d'n'sL P]g, @)@)

ljifo
ljifo;"rL
k[i7
k|: tfjgf

===

===

===

===

===

===

===

===

===

efu !
k|f/lDes sygsf] ===

===

===
efu @

dxn !
cbfntL aGbf] j:tsf] ===

===

===

===

===

===

===

===

===

===

===

(^

dxn @
b08 ;hfosf] ===

efu #
dxn !
sfuh hfFrsf] ===

===

===

===

===

===

!@&

===

===

===

===

===

!#%

===

===

===

===

===

!#(

===

===

===

===

==

!$)

===

===

===

===

===

!$@

rf}kfof x/fpg]sf] / kfpg]sf] ===

===

===

===

===

!$^

dxn @
hdfgL ug]{sf] ===
dxn #
sNof0f wgsf] ===
dxn $
Hofnf dh'/Lsf] ===
dxn %
s/La s+ufnsf] ===
dxn ^

dxn &
u'7Lsf]

===

===

===

===

===

===

!$*

===

===

===

===

===

!%#

===

===

===

===

===

!%&

===

===

===

===

===

!^!

===

===

===

===

===

!^*

===

===

===

===

===

!&)

===

===

===

===

===

!&@

===

===

===

===

===

!*!

===

===

===

===

===

===

!*#

ck'tfnLsf] === ===

===

===

===

===

===

===

===

===

===

!(!

===

===

===

===

===

@)$

dxn *
hUuf cfjfb ug]{sf] ===
dxn (
hUuf kghLsf] ===
dxn !)
hUuf ldRg]sf] ===
dxn !!
3/ agfpg]sf] ===
dxn !@
nf]Ug] :jf:gLsf] ===
dxn !#
c+z a08fsf] ===
dxn !$
:qL c+z wgsf]
dxn !%
wd{k'qsf]
dxn !^
!*^

dxn !&
n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] ===
dxn !*
gf;f] w/f}6sf] ===
dxn !(
2

bfg as;sf] ===

===

===

===

===

===

@)%

===

===

===

===

===

@)&

===

===

===

===

===

@!#

===

===

===

===

===

@@%

dxn @)
bfdf;fxLsf] ===
dxn @!
/lhi6] zgsf] ===
dxn @@
afFsL gltg]{sf] ===

efu $
dxn !
lst]{ sfutsf] ===

===

===

===

===

===

@@*

===

===

===

===

===

@#@

===

===

===

===

===

@#$

===

===

===

===

===

@#^

===

===

===

===

===

@$#

===

===

===

===

===

@$%

===

===

===

===

===

@%)

===

===

===

===

===

@%$

===

===

===

===

===

@%^

dxn @
n'6lk6sf]

===

dxn #
7uLsf]

===

dxn $
rf]/Lsf]

===

dxn %
cfuf] nufpg]sf] ===
dxn ^
vf]6f rngsf] ===
dxn &
rf}kfofsf]

===

dxn *
a]l/t;Fu y'G bfsf] ===
dxn (
s'6lk6sf]

===

dxn !)
Hofg ;DaGwLsf] ===

===

===

===

===

===

@^#

===

===

===

===

===

@&$

===

===

===

===

===

@&%

===

===

===

===

===

@&*

===

===

===

===

===

@&(

xf8gftfdf s/0fL ug]{sf] === ===

===

===

===

===

@*!

===

===

===

===

===

@*$

===

===

===

===

===

@*%

==

===

===

===

===

===

@*(

===

===

===

===

===

===

@(!

===

===

===

@($

dxn !!
hLp df:g] a]Rg]sf] ===
dxn !@
Onfh ug]{sf] ===
dxn !#
cfzo s/0fLsf] ===
dxn !$
hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] ===
dxn !%
dxn !^
kz' s/0fLsf] ===
dxn !&
laxfj/Lsf] ===
dxn !*
hf/Lsf] =
dxn !(
cbnsf]

efu %
vf/] hLsf] =

==

===

===

:jl:t>L lul//fh rqmr'8 fdl0f g/gf/fo0f]T oflb ljljw lj?bfjnL lj/fhdfg dfgf]G gt
dx]Gb|dfnf cf]hl:j/fhGo clt t]h:jL lqe'jg k|hftGq>Lkb clt sLlt{d o g]kfn>Lkb k|f]HHjn
g]kfntf/f /fdk ct'n Hof]ltd{o lqzlQmk cltk|jn uf]/ vfblIf0fafx' dxflwklt clt/yL k/d
;]gflwklt >L >L >L >L >LdGdxf/fhflw/fh dx]Gb| jL/ ljqmd zfxb]j b]jfgfd\ ;bf ;d/
ljhlogfd\ .
k|:tfjgf
zf:qaf6 dfq sfnsf k|efjn] ;a} Jojxf/ rNg g;Sbf 5f]6 f a8f ;a}nfO{ s;"/ cg';f/ Ps}
;hfo xf]; \ 36L a9L gk/f];\ eGgf lgldQ xfd| f dxfg\ k"j{ h tTsflng >L % af6 p;avtsf
k|fOdldlgi6/nfO{ x's'd aS;bf agL tof/ eO{ ;Dat\ !(!) ;fn kf}if abL & /f]hsf lbgb]lv
rnL cfO/x]sf] d'n'sL P] gdf b]z sfn kl/l:ylt cg';f/ a]nf a]nfdf yk36 ;+zf]wg x'Fb} cfPsf]
;a} Pslqt u/L ldnfO{ jt{dfg /fhg}lts, cfly{s / ;fdflhs Joj:yfsf] ljrf/af6 cfjZos
b]lvPsf] c? klg ;+zf]w g u/L g]kfn clw/fHodf lr/sfn;Dd zflGt / Joj:yf sfod /fVg] /
ljleGg ju{, hft, hflt / If]qsf hgtfsf] ;';DaGw agfO{ /fVg] ;d]tsf] dxfg\ p2]Z on] xfdL
>L % dxf/fhflw/fh dx]Gb| aL/ ljqmd zfxb]jaf6 g]k fnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f (# cg'; f/ of] P]g
agfO{ hf/L ul/aS;]sf 5f}+ .
efu !
k|f/lDes sygsf]
! g+= ..

.. o; P]gnfO{ d'n'sL P]g elgg] 5 .

@ g+= ..

.. of] d'n'sL P]g g]kfn clw/fHoe/ ;Dat\ @)@) ;fn efb| ! ut]b]lv k|f/De x'g]5 .

# g+= ..

.. ljifo jf k|; n] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]d f of] d'n'sL P]gdf

-s_ g]kfn eGgfn] g]kfn clw/fHo ;Demg' k5{ .
1

-v_ sfg"g eGgfn] tTsfn k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"g ;Demg' k5{ .

-u_ cf eGgfn] cbftn;d]t ;Demg' k5{ .
-3_ xflsd eGgfn] GofofwLz;d]t ;Demg' k5{ /
-_ gflnz eGgfn] ph"/;d]t ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zAbn] kmf}Hbf/L d'2 fdf k'ln;
l/kf]6{nfO{ ;d]t hgfpF5 .
$ g+= .. ..

ljifo ljifodf 5'f5'} ag]sf sfg" gdf n]lvPhltdf ;f]xL sfg" g adf]lhd / ;f]

sfg"gdf gn]lvPsf]d f oxL d'n'sL P]g adf]lhd ug'{k5{ .

efu @
dxn !
cbfntL aGbf]j:tsf]
! g+= .. .. clwsf/ k|fKt u}x| cfaf6 d'2fsf] sf/jfO{ / km}; nf ubf{ b]xfodf n]lvP
sf/jfO{ adf]lhd ug'{ k5{
OG;fkm\ ubf{ xflsd / p dlgsf c? xflh/ /x]sf cl;i6]06 tx/L/ / d'2f x]g]{ d'lvof jf
larf/L;Ddsf kmfF 6jfnf eP tL ;d]t a;L emul8of;d]t /fvL 5nkmn u/L 7x/fO{ km}; nf
ug'{k5{ ===============================================================================================!
dfly ! bkmfdf n]lvPsf ;a}sf] /fo gldnL aflemg uof] eg] p;} lbg cfgf /fosf] km}; nf
n]vL ;lx5fk u/L ldl;n ;fd]n /fvL tn # bkmfdf n]lvP adf]lhd ug'{k5{ . km};nfubf{
xflsdn] km};nf u/L g;sL pm dlgsf c?n] km};nf ug{ x'Fb}g ================@
/fo afemL km};nf ePsf d'2fdf b08 ;hfo lauf] OToflbsf] nut s:bf / c;"n tx;Ln ubf{
xflsdsf] km};nf adf]lhd nut s;L c;"n txl;n;d]t hf] ug'{kg]{ ug'{k5{ . c? /fo
aemfpg]sf] km};nf ;b/ eO{ gcfP;Dd ;f] km};nf adf]lhd s]xL ug'{ / nut s:g';d]t kb}{g .
tn $ bkmf adf]lhd OG;fkm hfFlrg]d f hfFrL cfPkl5 ;b/ ePsf km};nf adf]lhd ug'{k5{
======================================================================= #
OG;fkmdf /fo aemfO{ km};nf u/]sf] d'2fdf b]xfo adf]lhd x'G5 ==============================$
xflsdsf] /fodf pm dlgsf cl;i6]06 d's// ePsf] cfdf cl;i6]06n] /fo afemL u/]sf]d f
/ xflsd d'lg cl;i6]06 ge} tx/L/ ePsf cfdf tx/L/n] /foafemL u/]sf]df dfq OG;fkm
hFrfpg' k5{===============================================================!

OG;fkmdf /fo gldnL aflemPsf] OG;fkm hFrfpFbf /fo afemL km};nf ePsf]d f clknsf] xb
Dofb gf3]sf ;ft lbgleq cfgf] ckLn ;'Gg] cfdf k7fpg' k5{=======@
OG;fkm hF rfpgfnfO{ k7fPdf ckLn ;'Gg] cfn] ckLn k/]sf]d f ckLn km};nf ug]{ Dofbleq
/ ckLn gk/]sf]d f ldl;n bflvn ePsf ldltn] k}tL; lbgleq hfFrL km};nf u/L
k7fOlbg'k5{ ======================================================================= #
OG;fkm afx]s k'k{IfnfO{ y'Gg] hdfgL tf/]vdf /fVg] 5f8\g] s'/fdf xflsdsf] / cl;i6]06 ePsf
cfdf cl;i6]06sf] / cl;i6]06 ge} tx/L/ ePsf cfdf tx/L/sf] /fo gldnL aflemg uPdf
xflsds} /fo adf]lhd u/L ;f] /fodf lrQ ga' g]n ] cfgf] /fo n]vL ldl;n /fvL ckLn ;'Gg]
cfdf klg hfx]/ u/L k7fpg' k5{ . To:tf] hfx]/ L cfPdf ckLn ;'Gg] cfn] klg t'?Gt ldl;n
tna u/L a'emL 7x/fO{ sfg" g adf]lhd ug{ nufpg'========================================================%
sf/jfO{ ubf{ xflsd ePsf avt p;}sf] / p gePsf avtdf p dlgsf c? xflh/ /x]sf
km};nfdf ;lx5fk ug{ kfpg] bhf{d f 7"nf] bhf{sf] hf] 5 p;sf] Ohnf; sfod u/L sf/jfO{
ug'{k5{ ====== ^
@ g+= .. .. h'g sfutdf h'g 7fpFdf cfsf] 5fk / xflsdsf] ;xL5fk ug'{ eGg]
sfg"gdf n]lvPsf] 5 ;f] sfutdf h;sf] Ohnf; jf km};nf xf] p;}n] ;f] adf]lhd ug'{k5{ .
sfg"gdf gv'n]sf]d f eg] cfsf] 5fk / xflsdsf] ;xL5fk ug'{ kbf{ ;f] xL sfutsf] lz/df
ug'{k5{ .
# g+= .. .. cf a;]b]lv aGb geP;Dd cfdf cfkm"n ] ug'{kg]{ cf ;DaGwL sfd s'/f
afx]s c? s'g} sfd s'/f jf 7f d:s/L ug{ / ug{ lbg ;d]t x'+b}g.
$ g+= .. .. d'2fdf / cfaf6 ug'{kg]{ c? sfd s'/fsf] 5nkmn ubf{ Odfg wd{ ;DemL
cfgf lrQn] b]v]s f] dgfl;a dflkmssf] s'/f af]N g x'G5 . ;f] af]Nbf kfnf] kfnf]l;t af]Ng' k5{ .
4

cl3af6 af]N g]n] af]nL g;sL s'/f sf6L pl5gf pl5g ug{ jf Pp6f d'2f jf sfd s'/f 5nkmn
ul//x]sf] dflg;n] ;f] sfd 5f8L c? s'/fsf] asas ug{ x'+b}g. u/] ;f] ug]{n fO{ ;f] cfsf
xflsdsf] thaLhn] aL; ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf x'g ;St5 .
% g+= .. .. cfsf sfdsf] lgldQ rflxg] jf k|df0fsf] lgldQ bflvn x' g] xltof/ afx]s
s;}n] klg cfdf xltof/ lnO{ cfpg x'Fb}g . dgfxL ubf{ ha/h:tL u/L NofP ;f] cfsf
xflsdsf thaLhn] aL; ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf x'g ;St5 . hl/jfgf ubf{ klg ha/h:tL u/L
NofP ;f] xltof/ hkmt x'g]5 .
^ g+= .. .. cfn] d'2fsf] sf/afxL / km};nf ubf{ v'nf Ohnf;df ug'{k5{ . s;}n] cfdf
cfO{ a]d gfl;a sfd s'/f u/]df lghnfO{ Ohnf;af6 aflx/ k7fpg ;lsg] 5 . ;f] dflg;n] km]l/
klg ;f]xL s'/f u/]df lghnfO{ ;f] cfsf xflsdsf thaLhn] krf; ?k}o fF;Dd hl/jfgf x'g
;St5 .
& g+= .. .. of] dflg;n] d]/f] d'2fsf] ;a} Joxf]/ f hfg]sf] x'g fn] d]/f] d'2f 5nkmn ubf{ /
;fIfL asfpFbf;d]t o;nfO{ /flvkfpF m egL b/vf:t;fy cfgf] dflg; Nofof] eg] ;f] dflg;
To; d'2fsf] a]; /f]sf/sf] /x]5 eg] klg To;sf] d'2f 5nkmn ubf{ / ;fIfL asfpFbf;d]t ;f]
dflg;;d]t /fvL ul/lbg'k5{ .
* g+= .. .. ;/sf/L sd{rf/Ln] sfg" g adf]lhd cfkm"n] ;lx5fk ug'{kg]{ ;fws, l/kf]6{, tf]s
jf km};nfdf ;lx5fk gu/L jf /fo km6fO krf{ v8f ug{ kfpg]df cfgf /fosf] krf{ v8f klg
gu/L /fo kmf6]sf] krf{ v8f ug{ gkfpg]df lrQ ga'em]sf] sf/0f n]vL ldl;n ;fd]n klg g/fvL
lw\GofO{ u/L c8L a:g x'+b}g. ;lx5fk ug'{kg]{ sd{rf/L s] xL sf/0fn] xflh/ gePsf avtdf
eP To:tf sfutdf xflh/ gePsf] sf/0f;d]t hgfO{ /fVg' k5{ .
( g+= .. .. b]xfosf d'2fx? kmf}Hbf/L / ;f] afx]s c? d'2f b]jfgL x' g\
5

/fhsfh;DaDwL d'2f ======================================================= =============!

Hofg;DaGwLsf dxnn] ;hfo x'g] d'2f ============================================== !
Ohfn ug]{sf] dxnn] ;hfo x'g] d'2f ===================================================!
rf]/Lsf] dxnn] ;hfo x'g] d'2f ===========================================================!
7uLsf] dxnn] ;hfo x'g] d'2f =============================================================!
uf}jw ;DaGwL d'2f =========================================================================== !
cfuf] nufPsf] d'2f =========================================================================== !
ufnL a]OHhtLsf] d'2f ======================================================================= !
Ohnf;sf] a]OHhtL d'2f ==================================================================== !
;/sf/L wgdfn df;]sf] d'2f =============================================================== !
afFsL gltg]{sf] dxnsf] ( gDa/n] ;hfo x'g] d'2f ==================================== !
gkfPsf] ku/L kfPF egL eg]sf] jf ;f] egL k/ khgL u/]sf] jf dflg; hDdf u/]sf] d'2f ==!
h'jf ;DaGwL d'2f ============================================================================ !
laxfj/L ;DaGwL d'2f ====================================================================== !
s/0fL ;DaGwL d'2f ========================================================================= !
s'6lk6 ;DaGwL d'2f ======================================================================== !
n'6lk6 d'2f =================================================================================== !
x'nbf ;DaGwL d'2f ======================================================================= !
lhp df:g] a]Rg]sf] dxnn] ;hfo x'g] d'2f ============================================ !
xltof/ vhfgf ;DaGwL d'2f ============================================================ !
;/sf/L sfuhkq x/fP, bjfP jf s}lkmot u/]sf] d'2f ========================= !
6

cfzf}r afg]{ ;DaGwL d'2f ================================================================ !

kmls/ l;t d'l8Psf] d'2f ======================================================================= !
vf]6 f 6s df/]sf] jf rng u/]sf] d'2f ================================================ !
3"; d'2f ====================================================================================== !
sLt]{ hfn;fhL d'2f ======================================================================= !
;jf/L ;DaGwL d'2f ====================================================================== !
a]/ Lt;Fu y'Gbfsf] dxnn] ;hfo x'g] d'2f ============================================ !
jg ;DaGwL sfg"gn] ;hfo x'g] d'2f ================================================= !
kz', k+IfL jf hnr/sf] ;+/If0f ;DaGwL sfg" gn] ;hfo x'g] d'2f =========== ===!
dfly n]lvPsf cltl/Qm ;DklQ jf kbsf] xs ;DaGwL emu8f afx]ssf] c? d'2f !
!)= g+= ..

.. b]xfodf n]lvPsf d'2fx? >L % sf] ;/sf/afbL x' g] d'2f x'g\

/fhu2L jf /fhkl/jf/sf] ufy ;DaGwL d'2f ==========================================!

/fhsfh ;DaGwL d'2f ====================================================================== !
Hofg ;DaGwLsf dxnn] ;hfo x'g] d'2f =============================================== !
rf]/Lsf] dxnn] ;hfo x'g] d'2f ============================================================ !
uf}aw ;DaGwL d'2f ============================================================================ !
ha/h:tL s/0fL ;DaGwL d'2f ===============================================================!
xf8gftf s/0fLsf dxnsf] !.@.# gDa/n] ;hfo x'g] d'2f ============================ !
h'jf ;DaGwL d'2f ===============================================================================!
gkfPsf] ku/L kfPF egL k/khgL u/]sf] jf dflg; hDdf u/]sf] d'2f =========== !
c7f/ jif{ dlgsfnfO{ d'l8e]if u/fPsf] d'2f =============================================!
7

jfl/; gePsf] rf}w jif{ d'lgsL sGof rf]/ L d'2f ======================================!

lhp df:g] a]Rg]sf] dxnn] ;hfo x'g] d'2f =============================================== !
;/sf/L sfhdf v6L hfg]sf] :jf:gL kf]On uO{ wgdfn lxgfldgf u/]sf] d'2f===!
;/sf/L sfutkq x/fof] eGg] d'2f ======================================================== !
3/df jf ;/sf/L sfutkqdf cfuf] nufPsf] d'2f =====================================!
;/sf/L jf c? ;fj{hlgs wgdfn gf]S;fg jf lxgfldgf u/]sf] d'2f==============!
xltof/ vhfgf ;DaGwL d'2f ======================================================================!
vf]6 f 6s df/]sf] jf vf]6f rng u/]sf] d'2f============================================ ========!
;/sf/L 5fk b:tvt jf ;f] 5fk b:tvt ePsf] sfut jf ;/sf/L sfddf s'g}
sd{rf/Lsf] 5fk b:tvt ePsf] sfut sLt]{ u/]sf] d'2f =====================================!
cbnsf] dxnsf] !.@.# gDa/ adf]lhdsf] d'2f ================================================= !
;/sf/L hUuf jf lt/f] bkf]6 d'2f ================================================================== !
n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] dxnsf] #% gDa/ adf]lhdsf] d'2f ======================================== !
hUuf cfjfb ug]{sf] dxnsf] !@ gDa/ ad]flhdsf] d'2f ======================================= !
hUuf khgLsf] dxnsf] !^ gDa/ adf]lhdsf] d'2f =============================================!
ck'tfnLsf] dxnsf] !& gDa/ adf]lhdsf] d'2f ==================================================!
sNof0f wgsf] dxnsf] ! gDa/ adf]lhds]f d'2f ===============================================!
rf}k fofsf] dxnsf] * gDa/ adf]lhds]f d'2f =================================================== !
;/sf/L /sd snd bjfPsf] jf ;/sf/L xsb}of nfUg] s'/f sfod ug]{ ljifosf] d'2f ==!
c? P]gdf >L % sf] ;/sf/ jfbL x'g] egL ls6L n]lvPsf] d'2f ============================= !

