Chng I: Cm bin (Sensor) 1. Khi nim chung 2. Mt s tiu ch nh gi cm bin 3.

Nguyn l lm vic ca mt s cm bin

1. Khi nim chung

)L nhng thit b c kh nng cm nhn nhng i lng in v khng in, chuyn i chng tr thnh nhng tn hiu in ph hp vi thit b thu nhn tn hiu. )L nhng thit b khng th thiu trong cc h thng t ng ho v sn xut cng nghip.

2. Mt s tiu ch nh gi cm bin
2.1 2.2 Phm vi cm nhn hoc khong cch cm nhn. Sai s.
) Sai s do mt tr ) Sai s v phn gii ) Sai s do tuyn tnh ho

2.1. Phm vi cm nhn

) L gii hn cm nhn ca cm bin i vi i lng vt l cn o. ) V d: )Cm bin nhit c tn hiu ra bng in t l vi nhit cn o. Do trong khong gii hn nhit trn v di, mi quan h ny cn c coi l tuyn tnh. Vng tuyn tnh c gi l phm vi cm nhn. )i vi cm bin tim cn l khong gii hn trn v di m cm bin c th pht hin ra i tng, lm cho u ra chuyn tn hiu mt cch chc chn.

U Cao

Thp t c tnh ra ca mt in tr nhit (RTD) Sn: Khong cch cm nhn ca cm bin tim cn i tng Cm bin

2.2.

Sai s

? Sai s do mt tr tn hiu
) S khc bit ln nht gia gi tr u ra o c vi gi tr u ra l thuyt khi tn hiu u vo tng hoc gim.

Di nhit ng vi in p V1 Di in p ng vi t1 t1 t

Mt tr ca in tr nhit (RTD)

? Sai s do phn gii

) phn gii: L s thay i ln nht ca i lng vt l cn o m khng gy ra s thay i v tn hiu u ra ca cm bin.

phn gii +/- 0.25oC

t phn gii ca in tr nhit (RTD) vi u ra s

? Sai s do tuyn tnh ho

) Vi mt sensor l tng th tn hiu u vo lun t l tuyn tnh vi tn hiu u ra. Nhng trn thc t c tn hiu o tuyn tnh, ngi ta lun phi tin hnh tuyn tnh ho. iu ny s to ra sai s ca tn hiu

cao

di o

sai s ln nht ng cong l tng ng cong thc t thp p cao

thp Tuyn tnh ho trong cm bin p sut

3. Nguyn l lm vic ca mt s cm bin

3.1 Cc loi cm bin ng ct (dng ON-OFF). ) Cng tc gii hn hnh trnh. ) Cm bin tim cn. Cc cm bin s dng b chuyn i (transducer) Mt s cm bin v tr

3.2 3.3

3.1. Cc cm bin ng ct dng ON - off

? Cng tc gii hn hnh trnh.
) Cc k hiu in ) Nguyn l lm vic ) Kiu tc ng tc thi ) Kiu tc ng c tr ) B tr tip im

) Cc k hiu in
Tip im thng h (NO)

Khi m Khi ng Khi ng

Tip im thng kn (NC) Khi m

) Nguyn l lm vic

Qung ng chuyn V tr ng ng V tr nh

Qung ng d tr

phn chp hnh sai lch gia hai v tr Hnh trnh nh phn u phn thn

) Kiu tc ng tc thi
Tip im thng ng Tip im thng h

c im
) Khi phn chp hnh b tc ng, l xo cht s tr nng lng, n v tr ng l xo cht gii phng nng lng

Trc ng Tip im tnh Tip im ng

L xo phn hi L xo cht

) Kiu tc ng c tr

ng trc khi ngt

Ngt trc khi ng

c im
) Tip im NO ng trc, tip im NC b ngt sau

c im
) Tip im NC b ngt trc, tip im NO ng sau

c im chung
) To ra mt khong thi gian tr nh gia hai loi tip im

) B tr tip im

Trc ng

Tip im tnh Tip im ng

(SPDT) L xo phn hi

(DPDT)

? Cm bin tim cn.

