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مصطلحات بيئة
مصطلحات بيئة
-1 .
-2 .
Acclimatization
.
Active Layer
.
Adaptability
Adaptive capacity
Adaptation
.
:
.
.
.
.
.
Adaptation assessment
.
Adaptation benefits
Adaptation costs
.
Adaptive capacity
)
.
Aerosols
0.01 10 .
:
.
Afforestation
50 /
. .
( .)2000
Aggregate impacts
. ( )
.
.
Albedo
.
. .
.
Algae
.
Algal bloom
Alpine
.
Anthropogenic
Basin
.climate model
Benthic community
Biodiversity
AOGCM
Aquaculture
Aquifer
.
( ).
Biofuel
()
( )
( )
( ) (
) .
. Calcite
.Ocean acidification
Biomass
Aragonite
Arbovirus
( )
.
Arid region
250
.
Atmosphere
.
.
Attribution
/ ( )
106
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Biome
(
)
. .
Biosphere
/
(
) ( )
.
Biota
.
Bog
.
Boreal forest
(
.
)
6
( 50 100 ) .
.
. .
Breakwater
.
.
C3 plants
C3
.
C4 plants
.1
Carbon dioxide fertilization
/
. C
.C4
3
Carbon sequestration
/
.
Catchment
.
)CDM (Clean Development Mechanism
C4
.
Calcareous
Chagas disease
.
.Ocean acidification
Calcite Aragonite
()Trypanosoma cruzi
:
( ) (
).
Calcite
( )
.
.
.Ocean acidification
Aragonite
Capacity building
...
Carbon cycle
(
)
.
)Carbon dioxide (CO2
.
.
Cholera
( )
.
Climate
.
.
. 30
.
Climate change
.
.
.Climate variability
107
.
.
.
Climate model
.
.
.
.
.
Climate prediction
. ()Climate projection
() ()Climate (change) scenario
Climate projections
.
.
/ /
.
Climate (change) scenario
108
Climate system
:
.
/ .
Climate threshold
.
Climate variability
(
)
.
( )
Climate
( ) .
.change
CO2 fertilization
.fertilization
Coastal squeeze
)
( .)6
Coccolithophores
( ) .
.Ocean acidification
Calcite
Committed to extinction
.
.Extinction
( )
.
.
).
(
Climate sensitivity
Confidence
. .Uncertainty
Communicable disease
Control run
.
Coral
Limestone
.
Coral bleaching
.
Coral reefs
(
) (
(
)
) .
Cryosphere
( ) .
Cryptograms
Hornworts, Liverworts .
Deforestation
. .
Dengue fever
.
()DHF
( )DSS .
Desert
100 .
Desertification
.
( )UNCCD
)1( :
/ ( )2
( )3 .
Detection and attribution
( )
.
.
Diadromous
.
Discount rate
Disturbance regime
.
Downscaling
(10
100) .
Drought
.
Dyke
.
)Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (DGVM
109
Ecological Community
. .Ecosystem
Ecological corridor
.
Ecophysiological process
.
.
.
Ecosystem
.
.
Ecosystem approach
.
.
.
.
.
Ecosystem services
. ( )1
( )2
( )3
( )4
(.)aesthetic
Ecotone
(
).
110
.
.
( .)ENSO
.
.
.
.
Emissions scenario
( )
( )
.
1992
.
.IS92
( )Nakienovi et al., 2000
.SRES
Endemic
.
.
Ensemble
.
.
.
Epidemic
.
Erosion
.Sea-level rise
.
.
Food web
Eutrophication
( )
( )
.
.
Forecast
Evaporation
.projections
Forest limit/line
Evapotranspiration
.
Externalities
.
.
.
Extinction
.
Extirpation
.
.
. .
Feedback
.
.
Food chain
. Food web Trophic
.level
Food security
prediction
Climate
Climate
/
.
.
Freshwater lens
.
Functional extinction
.
.Committed to extinction
)General Circulation Model (GCM
.Climate model
Generalist
.
Glacier
(
) (
) .
.
Globalization
.
Greenhouse effect
(
)
.
111
Greenhouse gas
Herbaceous
.
. ( )CO
( )N O ( )CH
( )SF ()HFCs
(.)PFCs
Human system
.
(
)
.AR4
.
)Gross National Product (GNP
.
Gross primary production
Groundwater recharge
.
Groyne
.
Habitat
.
Hantavirus
.
.
Heat island
.
112
Hydrographic events
.
Hydrological systems
.
Hypolimnetic
.
Hypoxic events
Ice cap
.
Ice sheet
.
.
.
: ( )
.
.
Ice shelf
(
)
.
.
)Impact assessment (climate change
( )
( ) .
:
:
.
:
Aggregate impacts
.
Indigenous people
:
.