!! g+= .. .. d'2 f x]bf{ klxn] a]jfl/;L gfafns / krxQ/ jif{b]lv dflysf a"9fa" 9Lsf]
To;kl5 k'k{I fdf y'lgPsf dflg;sf] / To;kl5 c?sf] gDa/;Fu x]/L sf/afO{ ug'{k5{ . ;f]
sf/afO{ ubf{ ub}{ h;sf] d'2fdf l5Gg c k'u]sf] x'G5 p;sf] d'2f klxn] km};nf ug'{k5{ .
!@ g+= ..

.. jfl/; /fv]df afx]s Ps hgf dflg;sf] rf/ sf]zeGbf 6f9fsf c? cfdf

d'2f k/]sf]d f d]/ f] o; ldltdf o:tf] d'2f kmnfgf cfdf k/]sf] 5 sfg"g adf]lhd d'n taL /fvL
kfpF m egL b/vf:t n]vL d'2f k/]sf cfdf lbPdf ;f] cfaf6 klg ;f] b/vf:t a'emL
emul8ofnfO{ To;sf] lg:;f lbO{ b]xfodf n]lvP adf]lhd ug'{k5{
;f] b/vf:t k/]kl5 h'g cfdf d'2f k/]sf] 5 ;f] cfnfO{ kmnfgfsf] kmnfgf d'2 f o; cfdf
k/]sf] 5 egL n]vL p;} cfdf k/]sf] d'ntaL /fvL cfgf] cfdf k/]sf] d'2 f l5Gg kg]{ ePdf
o; cfdf k/]sf] d'2f olt lbg;Dddf l5lgg] 5 ;f] gl5lgP;Dd To; cfdf k/]sf] d'2f
d'ntaL /flvlbg' eGg] / cfgf cfdf k/]sf] d'2f d'ntaL /fvL p; cfdf k/]sf] d'2f l5gfpg
kg]{ eP o; cfdf k/]sf] d'2f d'ntaL /x]sf] 5 To; cfdf k/]sf] d'2 f l5gL l5lgPkl5 hgfp
lbg' eGg] Joxf]/f n] vL k7fO{ e/kfO{ lng' k5{ . n]lvP adf]lhd d'ntaL /x] kl5 d'ntaL /fVg]
cfn] csf]{ cfdf k/]sf] d'2f l5lgPkl5 sf/jfO{ ug]{ egL krf{ v8f u/L b'a} yl/sf] tf/Lv
lvrL /fVg'k5{ . d'ntaL /lx;s]kl5 cl3af6 l5lgg] d'2fdf ;f] d'tnaL /fVg] dflg;n] jfl/;
u/L k7fof] eg] o; cfdf sf/afO{ ePsf] d'2fdf jfl/; k7fPsf]n] To; cfdf k/]sf] d'2f P]g
adf]lhd sf/afO{ ug'{ egL jfl/; btf{ x'gf;fy hgfp lbg'k5{ ======================================= !
klxn] l5Gg] cfn] d'2f l5lgPkl5 o; ldltdf l5lgPsf] egL d'ntaL /fVg] cfnfO{ hgfp /
emul8ofnfO{ af6fsf Dofb afx]s kGw| lbgleq d'ntaL /fVg] cfdf xflh/ x'g hfg" egL tf/Lv
tf]sL ;f] tf/Lv e/kfO{ hgfp lbg] n]vf]6;fy d'2f k/]sf cfdf k7fpg'k5{ . d'2f km};nf x'Fbf
emul8of xflh/ ge} u}/ xflh/ ePsf] jf y'lgPsf] eP emul8ofnfO{ tf/Lv tf]Sg kb}{g . u}/
9

xflh/ ePdf Dofb tf/Lv u'h|]sf ldltn] l8;ld; jf PstkmL{ km};nf ug]{ Dofb gf3]kl5 o;
cfsf] Dofb tf/Lvdf u}/ xflh/ eof] egL / y'lgPsf]d f o; ldltb]lv o; s'/fn] y'lgof] egL
n]vL k7fpg' k5{ ================================================================================================== @
cl3 l5lgg] d'2fdf Dofb tf/Lv u'hfg]{n] u'h|]sf] ydfO{ kfpg] Dofb gf3]sf ldltn], y'lgPsfn]
5'6]sf ldltn] / jf/]; /fVg]n ] jf/]; /fv]sf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s kGw| lbgleq d'ntaL
/x]sf cfdf xflh/ x' g hfg' k5{ . To:tf] Dofb tf/]v u'hfg]{ emul8of d'2f d'ntaL /x]sf
cfdf n]lvPsf Dofbleq xflh/ x' g cfPdf hf] ug'{kg]{ u/L d'2f l5lglbg'k5{=================== #
emul8of y'lgP s}b k/]sf] hgfp cfPkl5 d'ntaL /fVg] cfn] emul8of xflh/ ePkl5 dfq
sf/afO{ u?Fnf egL klv{/ xg' kb]{g . 5'6] g5'6]sf] a'b} /xL g5'6]sf] jf g5'6\g] cj:yf k/]sf]df
;d]t P]g adf]lhd lemsfpg' kg]{ eP lemsfO{ hf] ug'{k g]{ sf/afO{ u/L d'2f l5gL P]g adf]lhd
ug'{k5{ ================================================================================================================= $
Dofb tf/Lv u'hf/L xflh/ x'g cfpg] d'2 f afx]s cl3af6 l5Gg] d'2f l5gL g;sL emul8of
;fd]n geP klg tf/Lv u'hf/L sf/jfO{ ug{

x'+b}g. cl3 l5Gg] d'2f gl5lgP;Dd d'ntaL

/fVg'k5{ . cfkm"nfO{ n]vL k7fPsf Dofbleq d'2f gl5gL /fv]sf] eP cl3 l5Gg] cfnfO{ tflstf
u/L l5Gg nufO{ cfgf cfdf k/]sf] d'2f x]/ L l5lglbg'k5{ ======================================== %
!# g+= .. .. cfn] sfg" g adf]lhd cfkm"n] ug'{k g]{ sfd sf/afO{ tf]lsPsf] ;dodf
ug'{k5{ . l9nf ug'{ x'+b}g. ckLn ;fws ;'Gbf jf cf hfFra' em ubf{ a]d 'gfl;a u/]sf] b]lvof] eg]
sfg"g adf]lhd ug'{ u/fpg' k5{ .
!$ g+= ..

.. z'? d'2f km};nf ubf{ b]xfodf n]lvPsf Dofbleq km};nf ug'{k5{

cfgf kfnfdf k/]sf] d'2f km};nf ubf{ k|ltjfbL k/]s]f jf kg]{ cj:yf k'u ]sf ldltb]lv jf ;/L
cfPsf] d'2fdf emul8of xflh/ ePsf jf x' g] cj:yf k'u]sf ldltb]lv chL{ nfUg] Dofb afx]s
10

cfgf Onfsfsf] emul8ofsf] 5 dxLgf, cfgf cfsf] Onfsfb]lv Ps ;o sf]z;Dd 6f9fsf

Onfsfsf] emul8ofsf] gf} dxLgf / To;eGbf 6f9fsf emul8ofsf] Ps jif{; Dddf km}; nf ug'{k5{
======================================================================================================================== !
xfn ;flas ePsf]df ;flasn] a'emfPsf] d'2f km};nf ubf{ chL{ nfUg] Dofb afx]s axfn u/]sf
ldltn] k|d f0f a'emL ;sL l5Gg c k'lu;s]sf] eP b' O{ dxLgf leq, jfbL k|ltjfbLsf] ;fy}d f
bflvn ePsf] afx]s c? s]xL k|d f0f a'emL s] xL a' g afFs L g} /x]sf]df rf/ dxLgfleq / c?
k|df0f s]xL ga'em]sfnfO{ eP dfly ! bkmf adf]lhdsf] Dofbleq km};nf ug'{k5{ =================== @
dfly bkmf bkmfdf n]lvP adf]lhd Dofbleq} klg a' g'kg]{ ;fIfL k|d f0f a'lem;lsPkl5 d'2f
km};nf ugf{nfO{ PSsfO; lbgb]lv a9\tf l9nf ug{ x'+b}g=============================================== #
!% g+= ..

.. tf]lsPsf] Dofb tf/Lvdf km};nf ug{ / sf/jfO{ ug{ c8\sg] d'gfl;a

dflkmssf] sf/0f k/L cfPdf c8\sfpsf] Joxf]/f n]vL cfgf] ckLn ;'Gg] cfdf Dofbleq} hfx]/
ug'{k5{ . ;f] cfn] hfFRbf klg c8\sfp d'gfl;a 7x/L Ps dxLgf;Dd Dofb yk lbg'kg]{ b]lvPdf
Ps k6snfO{ cfkm}+n] lbO{ / To;eGbf a9L Dofb yk lbg'k g]{d f tf]s af]nL cfkm"eGbf dflyNnf]
txdf hfx]/ ug'{k5{ . To:tf] hfx]/ L cfPdf ;f] dflyNnf] txaf6 hfFRbf klg c8\sfp d'gfl;a
7x/L a9L Dofb yk lbg'kg]{ b]lvPdf d'gfl;a dflkmssf] c? Dofb yk lbO{ ;f] Dofb tf/Lvdf
sf/afO{ km}; nf ug{ nfpg' k5{ .
!^ g+= .. .. cfgf d'n'ssf csf]{ Onfsfdf k"hL{ k7fO{ tflstf ug'{kg]{d f ;f] klg gu/]sf]
jf cfg} Onfsfdf ePsf]d f vf]htnf; ug'{kg]{d f ;f] klg ug{ gk7fPsf] jf ljb]zdf
k7fpg' kg]{d f hf] n]vL k7fpg' k5{ sfg"g adf]lhd ;f] klg gk7fPsf] /x]5 eg] sf/afO{ ul//x]sf]
dflgg] 5}g .

11

!&= g+= .. .. ckLn ;'Gg] cfn] cfgf dftxtsf cfdf k/]sf d'2fsf] sfd sf/jfOdf
Dofb gf3]sf] jf a]/Lt ePsf] 5 eGg] s'/f emul8ofsf lgj]bgaf6 jf c? s'g} lsl;d;Fu yfxf
kfPdf cfjZostfg'; f/ ;f] d'2fsf] ldl;n ;d]t lemsL kGw| lbg;Dddf s}lkmot tna u/L
a'e m\bf Dofb g3fPsf] jf a]/ Lt ePsf] b]lvPdf sfg" g adf]lhd ug'{ ug{ nfpg' k5{ .
!* g+= .. .. sfg"g adf]lhd /Lt k'u]sf] cfgf cfdf btf{ x'g] lkm/fbkq, k|ltpQ/kq,
ckLnkq, lgj]bgkq OToflb cfdf bflvn x'gf;fy t'?Gt btf{ ul/lbg'k5{ . cfdf bflvn
ePkl5 /Lt k'ofO{ ;|]:tfdf gbl/Psf] sf/0fn] dfq Dofb hfg ;St}g .
!( g+= .. .. cfgf cfdf cfPsf sfutx?sf] t'?Gt dha'g a'emL sfg" g adf]lhd hf]
ug'{kg]{ xf] ;f] s'/f vf]n L n]vL / ;|]:tfdf btf{ ePsf] ldlt;d]t hgfO{ xflsdn] b:tvt ug'{k5{ .
@) g+= ..

.. gflnz k/L jf c? cfaf6 ;/L cfPsf d'2fdf ;d]t kmnfgf / kmnfgfsf]

d'2f eGg] kf]:tLdf n]vL ldl;n v8f u/L qmd};Fu gDa/ r9fO{ ;f] gDa/ / jfbL kmnfgf
k|ltjfbL kmnfgfsf] kmnfgf ldltdf bflvn ePsf] kmnfgf d'2f eGg];d]t hgfO{ lstfadf
gDa/};Fu bg]{ ug'{k5{ . km}; nf ePkl5 kmnfgf ldltdf km};nf ePsf] eGg];d]t hgfO{ ;f]
ldl;nnfO{ ldlt / gDa/sf] qmd};Fu /fVg'k5{ .
@! g+= .. .. d'2f bfo/ ePkl5 d'2} lkR5] o;} gDa/df n]lvPsf gd"gf adf]lhdsf]
tfobftL kmf/fd v8f u/L bflvnf ldltsf gDa/;Fu sfut lkR5] gDa/ r9fO{ kmf/fddf btf{
u/L ;lx5fk u/L ldl;n ;fd]n /fVg'k5{ . d'2f l5lgPkl5 d'ntaL sfd afFsL ldl;n / klxnf
v08sf] sfut afx]s c? bf];|f] v08df n]lvPsf sfuthlt d'2f km};nf eO{ emul8ofn] ckLn
lbg] Dofb gf3]sf] kfFr jif{ kl5 / t];|f] v08df n]lvPsf] sfuthlt Ps jif{ kl5 /2L u/L sfg"g
adf]lhd lnnfd laqmL ug'{k5{ . emul8ofn] bflvn u/]sf] ;Ssn sfuthlt lng cfPsf avt
lkmtf{ lbO{ e/kfO{ lnO{ tfobftL kmf/fddf ;d]t s}lkmot hgfO{ /fVg'k5{ . P]gsf xb Dofbleq
12

d'2f bfo/ gePsf] 3f hfFrsf] sfut / lgj]bg cfb]z jif{sf] Ps k6s tfobftL u/L dfly
n]lvP adf]lhd /2L u/L lnnfd laqmL ug'{k5{ .
tfobftL kmf/fdsf] gd"gf
f
kmnfgf ;fnsf] d'2f gDa/ kmnfgf
kmnfgf ldltdf kmnfgf cfdf k/] jf ;/]sf] kmnfgfsf] / kmnfgfsf] kmnfgf d'2fsf] ldl;nsf]
tfobftL
slxNo} g;8fpg] kfFr jif{ k'u]kl5 ;8fpg]

Ps jif{ k'u]kl5 ;8fpg]

gDa/

gDa/

sfuh
kmnfgfsf] kmnfgf

gDa/
^

sfuh
kmnfgfsf] kmnfgf

tfl/v krf{

ph"/L cfb]z aofg

#

sf/0fLsf] gfpFsf]

&

kmnfgfsf] ;fIfL

gfpFsf] tfd]nL ;dg

ePsf] Dofb ;dg jf

ldltsf] askq

kmfngfsf] kmnfgf

kmnfgf ;d]tsf]

ldltsf] k|ltpQ/kq

kmnfgf ldltsf]

jf aofg

d'r'n sf

kmnfgfn] bflvn

!!

kmnfgf ldltsf] cfb]z

of] o:tf] ;Ssn

lnvt
kmnfgf ;d]t olt
hgfsf] ;lx5fk k/]sf]
gS;f sfut
!@

kmnfgf ;fIfLsf

kmnfgfsf] kmnfgf

u/]sf] kmnfgf ldltsf]

!)

kmnfgf ldltdf tfd]n

Otnfogfdf
$

kmnfgf kmnfgf
emul8ofsf] gfpFsf]

ldltsf] aGb;jfn

ldltsf] lkm/fbkq jf

sfuh

kmnfgf kmnfgfsf]
13

kmnfgf ldltsf]
!#

ldnfkq
kmnfgf cfsf]
kmnfgf ldltsf]
km};nf jf clGtd
cfb]z

b:tvt kmnfgf
!

clknaf6 yk

b:tvt kmnfgf

b:tvt kmnfgf

kmnfgf ldltsf]

ckLnaf6 yk

ckLnaf6 yk

kmnfgfsf] ckLn kq
$

hUufsf] gS;f

kmnfgf ldltsf]

kmnfgfsf] kmnfgf
ldltsf] wghdfgLkq

l8;ld; jf km}; nf

#
tfl/v krf{sf] e/kfO{

b:tvt kmnfgf
@@ g+= ..

b:tvt kmnfgf

b:tvt kmnfgf

.. o;} dxnsf] @! gDa/df ldl;n sfuh /2L u/L lnnfd laqmL ug]{

ljifodf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg b]xfodf n]lvPsf lsl;dsf d'2fx? afx]s c?
lsl;dsf d'2fsf] ldl;nsf xsdf ;f] d'2f l5lgP kl5 ckLnsf] Dofb gf3L ckLn gnfUg]
cj:yf k'u]s]f ldltn] lauf] e/L e/fp ug'{kg]{ d'2fsf] ldl;n afx| jif{ gf3]kl5 / lauf] e/L
e/fp ug'{ gkg]{ d'2fsf] ldl;n kfFr jif{ gf3]kl5 lstfa v8f u/L ;f] lstfadf jfbL
k|ltjfbLx? ;a}sf] k"/f gfd, jtg, d'2fsf] ljifo gfd / k/] l5lgPsf] ldlt / l5Gg] cfsf] gfd
n]vL xflsd / xflsdeGbf d'lgsf ;a}eGbf 7"nf] btf{sf] sd{rf/Ln] b:tvt u/L tfobftL
kmf/fdsf] klxnf v08sf] sfutdWo] emul8ofnfO{ lkmtf{ lbg'k g]{ sfut afx]s ;f] ldl;nsf c?

14

;a} sfut /2L u/L sfg" g adf]lhd lnnfd laqmL ug'{ k5{ / ;f] lstfa a/ a'emf/ydf rnfpg'
k5{ ===========================================================================================================
/fhu2L jf /fhkl/jf/sf] ufy ;DaGwL d'2f ========================================================= !
/fhsfh ;DaGwL d'2f ====================================================================================== !
Hofg ;DaGwL d'2f ========================================================================================= !
rf]/Lsf] dxnn] ;hfo x'g] d'2f ========================================================================== !
uf}aw ;DaGwL d'2f ========================================================================================= !
xf8gftf s/0fL ;DaGwL d'2f ==============================================================================!
h'jf ;DaGwL d'2f ==============================================================================================!
sLt]{ hfn;fhL / s/sfk ;DaGwL d'2f ==================================================================!
ljxfj/L d'2f ================================================================================================== !
dgfxL ePsf] dfn v/Lb laqmL uof] jf agfof] eGg] d'2f ======================================= !
Gjf/fgf ul/kfpF eGg] d'2f ================================================================================ !
;/sf/L 7]s afFsL d'2f ==================================================================================== !
hUuf jf afnL ljifosf] d'2f ============================================================================= !
ck'tfnL ;DaGwL d'2f ===================================================================================== !
c+z jf c+z bkf]6 ;DaGwL d'2f ====================================================================== !
Ho"gL jf dfgf rfdn ljifosf] d'2f =================================================================== !
bfg as; ;DaGwL d'2f ================================================================================== !
wd{k'q ;DaGwL d'2f ========================================================================================!
u'7L jf u'7L bkf]6 d'2f ====================================================================================!
15

3/ k;n ;DaGwL d'2f ======================================================================================!

bfdf;fxL ljifosf] d'2f ======================================================================================== !
crn ;DklQ aGws n]lvPsf] n]gb]g d'2f ================================================================!
s'nf] jf af6f] lgsf; ;DaGwL d'2f ==========================================================================!
lhldbf/L tfn'sbf/L d'2f ======================================================================================!
@# g+= ..

. cfdf /x]sf sfut ldl;nx? s;}n] x/fpg, gf:g jf rf]g{ x'+b} g. sf/jfO{

ug'{kg]{ rNtL ldl;n / k|d f0f nfUg]; d]t sfutx?df sfg"g adf]lhd /Lt k'u ]s]f gSsn /x]sf]
jf k|df0fnfO{ xflg gx'g] sfut ldl;n x/fpg] gf:g]nfO{ / a]rNtL sfut jf km};nf ldl;n
;Ssn x/fpg] gf:g]nfO{ ldl;n} x/fPdf krf; ?k}ofF, k|df0f nfUg] sfuh x/fPdf kRrL; ?k} ofF
/ c? ;fgfltgf sfut x/fPdf kfFr ?k}o fF hl/jfgf x' g]5 . sfg"g adf]lhd /Lt k'u]sf] k|d f0f
nfUg ;Sg] gSsn gePsf] rNtL ;Ssn sfut ldl;n x/fpg]nfO{ ldl;n} x/fPdf Ps ;o
?k}o fF, k|d f0f nfUg] sfut x/fPdf krf; ?k}ofF / c? ;fgfltgf sfut x/fPdf bz ?k}ofF
hl/jfgf x' g]5 . s}lkmot u/L u/]sf] /x]5 eg] rNtL a]rNtL h:tf] lsl;dsf] sfut ldl;n
x/fP gf;]sf] ePklg ;f] ug]{ u/fpg]nfO{ x/fPsf] af6 >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] jf b'lgofFs f] lauf]
gf]S ;fg ePsf] /x]5 eg] ;f] gf]S ;fgL lauf] pk/u/L lnO{ jf e/fO{ lauf] adf]lhd hl/jfgf u/L
;f] hl/jfgf afktdf s}b / lauf] gf]S;fg gePsf] / lauf] gf]S;fg gx'g] /x]5 eg] Ps jif{ s}b
x'g]5 . rf]/L u/]sf] /x]5 eg] dfly n]lvsf ;hfodf yk b'O{ ;o ?k}ofF hl/jfgf ;d]t x'g]5 .
@$ g+= ..