)Tim cn in cm (Inductive proximity) )Tim cn in dung (Capacitive proximity) )Tim cn siu m (Ultrasonic proximity) )Tim cn quang hc (Photoelectric proximity)

) Tim cn in cm (Inductive proximity)

& L loi cm bin s dng trng in-t pht hin i tng bng kim loi. & in p lm vic DC, AC hoc AC/DC

Phn loi:
& Theo chc nng c chia ra lm hai loi: PNP (sourcing) v NPN (sinking)

& Ni dy cho loi PNP (sourcing):

PNP transistor
Ti

& Ni dy cho loi NPN (sinking):

Ti

NPN transistor

& Theo khong cch c chia ra lm hai loi: c bo v (shielded) v khng bo v (unshielded) B mt sensor

C bo v

Khng bo v

Nhn xt:
) Khong cch cm nhn t 0.6 - 20 (mm) ) Tim cn in cm ph thuc vo mt s yu t sau ca i tng:
& Hnh dng i tng & dy ca i tng & Vt liu ca i tng

) Tim cn in dung (Capacitive proximity)

& L loi cm bin s dng trng tnh in pht hin i tng bng kim loi v phi kim loi. & in p lm vic DC, AC hoc AC/DC

Phn loi:
& Theo chc nng c chia ra lm hai loi: PNP (sourcing) v NPN (sinking) & Tt c cm bin in dung ca siemens u c bo v (shielded) B mt sensor

i tng

Nhn xt:
) Khong cch cm nhn t 5 - 20 (mm) ) C kh nng pht hin mc cht lng xuyn qua thng trong sut (Cht lng phi c hng s in mi cao hn v thng)

) Mi trng lm vic phi kh, bi v khi c cht lng

trn b mt ca cm bin, cm bin c th tc ng nhm.

Hng s in mi ca mt s vt liu

) Tim cn siu m (Ultrasonic proximity)

& L loi cm bin s dng b thu pht tn hiu siu m, tn s cao.

a/ c im b/ Cc ch hot ng c/ nh hng ca mi trng

c im

Vng m:
& Vng ny tn ti ngay pha trc cm bin, tu theo loi cm bin m vng m ny c khong cch chng 6 - 80 cm. Nu i tng c t trong vng ny s khin cho trng thi u ra khng n nh.

Cc cm bin t song song:

& Gi thit 2 cm bin c cng khong cch cm nhn c t song song vi nhau. i tng t vung gc vi ngun m. Vy khong cch gia cc cm bin c xc nh thng qua khong cch cm nhn. & V d nu khong cch cm nhn l 6 cm, th khong cch gia cc cm bin l 15 cm.
Khong cch cm nhn (cm) 6-30 20-130 40-300 60-600 80-1000 X (cm)

> > > > >

15 60 150 250 350

Nhiu giao nhau gia cc cm bin

& Nhiu xy ra khi cc cm bin c t gn nhau, chm phn x ca cm bin ny li tc ng n cm bin khc & Trong trng hp ny khong cch X cn c xc nh thng qua th nghim.

Khong cch ti thiu cho hai cm bin t i nhau

& Gi thit 2 cm bin c cng khong cch cm nhn c t i din nhau. Khong cch X c xc nh sao cho 2 cm bin khng gy nhiu cho nhau.

Khong cch cm nhn (cm) 6-30 20-130 40-300 60-600 80-1000

X (cm)

> > > > >

120 400 1200 2500 4000

Gc nghing:
& Gc nghing gia i tng vi phng truyn sng phi c cn nhc khi lp t. Nu gc nghing qu ln sng phn x c th khng n c cm bin.

i vi cht lng v vt liu di dng ht:

& i vi cht lng (v d nc) gii hn gc nghing 3o & i vi vt liu di dng ht th gc nghing c th ln ti 45o.

