(

http://hi.wikipedia.org/s/41t

, ()
Editing of this article by new or unregistered users is currently disabled.
See the protection policy and protection log for more details. If you cannot edit this
article and you wish to make a change, you can request an edit, discuss changes on
the talk page, request unprotection, log in, or create an account.

476

550 (

74)

(-)

398
,

[ ]

2.1

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

5.1

5.2

5.3

5.4

10

8.1

,
,

,
, ,
, .[1]
( ,), .
,
. ,
.

 - .
,
.[2]

.[3] I ( .)
( )
. ,
,




.

.[

,
- ' '

[4]

, , ,

-
[5]


, , ,
, .
, , . (
), ( ),
( )
( ) .

-, ,
,
I.
, -- .
, (- ), (- ),
, (- / - ), - , -
- , - .[1]
, ,
, . ,
- .[1]




, ;
-- ( )-
- ,
,
, ,
:
1) : ( ) - , , ,
, (
()
,

) ( ) ( ), , / ( - ),
, , ( )
) ( ):
( ), -
,
) ( ): / , , , ,
, ,
,
, ,
( , )
()

'' '' , ,




120



[]

[]
,
(1473 1543 .) ""
" ,

, ,
"
, , 14
72 (
)
, ,

62,832 : 20,000

-

- , ,
.[6] ,
, .[7]
, ;
, (
) . [8]

( )

(\) ,

. gaitapda
:
chaturadhikam atamaaguam dvaistath sahasrm
' Ayutadvayavikambhasysanno vrttapariaha.
'' " , .
. "
(( + ) + ) / = . ,
.
( ), ,
, ( ) . ,

 ,
.[9]
(
. .)

.[1]

: , - .[10]
() -
"-". .
, (
). , , ,
. ,
. "" ""(
). ,
,
, "" " . , .[11]

ax + b = cy ,
. ::
,
, .
, N= 8x+ 5 = 9y +4 = 7z +1. N .
, .
, .. .
. kuaka
, ,
. ,
, ,
.[12]
, ,
.

[13]

.

, ( , ,
.) ,
(- , ), , ,
.

.

. ,

.
,
( )
. [ - .9]

:
"
.

() ,
.
,
, . ,
(. 425),
, () () . [14]
: , , , , , , ,
[1]


, ,
, , , ,
.
-

 .[15] ,
,
.[16]

.
, ,

. (
. ), (
. -), .
,
. 18
, ,
-- ,
(, , ) .[1]
,. ,
,. .% .
, , .)
, -%
.[17]

,
( )) .
; ::. . ,
,
.
, .

.

, .[18][19]

. ..
" ,
,".[20]


.[21]
,
.[22]
( .. )
( ..)
, ( -
) .

,
. (. ),
. -
, -
,
.
( ), ( ) , ( ) ,
( ), .
( - ) ,
. , 4 .
" " " "
.
.
;
" ", (.).[23]
.
, .
() .
, - ( )
( ) ,
.

,
,
,[24]
( )
.

 , ( ).
.
, .
, .
. ,

() .
.[25] ,

.[26]