.. h'g;'s} s'/fdf eP klg ;f] x| jif{ gk'u]sf gfafnssf] / pd]/ k'u]sf eP

klg s'g} lsl;dsf] /f]un] xf]z 7]u fgfdf gePsf jf af}n fPsf dflg; ;d]tsf] sfut lng' jf
u/fpg' kbf{ p;sf] ;+/Ifs jf xsjfnf g/fvL s'g} sfut lng' u/fpg' x'+b} g. ;f] x| jif{ gk'u ]sf]
eP klg Hofgdf/f, rf]/L jf s/0fL ug]{ ug{ nfpg] dflg;sf] cfaf6 sfut u/fpg' kbf{ eg]
16

;+/Ifs jf xsjfnf eP lghnfO{ /fvL / geP p;}sf] dfq sfut u/fpg klg x'G5 . ;+/Ifs jf
xsjfnf /fvL sfut u/fPsf]df of] d]/ f] o; lsl;dsf] dflg;n] d]/ f] ;fd'Gg]d f eg] adf]lhd
n]vL ;lx5fk u/]sf] ;fFrf] xf] egL ;f] sfutsf] lsgf/fdf ;f] ;+/Ifs jf xsjfnfsf] klg
;xL5fk u/fpg' k5{ . sfut u/fpFbf s;}nfO{ klg hf]/ h'n'd s/sfk u/L sfut u/fpg' x'+b}g.
u/] ab/ x'G5 . n]lvP adf]lhd afx]s cfgf v'zL /fhLn] hfgL a'emL ;lx5fk xfn]kl5 ;f]
sfut ;b/ x'G5 .
@% g+= ..

.. cGwf cGwL / jSs nf6f nf6Lsf] sfut u/fpg' kbf{ pgLx?sf] ;+/ Ifs

jf xsjfnf eP lghnfO{{ / geP lgh} cGwf cGwL, nf6f nf6Ln] /f]h]sf ;/hdLgsf dflg; /fvL
cGwf cGwLn] eg] adf]lhd / nf6f nf6Ln] Ozf/f u/] adf]lhd /fd|f] tj/af6 Ozf/f a'emL sfut
u/fO{ n]lvP adf]lhd sfut ePsf] xf] eGg] ;/hdLg jf ;+/Ifs jf xsjfnfsf] klg ;f] xL
sfuhdf ;lx5fk u/fO{ /fVg'k5{ .
@^ g+= .. .. cfdf btf{ x'g jf cfaf6 ug]{ u/fpg] u}x| sfutdf sfut u/L lbg]sf]
olt jif{sf] eGg] pd]/ v'nfO{ lng' k5{ . ;f] pd]/ n]lvPsf]df sf/0fL g} cfdf xflh/ ePsf]df
pd]/ b'?:t eP b'?:t 5 eGg] / b'?:t gePdf o;sf] pd]/ olt xf]nf eGg] ;f]xL sfuhsf]
lz/df n]vL xflsdsf] b:tvt u/L /fVg' k5{ . sf/0fL xflh/ ge} jfl/;f/f k/]sf]d f eP of]
n]lvPsf] pd]/ b'?:t 5 eGg] jfl/;nfO{ n]vfO{ ;lx5fk u/fO{ /fVg' k5{ . pd]/ 9fF6L n]vL
lbg]nfO{ aL; ?k}o fF;Dd ;f]xL cfsf xflsdsf thaLhn] hl/jfgf x'g]5 .
@& g+= ..

.. cfdf btf{ ug{ NofPsf sfutkqdf cIf/ a'lemg] u/L ykL s]/L btf{ ug{

NofPdf ;lx5fk u/fO{ ln+bf of] of] k+lStdf of] of] cIf/ yk] s]/ ]sf] 5 egL ;f]xL sfutsf] km8\s]
lsgf/fdf c} af6 n]vL ;f] km8s]df btf{ ug{ Nofpg] emul8of jf jfl/;sf] ;lx5fk u/fO{
cfsf xflsdn] ;d]t b:tvt u/L btf{ ug]{ ug'{k5{ .
17

@* g+= ..

.. h'g;'s} sfut ePklg /Lt k'uL cfdf bflvn btf{ ePkl5 lkmtf{ lbO{

csf]{ ;f6L lbg lng / c+s cIf/ ykL d]6Ls]/L 36L a9L kfg{ x'+b}g .
@( g+= ..

.. d'2f x]bf{ b]xfodf n]lvP adf]lhdsf] d'2f b]xfo adf]lhdsf] Onfsfsf]

cfaf6 dfq x]g'{ k5{

b]jfgL d'2fdf b]xfodf n]lvP adf]lhd ug'{k5{ ============================================================== !
hUuf bkf]6, lt/f] bkf]6 / s'nf] ;fFw af6f] lgsf; ;lGw;k{gsf] d'2f / lkm/fbkqsf] ?kaf6 hUUff,
3/ jf 7fpF hfFRg'kg]{ b]lvPsf] jf lkm/fbkqdf n]lvPsf] ?kn] hUuf 3/ hfFRg' gkg]{b]vL d'2f
bfo/ ePsf]df k|ltpQ/sf ?kaf6 hUuf jf 3/} hfFrL dfq km};nf x'g] b]lvPsf];d]t d'2fdf ;f]
3/ hUufx? /x]sf] 7fpFsf] Onfsfsf] cfaf6 x]g'{k5{ =====================================================!
o;} bkmfsf] b]xfo bkmf ! df n]vLPsf] afx]s c? u}x| d'2fdf h'g 7fpFdf sfd ePsf] 5 ;f]
7fpFsf] Onfsfsf] cf jf k|ltjfbL /x]sf] Onfsfsf] cfdWo] hxfF lkm/fbkq lbG5 ;f]xL 7fpFsf]
cfaf6 x] g'{k5{ ====================================================================================================@
jfbL k|ltjfbL b'j} y/n] tn # bkmfdf n]lvP afx]s g]k fn ;/xbleq c? 7fpFdf n] gb]g sf/jf/
u/]sf]d f ;f] sf/jf/ u/]s]f Onfsf jf jfbL /x]sf] Onfsfsf] cfdWo] hxfF lkm/fbkq lbG5 ;f]xL
cfaf6 x] g'{k5{ ===================================================================================================#
ljb]zdf n]gb]g sf/jf/ u/]sf]df n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] dxn adf]lhd gflnz nfUg]d f k|ltjfbL
/x]sf] jf jfbL /x]sf] Onfsfsf] cfdWo] hxfF lkm/fbkq lbG5 ;f]xL cfaf6 x] g'{k5{ ============$
o;} bkmfsf b]xfo bkmf @.#.$ df n]lvPsf s'/fdf b'a} y/ emul8of cGoq a] Onfsfdf uO{ a;]sf
/x]5g\ eg] ;f] a;]s} Onfsfsf] cfaf6 klg gfln; lnO{ sf/afO{ ug'{ x'G5 . k|ltpQ/ gkb}{
k|ltjfbLn] jf k|ltpQ/ k/]kl5 b'j} y/n] Onfsfsf] cfdf ;f/L kfpF m egL b/vf:t lbPsf]d f /
b'j} y/ emul8of ;f] a;]sf] 7fpF 5f8L uPkl5 eg] Onfsfsf] cfd} k7fO lbg'k5{ ===============%
18

kmf}Hbf/L d'2fdf b]xfodf n]lvP adf]lhd ug'{k5{ =============================================================@

/fhu2L jf /fhkl/jf/sf] ufy ;DaGwL jf /fhsfh ;DaGwL d'2f >L % sf] ;/sf/n] tf]lslbPsf]
cfaf6 x] g'{k5{ =======================================================================================================!
b]xfosf d'2f ck/fw ePsf] Onfsfsf] cfaf6 x]g'{k5{ ====================================================@
Hofg ;DaGwLsf] dxnn] ;hfo x'g] d'2f =================================================================== !
ha/h:tL s/0fL d'2f ============================================================================================!
rf]/Lsf] dxnn] ;hfo x'g] d'2f ============================================================================== !
cfuf] nufPsf] d'2f ============================================================================================= !
uf}aw ;DaGwL d'2f ==============================================================================================!
;/sf/L jf c? ;fj{hlgs wgdfn gf]S;fg jf lxgfldgf u/]sf] d'2f ==============================!
xltof/ vhfgf ;DaGwL d'2f ==================================================================================!
vf]6 f 6s df/]sf] jf vf]6f rng u/]sf] d'2f ===============================================================!
;/sf/L 5fk b:tvt jf ;f] 5fk b:tvt ePsf] sfut jf ;/sf/L sfddf s'g} ;/sf/L
sd{rf/Lsf] 5fk b:tvt ePsf] sfut sLt]{ u/]sf] d'2f ===============================================!
cbnsf] dxnsf] ! gDa/n] ;hfo x'g] d'2f ================================================================!
h'jf ;DaGwL d'2f =================================================================================================!
o;} bkmfsf] b] xfo bkmf @ df n]lvP afx]s c? kmf}Hbf/L d'2f ck/fw ePsf Onfsf jf k|ltjfbL
/x]s]f Onfsfsf] cfdWo] hxfF lkm/fbkq lbG5 ;f]xL cfaf6 x] g'{k5{ ==========================#
dfly bkmf bkmfdf k|ltjfbL /x]sf] 7fpF eGgfn] k|ltjfbL 3/f/ u/L a;]sf] jf ;/sf/L hflu/
vfO{ a;]sf] 7fpF ;Demg' k5{ ===================================================================================#

19

dfly bkmf bkmfdf n]lvP adf]lhd k|ltjfbL /x]sf Onfsfsf] cfdf gflnz lb+bf k|ltjfbL a]Unf
a]Un} Onfsfsf w]/} hgf ePsf]d f h'g Onfsfdf w]/ } hgf k|ltjfbL /x]sf 5g\ ;f] xL Onfsfsf
cfdf gflnz lbg' k5{ . Onfsf lkR5] k|ltjfbL a/fa/ /x]sf] eP h' g Onfsfsf] cfdf lbP
klg x'G5 ============================================================================================================ $
s'g} ;/sf/L sd{rf/Ln] gflnz jf k|ltpQ/ kq lbg'kbf{ lgh axfn /x]s f] jf sfh vl6Psf]
Onfsfsf] glhsdf To; lsl;dsf] d'2f x]g]{ cf eP ;f]xL cfdf / To:tf] cf geP To:tf]
cfsf] ckLn ;'Gg] cf eP ;f] cfdf / ;f] klg eP glhssf] c? cfdf lbg x'G5 . ;f]
adf]lhd gflnz jf k|ltpQ/kq lbg NofPsf]d f lnO{ lghnfO{ ;f] xL cfdf tf/Lvdf /fvL
gflnz jf k|ltpQ/kq Onfsfsf] ;DalGwt cfdf rnfg u/L k7fO lbg'k5{ . ;f] d'2 f sf/jfO{
ug]{ cfn] hflu/ ePsf Onfsfdf tf/Lvdf /xg] emul8ofnfO{ ;Ssn sfuh b]vfO{
sf/jfO{ug'{kg]{ ePdf lemsfO{ aofg u/fpg x'G5 . To;/L lemsfOPdf d'2 f sf/jfO{ x' g] cfdf
cfkm}+ hfg' k5{ jf P] g adf]lhd jfl/; k7fpg'k5{ . hflu/] ePsf Onfsfsf] cfsf] tf/Lvdf
/x]sf]df tf/Lv 5f]8]d f ;f] s'/fsf] hgfp ;DalGwt cfn] d'2f k/]sf] cfnfO{ lbg'k5{ . ;f]
sd{rf/L tf/Lvdf /x]sf] cfsf] Onfsfaf6 csf]{ Onfsfdf sfhdf v6L uPdf ;f] cfn] lgh
sfhdf vl6Psf] Onfsf] cfdf tf/Lv ;f/L lbO{ d'2 f k/]sf] cfnfO{ ;f] s'/ fsf] hgfp lbg' k5{
=====================================================================================================================%
jfbL k|ltjfbL hflu/] ePsf Onfsfsf] cfaf6 d'2f x]l/Psf]d f of] d'2f xfd|f 3/f/ ePsf
Onfs}sf]] cfaf6 x]/L kfpmF egL b'j} y/n] b/vf:t lbP eg] k|df0f a'lem;sL l5lgg] cj:yf
k'u]sf]df afx]s c?df ;f] d'2fdf dfly !.@ bkmf adf]lhdsf] h' g Onfsfdf k7fpg b'j} y/
d~h"/ x'G5g\ ;f]xL Onfsfsf] cfdf k7fO{ lbg'k5{ =========================================================^

20

Onfsf afx]s a] Onfsfsf] cfdf lkm/fbkq lbg NofPdf Onfsf kg]{ kmnfgf cfdf hfg' egL ;f]
lkm/fbkqsf] kL7df n]vL 5fk nufO{ t'?Gt lkmtf{ lbg'k5{ . P]g adf]lhdsf] Dofbleq lbg NofPdf
Onfsfsf cfaf6 ;f] b/kL7 ePs} lkm/fbkq lbP klg lnO{ d'2 f x]l/lbg'k5{ . lkm/fbkq btf{
eO{;s]kl5 dfly bkmf bkmfdf n]lvP adf]lhd c? cfdf k7fpFbf klg tf/Lvdf /xg]
emul8ofnfO{ tf/Lv tf]sL h'g cfaf6 ;f] d'2f x]g'{k g]{ xf] ;f] cfaf6 a'emL sfg"g adf]lhd
ug'{egL cfsf] n]vf]6 ;fy k7fpg' k5{ . cfn] klg ;f] cfPsf] d'2f a'e mL cfkm'n] x] g'{ gkg]{ eP
tfklg lkmtf{ ug{ x'+b}g. afwf k/] cfgf] ckLn ;'Gg] cf dfkm{t\ hfx]/u/L lgsf;f eO{ cfP
adf]lhd ug'{k5{ . lgsf;f lbg] cfaf6 klg P]g adf]lhd hf] dgfl;a xf] tf]sL k7fOlbg' k5{ ==&
cf ;DaGwL sfd s'/fdf ;/sf/L sd{rf/L pk/ gflnz lbg'kbf{ jfbL /x]sf] jf ;f] sfd s'/f
eP u/]sf] Onfsfsf] lhNnf cbfntdf lbg'k5{ / ;f] adf]lhdsf] d'2fdf To:tf] sd{rf/LnfO{
tf/Lvdf /fVg' kb}{g ================================================================================================*
Onfsf gkg]{ 7fpFnfO{ Onfsf xf] egL 9fF6L gflnz lbg]nfO{ / Onfsf 9fF 6]sf] egL em' f ph"/
ug]{nfO{ kfFr ?k}o fF hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ . ONffsf 9fF6L gfln; lbPsf]df gflnz lbg] xb Dofbdf ;f]
9fF6L btf{ u/fPsf cfaf6 gflnz lbg' kg]{ cfdf x'nfsf/f sfuh k'U g] af6fsf Dofbsf lbg
afFsL /fvL gflnz btf{ u/fPsf] /x]5 eg] ;f] 9fF6]sf] 7xgf{;fy dfly bkmf bkmfdf n]lvP
adf]lhd h' g Onfsfsf] cfaf6 x]g'{kg]{ xf] ;f]xL Onfsfsf] cfdf ldl;n emul8of k7fO{ x]g {
nufpg' k5{ . af6fsf] Dofbsf] lbg afFsL ge} gflnz btf{ ePsf] eP ;f] ldl;naf6 sf/jfO{ x'g
;St}g vf/Lh ul/lbg'k5{ . ;f] n]lvPsf] kfFr ?k} ofF afx]s vf/Lh eP jfktsf] ;hfo ug'{ kb}{g
===================================================================================================================== (
#) g+= .. .. d'2f x]g{ kfpg] clwsf/L u}x|n] d'2f x]bf{ b]xfo adf]lhd ug'{k5{

21

cfgf xf8df ck'tfnL k/] vfg kfpg] gftf / dfdf dfOHo", ;fgL 7"nL cfdf, ;fg' 7"nf] afa',
;f;' ;;'/f, km'k" km' kfHo", h]7', ;fnf, dLt, cfgf lbbL alxgL, 5f]/L / log} lbPsf h'jfO{, eflgh
ef~hL ef~hLa'xf/L, cfdfsf afa' jf cfdf, dGq ;'gfpg] u'? u'?df, dGq ;'gfPsf lzio
lziogL, cfkm"n] n]gb] g sf/jf/ u/]sf / gf]s/ rfs/ / n]lvPsf dflg;sf] Psf3/;Fu a;]sf
hxfgsf] / emul8of dflg;sf] d'2f kg{ cfPdf cfkm"n] x]g{ x'+b}g====================================== !
dfly ! bkmfdf n]lvP adf]lhd x]g{ gx'g] d'2f kg{ cfPdf ;f] xL cfdf ;dfg clwsf/sf] cGo
clwsf/L eP lghn] x]g'{k5{ / To:tf] clwsf/L geP ;dfg clwsf/sf] ;a}eGbf glhssf] csf]{
cfdf o; cfaf6 olt sf/0fn] x]g{ gx' g] x' gfn] To; cfaf6 x]/ L sfg" g adf]lhd ul/lbg'
eGg] sf/0f;d]t vf]nL n]vf]6 ;fy k7fO{ emul8ofnfO{ klg ;f]xL cfdf hfg' egL ;'gfO{ tf/Lv
tf]sL ldl;n;d]t ;f]xL cfdf k7fO lbg'k5{ / ;f] cfn] klg a'lemlnO{ cfgf] clwsf/
If]qleqsf] geP klg sfg"g adf]lhd x]l/lbg'k5{ =======================================================@
#! g+= .. .. cfsf s' g} sd{rf/Lsf gfpFdf 3"; vfof] egL gflnz lb+bf ;f] cfsf]
ckLn ;'Gg] cfdf lbg'k5{ . ;f] cfn] klg sfg" g adf]lhd sf/jfO{ lsgf/f ug'{k5{ . 3";sf]
gflnz k/] klg ;f]eGbf cufj} cfdf k/]sf] d'2f eg] km};nf geO{ ;g{ ;St}g . h'g d'2fdf 3";
vfof] eg]sf] xf] ;f] d'2f km};nf ePkl5 ckLn glbP klg km};nf / ldl;n;d]t k7fO{ lbg' egL
ckLn ;'Gg] cfn] n]lvk7fO{ lemsfO{ ;f] ldl;n cfPkl5 OG;fkm hfFrL sfg" g adf]lhd ug'{k5{ .
#@ g+= .. .. ;fIfL ;/hdLg afx]s c?sf gfpFdf 3"; sf] gflnz lb+bf d'2fdf eP h'g
cfdf k/]sf] d'2fdf 3"; vfof] eg]sf] xf] ;f] cfaf6 ;f] d'2f km};nf ePsf] ldltn] / c?
s'/fdf eP ;f] s'/ f u/] ePsf] ldltn] 5 dxLgfleq gflnz glbP nfUg ;St}g .
## g+= ..

. ;fIfL jf ;/hdLgn] 3"; vfO{ aSof] eGg] gflnz lb+bf as]sf avt

emul8of xflh/ /x]sf]df ;f] as]sf] ldltn] kGw| lbgleq / emul8of xflh/ g/x]sf]d f jf
22

aGb;jfn tfd]n eO{ cfPsf]df ;f] askq aGb;jfn emul8ofnfO{ ;'gfO{ ;'gfPsf ldltn] kGw|
lbgleq ;f] d'2f k/]sf] klxn] z'?df l5Gg] cfdf gflnz lbP dfq nfU5 . aGb;jfn k7fpFbf
tfd]n ug]{ cfdf hfg d~h"/ u/] emul8ofnfO{ ;d]t ;f] cfdf xflh/ x' g hfg" egL tf/Lv
tf]sL lbg'k5{ .
#$ g+= ..

.. d'2 fdf ljb]zdf /x] a;]sf dflg;;Fu s]xL s'/f ;f]W g' a'g' kbf{ >L % sf]

;/sf/n] tT;DaGwdf lgwf{l/t u/]sf] t/Lsfn] ;f]Wg' a' g'k5{ .

#% g+= ..

.. u}x| cfn] sfg" g adf]lhd cfkm"n ] x] g{ x'g] d'2 f afx]s c? d'2f x]g{ x'+b}g.

x]/] l5g]sf] eP klg ab/ x'G5 .