Loi b i tng nhiu:

& Mt i tng nhiu bt k c th nm trong phm vi cm nhn ca cm bin. iu ny s gy ra tc ng nhm ca cm bin. loi b i tng nhiu ngi ta dng mt loi vt liu c kh nng hp th m, ch li mt khe h khin cho ngun m khng th ti i tng nhiu c. i tng nhiu

Khe h Vt liu hp th m

Cc ch hot ng:
& Khuch tn & Phn x & Xuyn sut

Khuch tn:
& y l ch lm vic ph bin ca cm bin siu m. Khi i tng b pht hin trong phm vi cm nhn th cm bin s chuyn trng thi u ra, ch ny hot ng nh mt cm bin tim cn.
Phm vi

cm nhn

Phn x:
& Trong ch ny c dng thm mt b phn x c t trong vng lm vic. B phn x c iu chnh sao cho cc sng m sau khi p vo b phn x s quay tr v cm bin. Khi i tng cn pht hin cn tr sng phn x th cm bin s tc ng. & B phn x thng c dng khi i tng c hnh dng c bit, hoc hp th m thanh.

i tng c hnh dng c bit

i tng hp th m

Xuyn sut:
& Trong ch ny ngi ta s dng hai b thu pht ring bit, khi chm m b gin on bi i tng th u ra cm bin s thay i trng thi.

B pht

B thu

nh hng ca mi trng:
Nhit : Nhit cao gy nh hng ti ch lm vic
ca cm bin, thng thng i vi cm bin siu m u c b nhit p sut: Khi p sut thay i 5% so vi p sut mt nc bin, th tc m thay i khong 0,6%. Khi cm bin t cao hn mc nc bin 3 km th tc m gim 3,6%. Cn iu chnh khong cch cm bin cho hp l. Chn khng: Trong mi trng ny th cm bin khng hot ng c. m: Khi m tng th tc m tng Tc gi: < 50km/h, cm bin khng b nh hng; 50100km/h, cm bin lm vic khng chc chn; > 100km/h, cm bin khng lm vic c

Thi tit: Ma nh v tuyt nh khng nh hng ti hot

ng ca cm bin. Tuy nhin b mt ca b chuyn i nn c gi kh ro.

Lp sng m: Ni chung l khng c nh hng g ti cm

bin, tuy nhin khng nn chng ng trn b mt b chuyn i.

Bi: Mi trng bi lm gim phm vi cm nhn ca cm

bin xung 25-33%

Tim cn quang hc (Photoelectric proximity)

L loi cm bin s dng chm tia sng c iu bin. Cu to cm bin gm mt thit b pht v mt thit b thu

c im:
1/ 2/ 3/ 1/ 2/ 3/ Chm tia sng c iu bin H s khuch i nh sng K hiu Xuyn sut Xuyn sut tch cc Phn x

Cng ngh tim cn quang hc

4/ 5/ 6/

Phn x tch cc Lc phn cc vi cc i tng phn quang Khuch tn

Cc ch lm vic
1/ 2/ Ch ti Ch sng

Cng ngh si quang Cng ngh Laser

Chm tia sng c iu bin:

Mc ch lm tng khong cch cm nhn v gim nh hng ca nh sng mi trng. nh sng iu bin l mt chm xung c tn s t 5kHz n 30 kHz. Ngun sng dng trong cc cm bin loi ny c ph sng t nh sng xanh nhn c ti nh sng hng ngoi khng nhn c. Tiu biu l ngun sng t LED.

H s khuych i nh sng:
H s khuych i nh sng l lng nh sng pht ra vt qu lng
yu cu ca thit b thu. Trong mi trng sch th h s ny bng hoc ln hn 1 l lng yu cu ca thit b thu. Mi trng cng nhim th h s ny cng cao, do mt phn nh sng pht ra s b mi trng ny hp th. Tuy nhin h s cng cao th khong cch cm nhn thc t cng gim.

