecurityLevel) cng vi OID v gi tr ca b m tng ln c tr li cho module gi. Nu securityLevel ch ra rng bn tin c xc thc, th bn tin c xc thc theo giao thc xc thc ca ngi dng. lm nh vy, phi thc hin mt li gi n module xc thc m thc thi giao thc xc thc ca ngi dng theo giao din nguyn thu ca dch v tru tng. 81
Nu module xc thc tr li tht bi, th bn tin khng th trung thc c, v th b m usmStatsWrongDigests c tng ln v mt du hiu li (authenticationFailure) cng vi OID v gi tr ca b m tng ln c tr li cho module gi. Nu module xc thc tr li thnh cng, th bn tin l xc thc v c th tin cy c, v th vic x l c tip tc. Nu securityLevel ch ra mt bn tin xc thc, th cc gi tr cc b ca snmpEngineBoots, snmpEngineTime v latestReceivedEngineTime p ng cho gi tr ca trng msgAuthoritativeEngineID c trch t kho d liu cu hnh cc b. Nu gi tr trch ra ca msgAuthoritativeEngineID ging vi gi tr ca snmpEngineID ca phn t SNMP x l (ngha l y l mt phn t SNMP xc thc), th nu bt c iu kin no sau y l ng, th bn tin c xem l ngoi ca s thi gian:
9 Gi tr cc b ca snmpEngineBoots l 2147483647. 9 Gi tr ca trng msgAuthoritativeEngineBoots khc vi gi tr cc b ca snmpEngineBoots; hoc gi tr ca trng msgAuthoritativeEngineTime khc vi khi nim cc b ca snmpEngineTime nhiu hn 150 giy.
Nu bn tin c xem l ngoi ca s thi gian, th b m usmStatsNotInTimeWindows c tng ln v mt du hiu li (notInTimeWindow) cng vi OID, gi tr ca b m tng ln , v mt du hiu rng li phi c bo co vi mt securityLevel ca authNoPriv, c tr li cho module gi. Nu gi tr trch ra c ca msgAuthoritativeEngineID khng ging vi gi tr snmpEngineID ca phn t SNMP x l (ngha l khng phi l phn t SNMP xc thc) th t nht mt trong cc iu kin sau l ng:
9 Gi tr trch ra c ca trng msgAuthoritativeEngineBoots ln hn khi nim cc b ca gi tr snmpEngineBoots, v gi tr trch ra c ca trng msgAuthoritativeEngineTime ln hn gi tr ca latestReceivedEngineTime, th mc LCD p ng cho gi tr trch c ca trng msgAuthoritativeEngineID c cp nht, bng cch thit lp. 9 Khi nim cc b ca gi tr snmpEngineBoots bng gi tr ca trng msgAuthoritativeEngineBoots. 9 Khi nim cc b ca gi tr snmpEngineTime bng gi tr ca trng msgAuthoritativeEngineTime v latestReceivedEngineTime bng gi tr ca trng msgAuthoritativeEngineTime.
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Nu bn tin c xem l ngoi ca s thi gian th mt du hiu li (notInTimeWindow) c tr li cho module gi. Nu securityLevel ch ra rng bn tin c bo v khi s bi l, th OCTET STRING th hin encryptedPDU c gii m theo giao thc bo mt ca ngi dng t c gi tr scopedPDU pht hnh khng c m ho. lm nh vy, phi thc hin mt li gi n module bo mt m thc thi giao thc bo mt ca ngi dng theo giao din nguyn thu tru tng. Nu module bo mt tr li tht bi, th bn tin khng th x l c, do b m usmStatsDecryptionErrors c tng ln v mt du hiu li (decryptionError) cng vi OID v gi tr ca b m tng ln c tr li cho module gi. Nu module bo mt tr li thnh cng, th scopedPDU gii m l trng ti bn tin c tr li cho module gi. Ngc li, thnh phn scopedPDU c gi thit l thun vn bn v l trng ti bn tin c tr li cho module gi. maxSizeResponseScopedPDU c tnh ton. y l kch c ti a c cho php cho mt scopedPDU i vi mt bn tin phn hi. S cung cp c thc hin i vi mt tiu bn tin m cho php cng securityLevel nh trong yu cu nhn c. securityName cho ngi dng c khi phc t usmUserTable. D liu bo mt c lu tr l cachedSecurityData, v th mt phn hi c th thc hin c cho bn tin ny c th v s s dng cng xc thc v cc bo mt. statusInformation c thit lp l thnh cng v mt kt qu tr li c thc hin cho module gi truyn v cc tham s OUT nh c ch ra trong giao din nguyn thu processIncomingMsg.