#^ g+= .. .. P]gdf xb Dofb gn]lvPsf] s'/fdf h}n ];'s} gflnz lbP klg nfUg ;S5 .
#& g+= /fhu2L jf /fhkl/jf/sf] ;fy ;DaGwL jf /fhsfh ;DaGwL jf ;/sf/L wgdfn
rf]/L d'2fdf gflnz lbgfnfO{ xbDofb x'+b}g.
#* g+= .. .. hf]/ h'n'd sf/sfk u/L sfut u/] u/fPdf cfkm"nfO{ km';{t ePsf ldltn]
k}tL; lbgleq gflnz glbP nfUg ;St}g .
#( g+= .. ... P]gdf xb Dofb n]lvPsf]df ;f] xb Dofbleq gflnz lbP x]g'{k5{ . ;f] xb
Dofb gf3]kl5 cfdf NofPsf]d f eP nfUb} g xb Dofbleq lbg gkfPsf] P] g adf]lhds]f sf/0f
eP k|df0f;d]t k'ofO{ cfhsf] kGw| lbgleq Nofpg' egL kL7df n]vL 5fk nufO{ o; sf/0fn]
lkmtf{ a'lemlnPsf] egL a'lemlng]s f] e/kfO{ u/fO{ lkmtf{ lbg'k5{ . ;f] kGw| lbgleq gNofP gflnz
nfUb}g . xb Dofbleq gflnz lbg gkfPsf] sf/0f n]vL ;f] !% lbg leq Nofof] / a'em\bf P]g
adf]lhdsf] sf/0f 7x/] btf{ x' g] egL krf{ v8f u/L /fvL klxn] sf/0fsf] k|d f0f a'emL 7xof] eg]
gfln; u/L x]g'{ k5{ . P] g adf]lhdsf] sf/0f /x] g5 eg] gflnz nfUb}g egL kL7df n]vL ;lx5fk
u/L e/kfO{ u/fO{ gfln; lkmtf{ ul/lbg'k5{ .
23

$) g+= ..

.. xb Dofbleq gflnz ug'{kg]{ dflg; ;f] x| jif{ gf3]sf] /x]g5 eg] ;f]x| jif{

gf3]sf lbgb]lv xb Dofb;Dd gflnz lbP nfU5 . ;f] gfafns ;f]x| jif{ gk'Ub} dof] eg] ;f]
d/]sf] lbgb]lv xbDofb;Dd dg]{sf] xsjfnfn] gfln; u/] nfU5 .
$! g+= ..

.. xb Dofbleq gflnz ug'{kg]{ dflg; xb Dofb z'? x'g] avtdf xf];\ 7]ufg

ge} a]xf]; ePsf] jf af}n fPsf] /x]5 eg] ;f] lgsf] eO{ ;2] ePsf lbgb]lv P] gsf] xb Dofb;Dd
gfln; lbP nfU5 . xbDofb z'? eO;s]kl5 dfq xf];\ 7]ufgf ge} a] xf]; \ ePsf] jf af}nfPsf]
/x]5 eg] hlt lbg ;f] ePsf] 5 ;f] lgsf] eO{ ;2] ePkl5 P]gsf] xb Dofb k'u ]sf Tolt
lbg;Dddf gfln; lbP nfU5 .
$@= g+= ..

.. xb Dofbleq gflnz ug'{kg]{ dflg; xb Dofb z'? x'g] avtdf xf];\ 7]ufg

geO{ a] xf];\ ePsf] jf af}nfPsf] ;2] geO{ dof] eg] ;f] d/]sf lbgb]lv xb Dofb;Dd dg]{sf]
xsjfnfn] gflnz lbP nfU5 . xb Dofb z'? eO{;s]kl5 dfq xf];\ 7]ufg geO{ a] xf]; ePsf] jf
af}n fPsf] d/]sf] /x]5 eg] hlt lbg ;f] eO{ d/]sf] 5 xb Dofb k'u ]sf] Tolt lbg;Dd dg]{sf]
xsjfnfn] gflnz lbP nfU5 .
$# g+= ..

.. xb Dofbleq gflnz ug'{kg]{ dflg; ;/sf/L sfhdf vl6O{ cGt sxL+

hfFbf jf cfkm" c;fWo eO{ yln+bf jf s]xL a] xf]/ fn] sxL+ y'lg+bf xb Dofb gf3]5 eg] sfhaf6
kmsL{ cfOk'u]sf jf lgsf] ePsf jf km';{t ePsf k}+tL; lbgleq gflnz lbP nfU5 .
$$ g+=

.. .. xb Dofb leq gflnz ug'{kg]{ dflg;sf] ;f] Dofbleq gfln; lbg gkfpg]

k]+r ubf{ xb Dofb gf3]sf] /x]5 eg] cfkm"nfO{ km'; {b ePsf] k}+tL; lbgleq gflnz lbP nfU5 .
$% g+= .. .. xb Dofb k'Ug] jf Dofb tf/]vdf xflh/ x' g'k g]{ jf s'g} sfut bflvn ug'{kg]{
lbg cfsf] tfltn k/] cf v'n]sf lbgdf xflh/ x'g] bflvn ug]{sf] xb Dofb jf Dofb tf/]v
u'h|g ;Sb}g .
24

$^ g+= .. .. xb Dofb jf Dofb tf/Lvsf] jf c? s'g} lsl;dn] lbgsf] lx;fa ug'{ kbf{
olt lbg egL lbg tf]lsPsf] hltdf lbg uGtL / olt dxLgf jif{ eGg] tf]lsPsf]d f hlt lbgsf]
dxLgf eP klg ;+qmfGtLn] lx;fa ug'{k5{ .
$& g+= .. .. P] gn] y'gL k'k{If ug'{ kg]{nfO{ jf tf/Lv nfUb}g eGg] n]lvPsfnfO{ afx]s c?
emul8ofnfO{ xflh/ x' g cfpgf;fy tf/Lvdf /fvL k'k{I f ug'{k5{ .
$* g+= .. .. tf/Lv lbg'kg]{nfO{ tf/Lv lb+bf o;} dxnsf] $( gDa/sf] gd"gf adf]lhdsf]
tf/Lv krf{ n]vL lz/df cfsf] 5fk nufO{ of] sfd ugf{n fO{ o; 6foddf o; cfdf jf
kmnfgf 7fpFd f xflh/ x'g cfpg' egL tf/Lv tf]sL tf/Lv lkR5] ;f] tf/Lv tf]Sg] sd{rf/Ln]
b:tvt u/L tf/Lv kfpg]nfO{ lbO{ ;f] a]xf]/fsf] e/kfO{ u/fO{ ldl;n ;fd]n /fVg'k5{ .
$( g+= ..

.. tf/Lv lbg] krf{sf] gd"g f

kmnfgf cfaf6 hf/L ePsf]
tf/Lvsf] krf{
jfbL kmnfgf

k|ltjfbL kmnfgf
d'2f kmnfgf
kmnfgfsf gfpFsf] tf/Lv
kmnfgf ldltdf

kmnfgf sfd ugf{nfO{ kmnfgf lbg olt ah] xflh/ x'g cfpg" .
%) g+= ..

.. tf/Lv tf]Sbf cfvfgfsf] 7]lsPsf] tfl/vsf] lbg kg]{ u/L tf]Sg x'+b}g.

%! g+= .. .. lkm/fbkq btf{ ePkl5 k|ltjfbLn] kfpg] lbg kGw| / af6fsf] Dofb;d]t
c~hfd u/L jfbLnfO{ e/;s k|ltjfbL kg]{ lbgsf] tf/Lv tf]S g'k5{ . ;f] tf/Lv / k|ltpQ/ k/]sf]
tf/Lv ldn]g eg] k|ltpQ/ k/]kl5 jfbLn] h' g lbgsf] tf/Lv lnPsf] 5 k|ltjfbLnfO{ klg ;f] xL
lbgsf] tf/Lv tf]sL To;kl5 b'a} y/nfO{ Ps} lbgsf] tf/Lv ldnfO{ tf]Sg' k5{ .

25

%@ g+=

.. jf/]; lbPdf afx]s Ps} dflg;sf] d'2f k/]sf] cfb]lv rf/ sf]z leqsf] c?

cfdf klg d'2f k/]sf] /x]5 / ;f] s'/ f emul8ofn] eGof] eg] To:tfnfO{ tf/Lv tf]Sbf c?
cfsf] Ps} lbgsf] tf/]v kg]{ u/L tf]S g x'+b}g .
%# g+= ..

.. tf/Lv tf]Sbf o;} gDa/df n]lvPsf gd"g f adf]lhd lstfa v8f u/L h'g

lbg h] sfd ugf{nfO{ tf/Lv tf]lsG5 tf/Lv e/kfO{d f / emul8ofnfO{ lbg] tf/Lv krf{d f ;d]t
;f] Joxf]/f hgfO{ tf/Lv lbO{ h' g sfd sf/jfO{nfO{ tf/Lv tf]lsPsf] 5 ;f] sfd sf/afO{sf]
tf/Lv lstfasf] sf] 7fdf d'2fsf] gDa/ n]vL c? cfjZos a]xf]/ f hgfO{ tf]lsPsf] tf/Lvsf] lbg
emul8of xflh/ ePkl5 tf]lsP adf]lhds]f sfd sf/jfO{ ug'{k5{ . s]xL dgfl;a dflkmssf]
sf/0fn] tf]lsPsf] tf/Lvsf] lbg sf/jfO{ ug{ gkfpg] jf gEofpg] eof] eg] ;f] xL Joxf]/f hgfO{
h'g lbg sfd x'G5 p; lbg]sf] tf/Lv tf]sL tf/Lv lstfadf tf/Lv ;/]sf] Joxf]/ f s}lkmot n]vL
xflsd xflh/ eP xflsdn] / xflsd xflh/ geP p dlgsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf bhf{sf] sd{rf/Ln]
b:tvt;d]t u/L tf]lslbg] ug'{k5{ .

;'? sf/jfO{ ug'{ kg]{ d'2fsf]

tf/Lv lstfa
;fn

k|ltjfbLnfO{

k|ltjfbL

k|df0f

k|df0f a'gfs]

26

5nkmn

km};nf

s}lkmot

dlxgf

;dg jf

kg]{

d's// ug]{

sfuh

;f5L

gfkL gS;f ugf{s]

Formatted: Font: 12 pt, Complex

Script Font: 12 pt, (Complex) Hindi

ugf{s]

Otnfogfdf

;/hdLg

Formatted: Font: 12 pt, Complex

Script Font: 12 pt, (Complex) Hindi

hf/L ugf{s]

a'gfs]

Formatted: Font: 12 pt, Complex

Script Font: 12 pt, (Complex) Hindi
Formatted: Font: 12 pt, Complex
Script Font: 12 pt, Not Small caps,
Not Expanded by / Condensed by

ut]

jf/

ckLn ;fws k/]sf d'2fsf]

tf/Lv lstfa

%$ g+= ...

km};nf ugf{s]

s}lkmot
5nkmn ugf{s]

af/

ul8of lsfpg]

ut]

;fIfL

ldl;n lsfpg]

sfuh

a' gfs]

k|d f0f a' gfs]

gfkL gS;f ;/hdLg

;fn dlxgf

.. Dofb jf ;dg Otnfogfdf hf/L ePsf jf tf/Lv lnPsf emul8ofsf]

b]xfodf n]lvP adf]lhds]f sf/0f k/]d f b]xfodf n]lvP adf]lhd ug'{k5{ . ;f] adf]lhd gu/] Dofb
tf/Lv yfldg ;St}g

27

cfgf Psf3/sf hxfgdf sf]xL c;fWo u/L ylnPsf] jf b];f+b k;L hxfg ylnPsf] eO{ jf cfkm}+
a]/ fdL k/L d'2f k/]sf cfdf xflh/ x'g g;Sg] ePdf o;} gDa/sf tn ^ bkmfdf n]lvP
adf]lhd af6fsf] Dofb /fvL z'? sf/jfO{ ug]{ cfdf k/]sf d'2fdf k}+tfnL; lbg, klxnf ckLn
;'Gg] cfdf k/]sf d'2fdf k}+t L; lbg, bf]; |f] ckLn ;'Gg] cfdf k/]sf] d'2fdf kRrL; lbg /
To;kl5 bf]xf]l/Psf] d'2 fdf aL; lbg;Ddsf] Dofb lbO{ chL{ ug{ kfpF5 . ;f] chL{ ubf{ Ps} k6s
n]lvPsf] hDd} lbg jf n]lvPsf] lbg ;DdnfO{ tLg k6s u/fO{ lnP klg x'G5 . ;f] chL{ k7fpFbf
kmnfgf tf/Lvdf kmnfgf sf/0fk/L xflh/ x'g cfpg ;lsg kmnfgf lbg xflh/ x'g cfpg] 5'
egL n]vL ;lx5fk u/L x'nfs 6]lnkmf]g jf cfsfzjf0fLf/f Dofb}d f d'2 f k/]sf cfdf k7fO{
lg:;f lng] ug'{ k5{ . To;/L gk7fO{ chL{ k q / cfgf tf/Lv krf{ o; tf/Lv krf{ ;d]t
tf/Lvdf lbg d'2f k/]sf cfdf dflg;f/f k7fO{ tf/Lv lnP klg x'G5 ============================= !
Dofb tf/Lvdf xflh/ x' g hfg]nfO{ af6fdf cfpFbf vf]nf hf/ a9L jf gfp, k'n, ;f+3'x? lau|L
t/L hfg c? s'g} sf/0fn] af6f] /f]lsg uO{ Dofb tf/Lv leq tf/Lv lbg] cfdf k'U g g;Sg]
eP To; 7fpFaf6 glhsdf ;/sf/L cf eP ;/sf/L cfdf geP k~rfotdf / k~rfot klg
gv'n]sf] 7fpFdf eP ufpF df}hfsf] lghdlbf/ tfn'sbf/ sxf+ /f]lsPs} lbg h+rfO{ dfUg hfg'k5{ .
h+rfpg cfPdf lghx?n] klg hfFrL dfly n]lvP adf]lhd eO{ /f]lsO{ hfg g;Sg] ePsf] ;f+ rf]
/x]5 eg] kmnfgf lbgb]lv kmnfgf lbg;Dd o; kl/aGbaf6 hfg g;sL /f]lsPsf] kmnfgf lbg
v'n]sf] xf] egL n]vL ;lx5fk u/L h+rfpg cfpg] emul8ofnfO{ lg:;f lbO{ k7fpg' k5{ .
n]lvlbPsf] lg:;f lnO{ P] g adf]lhd af6fsf Dofbleq tf/Lv lbg] cfdf xflh/ x'g cfP tf/Lv
u'h|g ;St}g yfldlbg' k5{ =============================@
dfly !.@ bkmfdf n]lvPsf] sf/0f afx]s cfkm}n] lqmof ug'{ kg]{ eO{ lqmof a;]sf]d f / cfgf
Psf3/sf hxfg d/]sf]df ;d]t sd{ grn]sf s]6fs]6L d/]sf] jf To:tfsf] lqmof ug'{k/]sf] eP
28

lbg kfFr / sd{ rn]sf dflg; d/]sf] jf To:tfsf] lqmof ug'{ k/]sf] eP lbg kGw| / tf/Lv lng]
:jf:gLdflg; ;'Ts]/ L ePdf k}+tfnL; lbg;Ddsf] Dofb kfpF5 . n]lvPsf sf/0f b] vfO{ Dofbleq
chL{ k7fPsf]df ;f] sf/0f k/]sf] ;f+ rf] xf] eGg] p;} 7fpFsf ;/hdLg enfb\d Lx?n] ul/lbPsf]
d'r'N sf lnO{ lqmofdf nfUg] n]lvPsf] lbg / P]g adf]lhd af6fsf] Dofb afx]s kfFr lbg;Dddf /
;'Ts]/L ePsf]df tf]lsPsf] Dofbdf d'2f k/]sf] cfdf xflh/ eP ;f] d'r'Nsf lnO{ Dofb leq
xflh/ eP gePsf] lx;fa u/L Dofbleq xflh/ ePsf] /x]5 eg] P] g adf]lhd tf/Lv tf]sL
sf/jfO{ ug]{ ug'{k5{ ==============================================================================================#
n]lvP adf]lhd emul8ofn] chL{k q n]vL k7fPsf]d f d'2f k/]sf] cfaf6 klg Dofbleq k7fP
gk7fPsf] hfFrL dflg;f/f k7fPsf]d f chL{ Nofpg]sf] x:t]jf/L hgfO{ chL{ ldl;n ;fd]n /fvL
emul8ofn] n]vL k7fP adf]lhdsf] tf/Lv lng cfpg]sf] ;lx5fk u/fO{ tf]sL lhDdf lbg'k5{ .
dfly # bkmfdf n]lvPsf] sf/0f kof] egL chL{ k7fPsf]d f eg] ;/hdLgsf] d'r'Nsf emul8ofn]
bflvn gu/L tf/Lv tf]Sg gx' g] x' gfn] k7fPsf] chL{ a'emL chL{ Nofpg]nfO{ e/kfO{ lbO{ To:tf]df
/ x'nfs 6]lnkmf] g jf cfsfzjf0fLf/f k7fPsf] chL{df ;d]t dfly !.@.# bkmfsf Dofbleq
emul8of xflh/ ePkl5 P]g adf]lhd tf/Lv tf]Sg] ug'{k5{ ===============================================$
;f] xflh/ x'g] dflg; cfaf6 y'lgP s}b k/]sf] /x]5 eg] d o; cfaf6 kmnfgf;Fusf kmnfgf
d'2fdf y'lgP s}b k/]sf] 5' egL d'2 f k/]s} cfdf n]vL k7fPsf] eP s] Joxf]/ fn] s}b k/]
y'lgPsf] slxn] ;Dddf 5'6\g] /x]5 ;a} s'/f a'e mL / s}b ug]{ cfdf b/vf:t lbPsf] eP o;
Joxf]/fn] o; cfaf6 y'lgP s}b k/]s]f 5 o; avt;Dddf 5'6\5 egL 5'6\ g] b]lvP ldlt vf]nL /
5'6\g] cj:yf v'Ng g;s] ;f]xL Joxf]/ f n]vL lghsf] b/vf:t d'2f k/]sf] cfdf k7fO{lbg'k5{ . ;f]
Joxf]/f n]vL cfPkl5 d'2f k/]sf cfaf6 klg Ps dxLgf;Dddf 5'6\g] /x]5 eg] 5'6]sf ldltn]
Dofb afx]s kfFr lbg;Dddf y'lgg] s}b x'g] dflg; xflh/ eP P] g adf]lhd tf/Lv tf]sL sf/jfO{
29

ug'{k5{ . Ps dxLgfeGbf a9L s}b k/] y'lgPsf] jf of] cj:yf ;Dddf 5'6\g] eGg] c~hfd gePdf
/ g5'6\g] cj:yf k/L y'lgP s}b k/]]df eg] sf/jfO{ gu/L klv{/xg x'+b}g. lghnfO{ lemsfpg} k/]
sfg"gsf] /Lt k'ofO{ jf hf] a' g]k g]{ a'emL sf/jfO{ ug'{ l5Gg" k5{ . sf/jfO{ ubf{ ub}{ 5'6]sf]df
eP 5'6]sf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s kfFr lbgleq xflh/ eP tf/Lvdf /fvL sf/jfO{ ug'{ k5{
================================================================================================================== %
dfly bkmf bkmfdf n]lvP adf]lhdsf] sf/0f k/L chL{ va/ k7fpFbf /]nsf] af6f] u/L cfpg
x'g]d f ;f];d]tsf] lx;fa eO{ sf7df8f}+ pkTosfaf6 c? Onfsf Onfsfdf / c? Onfsf
Onfsfaf6 sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf k7fpg] b]xfo adf]lhdsf] jf ;f]eGbf a9L Dofb afFsL /fvL /
Ps Onfsfaf6 csf]{ Onfsfdf xflh/ x'g' kg]{n] /]n r9L lx8\g x'g]df /]n df nfUg] lbg / k}bn
lx+8\g] af6f]s f] P] g adf]lhd nfUg] lbg;Dd afFsL x' g] u/L jf af6fsf] Dofb grflxg]d f p;} lbg
k7fP klg x' G5 . s]xL sf/0fn] af6fsf] Dofb af+sL /fvL k7fpg g;sL 36L af6fsf] Dofb af+sL
/fvL chL{ va/ k7fPsf]df tf/Lvsf] lbg;Dddf chL{ va/ ;f] tf/Lv lbg] cfdf bflvn eP
tf/Lv yfldg ;St5 =========================================================================================^
Onfsf

tf]lsPsf] lbg

Onfsf

tf]lsPsf] lbg

k"j{ ! gDa/ uf]:jf/fsf] Onfsf s]

88]nw'/f uf}+8fsf] Onfsf s] !!

k"j{ @ gDa/ uf]:jf/fsf] Onfsf s]

a}t8L uf}+8 fsf] Onfsf s] !@

k"j{ # gDa/ uf]:jf/fsf] Onfsf s]

8f]6L uf}+8fsf] Onfsf s] !!

k"j{ $ gDa/ uf]:jf/fsf] Onfsf s]

b}n]v uf}+8fsf] Onfsf s] !)

wgs'6 f uf}+8 fsf] Onfsf s]

!)

h'Dnf uf}8fsf] Onfsf s] !^

Onfd uf}+8fsf] Onfsf s]

!@

;Nofg uf}+8fsf] Onfsf s] !)

emfkf uf]:jf/fsf] Onfsf s]

!)