H s

khuych i

Khong cch cm nhn

K hiu:

Khuch tn

Khuch tn dng tm chn

Phn x

Xuyn sut

Khuch tn u ra tng t

Cm bin dng si quang

Cm bin mu

Cm bin vch mu

Cm bin khe hp

Xuyn sut:
& Cng ngh ny s dng phn pht v phn thu ring bit, hai phn ny c b tr sao cho phn thu c th nhn c ti a chm xung nh sng t phn pht & Nu v l do g m chm tia sng khng ti c phn thu, th u ra ca phn thu s thay i trng thi. & Thch hp i vi nhng vt chn sng v phn quang & Phm vi cm nhn ln ti 90 m (300 feet)

Pht

Thu

Pht

i tng

Thu

Xuyn sut tch cc:

Chm tia Chm tia & i tng c pht Pht Thu tch cc tch cc hin khi ct chm tia tch cc. & Chm tia tch cc c rng bng ng knh thu knh pht v thu knh thu & Kch thc nh nht ca i tng bng vi rng chm tia

Phn x:
& Cng ngh ny gn phn pht vi phn thu trn cng mt b. Khi nh sng pht ra t phn pht gp mt phn x s quay tr li phn thu. & Nu c bt k i tng no chn ngang ng truyn sng th u ra ca cm bin s chuyn trng thi & Phm vi cm nhn ti a c 10 m (35 feet)

Pht i tng

Thu

Phn x tch cc:

& Chm sng tch cc pht ra t thu knh pht c rng ph hp vi b mt phn x. & Kch thc ti thiu ca i tng bng vi b mt phn x Mt phn x

Pht

chm tia tch cc

& Mt phn x: Mt phn x tng ng vi tng kiu cm bin phn x, c th hnh trn, hnh vung hoc di bng. Khong cch cm nhn tu thuc vo vic s dng b mt phn x .

Lc phn cc i vi i tng phn quang:

& i vi cm bin phn x vic pht hin i tng phn quang l khng th, do cm bin khng phn bit c chm sng phn hi t i tng hay t b mt phn x. & c th pht hin c ngi ta dng thm b lc phn cc t pha trc thu knh pht v thu Chm sng cha phn cc Thu knh Lc phn cc Chm sng phn cc

Chm sng phn cc

Mt phn x

Cm bin khuch tn
& Cng ngh ny cng gn phn pht v thu trn cng mt b. Chm sng pht ra p vo i tng v b khuch tn di cc gc khc nhau, nu phn thu nhn c nh sng th u ra cm bin thay i trng thi & nng cao hiu qu ngi ta dng cng ngh tm chn trong cm bin khuch tn. Khong cch cng ln th gc phn x nh sng cng hp. Bng cch s dng tm chn PSD ngi ta c th thu c nh sng t cc gc khc nhau. & PSD: Position Senser Detector

Ch lm vic ti:
& Khi cm bin quang lm vic ch ny, th u ra s chuyn trng thi khi nh sng khng ti c thit b thu.

Thu Pht Pht

i tng

Thu

Ch lm vic sng
& Khi cm bin quang lm vic ch ny, th u ra s chuyn trng thi khi nh sng ti c thit b thu.

Thu Pht Pht

i tng

Thu

Cng ngh si quang:

& Cc cm bin si quang gm mt b pht, mt b thu v mt cp quang truyn tn hiu. Tu thuc vo loi cm bin c th c 1 cp hoc nhiu cp. Vi loi mt cp, ngi ta dng mt s phng php phn b si quang trong cp.
ng trc 50/50 Ngu nhin

Cp Si quang

Si thu

Si pht

& Vi cm bin xuyn sut, tn hiu pht v thu dng 2 cp ring bit. Vi cm bin phn x v khuch tn tn hiu thu pht dng trn cng mt c p T b pht Ti b thu
Xuyn sut

T b pht Ti b thu T b pht Ti b thu

Khuch tn Phn x

Cng ngh lazer:

& Cc cm bin dng ngun lazer ca Siemens, s dng tia lazer cp 2 c cng sut pht x 1 mW. Tia lazer cp 2 khng i hi thit b bo v. Tuy nhin khi lm vic trong vng c cm bin lazer cn c tn hiu cnh bo. & Cc tia lazer ny l chm nh sng nhn thy c c mt nh sng cao. Cng ngh ny cho php pht hin nhng vt th cc nh mt khong cch no . & Cm bin L18 c th pht hin vt c kch thc 0,03mm khong cch 80 cm

3.2. mt s cm bin s dng b chuyn i

? Cc phng php chuyn i ? Chuyn i nhit (cm bin nhit ) ? Chuyn i lc (cm bin lc) ? Chuyn i lu lng (cm bin lu lng) ? Chuyn i v tr (Cm bin v tr)

? Cc phng php chuyn i.

) K thut mch cu cn bng ) K thut LVDT (Linear Variable Differential Transformer)

) K thut mch cu cn bng.

) Mch cu dng cc phn t in tr, tu theo cch cu hnh cho cu cn bng m ta c hai kiu o theo dng hoc theo p. ) iu kin bnh thng (cu cn bng) th in p Uoutput = 0, hoc khng c dng in qua cu (Icu = 0).

) Cu in p: L mch cu c in p Uoutput t l vi s thay i tr khng trong mch cu. Trn hnh bn th D l thit b thu thp RD l ni tr ca n. Vi cu ny th tr s RD phi rt ln. V d nh tr khng u vo ca module PLC. Xt v d hnh bn, khi R4 thay i lm cu mt cn bng. T l ca tr khng trong mch nh sau:

R1 R 3 = R2 R4

) Cu dng in: Nhm to ra s thay i v dng in u ra ca cu cn bng, gia 2 im A v B. Thit b thu thp D c ni tr rt thp. V d nh nhng module PLC khuch i dng c tr khng vo thp.

Phng trnh dng ID

U. R 4 ID = R 2 R3 1 + R + R 2 + R 4 B R D 1 + R + R 3 + R 4B 1 1
Trong : R4B l tr khng ca R4 khi cu cn bng R4: chnh lch ln nht ca in tr nhit RD: Tr khng u vo ca module thu thp V d: Mch cu dng in tr nhit c tr khng 10k. Dng module khuych i c tr khng u vo 300 , o nhng thay i nh v dng cn bng. Xc nh tr s dng khi tr khng ca in tr nhit thay i 10%

) K thut LVDT (Linear Variable Differential Transformer).

LVDT l mt c cu c - in to ra in p t l vi v tr ca li bin p (BA) trong lng cun dy.

V thp khng g Vnh chng nhiu in-t v tnh in Cun dy Lp epoxy Li Hn hp chng m, n nh nhit

in p ra

Li Th cp S cp Th cp in p vo

) Nguyn l lm vic: in p AC a vo cun s cp, to ra in p cm ng trn 2 u cun th cp. Khi li chuyn ng lm cho in p u ra th cp thay i. Cun th cp cun theo 2 chiu ngc nhau, nn in p s thay i cc tnh khi li dch chuyn.

in p ra

V tr li (%) so vi v tr 0 Vng phi tuyn Vng phi tuyn

Vng tuyn tnh

V tr 100%

V tr 0%

V tr 100%

Hng chuyn ng Th cp S cp in p ra

) Hin nay cc my bin p LVDT thng kt hp thm vi cc mch chnh lu to ra in p DC

? Chuyn i nhit (Cm bin nhit).

