Geology

27th June 2008

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VENKAT M.
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GEOLOGY
GEO LOGUS Geology Earth Speech/Study Study of earth

James Hutton, the Scottish geologist, naturalist, chemist and experimental farmer, is the father of modern geology.

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Earth
The Crust The thin skin of Earth - 3 to 40 miles thick. The Mantle This deep layer of warm rock accounts for two-thirds of the mass of our planet. The Outer Core Made of molten iron, nickel, and other ingredients yet to be determined. Streaming at possibly one to several miles per week. The Inner Core a ball of iron alloy one-third the size of the moon in the center of earth. This metal ball is broiling hot at 11,000 degrees Fahrenheit, comparable to the surface of the sun, but it remains solid because of the enormous weight of all the rest of Earth bearing down on it.

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Earth - Magnet
The rotational forces of the liquid iron are reasonable for the earths magnetism. So, there is true and magnetic north due to the tilt in the axis of rotation of the earth. The angle between true and magnetic north is called Declination.

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Plate Tectonics
The Earth's surface is made up of a series of large plates (like pieces of a giant jigsaw puzzle). These plates are in constant motion travelling at a few centimeters per year. Convection currents beneath the plates move the plates in different directions. The source of heat driving the convection currents is radioactive decay which is happening deep in the Earth.

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Plate Tectonics

A Small Video

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Geological Time Scale

The geological time scale is used by geologists and other scientists to describe the timing and relationships between events that have occurred during the history of Earth. The vast expanse of geological time has been separated into eras, periods, and epochs. Younger formations are on top and as we go down in GTS we will get the older formations and between each formation there is a unconfirmity.

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Mineral
A Naturally occurring
Solid crystalline substance Generally inorganic With a specific chemical composition.
Formed independently of plants and animals (organic material - carbon). Founded in nature, not synthetic. Composed of atoms arranged in an orderly, repeating, 3-D array.

Unique combination and arrangement of atoms: can be represented with a chemical formula.
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Minerals
Examples: Gold, iron, copper, salt, diamonds, feldspar, calcium, phosphorus, etc.

Iron

Feldspar

Gold

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Rocks

More than one kind of mineral stuck together forms a ROCK ROCK. .

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Rocks - Types Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic

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Rocks - IGNEOUS
Deep inside the Earth, rocks and minerals melt under tremendous heat. This forms magma. When the magma cools back down, it hardens and forms new rocks. These rocks are called IGNEOUS rocks.

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Rocks - IGNEOUS

INTRUSIVE EXTRUSIVE Forms when lava cools quickly on the Earths surface Forms from molten rock cooling and solidifying Magma cools slowly over millions of years deep beneath the surface results in Crystalline formations

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Rocks - IGNEOUS

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Rocks - IGNEOUS
These BASALT columns near Fingals Cave form the base of the Scottish island of Staffa. The columns formed when cooling lava flows met bedrock and the regions cold weather.

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Rocks - IGNEOUS
Mount Rushmore - Keystone, South Dakota

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Rocks - IGNEOUS

BASALT Extrusive igneous rock

GRANITE Intrusive igneous rock

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Rocks - SEDIMENTARY

Weathering and Erosion

Transportation

Deposition

Compaction and Cementation

Sedimentary Rock

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Rocks - SEDIMENTARY
Sedimentary rocks are divided into two categories

Chemical
Mineral are dissolved in to the waterwater is evaporated off and leaves behind chemical sedimentary rocks

Clastic
Made from eroded fragments of other rocks

Shale Examples - Limestone & Gypsum Sandstone Conglomerate

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Rocks - SEDIMENTARY

Sandstone

Limestone

Shale

Conglomerate

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Rocks - SEDIMENTARY
Bryce Canyon, Utah. The sea dried up, the sandstone was uplifted to form a vast plateau. The Paria River eroded the layers to form the spectacular scenery.

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Rocks - SEDIMENTARY

Hatshepsut Temple, Luxor, Egypt. This Temple was carved directly from the limestone cliff walls.

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Rocks - METAMORPHIC
Meta Change , Morphos - Shape , Metamorphic Change in shape or form When rocks are subjected to greater heat and pressure inside the Earth, they are changed into rocks which are different from the original. This change occurs while the original rocks are still in a solid state. Thus the new rocks formed are called metamorphic rocks.

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Rocks - METAMORPHIC
Two types of metamorphism

Contact

Regional

Rock surrounding a magma body get cooked and changes due

Tectonic forces

Metamorphism occurs over a large area

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Rocks - METAMORPHIC

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Rocks - METAMORPHIC

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Rocks - METAMORPHIC
Parent Rock Granite Metamorphic Rock Gneiss

Shale

Slate

Sandstone

Quartzite

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Rocks - METAMORPHIC
Michelangelo's Pieta
Made of marble resulted from the metamorphism by heat of limestone or dolomite. Usually whitish but can be found in other colours due to impurities.

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Rocks - METAMORPHIC
Mt Arapiles, Australia is a world famous rock climbing site. Mountain is quartzite.

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Rocks - METAMORPHIC
TAJ MAHAL Finished in 1648 with Red sandstone base. Marble walls inlaid with semiprecious gems.

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Rock Cycle

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Coal is formed by the decomposition of organic (vegetable) matter under high pressure and heat heat. . It is neither Mineral nor Rock but its a fossil fuel fuel. .

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Coal Stages of Formation

PEAT

LIGNITE

BITUMINOUS

ANTHRACITE

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Geological Map of INDIA

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Strike - Dip

Strike A horizontal line used to represent the orientation/direction/trend of the beds. Dip It is the angle from horizontal in which the beds are lying.
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Fault & Fold

Fault (def)- a break in a body of rock along which some displacement has occurred.

Fold (def)- a bend in a body of rock, which is generally being squeezed.

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Fault & Fold - Mechanism

F O L D

F A U L T

Fault Normal Fault

Normal Faults are produced by tensional forces. The upper block (Hanging wall) moves down to the lower block (Foot wall).
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Fault Reverse Fault

Reverse Faults are produced by Compressive forces. The upper block (Hanging wall) moves up relative to the lower block (Foot wall).
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Fault Strike Fault

Strike Faults are produced by shearing forces. The movement of the blocks is along strike direction.

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Fault Strike Fault

San Andreas Fault, California

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Fold Terminology

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Fold Anticline

Anticlines are folds where the originally horizontal strata has been folded upward, and the two limbs of the fold dip away from the hinge of the fold
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Fold Syncline

Synclines are folds where the originally horizontal strata have been folded downward, and the two limbs of the fold dip inward toward the hinge of the fold. Synclines and anticlines usually occur together such that the limb of a syncline is also the limb of an anticline.
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Folds

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Few more Geological Terms

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Bedrock - The general term referring to the rock underlying other unconsolidated material, i.e. soil.
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Sills and dykes are formed when magma intrudes into rock. Sills form where magma intrudes between layers, they run parallel to the layer. Dykes form when magma intrudes into a rock along lines of weakness such as fractures and fissures. Dykes cut beds and range in size from a few cm to several km.
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Outcrop Any place where bedrock/seam is visible on the surface of the earth earth. .

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Intrusion A sudden appearance of different rock in the middle of other rock formation.

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Questions Please

Finally
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VENKAT M.
QA-Minex