Ko"7 fg uf}+8fsf] Onfsf s] (

30

df]/ lj/f6gu/ uf]:jf/fsf] Onfsf s] (

u'N dL uf}+8fsf] Onfsf s]

;Kt/L uf]:jf/fsf] Onfsf s]

kfNkf uf}+8 fsf] Onfsf s] (

pbok'/ u9Lsf] Onfsf s]

afUn' uf}+8fsf] Onfsf s] *

dxf]Q/L ;nf{xL uf]:jf/fsf] Onfsf s]

&

jL/u~h uf]:jf/fsf] Onfsf s]

klZrd # gDa/ uf]:jf/fsf] Onfsf s] ^

lr;fkfgL u9Lsf] Onfsf s]

klZrd @ gDa/ uf]:jf/fsf] Onfsf s] $

klZrd $ gDa/ uf]:jf/fsf] Onfssf] s] *

kfNxL dfemv08 uf]:jf/fsf] Onfsf s] (

klZrd ! gDa/ uf]:jf/fsf] Onfsf s] @

:o"/fh tf}lnxjf uf]:jf/fsf] Onfsf s] (

bf b]pv'/L uf]:jf/fsf] Onfsf s]

!)

af+s] alb{o f uf]:jf/fsf] Onfsf s]

s}nfnL s~rgk'/ uf]:jf/fsf] Onfsf s] !)

%% g+= ..

.. P] gn] l8;ld; x'g ;Sg] d'2fdf emul8ofn] Dofb tf/Lv u'hf/]d f klg

o;} dxnsf] %( gDa/ adf]lhd ydfO{ kfpg] Dofb;Dd l8;ld; ug{' / k|ltjfbL gkbf{ PstkmL{
k|df0f a'lemPsf] d'2 f ;f] Dofb;Dd km};nf ug{ x'+b} g. ;f] Dofb gf3]sf kGw| lbg;Dddf klg
Dofb tf/Lv yfDg lgj]bgkq k7fPsf] lg:;f lnO{ emul8of xflh/ x' g cfPg eg] t'?Gt l8;ld;
jf PstkmL{ km};nf ul/lbg' k5{ . ;f] adf]lhd lg:;f lnO{ cfPsf]df l8;ld; PstkmL{ km}; nf
gu/L lghnfO{ w/f}6 L tf/Lvdf /fvL a'emL sfg"g adf]lhd ug'{k5{ . k|ltjfbL k/L k|d f0f a'emL
d'2f l5Gg] c+u k'lu;s]sf]df eg] klv{/xg' kb}{g d'2f km};nf ul/lbg' x'G5 .
%^ g+= ..

.. w]/} hgf emul8of ePsf k|d f0f a'lem;s]sf] d'2f km};nf ubf{ b'a} tkm{sf

Ps Ps hgf jf Ps hgfb]lv a9L emul8of cfdf xflh/ /xL c? emul8ofn] P]g adf]lhd
chL{ va/ n]vL k7fof] eg] d'2 f l5GgfnfO{ ;f] chL{ n]lvk7fpg] emul8of cfdf xflh/
31

geP;Dd klv{/ xg' kb}{g . xflh/ /x]sf / chL{ n]vL k7fpg]sf] xsdf ;d]t P]g adf]lhd d'2f
l5lglbg'k5{ . d'2f km};nf ug{ egL tf/Lv tf]lslbPsf]d f afx]s Ps tkm{sf jf b' a} tkm{sf
emul8ofdf s'g} klg xflh/ g/x]sf]d f / Pshgf jfbL Pshgf k|ltjfbL jf Ps} hgf clknf6\
dfq ePsf] d'2fdf eg] n]lvPsf] /Lt;Fu l5Gg x'+b}g .
%& g+= ..

.. d'2f k/L tf]lsPsf] Dofb tf/Lvdf xflh/ x'g' kg]{ ;/sf/L sd{rf/Ln] 3/

labf kfO{ hfgnfO{ 3/ labfsf] lgsf;fsf] ;"rgf lbg] clwsf/Laf6 olt lbg 3/labf kfPsf 5g\
eGg] d'2f k/]sf cfsf gfpFd f k"hL{ u/fO{ lnO{ hfg' k5{ / d'2f k/]sf cfn] klg 3/ labfsf]
k'hL{ Nofpgf;fy p;n] kfPsf 3/ labfsf] lbgdf ;ft lbg ykL tf/Lv tf]lslbg] ug'{k5{ . 3/
labf kfO{ u};s]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] dflg;sf gfpFdf gflnz k/L 3/ labfsf] lbgleq cfdf xflh/
x'g'kg]{ Dofb tf/Lv k/L ;f] Dofb tf/Lv u'h|g uPdf klg 3/ labfsf lbg k'uL xflh/ x'g'kg]{
lbgb]lv ;ft lbgleq d'2 f k/]sf cfdf xflh/ eO{ 3/ labf uPsf] egL b/vf:t lbof] eg] a'emL
kfPsf 3/ labfsf lbgleqdf Dofb u'h|g uPsf] /x]5 eg] Dofb tf/Lv yfldlbg'k5{ .
%* g+= .. .. Dofb tf/Lvdf xflh/ x' g'kg]{ ;/sf/L sd{rf/L ;/sf/L sfhdf vl6Pdf
b]xfo adf]lhd ug'{k5{
h'g cfsf] cfb]z k'hL{n] sfh vl6g] ePsf] 5 p;} cfdf u} sfhdf vl6Psf] hgfp d'2f
k/]sf cfnfO{ u/L kfpmF egL b/vf:t ug'{ k5{ . To:tf] b/vf:t ug{ cfPdf cfaf6 klg Dofb
tf]sL sfh vl6Psf]d f Dofb tf]sL / Dofb gtf]lsPsf]df vl6O{ uPsf sfdsf] cGbfhn] xflsdsf]
thaLhn] olt lbg jf dlxgf;Dd nfunf egL t'?Gt k'hL{ n]vL d'2 f k/]sf] cfdf k7fO{
lbg'k5{ . ;f] hgfp cfP kl5 d'2f k/]sf] cfn] tf/Lvsf lbg gk/] klg sfhdf nfUg] lbg /
P]g adf]lhd cfpFbf hfFbf af6f]df nfUg] lbg ;d]tdf ;ft lbg yk tf/Lv tf]sL lbg' k5{ . ;f]

32

d'2fsf] cfdf xflh/ /x]sf c? emul8ofnfO{ tf/Lvsf] lbg tf/Lv tf]Sbf klg ;f]xL sfhdf
hfg]n] nu]sf] ldlt kf/L tf/Lv tf]S g' k5{ ====================================================================!
cfb]z k'hL{ x'gf;fy t'?Gt hfg' k/]d f jf v6fpg] cfb]lv 6f9f a;]sf] sd{rf/L 6f9} af6 hfg'
k/]df jf sfh} af6 csf]{ sfhdf vl6O{ hfg' k/]df jf vl6Psf] sfh d} a:g' kg]{ ePdf eg] o:tf]
sf/0f k/L tf]lsPsf] Dofb tf/Lvdf xflh/ x'g ;lsg egL d'2 f k/]sf cfdf / vl6Psf] hgfp
d'2f k/]sf cfnfO{ u/L kfpF egL v6fpg] cfdf b/vf:t k7fP klg x'G5 . To:tf] b/vf:t
cfPdf ;f] cx?n] klg dfly ! bkmf adf]lhd u/L hgfp lbg] / tf/Lv tf]Sg] ug'{ k5{ . sfhdf
hfg] emul8ofnfO{ tf]s]sf] tf/Lv sfh}d f kfpg] u/L k7fO{ e/kfO{ lng'k5{ ==========================@
%( g+= .. .. gfln; ug]{ jf ckLn lbg] xb Dofb jf d'2 fdf hf/L ul/Psf] Dofb k" hL{
;dg Otnfogfdfsf] dofb jf tf]lsPsf] tf/Lv u'hfg]{ emul8ofn] u'lh|Psf] xb Dofb tf/Lv
yfdL kfpmF egL u'h|]sf] sf/0f b] vfO{ b]xfosf Dofbleq b/vf:t jf lgj]b gkq lbg cfP jf
x'nfs, 6]lnkmf]g jf cfsfzjf0fLf/f k7fPdf sf/0f d' gfl;a b]lvP b]xfo adf]lhd u/L yfDg]
cfb]z lbg' k5{
xb Dofb jf Dofb tf/Lv u'h|]sf]df u'h|]sf] sf/0f b]vfO{ xb Dofb u'h|]sf]d f ;f] u'h|]sf] ldltn]
gfln; lbg] xb Dofb u'h|]sf]df k}+tL; lbgleq / ckLn lbg] xb Dofb u'h|]sf]df ;f7L lbgleq /
Dofb tf/Lv u'h|]sf]df ;f] u'h|]sf] ldltn] klxnf k6ssf]df ;f7L lbgleq / bf];|f] k6ssf]df
tL; lbgleq lgj]bgkq lbPdf ;f] d'2f x]g]{ cfsf] xflsdn] yfdL lbg'k5{ ========================!
d'2f l5Gg] c}df ckLn bflvn ugf{ lgldQ ckLn lbg] xb Dofb u'h|]sf] ;f7L lbgleq yfdL
dfUg lgj]bgkq lbPdf d'2f l5Gg] cfsf xflsdn] klg yfdL lbg' k5{ ============================@
bf];|f] txsf] ckLn ;'Gg] cfn] u/]sf] OG;fkmdf lrQ a'em] g egL ph"/ ubf{ OG;fkm hfFlrg]
ePsf] d'2fdf u'h|]sf] Dofb tf/Lv yfdL dfUgnfO{ u'h|]sf] ldltn] klxnf k6ssf] u'h|]sf]df tL;
33

lbg leq / bf]; |f k6ssf] u'h|]sf]df kGw| lbg leq ;f] d'2f x]g]{ cfdf lgj]bg kg{ lbPdf yfld
lbg' k5{ =======================================================================================#
dfly bkmf pkbkmfdf h'g;'s} s'/ f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] Dofb leq km};nf x'g
g;s]sf] s'/fsf] s'g} emul8ofnfO{ tf/Lv To:tf] sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] Dofb gf3L ;s]kl5 u'h|]sf]df
klxnf bf]; |f k6ssf] yfDg] Dofb af+sL geP u'h|]sf] ldltn] k}+lt; lbg leq;Dddf yfdL dfUg
cfPdf To; cl3 hlt k6s u'h|] ydfPsf] ePklg ;f] d'2 f x]g]{ cfsf] xflsdn] yfldlbg x'G5 .
;f] adf]lhd tf/]v yfDbf afx| dlxgfsf] Ps k6s eGbf a9L yfldg ;St}g =================$
u'h|]sf] xb Dofb jf Dofb tf/Lv yfDbf xb Dofbsf]df Ps ?k}ofF, Dofb tf/Lvsf]d f klxnf
k6sssf] Ps ?k} ofF, bf];|f k6ssf] b'O ?k} o fF / To; kl5sf] hlt k6s ePklg k6s} lkR5] Ps
Ps ?k}of a9fO{ hlt hgfn] hlt d'2fdf ydfO{ dfu]sf] xf] plt hgfnfO{ d'2} lkR5] hl/jfgf u/L
lnO{ yfdL lbg'k5{ ==============================================================================================%
dfly @ bkmfdf n]lvP b]lv afx]s xb Dofb jf Dofb tf/lv yfDg] lgj]bgkq lb+bf jf k7fpbf ;f]
d'2f x]g]{ cfdf lbg' jf k7fpg' k5{ . ;f] cf afx]s c? cfdf lbP k7fPsf] af6 xb Dofb jf
Dofb tf/]v yfdLg ;St}g ==================================================================================@
^) g++ = .. .. gfln; ckLn lbg] xbDofb u'h|]sf] ydfO{ d'2f bfo/ u/L tf/Lv lnO{
;s]kl5 tf/Lv u'hf/]sf]df k6s sfod ubf{ tf/Lv lnO{ u'hf/]sf] ldltb]lv dfq k6ssf] lx;fa
u/L k6s sfod ug'{ k5{ . ;dg Otnfogfdfsf] Dofb u'hf/L jf ;f] Dofb leq k7fPsf] chL{sf]
Dofbdf xflh/ geO{ u'hf/L ydfO{ ;s]kl5 km]l/ u'hf/L ydfO{ dfu]d f u'hf/]sf] k6ssf] lx;fa
ubf{ ;dg Otnfogfdfsf] Dofb u'hf/]sf] / tf/Lv u'hf/]sf] ;d]t b'a} sndsf] k6s lx;fa u/L
k6s sfod ug'{ k5{ .

34

^! g+= ..

.. d'2f km};nf ubf{ lsgf/f nufpg' kg]{ hlt hDd} s'/fsf] Ps} k6s lsgf/f

gnufO{ jf vf/]h gx' g] vfl/h u/L km};nf u/]sf] e} p;} cfdf OG;fkm ug{ k7fPsf] d'2fdf jf
o;} dxnsf] !@ gDa/ adf]lhd d'ntaL /x]sf] afx]s c? s'g] k|sf/n] d'ntaL /x]sf d'2fdf
sf/jfO{ u/L km};nf ugf{ lgldQ cl3 tf/Lvdf /x]sfnfO{ km]l/ tf/Lvdf /fvL k' k{If ug'{ kg]{ x'g
cfPdf cl3 tf/Lvdf /x]sf avt lnO{ ;s]sf] chL{ Dofb tf/Lv u'h|]sf k6ssf] lx;fa ug{
x'+b}g .
^@= g+= ..

.. Dofb tf/Lvdf xflh/ x'g' kg]{ dflg;sf] sf]xL d/L lqmof a:g' kbf{ jf

Dofb tf/Lv lng] dflg;} ;f] Dofb tf/Lv eGbf klxn] g} d/L jf af}nfxf jf a]kQf e} Dofb
tf/Lv u'h|]sf]d f p;sf] b} ofbf/n] d'2f ;sf/ ug{ cfPsf]d f jf ;/sf/L sfhdf vl6O{ hf+bf
u'h|]sf]d f ;d]t ;f] Dofb tf/Lv u'h|]sf] ldltn] k}+tL; lbgleq d'2f k/]sf cfdf xflh/ ePsf]
eP jf ;/sf/L sfhdf vl6Psf]d f va/ k7fPsf] eP a'emL ;f] sf/0f k/]sf] 7xof] eg] c}af6
krf{ v8f u/L tf/Lv yfdL lbO{ d'2f ;sf/ u/fpg' kg]{df ;sf/ u/fO{ lbg'k5{ .
^# g+= .. .. gfln; ckLn ug]{ u'h|]sf] xbDofb yfdL lbg] cfb]z ePsf]df ;f] cfb]z
ePsf ldltn] kGw| lbgleq cfdf xflh/ eP dfq ;f] xb Dofb yfldG5 .
^$ g+= ..

.. tf/Lv kfpg]n] tf]lsPsf] tf/Lvsf lbg tf]lsPsf] 7fpFd f tf]lsPsf]

6fOdb]lv tf/Lv tf]sL lng g;s'~ Hofn;Dd xflh/ eO{ /xg' k5{ . tf]lsPsf] 6foddf jf To;
b]lv kl5 ;f] d'2fdf cfaf6 vf]lhPsf avt xflh/ x' g gcfO{ To;kl5 xflh/ x' g cfpg]
tf/LvjfnfnfO{ klxnf] k6s Ps ?k}ofF / bf];|f] k6sb]lv k6s} lkR5] kfFr ?k} ofF hl/jfgf x'G5 .
vf]hL ePsf avt xflh/ gx' g]sf] tfl/vsf] lbg tf/Lvdf n]lvPsf] sfd ePg eGg] s'/fsf] ph"/
nfUg / cf p7\g] 6fod gf3L cf pl7;s]kl5 cfpg]sf] tf/Lv yfldg ;St}g .
^% g+= ..

.. d'2fdf jfl/; lb+bf ln+bf b]xfodf n]lvP adf]lhd ug'{k5{

35

sfg"g adf]lhd k' k{Ifsfnflu y'gfdf a:g' kg]{ jf hdfgt nfUg] cj:yfdf hdfgt lbg g;sL
y'gfdf a:g' kg]{ ePsf] JolQmn] jfl/; /fVg kfpFb}g . ;f] afx]s hdfgt nfUg] cj:yfdf sfg"g
adf]lhd hdfgt lbg] JolQmn] cfaf6 jfl/; /fVg lbg dgfl;a 7x/fO{ Ohfht lbPdf jfl/;
/fVg kfpF5 !
dfly ! bkmfdf n]lvP b]lv afx]s cGo cj:yfsf] JolQmsf] xsdf kof{Kt sf/0faf6 cfn] jfl/;
/fVg lbg dgfl;a g7x/fO{ cGoyf cfb]z lbPdf afx]s ;fwf/0ftM jfl/; /fVg x'G5 . b]jfgL
d'2fdf eg] jfl/; /fVg gkfpg] u/L cfn] cfb]z lbg] 5}g =============================================@
jfl/; lbg x'g] d'2fdf P] gn] jfl/; lbg x'g] dflg;nfO{ jfl/; lb+bf d]/f] kmnfgf ;Fusf] kmnfgf
d'2fdf k'k{If ugf{nfO{ d]/f] ;fdf P]gn] lbg x'g] kmnfgfnfO{ jfl/; u/L k7fPsf] 5' lghn] xf/]
lht]d f d]/f] d~h"/ 5 d'2f km};nf x'Fbf d cfkm}+ xflh/ e} hf] k/]sf] a'emfpFnf eGg] jfl/; lbg]sf]
cvTof/gfdf / jfl/; x'g]s f] klg d kmnfgfsf] kmnfgf d'2 fdf P]g adf]lhd jfl/; eP+ eGg]
;sf/gfdf sfut u/fO{ lnO{ ;f] jfl/;af6 s'/f a'emL cfsf /f] xn] ;f] d'2fdf h' g sfut
u/fpg k/] klg ;f]xL jfl/;sf] sfut u/fO{ d'2f x]g'{k5{ ==================================================#
jfl/; /fv]sf d'2fdf ldnfkq ubf{ emul8of cfkm}+ xflh/ eO{ ug'{k5{ . cfkm" xflh/ x' g hfg
g;Sg]n ] d]/f] o:tf] lhls/ ePsf] kmnfgf;Fu sf] kmnfgf d'2fdf o; lx;fa;Fu ldnfkq ugf{df
d]/f] d~h"/ 5 d]/f] jfl/; kmnfgff/f ldnfkq xf]; \ To;df d]/f] d~h'/ 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
d~h"/ Lsf] lnvt n]vL P] g adf]l hdsf] /Lt k' ofO{ sfut ePsf] 7fpF ;d]t ls6L cfg' / ;f]
sfutdf cfkm"n] ;lx5fk u/]sf] b]Vg] sDtLdf b'Ohgf ;fIfL / sfut n]Vg] n]vssf] ;d]t km8\s]
lsgf/fdf ;lx5fk u/fO{ ;f] d~h"/Lsf] sfut / P]gn] nfUg] aS;f}gL ;d]t d'2f k/]sf] cfdf
jfl/;f/f k7fO{ lbg' k5{ . n]lvP adf]lhd d~h'/Lsf] lnvt u/L k7fO{ lbPsf]d f cfaf6 klg
;f] d~h'/Lsf] lnvt adf]lhd u/L ldnL hfgfdf c? emul8ofsf] klg d~h"/ uof] eg] P]g
36

adf]lhd /Lt k' ofO{ P] gn] nfUg] aS;f}g L lnO{ ldnfkq u/fO{ lbg' k5{ . n]lvP adf]lhd jfl/;
/fVg] emul8ofsf] d~h"/ Lsf] lnvt geO{ To;} jfl/;f/f ldnfkq u/] u/fPsf] ;b/ x'+b}g=======$
lauf] vf]lnPsf] b]jfgL d'2fdf P]g adf]lhd jfl/; lb+bf afa' cfdfn] 5f]/fnfO{ / :jf:gLn]
nf]Ug]nfO{ / c+z dfg' g5'lO{ ;Fu a;]sf hxfgnfO{ jfl/; lb+bf afx]s ;f] jfl/; lbg] jfbL jf
k|ltjfbL b'a} y/Ln] jfbLn] kqm]sf] lauf]sf] ;os8f kf+r ?k} ofFsf] b/n] gub w/f}6 /fv] dfq
jfl/; nfUg ;St5 . ;f] w/f}6 g/fv] cfkm}+ xflh/ /xL k'k{I f ug'{k5{ . ;f] dfly n]lvPsfnfO{
jfl/; lb+bf / lauf] gvf]lnPsf] b]jfgL d'2fdf / c? jfl/; nfUg] kmf}Hbf/L d'2 fdf / lauf] v'n]s}
d'2fdf klg ckLn lbgfnfO{ jfl/; lb+bf eg] w/f}6 /fVg kb}{g . ;f] d'2f l8;ld; vf/]h;d]t u}x|
lsl;daf6 km};nf x'Fbf P] g adf]lhd nfUg] 7x/]sf] ;hfo;d]t hf] lng'k5{ ;f] w/f}6 /x]s f]af6
c;"n u/L a9\tf eP lkmtf{ lbg'k5{ . w/f} 6 /x]sf]n] gk'U g] eP P]g adf]lhd emul8ofaf6} c;"n
ug'{k5{ ================================================================================= %
jfl/; /x]sf] d'2f l8;ld; vf/]h;d]t u}x| lsl;daf6 km}; nf x'Fbf emul8ofnfO{ nfu]sf] lauf],
hl/jfgf, s}b;d]t u}x|d f emul8ofnfO{ g} kqmL P]g adf]lhd ug'{k5{ . jfl/;nfO{ kqmg x'+b}g ==^
^^ g++ .. .. g] kfn ;/xbdf crn ;DklQ Hoyf gePsf ljb]zL dflg;sf] g]k fnsf
cfdf k/]sf] P]gn] jfl/; lbg kfpg] d'2fdf jfl/; lb+bf cfkm"n] bfjL u/]sf] g7x/]d f jf cfkm"
pk/ kf]n ph"/ k/]sf] s'/f 7x/] nfUg] P]g adf]lhd ;hfo w/f}6 /fv]d f jf To; jfkt g]k fn
;/xbdf crn ;DklQ Hoyf ePsf dflg;nfO{ hdfgL lbP dfq jfl/; nfUg ;S5 .
^& g+=.. .. cfdf bflvn ug{ NofPsf] cVTof/gfdf P]g adf]lhdsf] /Lt k'u]sf] geP of]
olt /Lt k'u]sf] 5}g olt /Lt k'ofO{ NofP nfUg]5 egL ltg lbgsf] Dofb lbO{ ;f] cVTof/gfdfs}
kL7df n]lv cfsf] 5fk nufO e/kfO{ lnO{ lkmtf{ lbg'k5{ . /Lt k[ofO{ NofPsf]df cQf] nufO{
lkmtf{ lbg x'+b}g.
37