) Cm bin nhit dng o v gim st s thay i nhit . Trn thc t c hai loi chuyn i sau: o s thay i in tr ni o s chnh lch in p ) u ra ca cm bin nhit c th di dng tn hiu dng hoc p t l vi nhit cn o ) Kiu 1 thng l RTD hoc Thermistor ) kiu 2 thng l cp nhit ngu (can nhit)

RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector)

) RTD c ch to t cc dy dn nhy cm vi nhit (phn t in tr), vt liu ph bin nht l platium, nickel, ng, nickel-st. Chng c t trong ng bo v

i vi RTD th tr khng tng tuyn tnh vi nhit cn o, do vy RTD c h s nhit dng Tm cch in

Phn t in tr

V bo v

) o nhit , RTD c mc theo k thut cu in tr.

Cch mc gy sai s

Cch mc b sai s. Vi iu kin RL1 = RL2

) i vi module RTD ca PLC, th c mch b sai s, do vy ta c th mc trc tip RTD vo module. ) Trong trng hp dng module tng t, th ta cn thit k thm cu cn bng, kt hp vi khuch i tn hiu.

) Thermistor
) Thermistor c lm t cc vt liu bn dn, s thay i in tr ca vt liu t l vi nhit trong di o. ) Tuy nhin khi nhit tng th in tr li gim, do vy Thermistor c h s nhit m. Mc d vy, cng c mt s thermistor c h s nhit dng.

) T ng c tnh trn, th thermistor cho ta phn gii cao hn so vi RTD. Rt thch hp vi nhng ng dng c di nhit hp.

So snh 2 loi trn:

) RTD: u im:
Tuyn tnh trong di nhit rng o c nhit cao, di o ln n nh tt hn nhit cao

nhc im:
nhy km Gi thnh cao B nh hng do rung ng, do in tr tip xc

) Thermistor:

u im:

p ng nhanh o c nhit di o hp vi chnh xc cao Khng b nh hng ca in tr dy ni C kh nng chng rung Gi thnh thp

nhc im:
) Kh nng tuyn tnh thp di o ln ) Phm vi o nhit hp

) Cp nhit ngu (can nhit)

) c cu to t mt cp kim loi, lm t vt liu khc nhau. 2 u ni vi nhau v t 2 vng nhit , s chnh lch nhit to ra sc in ng trn 2 u cp nhit ngu.

Kim loi A T1: l nhit cn o T2: l nhit mu Nng e Lnh

Kim loi B ) Nhit mu chun (lnh) l 0oC, do vy trong datasheet ca cp nhit ngu, in p u ra da trn nhit mu 0oC. ) Tuy nhin trong cng nghip vic to ra 0oC l rt bt tin, cho nn cn phi tin hnh b nhit mu Xt v d: Dng cp nhit ngu loi E, c tn hiu in p u ra l 16,42 mV, nhit T2 l 46oF, tm nhit cn o T1 (nhit ng)

) Do nhit T2 khng phi nhit mu, nn ta tin hnh b, b c ta cn da vo c tnh ra ca cp nhit ngu (xem hnh). Constantan ) Ta c X = 0,458 mV, e do nu 0oC hay Lnh Nng 32oF th in p Crm u ra s l: 16,42 + 0,458 = = 16,878 mV ) T gi tr tm c ta li ni suy v c 474,71oF

) i vi PLC, ngi ta thit k ring module lm vic vi cp nhit ngu, trong module ny tn hiu sai lch c b. Dy dn

) i vi dy dn ca cp nhit ngu thng c bc lp v c bit duy tr nhit ca dy dn khng i ti u vo PLC u vo module nhit

? Chuyn i lc (Cm bin lc).