Trong chng ny mi ch cp n tng bc trong qu trnh x l bn tin cn chi tit hn v cu lnh sinh vin cn nghin cu thm ti liu tham kho.
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CU HI N TP CHNG 3
1. SNMP l A. Giao thc qun l mng n gin B. Giao thc qun l Internet n gin C. Giao thc qun l mng ng b D. Giao thc gim st mng n gin 2. SNMPv3 b sung ... so vi phin bn SNMP u tin A. Nhn thc B. Tnh di ng 3. C cc phin bn SNMP A.SNMPv1 B. SNMPv2 C. SNMPv3 D. SNMPv4 4. Trong cu trc cy MIB-II c i tng : A. 8 B. 10 C. 12 D. 14 5. SNMP l giao thc ng dng s dng giao thc lp vn chuyn: A. UDP B. TCP C. FTP 6. Phin bn no ca giao thc SNMP h tr tnh bo mt v nhn thc A. A.SNMPv1 B. SNMPv2 C. SNMPv3 7. Trong m hnh TCP/IP, SNMP nm lp: A. Vt l B. Mng C. Vn chuyn D. ng dng 8. SNMP s dng lnh c bn l Read A. c thng tin t thit b B. Ghi cc thng tin iu khin ln thit b C. Dng nhn cc s kin gi t thit b 9. SNMP s dng lnh c bn l Write C. Bo mt D. Tnh chnh xc
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A. c thng tin t thit b B. Ghi cc thng tin iu khin ln thit b C. Dng nhn cc s kin gi t thit b 10. SNMP s dng lnh c bn l Trap A. c thng tin t thit b B. Ghi cc thng tin iu khin ln thit b C. Dng nhn cc s kin gi t thit b 11. C bao nhiu cy con lin quan ti qun l trong cy Internet? A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 12. H thng qun l mng da trn SNMP c bao nhiu thnh phn? A. 2 B. 4 C. 4 13. SNMP s dng cc lnh qun l thit b, trong lnh Read dng A. Nhn cc s kin gi t thit b n SNMP B. Ghi cc thng tin iu khin ln thit b C. c thng tin t thit b. D. c thng tin qun l. 14. Phn t Agent trong SNMP c nhim v: A. Thu thp thng tin qun l B. Lu tr thng tin qun l phc v cho h thng qun l mng. C. iu khin v qun l cc phn t trong SNMP 15. Cu trc thng tin qun l (SMI) m phng bao nhiu loi d liu? A. 3 B. 4 C.5 D. 6 16. Trong SNMPv2 c mt s thay i sau so vi SNMPv1 l : A.Thay i trong cu trc thng tin qun l SMI B. Nhng giao thc cho php hot ng v tng thch vi SNMPv2. C. Trao i thng tin cp qun l D. C ba trn 17. Cu trc bn tin SNMPv2 bao gm c . A.3 phn l Version, Community v PDU
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B 2 phn l Version v Community C c PDU. D.4 phn l Version, Community, PDU v CRC 18. Trong SNMPv2 c kiu PDU A. 5 B. 6 C. 7 D. 8 19. Bn tin GetRequest c gi t A. Phn t qun l n phn t b qun l B. Phn t b qun l n phn t qun l C. Gia cc phn t qun l D. Gia cc phn t b qun l 20. Bn tin Response c gi t A. Cc phn t b qun l B. Cc phn t qun l C. C hai phn t trn D. Khng t phn t no c 21. Nhngloi bn tin no c gi gia hai phn t qun l A. GetRequest B. GetNextRequest C. Response D. Response v InformRequest 22. Nhng loi bn tin no c gi bi phn t b qun l A. SetRequest B. GetBulkRequest v InformRequest C. Response D. SNMPv2-Trap 23. MIB trong SNMPv2 nh ngha cc i tng m t tc ng ca mt phn t SNMpv2 gm .. A. 2 nhm B. 3 nhm C. 4 nhm D. 5 nhm 24. Trong SNMPv2, nhm.: l mt m rng ca nhm system trong MIB-II gc, bao gm mt nhm cc i tng cho php mt Agent SNMPv2 m t cc i tng ti nguyn ca n. A. Nhm h thng (System group)
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B. Nhm SNMP (SNMP group) C. Nhm cc i tng MIB (MIB objects group) D. Nhm qun l (managing group) 25. Nhng c im bo mt cung cp trong SNMPv3 l A. Tnh ton vn thng bo : m bo cc gi tin khng b sa trong khi truyn. B. S xc nhn: Xc nhn ngun ca thng bo gi n. C. M ho: o ni dung ca gi tin ngn cn vic gi thng bo t ngun khng c xc nhn. D. C ba trn 26. Trong SNMPv3, mt phn t SNMP c to ra t A. Hai phn: mt cng c SNMP (SNMP engine) v cc phn mm ng dng SNMP (application(s)). B. Cc cng c SNMP (SNMP engine) C. Cc phn mm ng dng SNMP (application(s)). D. Mt agent ca SNMP 27. Trong SNMPv3, cng c SNMP cha A. Bn thnh phn l: B iu vn, phn h x l bn tin, phn h bo mt, phn h iu khin truy cp. B. Ba thnh phn l: B iu vn, phn h x l bn tin, phn h bo mt. C. Hai thnh phn l: B iu vn, phn h x l bn tin. D. duy nht b iu vn. 28. M hnh bo mt trn c s ngui dng s bo v cc bn tin SNMPv3 t cc mi nguy him: A. Mt ngi c php gi mt bn tin m c th b sa trong khi truyn bi mt phn t SNMP khng c php. B. Ngi dng khng c php c gng gi trang nh ngi dng c php. C. Sa chui bn tin SNMP da trn c s UDP l dch v vn chuyn khng lin kt. Cc bn tin c kh nng b bt gi v sp xp li, lm chm v c th chuyn li sau . D. Nghe trm, do cc bn tin cho php c m ho, mt ai nghe trm trn ng dy s khng th phn on rng h nhn c g. E. C bn mi nguy him trn 29. Trong m hnh bo mt da trn ngi dng, mt ngi dng v cc thuc tnh ca h c xc nh nh A. 6 tham s B. 7 tham s C. 8 tham s D. 9 tham s
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30. Cc dch v c cung cp bi m hnh bo mt da trn ngi dng bao gm A. 2 dch v B. 3 dch v C. 4 dch v D. 5 dch v
