TABLE 4.

26 Properties and Applications of Selected Metal-Ion Indicators Dissociation constants and colors of free indicator species H2In (red; pK2 = 8.1 HIn2 (blue); p K3 = 12.4 In3 (orange) H2In (red); pK2 = 6.3 HIn2 (blue); pK3 = 11.5 In3 (yellow-orange) Colors of metalindicator complexes Wine red Wine red

Indicator Calmagite 0.05 g/100 mL water; stable 1 year Eriochrome Black T 0.1 g/100 mL water; prepare fresh daily

Chemical name 1-(6-Hydroxy-m-tolylazo)2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid 1-(2-Hydroxy-1-naphthylazo)-6-nitro-2-naphthol4-sulfonic acid

Applications Titrations performed with Eriochrome Black T as indicator may be carried out equally well with Calmagite Direct titration: Ba, Ca, Cd, In, Mg, Mn, Pb, Sc, Sr, Tl, Zn, and lanthanides Back titration: Al, Ba, Bi, Ca, Co, Cr, Fe, Ga, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Pd, Sc, Tl, V Substitution titration: Au, Ba, Ca, Cu, Hg, Pb, Pd, Sr Direct titration: Ca, Co, Cu, Ni Back titration: Ca, Cr, Ga Substitution titration: Ag, Au, Pd

Murexide Suspend 0.5 g in water; use fresh supernatant liquid each day PAN

5-[(Hexahydro-2,4,6-trioxo5-pyrimidinyl)imino]2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione monoammonium salt 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol

H4In (red-violet); pK2 = 9.2 H3In2 (violet); pK3 = 10.9 H2In3 (blue) HIn (orange-red); pK1 = 12.3 In (pink) H4In (red); pK1 = 0.2 H3In (yellow): pK2 = 7.8 H2In2 (violet); pK3 = 9.8 HIn3 (red-purple); pK4 = 11.7 H2In; pK1 = 2.98 HIn; pK2 = 12.38

Red with Ca2+ Yellow with Co2+, Ni2+, and Cu2+

Red

Pyrocatechol violet 0.1 g/100 mL; stable several weeks

Pyrocatecholsulfonephthalein

Blue, except red with Th(IV)

Direct titration: Cd, Cu, In, Sc, Tl, Zn Back titration: Cu, Fe, Ga, Ni, Pb, Sc, Sn, Zn Substitution titration: Al, Ca, Co, Fe, Ga, Hg, In, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, Zn Direct titration: Al, Bi, Cd, Co, Fe, Ga, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Th, Zn Back titration: Al, Bi, Fe, Ga, In, Ni, Pd, Sn, Th, Ti

Salicylic acid

2-Hydroxybenzoic acid

FeSCN2+ at pH 3 is reddishbrown

Typical uses: Fe(III) titrated with EDTA to colorless ironEDTA complex Typical uses: Bi, Pb Th

Xylenol orange

3,3-Bis[N,N-di(carboxy methyl)aminomethyl]o-cresolsulfonephthalein

COOH groups:
pK3 = 0.76; pK4 = 1.15; pK5 = 2.58; pK6 = 3.23

4.93