) Cm bin lc v p sut dng o lc trn mt n v din tch ) C 3 loi chuyn i lc ph bin l: o sc cng Dng ng Bourdon Dng load cell

o sc cng (cm bin p tr)

) L kiu chuyn i c kh dng o bin dng, sc cng ca mt vt cng khi c lc tc ng. ) Kiu chuyn i ny da vo s thay i v tr khng trong dy qun khi b lc tc ng. Dy qun c th lm t kim loi (ng, st, platium) hoc t cht bn dn (silic, german)

) Kiu chuyn i ny c hai hnh thc l Dn (mng mng) v T do ) Dn: l hnh thc gn trc tip b chuyn i ln b mt cn o (a). ) T do: l hnh thc khng gn trc tip b chuyn i ln b mt cn o (b).
V tr Dy qun Lc tc ng Dy qun

Lc tc ng

) o sc cng dng k thut mch cu cn bng, tuy nhin nhit li lm nh hng n tr khng, do cn thit k thm mch b Dy qun Dy qun ph chnh Lc

) Ch c dy qun (R4) c chiu tng ng vi lc tc ng , lc ch tr khng R4 mi b thay i. ) Nhit c b thng qua R3.

)Dng ng Bourdon
) L kiu chuyn i c kh (dng k thut LVDT) bin p lc thnh dch chuyn theo v tr. V tr dch chuyn t l vi p lc t vo. ng Bourdon Li u g

Tn hiu ra

ng p lc

Tn hiu vo L xo

)Dng Load Cell

) L cm bin o trng lng v lc da trn nguyn l chuyn i o sc cng kiu dn. L loi cm bin dng ch yu trong cn nng.

? Chuyn i lu lng (Cm bin lu lng).

) Cm bin lu lng dng o lu lng ca mt vt liu bt k, di dng rn, lng, kh

) o lu lng rn
) Thng dng ch yu l b chuyn i Load Cell, o trng lng ca sn phm.

) V d: Bi ton cn gi n nh lu lng ca vt liu trn bng ti. Phu

P. v Q= L
Trng lng (P) Van Chiu di (L)

Tc (v)

Load Cell

) o lu lng lng
) Tin hnh o 1 trong 2 yu t chnh p sut Chuyn ng ca cht lng. ) o yu t th nht ngi ta c th dng ng Venturi hoc tm orifice ) o yu t th hai ngi ta dng ng h o lu lng dng turbine. ng Venturi v tm orifice: u da vo nguyn l Bernoulli, th hin mi quan h gia tc v chnh p sut gia 2 im o. ng venturi v tm orifice thch hp vi o p sut thp

v = k P
v: tc mi cht P = P1 - P2 k: Hng s Bernoulli V o p sut ng Khe cn hp Ra

Q = v. A = A. k . P = K. P
A: Tit din mt ct ngang ca ng

Tc

ng Venturi

p sut

V ng

Tm Orifice Tm orifice

L Orifice

Tm Orifice

ng h o lu lng dng turbine: da vo nguyn l cm ng in t. V cu to, ng h gm mt rto gn vi nhiu cnh, mt stato to ra tn hiu in. Khi roto quay di tc ng ca lung cht lng, s to ra t trng cm ng trong ng h. T trng ny c to thnh nhng tn hiu in p nh (c 10-20mV). B chuyn i in c th to tn hiu tng t hoc tn hiu s (xung) t l vi lu lng mi cht qua ng Xung ra B chuyn i in

? Chuyn i v tr (Cm bin v tr).

) L loi cm bin pht hin v tr hin ti ca i tng trong hnh trnh.

) Cm bin v tr trc quay: Bao gm

nhiu tip im c sp xp theo mt quy lut no .

) Cm bin v tr dng photo-it:

Bao gm mt dy pht v mt dy thu. Tuy vo v tr ca i tng m cc it tng ng s tt Pht

) Cm bin v tr dng b phn p (potentiometer): S dng mt b

phn p, tu vo in p u ra m cho ta v tr ca i tng cn pht hin. Ngun DC

Ngun DC

in tr u trt

u trt

in tr

) Cm bin v tr dng k thut LVDT: S dng mt bin p

LVDT, tu vo v tr dch chuyn ca i tng m cho ta in p tng ng u ra ca bip p.