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THUT NG VIT TT
DES ICMP IETF IP ISO MIB OS OSI RFC RMON SGMP SMI SNMP TCP UDP
Data Encryption Standard Internet Control Message Protocol Internet Engineering Task Force Internet Protocol International Standard Organisation Management Information Base Operating System Open System Interconnection Requests For Comments Remote Network Monitoring Simple Gateway Monitoring Protocol Structure of Management Information Simple Network Management Protocol Transmission Control Protocol User Datagram Protocol
Tiu chun mt m ho d liu Giao thc kim sot thng bo Internet T chc h tr k thut Internet Giao thc Internet T chc tiu chun ho quc t C s thng tin qun l H iu hnh H thng lin kt m Kim sot mng t xa Giao thc kim sot cng n gin Cu trc thng tin qun l Giao thc qun l mng n gin Giao thc iu khin giao vn Giao thc d liu ngi dng
89
90
MC LC
LI NI U........................................................................................................................... 1 CHNG I : TNG QUAN V QUN L MNG VIN THNG ................................. 3 1.1. KHI NIM V QUN L, KHAI THC V BO DNG MNG................ 3 1.2. M HNH TNG QUT H THNG MNG ....................................................... 3 1.3. CC YU CU QUN L ......................................................................................... 4 1.3.1. Cc chc nng qun l lp cao ................................................................................ 4 1.3.2. Cc yu cu qun l ca ngi s dng................................................................... 5 1.3.3. Cc ng lc thc y cng ngh qun l mng .................................................. 5 1.4. CC QUAN IM V CCH TIP CN TRONG QUN L MNG ............... 6 1.4.1. Cc thc th ca h thng qun l mng ................................................................. 6 1.4.2. Quan im qun l Manager-Agent......................................................................... 7 1.4.3. M hnh quan h Manager-agent ............................................................................ 8 1.4.4. Cc min qun l...................................................................................................... 9 1.5. H THNG QUN L M................................................................................... 10 1.5.1. M hnh h thng qun l m ................................................................................ 10 1.5.2. Cc yu cu i vi h thng qun l m .............................................................. 11 1.6. H THNG QUN L PHN TN 12 1.6.1. Kin trc h thng qun l phn tn ...................................................................... 13 1.6.2. H thng qun l trong bng v ngoi bng .......................................................... 14 CU HI N TP CHNG 1...................................................................................... 15 CHNG 2: MNG QUN L VIN THNG TMN ..................................................... 18 2.1 NGUYN L CHUNG V CC KHUYN NGH TMN ............................................ 18 2.1.1 Khi nim v nguyn l ca TMN ......................................................................... 18 2.1.2 Quan h gia TMN v mng vin thng............................................................... 19 2.1.3 Cc khuyn ngh ca TMN .................................................................................... 20 2.2 KIN TRC CHC NNG ....................................................................................... 22 2.2.1. Chc nng phn t mng NEF .............................................................................. 23 2.2.2. Chc nng h iu hnh OSF................................................................................ 23 2.2.3. Chc nng trm lm vic WSF. ............................................................................ 24 2.2.4. Chc nng thch ng Q ......................................................................................... 24 2.2.5. Chc nng trung gian MF ..................................................................................... 24 2.3 KIN TRC VT L ................................................................................................. 25 2.3.1. Cc khi vt l ....................................................................................................... 25 2.3.2. Cc giao tip.......................................................................................................... 30 2.3.3 Cc giao din.......................................................................................................... 32 2.3.4 Giao din X ............................................................................................................ 33 2.3.5 Giao din F............................................................................................................. 33 2.4 KIN TRC PHN LP LGIC ............................................................................. 33 2.4.1. Lp qun l phn t NEML................................................................................... 34 2.4.2. Lp qun l mng NML ........................................................................................ 35 91