.
.
.
Industrial revolution
.
.
.1950
Infectious disease
.
.
Infrastructure
.
Integrated assessment
.
)Integrated water resources management (IWRM
)1( :1992
( )2
( )3
( )4
.
)Invasive species and invasive alien species (IAS
100 .
Isohyet
.
Joint attribution
.
.
Keystone species
.
Kyoto Protocol
.1997
.
(
)
(
)
1990
2008 .2012 16 /
.2005
113
300 .
La Nia
- Oscillation
El Nio-Southern
()ENSO
Landslide
Large-scale singularities
.
( ) .
.
Last Glacial Maximum
21000 .
Leaching
.
)Leaf area index (LAI
.
Legume
(
).
Likelihood
.
Uncertainty . Confidence
Limnology
.
Littoral zone
.
Malaria
()
.
114
Market impacts
/ .
.Non-market impacts
Meningitis
( )
.
)Meridional overturning circulation (MOC
Thermohaline circulation (THC)i
Microclimate
.
.Climate
)Millennium Development Goals (MDGs
191 2000
.2015
.
Mires
. / .Bog
Mitigation
.
Mixed layer
.
Monsoon
.
Montane
Morbidity
.
/
(
) .
Morphology
.
Mortality
.
.
Ocean acidification
( )pH
.
Ombrotrophic bog
Opportunity costs
) (
.)Net biome production (NBP)i
)Net primary production (NPP
.
)Nitrogen oxides (NOx
( ) .
/
.
Ozone
.
(
) .
.
.
( .)O
- .
2
Paludification
/
.
Particulates
No regrets policy
Non-linearity
Non-market impacts
.
.Market impacts
)Normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI
10 .PM
10
Peat
.
Peatland
.
Pelagic community
115
(
).
Pemafrost
.
Phenology
(
) .
Photochemical smog
.
Photosynthesis
.
Carbon dioxide fertilization
C plants C .C plants C
3
Physiographic
Potential production
.
Pre-industrial
.revolution
Industrial
Primary production
. ,GPP, NPP, NEP.NBP
Projection
.
.
.
Climate projections . Climate predictions
Pteropods
Phytoplankton
.
.
. .Zooplankton
Plankton
.
Phytoplankton .Zooplankton
)Plant functional type (PFT
Radiative forcing
( (/ )2 )
.
Rangeland
.
.
Recalcitrant
Polynya
Population system
( )
116
.
.
Reference scenario
/ .Baseline/reference
Reforestation
(.)IPCC, 2000
Reids paradox
( )
.
Reinsurance
.
( )
Sea-
.level rise
Reservoir
( )
. .
.
Resilience
.
Respiration
.
Riparian
( )
.
River discharge
/
.
.
Runoff
.
Salinisation
Salt-water intrusion/encroachment
.
(
)
( ).
Savanna
( ).
Scenario
.
.
() climate (change) scenario
Emissions scenario
.SRES
Sea-ice biome
(
) .
Sea-level rise
/
.
.
Sea wall
Semi-arid regions
100 250 .
.Arid region
Sensitivity
. (
)
117
:
(
).
Sequestration
.Carbon sequestration
Silviculture
.
Sink
.
Snow water equivalent
10 ( 9
17 ) 50 .
Streamflow
/
.
.
Sub-alpine
Succulent
/
.
Snowpack
Surface runoff
.
Social cost of carbon
.
Sustainable development
Socio-economic scenarios
Taiga
.
( SRES : .)6
SRES
( )SRES) (Nakienovi et al., 2000
.
( 1 2 1)2
:
.
Stakeholder
Stock
.Reservoir
118
Stratosphere
Thermal expansion
( ) .
.
Thermocline
.
)Thermohaline circulation (THC
. .
Thermokarst
()
.
.
Threshold
.
.
Transpiration
.
Tree line
.
.
Trophic level
.
Trophic relationship
/
/ .
Ungulate
(
).
)United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC
9/ 1992
150
.
. .
1990 .2000
/ .1994
.Protocol Kyoto
Upwelling
10 (
9 () 16
) .
.
Urbanization
Troposphere
Tsunami
.
Tundra
.
Uncertainty
(
) .
.
.
( )
( ) .
Confidence .Likelihood
Undernutrition
( )
.
Vagile
/ .
Vascular plants
.
Vector
.
.diseases
Vector-borne
Vector-borne diseases
( )
.
Vernalisation
/
.
119
.
Vulnerability
.
.
Water consumption
) .
(
.
Water productivity
.
.Irrigation water-use efficiency
100 /
.
Water stress
.
20
.
-
-.
Water-use efficiency
/.
.
Welfare
.
.
Wetland
.
.
.
Yedoma
.
120
Zoonoses
Zooplankton
.
.