) Cm bin v tr dng encoder quang: L loi cm bin chuyn

du hiu v tr theo gc, theo ng thng thnh tn hiu nh phn tng ng. i vi loi cm bin ny thng c chia ra lm hai loi: M ho lin tc M ho tuyt i M ho lin tc: Bao gm mt ngun pht quang, mt hoc hai a m ho, ba cm bin quang, v mt b iu khin. Trn a m ho c b tr cc khe hp, ngun sng c th lt qua

A B C

) a m ho cho encoder trn c th xc nh hng quay ca a nh vo s lch pha 900 ca hai chui xung do hai cm bin A v B to ra. A B Ngc Thun

M ho tuyt i: Bao gm mt a quay lm t vt liu trong sut. Trn a c chia thnh cc vng c gc bng nhau, s lng tu thuc vo phn gii v s lng cc vng cung ng tm. Mt vng cung s trong sut trong mt s vng, cc vng cn li s b che khut 100 101 000 001

111 a m ho 8 vng cung 110 010

011

) Hnh trn ta thy a m ho c 3 vng cung, to thnh 8 vng (23 = 8) vi phn gii 360/8 = 45o (trn thc t thng t 8 12 vng cung). Mi vng cung c mt cm bin quang. Tu vo tng thi im m ta s c mt chui cc bt tng ng vi v tr hin ti ca a. ) V d: Nu chui bt l 010 th v tr tng ng s l 4h30' n 6h00'. ) Nh vy cc chui bt phi c m theo chu k mt vng trn, 2 vng lin k ch c khc nhau 1 bt. ) phn gii b gii hn bi s lng vng cung trn a. V d nu a c 8 vng cung th phn gii s l 28 = 256 vng, hay 360/256 = 1,4o

Chng II: van kh nn 1. Ngun cp kh nn 2. Cc k hiu dng trong van kh nn 3. Nguyn l lm vic 4. Kho st mt s mch dng kh nn

) Mt h thng van kh nn thng bao gm nhng thit b sau: My nn kh, mch iu khin van kh, cm bin van kh, cc c cu chp hnh.

1. Ngun cp kh nn
) Bao gm mt my nn kh, mt van p sut, mt bnh cha

2. Cc k hiu dng trong van kh nn

) Trong phn ny ta kho st van iu khin trc tip (directional control valves), chng thuc loi van iu khin on-off (ng m hon ton). ) Phn ln cc van iu khin trc tip u c 2 hoc 3 v tr c l p

Hnh (a): Kiu van 3/2 (3 cng, 2 v tr) Hnh (b): Kiu van 5/2 (5 cng, 2 v tr)

) K hiu cc c cu iu khin.

L xo

Nt nhn

Mc

Bn p

Cht n

Xoay

Van in t (*)

p lc kh (*)

(*): C th c iu khin t xa p lc kh c khuch i (*)

a)

b)

c)

d) C l xo t tr v. Khng c l xo tr v

3. nguyn l lm vic
B A ) Khi nhn nt, kh theo ng A vo xi lanh, y pistng v bn phi

B A ) Khi nh tay, l xo y pistng v bn tri, kh theo ng B a ra ngoi (ng x)

AA B C ) Khi nhn nt, kh theo ng B vo xi lanh, y pistng v bn phi, kh ra x theo ng C.

A B C C ) Khi nhn nt, kh theo ng B vo xi lanh, y pistng v bn tri, kh ra x theo ng A.

A A B ) Khi nhn nt, kh theo ng B vo xi lanh, sau mt thi gian tr do vt chnh nh, y pistng v bn phi, p l xo li

A B ) Khi nh nt, l xo y nhanh pistng v bn tri, kh x theo ng A, do hn bi c gii phng.

3. kho st mt s mch dng kh nn

) n nt, kh vo ngn ko VA theo ng A+, y ngn ko sang phi, pistng chuyn dch ngay sang phi (+). Cui hnh trnh pistng s chm vo tay quay ca ngn ko a2. Kh vo ngn ko VA theo ng A-, y ngn ko sang tri, pistng chuyn ng v bn tri, nhanh hay chm tu vo van chnh nh

Dng

Chy