^* g+= .. .. P]gn] jfl/; nfUg] d'2fdf jfl/; cvTof/ lb+bf ln+bf ;f]x| jif{ pd]/ k'u ]sf
b]xfosf JolQmnfO{ jfl/; lbg lng x'G5
Psf3/;Fu /x]sf] a;]sf gft]bf/x?dWo] hf];'s}n fO{ =========================================================!
c? cj:yfdf g}lts ktg b]lvg] km} hbf/L ck/fwdf ;hfo kfPsf] JolQm afx]s hf] ;'s}nfO{ ===@
^( = g+= .. .. P]gn] jfl/; lbg kfpg] rf/ sf]z leqsf cfdf kl//x]sf] jf kg]{ d'2fdf P] gn]
jfl/; lbg x'g] dflg;nfO{ b] xfo adf]lhd jfl/; lbg lng x'G5 . rf/ sf]zeGbf 6f9fsf cfdf
k/]sf d'2fdf jfl/; e}/ x]sfnfO{ csf]{ cfdf k/]sf] d'2fdf jfl/; lbg lng

x'+b}g. jfl/;

eO/x]sf] dflg; s'g} d'2fdf y'lgof] s}b eof] eg] y'gfdf /xL csf{sf] d'2f ug{ klg kfp+b}g
Ps} dflg;sf] Ps cfdf hlt;'s} d'2f k/] klg ;a} d'2fdf Pp6} dflg;nfO{ jfl/; lng lbg
x'G5 =============================================================================================================!
w]/ } dflg;sf] Pp6} cfdf k/]sf] Pp6} d'2 fdf ;a} dflg;n] Pp6}nfO{ jf k[ys\ k[ys\n] k[y s\
k[ys\nfO{ ePklg jfl/; lng lbg x'G5 ===========================================================@
Ps} cfdf k/]sf] Pp6} d'2fdf jfbLx?n] jfbLx?dWo]s} / k|ltjfbLx?n] k|ltjfbLx?dWo]s}
dflg;nfO{ jfl/; lbg lng x'G5 ========================================================================#
Ps} cfdf Pp6fsf] d'2 fdf jfl/; e}/x]sfnfO{ jfl/; e}/x]sf d'2 f km}:fnf gx'Fb} jf jfl/; sfod
5Fb} To;} cfdf kl//x]sf jf kg]{ c?x? d'2fsf] emul8ofn] klg jfl/; lng lbg x'G5 ==========$
Psf cfdf kl//x]sf d'2fdf /fv]sf jfl/;nfO{ jfl/; sfod 5Fb} ;f]xL jfl/;nfO{ ;f] jfl/; lbO{
/fVg] emul8ofn] jf To;sf Psf3/sf hxfgn] rf/ sf]zleqsf cfdf k/]sf jf kg]{ c? d'2fdf
jfl/; lbg lng x'G5 ===============================================================================%
&) g++ ..

.. cVTof/gfdf n]vL csf{nfO{ jfl/; lbPsf]df h;sf] emu8f xf] p;}n ] jf p

d/]kl5 p;sf b}ofbf/n] cfkm} ;sf/ ug{ jf klxn]sf] jfl/; abnL csf]{ jfl/; /fVg kfpF5 .
38

&! g+= .. .. cv\ Tof/gfdf lbPsf] jfl/; abnL csf]{ jfl/; /fVg kbf{ d]/f] kmnfgf;Fu sf]
kmnfgf d'2fdf kmnfgf 7fpF a:g] kmnfgfnfO{ jfl/; lbO/fv]sf]df lgh jfl/;nfO{ of] sf/0f k/L
abNg' k/]sf]n] lghnfO{

abnf u/L kmnfgfnfO{ cVTof/gfdf u/L k7fPsf] 5' eGg];d]t P]g

adf]lhdsf] Joxf]/f n]vL jfl/; x' g]nfO{ lbO{ d'2f k/]sf] cfdf k7fpg' k5{ . d'2 f k/]sf] cfaf6
klg ;f] adf]lhd jfl/; u/L k7fPdf ;f] ct\Tof/gfdf ldl;n ;fd]n /fvL P]g adf]lhd cl3
/fv]sf] jfl/; abnL kl5sf] jfl/; sfod u/L sfd sf/jfO{ ug]{ ug'{k5{ .
&@ g+= ..

.. lkm/fbkq ln+bf b]jfgL kmf}Hbf/L d'2 fsf] 5'f5' } lng'k5{ . ;f] afx]s Pp6}

lkm/fbkqdf Pp6} dflg;n] Pp6} dflg; pk/ hlt;'s} emu8fsf ljifosf] s'/f n]vL NofPsf] /
hlt;'s} dflg;n] hlt;'s} dflg; pk/ Pp6} emu8fsf ljifosf] s'/f n]vL NofPsf] eP klg lnO{
;f] adf]lhd ;a} s'/fsf] ;f]xL lkm/fbkqaf6 OG;fkm ug'{k5{ . n]lvPeGbf a9\tf s'/ f Pp6}
lkm/fbkqdf n]vL NofPsf] /x]5 eg] lkm/fbkq lkmtf{ ug{ eg] x'+b}g. a9L hlt n]vL NofPsf]
s'/fsf] o; lkm/fbkqaf6 OG;fkm ug{ gkg]{ c? cf jf o;} cfaf6 csf]{ lkm/fbkq lbP dfq
OG;fkm ug'{k g]{ egL ;f] lkm/fbkqaf6 hlt s'/fsf] OG;fkm ug'{ gkg]{ xf] plt s'/f ;f]xL
lkm/fbkqsf lz/df n]vL xflsdn] b:tvt u/L ;f] OG;fkm ug'{ gkg]{ ePsf] hlt s'/f
lkm/fbkqjfnfnfO{ yfxf x'gf lgldQ ;f]xL lkm/fbkqsf] e/kfO{df n]vL lbg'k5{ .
&# g+= .. .. lkm/fbkq lb+bf pxL dflg;sf] gfpFdf Ps} k6s Pp6} gflnz lbP x'g]
d'2fdf ;f] gu/L klxn] lbPsf gflnzsf] ?k ljrf/ u/L dfq ;f] d'2 fsf ;f] ?kn] c? s'/ fdf
kl5 gflnz lbg] lgot lnO{ olt s'/f dfq o; gflnzaf6 lbnfO{ e/fO{ jf ;hfo ul/kfpFm egL
jfbL lbg / ;f] jfbLdf 5'6]sf] To:tf] lsl;dsf] jfFsL /x]sf]
kfpFb}g .

39

d'2fdf kl5 jfbL lbg;d]t

&$ g+= .. .. gflnz u/]sf] s'/f ;fljt jf d'mf 7x/] 36L a9L eg] kqm]df ;d]t P]gn]
df]n lauf] lt/f];d]tsf lx;faaf6 ;hfo x'g] df]n lauf] ls6L gflnz lbg'kg]{ d'2fdf df]n lauf]
s;L gflnz lb+bf ln+bf ;/sf/L jf b'lgofFx?sf] xs\df ;d]t 36Ldf b]xfo adf]lhd jfbLaf6
df]n lauf] ls6L ls6fO{ gflnz lng' lbg' k5{ . c+z a08f ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t P]gn] kl5
kmf+6jf/L lnO{ df]n lauf] v'nfO{ lbg'k g]{ d'2f hltdf P]g adf]lhd kmf+6jf/L lbPsf avtdf
36Ldf b]xfo adf]lhd df]n lauf] sfod u/L P]g adf]lhd ug'{k5{
hUuf kqm]sf]d f ;f] hUufdf 7]lsPsf] lt/f]sf] c+sn] / lt/f] g7]lsPsf] klt{ af+emf] hUuf jf c?
s'g} lsl;dsf hUuf kqm]df cf+7 f ;/xsf] lt/f] sfod u/L 5 ?k}ofF lt/f]sf] Ps ;o ?k} ofFsf
b/n] ==========================================================================================================!
;/sf/L hUuf hdLg lt/f] bafO{ vfP v'jfP gf]S;fg kf/]sf] ;d]t >L % sf] ;/sf/n] e/fO{
c;"n u/L lng'kg]{ jf af+sL aSof}tf;d]t afnL lt/f] lhG;L dfn hltsf] gub lng'kbf{ Onfsfsf]
;/sf/L dfn u'7L;d]t tx;Ln ug]{ cfdf a'e mfpg'k g]{df ;f] cfaf6 lhG;Lsf] gub tx;Ln
u/L lng b/aGbL ePsf hltsf] h'g cfdf a'e mfpg] kg]{ xf] ;f]xL cfsf b/aGbL adf]lhds]f
b/n] / b/aGbL gePsf hltsf] zx/ ufpF ahf/df rn]sf b/n] ===================================== @
3/, k;n / To;n] rr]{sf] ;GwL ;k{g hUufsf] ;f] kftfn ePsf 7fpFd f rn]sf b/n] ===========#
>L % sf] ;/sf/n] b'lgofF;Fu, b'lgofFn ] >L % sf] ;/sf/;Fu / b'lgof+n] b'lgof+;Fu lng'kg]{ u}x|
lhG;L dfnx?sf] zx/ ufpF ahf/df rn]sf] b/n] ========================================================$
Hofnf dh'/L gf]S;fgLsf] df]n lauf] h'g 7fpFsf] Honf dh'/L gf]S;fgL xf] p;} 7fpFdf rn]sf
b/n] =============================================================================================================%
a'e mfpg] avt o; b/n] lbg] lng eGg] lnvt ePsf]d f lnvt}df n]lvPsf b/n] =================^
&% g+= ..

.. lkm/fbkq jf k|ltpQ/kq lb+bf Ps ?k}ofF b:t"/ nfU5 .

40

&^ g+= ..

.. lkm/fbkq lb+bf o;} gDa/sf gd"gf adf]lhdsf] lng' k5{ .

lkm/fbkq

cfu] kmfngf lhNNff, df}hf, 7fpF a:g] cGbfhL olt jif{sf] kmnfgfn] of] of] Joxf]/f u/]sf] x'g fn]
o; s'/fsf] d]/f] ePsf] tk;Lndf n]lvPsf] ;fIfL k|df0f a'emL P]g adf]lhd OG;fkm eO{ ;hfo
ldnf];\ jf of] olt kl/aGbn] of] rLh olt e/fO{ lbnfO{ kfpF m . hf] ePsf] Joxf]/f k|s/0f 5'6\o fO{
n]Vg' b]vfO{ lng' k5{ ._
tk;Ln
o; s'/fsf] k|df0f ;fIfL

====

====

====

====

===

===

===

====

====

===

===

===

====

===

===

===

===

;fIfL

====

====

====

b]vL hfGg]
kmnfgf lhNnf, df}hf, 7fpF a:g] cGbfhL jif{ oltsf] kmnfgf
jf gfpF ghfg]sf] lrGx]sf] ====

====

===

===

===

====

===

===

===

====

====

====

====

===

;'gL hfGg]
kmnfgf lhNnf, df}hf, 7fpF a:g] cGbfhL jif{ oltsf] kmnfgf
jf gfpF ghfg]sf] lrGx]sf] ===
sfut ==== =========== ====

====

====

==== ===

====

===

===

====

==== =====

kmnfgf] ldltsf] kmnfgf Joxf]/fs]f sfut kmnfgf 7fpFd f 5 ==== ===

41

====

====

kmnfgf lhNnf, df}hf, 7fpFd f hGd e} xfn kmnfgf lhNnf, df}hf, 7fpF a:g]
kmnfgfsf] 5f]/f, 5f]/L jf kTgL olt jif{sf] kmnfgfn] cfdf r9fPF . - lbg]sf]
;lx5fk ug'{ u/fpg' k5{ _
Olt ;Dat\ @) ================ ;fn =========== ut] /f]h=========================== z'ed\ ===============
&& g+= .. .. lkm/fbkq k|ltpQ/kqdf sfutsf] k|d f0f n]Vbf cfgf ;fydf /x]sf] hlt
d;Fu /x]sf] 5 egL / cfkm";Fu geO{ c?;Fu /x]sf] jf ;f] d'2f k/]sf] avt cfkm" a;]sf 3/
afx]s c? cfgf 6f9f 3/df /x]s f] hltnfO{ h;;Fu jf hxf+ /x]sf] xf] ;f] xL Joxf]/ f ;f] xL
lkm/fbkq, k|ltpQ/kqdf n]vL cfg} ;fydf /x]sf] sfut ;Ssn hlt / To;sf] Ps k|lt
gSsn;d]t jfbLn] lkm/fbkqsf ;fydf / k|ltjfbLn] k|ltpQ/kqsf ;fydf bflvn ug'{k5{
;/sf/L cfdf /x]sf] jf ;/sf/L 5fk nfu]sf] afx]s bflvn ug{ g;s]sf] hlt c? sfut kl5
cfaf6 a'lemg ;St}g . 6f9fsf 3/df /x]sf] jf c?;Fu /x]sf] egL k|d f0f lbPsf xsdf c?;Fu}
/x]s]f cfkm" bflvn u5{ eg] ;f]xL Joxf]/fsf] / cfaf6 lemsfO{ kfpF eG5 eg] ;f]xL Joxf]/fsf] p;}
avt b/vf:t u/fO{ lnO{ jf cfaf6 sfut u/fO{ cfaf6 lemsfO{ kfpmF eg]sf]df ;f] sfut
/fVg] dflg;sf] gfpFd f c} af6 k"hL{ u/L lemsfO{ / cfkm}+ NofpF5' egL sfut ul/lbPsf]df /
6f9fsf 3/df /x]sf] hltnfO{ af6fsf] Dofb afx]s ;ft lbgleq Nofpg' egL tf/Lv tf]sL
Dofbleq NofP a'lemlbg' k5{ .
&* g+= .. .. o;} dxnsf] && gDa/ adf]lhd d's// ePsf tf/Lvdf jfbL k|ltjfbLn]
bflvn u/]hlt ;Ssn sfutx? ;f]xL ldltdf / emul8of;Fu ;fy}df guO{ cfaf6 tf]lsPsf
tf/Lvdf bflvn ePsf] sfuthlt bflvn x'g f;fy ;f] jfbLsf k|d f0fsf] sfut k|ltjfbLnfO{ /
k|ltjfbLsf] k|d f0fsf] sfut jfbLnfO{ ;Ssn} b]vfO{ ;'gfO{ ;2] eG5 eg] ;f] xL Joxf]/ fsf] / sLt]{
eG5 eg] sLt]{ xf] eGg] emul8ofsf] jf jfl/; /x]sf]df jfl/;sf] p;} avt aofg lng'k5{ . p;}
42

avt ;2] sLt]{ 5'6\ofO{ aofg lbg g;Sbf Dofb glbO{ gx'g] xflsdsf thaLhn] 7xofPsf]df
tLg lbg;Ddsf] Dofb lbg klg x'G5 . emul8of afx]s p;sf] afa' afh] ;d]t c?sf] ;lx5fk
ePsf] sfut k]z ePsf]df lgh emul8ofx?n] p;} avt ;2] sLt]{ 5'6\o fO{ aofg lbg g;sL
Dofb kfpFm eg]d f eg] ;ft lbgsf] Dofb lbg'k5{ . Dofb lb+bf ;f] Dofb kfpg]sf] ;f] sfut b]v]
;'g]+ eGg] sfut u/fpg' k5{ . ;f] Dofbleq ;2] jf sLt]{ h] eG5 aofg u/fO{ lng'k5{ . sLt]{ xf]
eGg]n ] aofg u/]sf lbg lghsf emul8ofx? xflh/ /x]sf] eP xflh/ /x]s f hltsf] p;} lbg /
d'gfl;a sf/0fn] ;f] lbg xflh/ g/x]s f] hltnfO{ P]g adf]lhd xflh/ ePs} lbg aofg u/fO{
lng'k5{ . jfl/; /x]sf]d f emul8of lemsfpg kg]{ sf/0f k/]df emul8of lemsfO{ emul8ofsf]
aofg u/fpg klg x'G5 . ;f] sLt]{ d'2fsf] ;a"b k|d f0f bflvn ug{nfO{ d'2 f / cj:yf x]/L
xflsdsf thaLhn] ;ft lbgb]lv k}+t L; lbg;Ddsf] Dofb bL bflvn u/]hlt ;a"bsf] ;f]xL lbg
cs0f{ u/fO{ lng'k5{ . ;f] Dofbleq gNofp nfUg ;Sb}g .
&( g+= ..

.. lkm/fbkq, k|ltpQ/kqdf k|d f0f n]lvPsf sfutkqx? bflvn u/]kl5

gSsn ;f/L jf ;/fO{ ;Ssn adf]lhd gSsn b'?:t 5 eGg] To;} sfutdf bflvn ug]{
emul8ofsf] / cfsf sDtLdf d'lvof larf/L bhf{;Ddsfn] ;Ssn;Fu gSsn ?h" u/L b'?:t 5
eGg] ;lx5fk u/L xfldssf] / cfsf] 5fk nufO{ ldl;n;fy /fVg'k5{ . ;f] avt ;Ssn}
sfutx? lng' kb}{g . ;f] ;Ssn sfutx?df qmd};Fu gDa/ r9fO{ kL7df cfsf] 5fk nufO{
lkmtf{ lbg' k5{ . kl5 ;Ssn x]g'{k/]df emul8ofaf6 lnO{ x]/L lkmtf{ lbg' k5{ . sLt]{ egL gflnz
ph"/ k/]df h'g sfutnfO{ sLt]{ eg]sf] 5 ;f]xL ;Ssn} lnO{ lxkmfht;Fu ldl;nf ;fy ;fvL
t'?Gt emul8ofnfO{ e/kfO{ lbg' k5{ . To:tf] ;Ssn sfut ln+bf nfndf]x/ jf cfvfgfaf6
ul/lbPsf] sfut afx]s c? ;Ssn sfutsf kL7df bflvn ug]{sf] d}n ] bflvn u/]sf] x'Fbf eGg]

43

n]vL n]vfO{ lghsf] / sLt]{ xf] egL aofg ug]{sf] aofg ubf{ ;f] sfut b]vfPsf avt b'a}
cf}+7fsf] NofKr] / n]Vg hfGg] eP x:tfIf/ ;d]t u/fO{ ldl;n ;fd]n /fVg'k5{ .
*) g+= ..

.. cfdf kl//x]sf] b]jfgL d'2fdf k|ltjfbLsf n]vaf6 p7]sf] P]gn] kmf}Hbf/L

sfod x'g] d'2f ;f] b]jfgL d'2f x] g]{ cfn] g} To;} ldl;af6 7f8f] aofg lnO{ o;} dxnsf &*
gDa/ ;d]tsf] sfg"g adf]lhd sf/jfO{ lsgf/f ug'{k5{ .
*! g+= ..