2.4.3. Lp qun l dch v SML...................................................................................... 35 2.4.4. Lp qun l kinh doanh BML ............................................................................... 36 2.5 CC CHC NNG QUN L TRONG TMN ........................................................ 36 2.5.1 Qun l hiu nng.................................................................................................. 38 2.5.2 Qun l s c ......................................................................................................... 40 2.5.3. Qun l cu hnh................................................................................................... 41 2.5.4 Qun l ti khon................................................................................................... 42 2.5.5 Qun l bo mt..................................................................................................... 42 2.6 KIN TRC THNG TIN 42 2.6.1. M hnh i tng trn c s OSI........................................................................ 43 2.6.2. M hnh i tng phn tn ................................................................................. 44 CU HI N TP CHNG 2 ..................................................................................... 45 CHNG 3 : GIAO THC QUN L MNG N GIN SNMP ................................ 49 3.1 GII THIU CHUNG V SNMP ............................................................................. 49 3.2. QUN L TRUYN THNG TRONG SNMP ...................................................... 51 3.2.1 Qun l lin lc gia nh qun l vi cc tc nhn............................................ 51 3.2.2 C ch vn chuyn thng tin gia nh qun l v tc nhn .............................. 52 3.2.3 Bo v truyn thng lin lc gia nh qun l v cc tc nhn khi s c ....... 52 3.2.4 nh hng ca tng vn chuyn ti kh nng qun l mng............................ 53 3.3 CU TRC V C IM CA THNG TIN QUN L .................................. 53 3.4 C S THNG TIN QUN L (MIB).................................................................... 54 3.4.1 Cu trc ca MIB ............................................................................................. 54 3.4.2 Truy nhp MIB ................................................................................................. 56 3.4.3 Ni dung ca MIB ............................................................................................ 57 3.4.4 Cc i tng ca MIB-II ..................................................................................... 58 3.5 IU HNH SNMP.................................................................................................... 61 3.5.1 Cc thnh phn ca SNMP ............................................................................... 61 3.5.2 Cc lnh c bn trong SNMP ........................................................................... 62 3.6 SNMPv2........................................................................................................................ 64 3.6.1 Cc thc th ca SNMPv2................................................................................ 64 3.6.2 Cu trc lnh v bn tin trong SNMPv2........................................................... 64 3.6.3 MIB cho SNMPv2 ............................................................................................ 67 3.7 SNMPv3........................................................................................................................ 70 3.7.1 Cc c im mi ca SNMPv3....................................................................... 70 3.7.2 Nhng thay i h tr bo mt v nhn thc trong SNMPv3 .......................... 71 CU HI N TP CHNG 3 ..................................................................................... 84 THUT NG VIT TT ..................................................................................................... 89 TI LIU THAM KHO ..................................................................................................... 90
92