.. jf/]06 hf/L x'g] d'2 f afx]s c? d'2fdf lkm/fbkq lbg]n] Psf3/;Fu a;]sf

hxfg afx]s c? kf+ r hgf;Ddsf gfpFdf lb+bf hlt hgfsf gfpFdf lbg' k/]sf] 5 Tolt k|lt,
kfFr hgfb]lv a9Lsf] gfpFd f lb+bf hlt;'s}hgf eP klg kfFr} k|lt / Psf3/;Fu a;]sf hxfgsf
gfpFd f lb+bf hlt hgf eP klg ;f] hxfg hltnfO{ Ps k|lt lkm/fbkqsf] gSsn l6s6jfnf
lnkmfdf n]vL ;Ssn lkm/fbkqs} ;fydf jfbLn] ;Ssn adf]lhd gSsn b'?:t 5 eGg]n]vL
;lx5fk ;d]t u/L cfn] klg ;f] gSsnnfO{ ;Ssn;Fu ?h' u/L lng'k5{ .
*@ g+= .. .. >L % sf] ;/sf/jfbL x'g] d'2f / 3"; vfg] dfUg] ;/sf/L sd{rf/L s}
x:tfIf/sf] lnvtsf] ;a"b lbO{ gflnz u/]sf] 3"; d'2fdf hf];'s}n] gflnz u/] klg x'G5 . ;f]
afx]s c? u}x| d'2fdf h;sf] h' g s'/ fdf xs k'U5 p;n] ;f] s'/fdf bfjL u/L gflnz lbP dfq
nfU5 .
*# g+= ..

krxQ/ jif{ gf3]sf / ;f] x| jif{ gk'u ]sf gfafns jf pd]/ k'u]sf] ePklg

s'g} lsl;dsf] /f]un] xf]; 7]ufgfdf gePsf] jf af}nfPsf jf b'j} cf+vf gb]V g] cGwf cGwL jf
jSs nf6f nf6L dflg;x?sf] xs k'Ug] h'g;'s} s'/fdf klg gflnz ph"/ ug']kg]{ ePdf tL
dflg;sf] Psf3/;Fu a;]sf ;f]x| jif{ gf3]sf xsbf/ sf]xL /x] g5g\ eg] ltgsf] ;+/Ifs jf
xsjfnfn] ;f] sf/0f;d]t b]vfO{ xbDofbleq gfln; ug{ kfpF5 g\ . To:tf] gflnz kg{ cfPdf

44

sf/0f k/]sf] xf] xf] Og klxn] To;sf] ;a"b a'emL xf] /x]5 eg] jfl/; cVTof/gfdf geP klg ;f]
;+/Ifs jf xsjfnfsf] gflnzaf6 d'2f x]g{ x'G5 .
*$ g+= .. .. b'O{ y/Ln] s'6lk6 xft xfnfxfn ufnL uf]tf u/L emu8f u/]df b'j} y/Ln]
jfbL lbP eg] lnO{ sfg"g adf]lhd sf/jfO{ ls/fgf ug'{k5{ .
*% g+= ..

.. cfdf d'2f k/L km};nf ePkl5 ;f] km};nf pk/ P]g adf]lhdsf] ckLn

geO{ ;f] xL d'2 fdf p;} emul8ofsf gfpFsf] lkm/fbkq lnO{ ;'Gg' x'+b} g. lnPsf] ePklg vfl/h
ul/lbg'k5{ .
*^ g+= ..

.. km};nf l8;ld; ldnfkq vf/]h ePsf d'2fdf ;f] km};nf l8;ld; ldnfkq

vfl/h ePsfn] csf{sf] xs;d]t hfg] ePsf] /x]5 eg] h;sf] xs hfg]5 To;n] yfxf kfPsf
k}+tL; lbgleq o;df xfd| f] klg xs nfU5 o;n] dfq xf/L jf l8;ld; vf/]h ldnfkq u/fPsf]n]
xfd|f] xs hfg] xf] Og egL cfgf] xs hltdf emul8ofsf gfpFd f gflnz lbP OG;fkm
ul/lbg'k5{ .
*& g+= .. .. lkm/fbkq lbg NofPdf P] g adf]lhds]f 9f+rf gldn]sf]d f olt /Lt k'ofO{
Nofpg' egL hlt s'f/sf] /Lt k'ofO{ Nofpg'k g]{ xf] ;f] ;a} Joxf]/f Ps} k6s kL7df n]vL
ldlt;d]t xfnL cfsf] 5fk nufO{ e/kfO{ u/fO{ lkmtf{ lbg'k5{ . /Lt k'u ]sf]df cQf] yfkL lkmtf{
lbg' xFb}g .
** g+= ..

.. >L % sf] ;/sf/ jfbL x'g] kmf}Hbf/L d'2fdf lkm/fbkq, k|ltpQ/kq jf

aofg ;f] d'2f x]g]{ cfdf Ps k6s lbO;s]kl5 c? klg cleo'Qm x'g\ jf 5g\ egL p;}
dflg;n] kl5 ykL n]lvlbPsf] ;b/ x'+b}g. k'ln; l/kf]6{sf] xsdf eg] of] aGb]h /xg] 5}g .

45

*( g+ = .. .. Ps} d'2fdf Ps hgfn] Ps cfdf jfbL / csf]{ rflxn] p;} d'2fdf csf]{
7fpFd f jfbL lbP jf jf Ps} hgfn] Ps} d'2fdf b'j} cfdf jfbL lbP5 eg] cl3 hxfF h;sf] jfbL
k/]sf] 5 ;f] ;b/ x'G5 . kl5sf] jfltn u/L d'2f l5Gg'k5{ .
() g+= .. .. >L % sf] ;/sf/ jfbL x'g] d'2 fsf] s;}sf] lgj]bgkq jf b/vf:t x'nfsf/f
d'2f x] g]{ cfdf cfof] eg] ;f] lgj]bgkq jf b/vf:t lbg] dflg;nfO{ t'?Gt af6fsf Dofb afx]s
;ft lbgsf] Dofb 6f+;L lemsfO{ a'em\b f lghn] ;f] k7fPsf] d}n] xf] ;flat ug{ ;S5' eGof] eg]
;f]xL Joxf]/ fsf] k|d f0f v'nfpg' kg]{ eP v'nfO{ aofg lbO{ sfg"g adf]lhd /Lt k'ofO{ dfq jft
nflu dfUg]nfO{ kqmg / sf/jfO{ ug{ x'G5 . ;f] dflg;n] d}n] k7fPsf] xf] Og eGof] jf a]g fdL
/x]5 jf 6f+l;Psf] Dofb leq sf/jfO{ u/fpg cfPg eg] To:tf sfutn] d'2f x]l/g jf dflg;
kqmfp / sf/jfO{ x'g ;St}g .
(! g+= ..

.. >L % sf] ;/sf/jfbL gx'g] P]gn] 7f8f] a' g' kg]{ s'/fsf] lgj]bg kqdf 7f8f]

a' g] cfb]z e} cfPdf ;f] bflvn ePsf tLg lbgleq lgj]bg k7fpg]sf gfpFdf cfb]zsf]
Joxf]/f pNn]v u/L ;ft lbg] Dofb k7fpg' k5{ . ;f] Dofbleq xflh/ x' g cfP cfb]z adf]lhd
ug'{k5{ . Dofbleq xflh/ x'g cfPg jf xflh/ e} d}n] lgj]bgkq k7fPs} xf]Og eg]d f ;f] cfb]z
adf]lhd ug'{kb}{g .
(@ g+= ..

.. >L % sf] ;/sf/ jfbL x' g] d'2f afx]s c? d'2 fdf s;}n] s;}sf gfpFdf

cfdf gflnz ph"/ lbPsf]df k|ltjfbL lbg] Dofb;Dd k|ltjfbL gkb}{ of] s'/f] d ;fljt ug{
;lStg egL sfut n]lvlbof] eof] lghnfO{ aL; ?k} ofF; Dd hl/jfgf u/L ;f] gflnz vf/]h
ul/lbg'k5{ .
(# g+= ..

.. P]gn] lemsfpg'k g]{ emul8of / k|df0fsf] dflg;x?nfO{ jf/]06, ;dg,

Otnfogfdf / Dofb k'hL{ hf/L u/L lemsfpg' kbf{ cGoyf n]lvPsf]df afx]s d' gfl;a dflkmssf]
46

sf/0fn] afx]s k|ltpQ/jfnfnfO{ gflnz k/L klxn] lemsfpg' kg]{d f d'2f bfo/ ePsf ldltn], c?
tf/Lvdf gx/]sf emul8ofnfO{ kl5 lemsfpg'k/]d f lemsfpg] krf{ v8f ePsf ldltn] / ;fIfL
k|df0fsf] dflg; lemsfpg'kg]{d f tnafgf bflvn ePsf jf lemsfpg'k g]{ olsg ePsf ldltn]
cfg} cfaf6 tfd]n ug'{ kg]{d f bzlbg leq hf/L u/L tfd]n ;d]t u/L / c? cfaf6 tfd]n
u/fpg' kg]{df tLg lbgleq k7fO;Sg'k5{ .
($ g+= .. .. /fhu2L jf /fhkl/jf/sf] ufy ;DaGwL d'2f, d[To'b08 jf s}bsf] ;hfo x'g ]
/fhsfh ;DaGwL d'2f, Hofgdf/f, Hofg dfgf{s f] pBf]u, 8f+sf, uf]jw, vf]6f 6s df/]sf] /
;/sf/L ;klQ /x]sf] 3/df cfuf] nufPsf] d'2fdf cleo'Q mnfO{ lu/tf/ ug{ ;s];Ddsf] x'lnof
;d]t v'nfO{ cleo'Qm /x] a;]sf] Onfsfsf] k'ln; clkm; jf k'ln; sd{rf/Lsf gfpFd f o;}
dxnsf] (* gDa/sf] gd" gf adf]lhdsf] jf/]06 d'2f x] g]{ cfn] n]vL k7fpg' k5{ / ;f] k7fpFbf
;ft lbg;Ddsf lu/tf/ x'g g;s] ;f] Dofb gfWgf;fy hf/L ug'}kg]{ o;} dxnsf (( gDa/sf]
gd"gf adf]lhdsf] ;Q/L lbg] Dofb;d]t n]vL tfd]n ug{ ;fy} k7fpg' k5{ . ;f] afx]s kmf}Hbf/L
d'2fdf ;dg / b]jfgL d'2fdf Otnfogfdf af6fsf] Dofb afx]s kGw| lbgsf] Dofb lbO{ hf/L
ug'{k5{ / ;f] ;dg jf Otnfogfdf o;} dxnsf] !)$ gDa/sf] gd" gf adf]lhdsf] x'g'k5{ .
jf/]06 adf]lhd k'ln; clkm; jf k'ln; sd{rf/Ln] cleo'QmnfO{ ;ft lbg;Dddf klg lu/tf/
ug{ g;sL ;Q/L lbg] DofbL k'hL{ f+;]sf]d f ;f] DofbL k'hL{ adf]lhd klg cleo'Qm xflh/ geP
lghsf] c+z /f]Ssf u/L ;s];Dd x'lnof ;d]t v'nfO{ o;} dxnsf] !))

gDa/sf] gd"gf

adf]lhds]f kqmfp k'hL{ hf/L ug'{k5{ .

(% g+= .. .. af6fsf] Dofbsf] lx;fa ubf{ lbgsf] rf/ sf]zsf] b/n] ug'{k5{ / rf/
sf]zb]lv 36L sf]znfO{ Ps lbgsf] Dofb sfod ug'{k5{ .

47

(^ g+= ..

.. DofbL k'hL{sf Dofb;Dddf klg xflh/ gx'Fbf P] g adf]lhd c+z /f]Ssf

ePsf]df ;f] dflg; c+z /f]Ssf ePsf] 5 jif{;Dddf xflh/ eof] eg] d'2f km};nf x'Fbf ;f]
dflg;nfO{ ;hfo x'g] 7x/] hf] lng'k g]{ lnO{ af+sL /x]sf]d f af+sL / s]xL gnfUg]d f ;a} km's'jf
u/L lbg'k5{ ;f] km's'jf ubf{ rn ;DklQ lnnfd laqmL e}; s]sf]df lnnfd laqmL e} cfDbfgL
af+lwP hlt ?k}ofF / lnnfd e} g;s]sf]d f /f]Ssf ePsf] ;a} lkmtf{ lbg'k5{ .
(& g+= ..

.. o;} dxnsf] ($ gDa/ adf]lhd ;Q/L lbg] Dofb 6f+l;Psf] dflg;sf

xsdf afx]s c? d'2fdf ;dg Otnfogfdf Dofb hf/L ePsf emul8ofx? cfgf 3/df geO{ ;f]
;dg Otnfogfdf Dofb hf/L x' g'eGbf cufa} ljb]z uPsfdf ;f] s'/fsf] ph"/ hf/L ePsf] ;dg
Otnfogfdf Dofbsf] cjlwleq d'2 f k/]sf cfdf k/]d f a'emL 7xof] eg] km]l/ ;Q/L lbg] Dofb
lbO{ ;dg Otnfogfdfsf] Dofb ;f] eGg cfpg]sf xftdf lbg' jf 6f+; L lbg'k5{ .
(* g+= .. .. jf/06sf] gd"gf .
kmnfgf k'ln; clkm; jf k'ln; sd{rf/Ls} k'hL{ pk|fGt kmnfgf 7fpF a:g] kmnfgfnfO{ kmnfgf
s;"/df lu/tf/ ug'{k/]sf] x'gfn] kqmL af6fdf efUg pDsg gkfpg] u/L o; cfdf k7fO lbg' .
af6fsf] Dofb afx]s ;ft lbg ;Dddf klg kQf nfu]g jf klqmPg eg] cf7f}+ lbgsf lbg o;};fy
k7fPsf] DofbL k'hL{ hf/L ug'{ .
Olt;Dat\ @) =============================== ;fn ============ ut] /f]h ========================== z'ed\

(( g+= ..

.. jf/06 hf/L x'Fbf km]nf gk/]sf cleo'Qmsf gfpFsf] Dofb k'hL{sf] gd" gf .

kmnfgf cfaf6 hf/L ePsf] kmnfgf ufpF a:g]

kmnfgfsf] gfpFsf] DofbL k'hL{

48

pk|fGt kmnfgf 7fpF a:g] kmnfgfn] ltdLn] kmnfgf] s;"/ u/]sf] 5 egL gflnz lbPsf] jf kmnfgf
s;"/df jft nfu]sf]df ltdLnfO{ lu/tf/ ug{ jf/06 hf/L ul/Psf]df km]nf gk/]sf] x' gfn] of]
DofbL k'hL{ 6f+l;Psf] 5 . af6fsf Dofb afx]s ;Q/L lbgleq o; cfdf ;fd]n x' g cfof}+ eg]
ltd|f] ph"/;d]t a'emL P] g adf]lhd sf/jfO{ x'g]5 gcfO{ ;f] Dofb u'hfof}+ eg] ltd|f] c+z /f]Ssf
x'g]5 / 5 jif{;Dddf klg km]nf k/] gf}+ jf xflh/ x'g cfPgf}+ eg] /f]S sf ePsf] c+z;d]tsf xsdf
P]g adf]lhd x' g]5 kl5 ph"/ ug{ kfpg] 5}gf}+ .
!)) g++= ..

.. kqmfp k"hL{sf] gd"gf .

kmnfgf k'ln; clkm; jf k'ln; sd{rf/L s] k'hL{ pk|fGt kmnfgf7fpF a:g] kmnfgfnfO{ kmnfgf
s;"/df DofbL k'hL{ hf/L ubf{ klg xflh/ gePsf] x'g fn] lu/tf/ ug'{kbf{ n]vL k7fPsf] 5 .
To;sf] vf]h tnf; u/L af6fdf efUg pDsg gkfpg] u/L o; cfdf k7fO lbg' .
Olt ;Dat\ @) =============================== ;fn ============ ut] /f]h ========================== z'ed\
!)! g+= .. .. ;dg Otnfogfdf hf/L ubf{ hgxL gd" gf adf]lhdsf] l6s6jfnf Ps k|lt
/ a]l6s6jfnf Ps k|lt ;d]t hDdf b'O{ k|lt n]vL xflsdsf] 5fk jf b:tvt u/L cfsf] 5fk
nufO{ tfd]n ug{ nufpg' k5{ . jf/06 hf/L x'g] / 7f8f] a'lPsf] afx]s c? lkm/fbkq k/]sf
d'2fdf k|ltjfbLsf gfpFd f ;f] ;dg Otnfogfdf hf/L ubf{ eg] jfbLn] bflvn u/]sf] lkm/fbkqsf]
gSsndf xflsdsf] 5fk jf b:tvt u/L / cfsf] 5fk nufO{ Psf3/sf] hxfg hltnfO{ Ps
k|lt dfq / ;f] afx]s c? kfF r hgf;Dd k|ltjfbL eP k|ltjfbL lkR5] hgxL / kfF r hgfb]lv
a9L k|ltjfbL eP xflsdsf thjLhn] h; h;nfO{ k7fpFbf ;f] d'2fsf] k|ltjfbL ;a}n] ;f] gSsn
x]g{ a' g kfpg] x'G5g\ tL d'Vo d'Vo k|ltjfbLnfO{ Ps Ps k|lt lbgfnfO{ ;f] ;dg
Otnfogfdfsf ;fydf k7fO{ tfd]n ug{ nfpg' k5{ .

49

!)@ g+= ..

.. jf/06 hf/L x' g] / 7f8f] a'lemPsf] afx]s c? d'2fsf] k|ltjfbLsf] gfpFs f]

;dg Otnfogfdfsf] gd" gf .

kmnfgf cfaf6 hf/L ePsf] kmnfgf
gfpF a:g] k|ltjfbL kmnfgfsf gfpFsf] ;dg jf Otnfogfdf ====================================
pk|fGt kmnfgf 7fpF a:g] kmnfgfn] ltd|f] gfpFd f kmnfgf ldltdf kmnfgf d'2fdf o;
cfdf lkm/fbkq lbPsf] x'gfn] ;f] lkm/fbkqsf] gSsn ;d]t o;};fy k7fO{ lbPsf] 5 . t;y{
lbgsf] rf/ sf]zsf lx;fan] af6fsf] Dofb afx]s kGw| lbgleq k|ltpQ/kq / cfgf ;fy /x]sf]
lnvtsf] k|d f0fsf] ;Ssn gSsn hf] 5 ;f] / ;f] adf]lhds]f Ps k|lt gSsn;d]t lnO{ cf
v'Ng] 6foddf o; cfdf xflh/ x' g cfkm}+ cfpg' jf cVTof/gfdf ;d]t n]vL jfl/; k7fpg' P]g
adf]lhd k'k{If x' g]5 . cfgf ;fy}df /x]sf lnvtsf] k|d f0fsf] ;Ssn gSsn k|ltpQ/kqsf]
;fydf bflvn ug{ g;s] P] g adf]lhd x' g]5 . ;f] Dofbleq k|ltpQ/kq lnO{ cfkm" klg cfPgf}+
jfl/; klg k7fPgf}+ eg] P]g adf]lhd PstkmL{{ a'e mL d'2 f km};nf x'g]5 kl5 ltd|f] ph"/ nfUg]
5}g .
Olt ;Dat\ @) =============================== ;fn ============ ut] /f]h ========================== z'ed\
!)# g+= ..

.. lkm/fbkqsf] gSsn ;dg jf Otnfogfdfsf ;fy}df guO{ c? k|ltjfbLsf

gfpFd f dfq uPsf]d f h;sf gfpFd f gSsn uPsf] 5 ;f] dflg;sf] gfpF n]vL kmnfgfnfO{
k7fOlbPsf] 5 eGg] v'n fO{ ;dg Otnfogfdf hf/L ug'{ k5{ .

!)$ g+= ..

.. 7f8f] a'lemPsf] d'2fdf k|ltjfbLsf] gfpFsf] ;dg Otnfogfdfsf] gd" gf .

kmnfgf cfaf6 hf/L ePsf] kmnfgf 7fpF a:g] k|ltjfbL kmnfgfsf
50

gfpFsf] ;dg jf Otnfogfdf ============================== ==================

pk|fGt kmnfgf 7fpF kmnfgfn] ltd|f] gfpFd f kmnfgf ldltdf kmnfgf d'2fdf o; cfdf
ph"/ aofg lbPsf] jf ltdL pk/ kmnfgf s;"/sf] cleof]u nufO{ kmnfgf ldltdf o; cfdf
k'ln; l/kf]6{ k/]sf]n] ;f] d'2 fdf sf/jfO{ x'g] ePsf] 5 . t;y{ af6fsf] Dofb afx]s kGw| lbgleq
cf v'Ng] 6foddf o; cfdf xflh/ x'g cfkm} cfpg' jf cVTof/gfdf ;d]t n]vL jfl/;
k7fpg' P] g adf]lhd k'k{If x' g]5 . cfkm" klg cfPgf}+ jfl/; klg k7fPgf}+ eg] P]g adf]lhd
PstkmL{ a'emL d'2f km};nf x'g]5 . kl5 ltd|f] ph"/ nfUg] 5}g .
Olt ;Dat\ @) =============================== ;fn ============ ut] /f]h ========================== z'ed\
!)% g+= .. .. ;dg Otnfogfdf hf/L ubf{ P]gn] jfl/; clVtof/ lng gx'g] d'2fdf jfl/;
k7fpg' eGg] jf]nL n]V g x'+b}g.
!)^ g+= .. .. ;fIfLsf] gfpFsf] ;dgsf] gd"g f .
kmnfgf cfaf6 hf/L ePsf] ;/hdLgsf dflg; jf jfbL jf
k|ltjfbLsf] ;fIfL kmnfgf 7fpF a:g] kmnfgfsf gfpFsf] ;dg
pk|fGt jfbL kmnfgf k|ltjfbL kmnfgfsf] kmnfgf d'2 fdf ltdL;Fu ;f]Wg' k/]sf] x'g fn]
kmnfgf ldltdf o; a]n f o; cfdf cfpg' . cfPgf} eg] P]g adf]lhd ;hfo x'g]5 .
Olt ;Dat\ @) =============================;fn ===============================ut] /f]h ====z'ed\ .
!)& g+= .. .. cfdf lbg] lkm/fbkq, k|ltpQ/kq, ckLn kq OToflbdf afa' jf kltsf] gfd
vf]nL n]V g' k5{ . cfaf6 hf/L x' g] ;dg Otnfogfdf, Dofb OToflbdf klg h;sf gfpFd f hf/L
x'g] xf] ;f] JolQmsf] oyf;+ej afa' jf kltsf] gfd vf]nL hf/L ug'{ k5{ .

51

!)* g+= .. .. ;dg Otnfogfdf hf/L ubf{ Ps d'2fsf] Ps y/sf] hlthgf k|ltjfbL eP
klg k|ltjfbL hlt hgf 5g\ kmL dflg;sf] kRrL; k};fsf b/sf] l6s6jfnf kmf/fd Ps Ps k|lt
hf/L u/fpg]af6 lnO{ hf/L ug'{ k5{ .
!)( g+= ..

.. ;fIfLnfO{ k7fpg] ;dgsf] tnafgf b:t'/ ltg{ g;Sg] u/La emul8of

/x]5 eg] jf >L % sf] ;/sf/ jfbL x'g] d'2 f eP xflsdsf] thaLhn] tnafnf b:t'"/ glnO{
;dg hf/L ug{ x'G5 .
!!) g+= ..

;dg Otnfogfdf Dofb ;"rgf tfd]n ug{ k7fpFbf tfd]n ubf{ b]xfo

adf]lhdsf] /Lt k'ofO{ ;tfd]n ug{ k7fpg] / tfd]n ug]{ ug'{k5{

;dg Otnfogfdf Dofb ;"rgf tfd]n ug{ vl6Psf ;/sf/L sd{rf/LnfO{ tfd]n ug'{kg]{ ;dg
Otnfogfdf Dofb ;"rgf lhDdf lbO{ e/kfO{ u/fO{ lnO{ h;sf] gfpFd f hf/L x' g] ePsf] xf] To;sf]
7]ufgf n]lvPsf] 7fpF df u} a'emL 3/ 8]/f kQf nufO{ dflg; lrgL To; 7fpFd f k~rfot /x]sf]
eP sDtLdf Ps hgf ;b:o / k~rfot g/x]sf] 7fpFdf eP lhldbf/ tfn'sbf/ ePsf gfpFdf
lhgldbf/ tfn'sbf/df hf] 5 lthx? g} / lghx? gePsf avt eP 7fpF df}hfsf] sfd ug]{
k6'jf/L, d'lvof, y/L, rf}sLbf/ ;d]t sfdbf/ hf] 5 ltgLx?df Pshgf / c? enfb\dL
l5d]sLdf sDtLdf b'O hgf ;d]t /fvL a]l6s6jfnf ;dg Otnfogfdf Dofb ;"rgf lbP tfd]n
u/]sf] lbg ldlt n]vL ;f] ;dg Otnfogfdf Dofb ;"rgfdf n]lvPsf gfpFjfnf dflg; e]6 eP
lgh}nfO{ / lgh e]6 geP To;sf pd]/ k'u]sf Psf3/sf hxfgdf e/;v nf]Ug] dflg; eP
nf]Ug] dflg;nfO{ / geP :jf:gL dflg;nfO{ lbO{ / lghx? klg e]6ePg jf ePklg a'emL lnPg
eg] To;sf] 3/ 8]/fsf 9f]sfdf ;a}n] b]Vg] u/L 6fF;L cfdf bflvn ug]{ l6s6jfnf ;dg
Otnfogfdf Dofb ;"rgfsf] kL7df ;f] lbP 6f+l;Psf] lbgsf] ldlt;d]t n]vL ;f] lbP 6f+l;Psf
avtdf ePdf dfly n]lvPsf dflg;x? ;d]tsf] kmnfgf lbg xfdLx?sf] /f]xj/df gfpFjfnf jf
52

ltgsf] Psf3/sf] hxfg kmnfgfn] a'lemlnPsf] jf lghx?n] a'lemgln+bf jf km]nf gkbf{ lghsf]
3/8]/fsf 9f]sfdf tfd]n ug{ vl6O{ cfPsf kmnfgfn] 6f+l;lbPsf] xf] egL n]vL k|i6 a'lemg] u/L
P]g adf]lhd ;lx5fk u/L u/fO{ ;f] tfd]n ug]{ sd{rf/Ln] ;d]t ;lx5fk u/L bflvn ug{ Nofpg'
k5{ ==================================================================!
;dg Otnfogfdf Dofb ;"rgf tfd]n ug'{kg]{ 7fpFsf dfly ! bkmfdf n]lvPsf k~r, lhldbf/,
tfn'sbf/, rf}sLbf/, enfb\dL OToflbn] klg ;f]xL bkmfdf n]lvPsf] /Lt k' ofO{ ;fIfL a;L u/L
k7fO{lbg] ug'{k5{ ==================================================================================================== @
o; gDa/ adf]lhd s'g} sDkgL sf/kf]/]zg jf cGo ;Ful7t ;+:yf pk/ s'g} d'2 fsf ;DaGwdf
;dg Otnfogfdf Dofb ;"rgf tfd]n ug'{kbf{ ;f] ;+:yfsf] To; avt d'Vo eO{ sfd ug]{
d}g]lh 8fO/]S 6/ jf 8fO6]S6/ jf c? s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{ tfd]n ug'{ k5{ =======================#
dfly !.@.# bkmf adf]lhd tfd]n u/L NofPsf]] ;dg Otnfogfdf Dofb ;"rgf bflvn ePkl5
cfn] klg P]g adf]lhdsf] /Ltk"j{s tfd]n eO{ cfPsf] 5 5}g egL hfFr u/L P]gn] /Lt k'u]sf]
b]lvP

cfdf bflvn u/]sf] ldlt n]vL d}n] 3/ f/ dflg; km/s kf/L jf tfd]n geP

glbPsf]df tfd]n u/]+ ul/lbP+F egL / gePsf] dflg; ;fIfLdf ;lx5fk u/fO{ NofPsf] ;d]t 7x/]
P]g adf]lhd ;hfo a'emfpFn f elg cs}{ 5'} sfutdf n]vL tfd]n u/L Nofpg]sf] ;lx5fk u/fO{
;f] a'emfpg NofPsf] ;dg Otnfogfdf Dofb ;"rgf ldl;n ;fd]n /fVg] ug'{k5{ =============$
;f] adf]lhd u/L lnO{;s]kl5 cfn] hf+R bf P] gsf] /Lt gk' ofO{ tfd]n u/L NofPsf] b]lvof] jf
ph"/ k/L a'em\bf a]l x;fj u/]sf] 7xof] eg] km]l/ P]gsf] /Lt k'ofO{ tfd]n u/fpg' k5{ ===========%
!!! g+= ..

.. cfaf6 tfd]n ug{ k7fPsf] ;dg Otnfogfdf Dofb ;"rgf tfd]n ug{

nfUbf jf gS;f ;/hdLg OToflb ubf{ ;fIfL a:g'k g]{ k~rfotsf ;b:o, lhldbf/, tfn'sbf/,
rf}sLbf/, enfbdL OToflbn] ;fIfL a;L glbPdf jf ;fIfL a;L ;lx5fk gu/L lbPdf jf hf]
53

;'s}n] To:tf] ;dg Otnfogfdf Dofb ;"rgf tfd]n x'g jf gS;f ;/hdLg x'g gkfpg] u/L
afwf pkl:yt u/]d f jf tfd]n ePsf] ;dg Otnfogfdf Dofb ;"rgf s}lkmot u/L Roft]
pvf8]df jf hf];'s}n] ;dg Otnfogfdf Dofb ;"rgf jf gS;f ;/hdLgdf em'f ;lx5fk xfn]df
jf a]l/t;Fu tfd]n u/] u/fPdf To:tf] JolQmnfO{ jf dfly n]lvPsf] s'g} sfd ug{ nfpg]
emul8of jf c? d2tuf/x?nfO{ ;d]t Ps ;o ?k}of+;Dd hl/jfgf .
!!@ g+= ..

.. 3/ f/ kQf gePsf] dflg;nfO{ ;dg Otnfogfdf Dofb ;"rgf hf/L

ug'{kbf{ p;sf] 7fpF zx/ 6f]n n]lvPsf] eP ;f] xL ufpFd f / ufpF zx/ 6f]n klg kQf gnfu]sf]
eP cfsf glhs ;a}n] b]Vg] 7fpFdf 6f+l;lbg' k5{ .
!!# g+=

.. cfgf cfsf Onfsf afx]s c? Onfsfdf ;dg Otnfogfdf Dofb ;"rgf

tfd]n ug'{kbf{ cfgf cfsf] k'hL{;fy Onfsfsf cfdf k7fpg' k5{ . ;f] Onfsfsf cfn] klg
o;} dxnsf] !!) gDa/ adf]lhd /Lt k'ofO{ tfd]n u/fpg' k5{ .
!!$ g+= ..

.. >L % sf] ;/sf/ jfbL x'g] afx]ssf b]jfgL d'2fdf ;dg hf/L x'Fbf klg

tf/Lvdf xflh/ gx'g] ;fIfLnfO{ jfltn u/L aL; ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ .
!!% g+= ..

.. kmf}Hbf/L d'2fsf / >L % sf] ;/sf/ jfbL x' g] b]jfgL d'2fsf tf/Lvdf

;dg kfP/ klg gcfpg] ;fIfLnfO{ jfltn u/L krf; ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ . ga'emL gx'g ]
d'Vo k|df0fsf] /x]5 eg] kqmfp ug{ k7fO{ NofO{ asfO{ n]lvP adf]lhd hl/jfgf;d]t ug'{k5{ .
kqmg k7fpFb fklg km]nf k/] g eg] af6fsf] Dofb afx]s ;ft lbgsf] km]l/ ;dg hf/L u/L ;f]
tf/Lvdf cfof] eg] ;f]xL adf]lhd hl/jfgf u/L asfO{ 5fl8lbg' k5{ . ;f] ;dg hf/L x'Fbf klg
cfPg eg] kqmg k7fO{ NofO{ asfO{ kGw| lbgb]lv k}+tfnL; lbg;Dd yk s}b ug'{k5{ . Tolt ubf{
klg klqmPg eg] To:tfnfO{ n]lvP adf]lhd ;hfo ug]{ u/L a'lemPsf] k|d f0faf6 d'2 f km}; nf
ul/lbg'k5{ .
54

!!^ g+= .. .. jf/06 hf/L u/L kqmg'k g]{ dflg;nfO{ / xltof/ vhfgf ;DaGwL d'2fsf
cleo'QmnfO{ 3/leq k;L kqmg kbf{ h' g;'s} avtdf eP klg kqmg' kg]{ dflg; efUg gkfpg]
u/L af6f] /f]S sf u/L hgfp lbO{ 3/leq k;]/ kqmg x'G5 . n]lvP b]lv afx]s c? dflg;nfO{
kqmg'kbf{ 3/sf] rf]s cfFugdf;dd uO{ kqmg x' g5 . ;f] 7fpF; Dd hfFbf kqmfp x'g ;s]g eg]
hgfpg lbO{ ;"o]{fbob]lv ;"of]{:t;Ddf 3/leq k;]/ klg kqmfp ug{ x'G5 .
!!& g+= .. .. :jfgL dflg;nfO{ kqmg k7fpg' kbf{ :jf:gL dflg; l;kfxL ePsf cfn]
:jfgL dflg; l;kfxL / gePsf cfn] b'O hgf l;kfxL k7fO{ 8fsL Nofpg' k5{ . nf]Ug] dflg;n]
xft xfnL kqmg x'+b}g. gcfO{ cl8O{ eg] dfq gf8Ldf ;dfO{ Nofpg' k5{ .
!!* g+= .. .. b]xfosf d'2fsf dflg;nfO{ b]xfodf n]lvP adf]lhd u/L /fvL d'2f x]g'{ k5{
/fhu2L jf /fhkl/jf/sf] ufy ;DaGwL d'2fsf cleo'QmnfO{ y'gfdf /fvL d'2fsf] k' k{If ug'{ k5{
==================================================================================================================!
d[To' b08 jf s}bsf] ;hfo x' g] /fhsfh ;DaGwL d'2 fsf] cleo'Q m d'2 f x]g]{ cfdf ;fljt eof]
jf tTsfn k|fKt k|d f0faf6 lghn] s;"/ u/]sf] b]lvg cfof] eg] lghnfO{ y'gfdf /fvL d'2fsf]
k'k{I f ug'{ k5{ =============================================================@
Hofg ;DaGwL d'2 fdf b] xfodf n]lvPsf] cj:yfsf] cleo'Q mnfO{ y'gfdf /fvL d'2fsf] k'k{I f ug'{k5{
========================================================================================================#
st{Jojfnf x'F egL ;flat e} d'2f x] g]{ cfdf sfut n]vL lbg] jf hxf+;'s} eP klg clwsf/
k|fKt clwsf/Lsf] ;dIf To:tf] ;flatL sfut u/]sf]df ;f] sfut lghn] cfgf] /fhLv'zLaf6
u/]sf] xf] Og eGg] s'/ f d'2f x]g]{ cfnfo{ ljZjf; x' g] sf/0f geP;Dd To:tf]
cleo'QmnfO{================================================================!

55

km]nf k/]sf] bzL jf cGo k|df0faf6 st{Jojfnf xf] eGg ;lsg] kl/aGb k'u]s]f cleo'Q mnfO{
===============================================================================@
s'g} cleo'Q msf ;DaGwdf clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Lf/f nfz hf+r x'Fbf st{Jo b]lvg cfPsf]df
df}sf txsLsft x'Fbf a'lemPsf] ;/hdLgsf dflg; dWo] st{Jojfnf xf] Og eGg] eGbf st{Jojfnf
xf] egL tYo;fy ls6fgL n]vL lbg]sf] ;+V of a9L b]lvPdf To:tf] cleo'QmnfO{ ====================#
Hofg ;DaGwL d'2fdf st{Jojfnf xf] eGg] ls6fgL;fy kf]n ph"/ k/]sf]d f dfly # bkmfdf
b]lvPb]lv afx]s c? cj:yfsf cleo'Qm;Fu b'O{ xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd w/f}6L lnO{ d'2fsf] k'k{I f ug'{k5{
=====================================================================================$
Hofg ;DaGwL d'2fdf st{Jojfnf oxL xf] egL ls6fgL kf]n ph"/ gu/L z+sf;dd u/L jf
z+sf;Dd b]vfO{ kf]n ph"/ u/]sf]d f dfly # bkmfdf b]lvP afx]s c? cj:yfsf cleo'Q m;Fu b'O{
;o ?k}ofF;Dd w/f}6L lbO{ d'2fsf] k'k{If ug'{ k5{ =========================================%
klxn] eljtJo e} jf arfpsf lgldQ s]xL ubf{ Hofg d/]sf] eGg] e} d'2fsf] sf/jfO{
rln/x]sf]d f kl5 a'lemPsf] k|df0faf6 st{Jo b]lvg cfof] eg] cj:yfg';f/ dfly #.$.% bkmfdf
n]lvP adf]lhd d'2fsf] k'k{If ug'{k5{ =======================================================^
cfgf] jf c? s;}sf] Hofg dfg{ vf]Hg]af6 arfp ug{sf] lgldQ s]xL ubf{ jf sfg" gn] eljtJo
k/L d/]sf] 7xl/g ;Sg] s'g} s'/ f ubf{ eljtJo e} Hofg dg{ uPsf]d f af6fsf Dofb afx]s To:tf]
ePsf] rf} aL; 306fleq cfkm}+n] jf cfgf] dflg;f/f a8fxflsd, d]lhi6|6 jf k'ln; clwsf/Lsf
;dIf hfx]/ u/]sf] /x]5 eg] jf/bftsf] ?k x]/ L To;/L dfg]{ JolQm;Fu Ps ;o ?k}ofFb]lv rf/
;o ?k} ofF;Dd w/f} 6 lbO{ / cfkm}+ jf cfgf dflg;f/f To;/L hfx]/ u/]sf] /x]g5 eg]
jf/bftfsf] ?k jf cj:yf x]/ L b'O{ ;o ?k} ofFb]lv cf7 ;o ?k}o fF;Dd w/f}6 lnO{ tf/Lvdf /fvL
k'k{I f ug'{k5{ =======================================================&
56

s;}n] rf]/L jf 8fFsf ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf jf rf]/L jf 8f+sf u/L dfn ;fdfg lnO{ jf s;}sf]
Hofg df/L jf Hofg dfg]{;Ddsf] vt/f kf/L hfg jf efUg nfu]sf] cj:yfdf lghnfO{ kqmg
vf]Hbf cfkm}+ dfly jf c? s;} dfly cfO{ nflu Hofg hfg];Ddsf] vt/f kf/]sf] jf kfg{ nfu]sf]
b]lv xfltof/ grnfO{ gx'g] cj:yf kg{ uO{ xltof/ rnfpFbf ;f] JolQm dg{ uPsf]df jf ;/sf/L
wgdfn jf s'g} sfg"gdf ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] nflu ;+/ If0f ug'{kg]{ egL ls6fgL n]lvPsf] s'g }
cfjZos j:t' s;}n] hj/h:tL lnO{ hfg jf laufg{ jf gf:g nfu]sf]df To;sf] arfp ug{ jf
gf]S ;fg x' gaf6 /f]S g c? s'g} pkfon] sfd glbPaf6 t'?Gt s]xL ubf{ To;af6 jf s}bL jf
y'g'jf efUg jf eufpg nfu]sf]d f efUg glbO{ jf kqmfp ug{ cfjZos s'g} sfd ubf{ To;af6
s'g} JolQm dg{ uPsf]df af6fsf] Dofb afx]s To:tf] jf/bft ePsf] rf} aL; 306fleq cfkm}+n] jf
cfgf dflg;f/f d'2f x] g]{ cf jf k'ln; sd{rf/L jf lhNnf k|zf;gsf clwsf/Lsf ;dIf hfx]/
u/]sf] /x]5 eg] To:tf JolQmnfO{ tf/Lvdf /fvL / cfkm} jf cfgf dflg;f/f To;/L hfx]/
u/]sf] /x]5g eg] jf/bftsf]?k x]/L kfF r ;o ?k}ofF; Dd w/f}6 lnO{ tf/Lvdf /fvL d'2fsf] k'k{If
ug'{k5{ =========================================================== *
hfgL hfgL jf ha/h:tL u/L ue{ t'xfof] eg] d'2fsf] cleo'Q mnfO{ lgh ;f] s;"/df d'2 f x]g ]{
cfsf ;dIf ;flat eof] eg] y'gfdf /fvL / c? cj:yfdf cj:yfg';f/ kfFr ;o ?k} ofF;Dd
w/f}6 lnO{ jf glnO{ d'2fsf] k'k{If ug'{k5{ ======================================================== (
sfg"gn] ug{ gx' g] s' g} sfd s'/f hfgL hfgL u/]af6 s;}sf] Hofg hfg] z+sf ePsf]df To:tf]
JolQm dg{ afFR gsf] bf]; fFwdf /x]5 eg] To; ;DaGwL d'2fsf ;fatL jf jf/bftdf kqmfp ePsf
jf ;/hdLgsf clwsf+z dflg;n] ck/fw ug]{ egL n]vL lbPsf cleo'Q mnfO{ To;/L dg]{ afFRg]
bf];fFwdf /x]sf JolQm ToxL xfntdf /x];Dd y'gfdf /flvg] 5 . t/ PSsfO{; lbgeGbf a9L
y'gfdf /fVg'kg]{ cj:yf ePdf eg] dg{ jfFRgsf] bf]; fFwdf /x]sf] JolQm cem} p:t} xfntdf 5
57

egL ;/sf/L lrlsT;sn] k|dfl0ft u/]sf] x'g' k5{ / ;f] cjlw kl5 k|To]s ;ft lbgdf gg3fO{
To:tf lrlsT;saf6 hf+r u/fO{/xg'k5{========================================================================!)
Hofg dfof] eGg g;sL dflg; a] kQf kfof] eGg];Dd s'/fsf] ph"/ Ldf h' g lsl;daf6 dflg;
a]kQf kfof] eg]sf] xf] ;f] s'/f :ki6 n]vL NofPdf dfq ;f]xL s'/fsf] sfg" g adf]lhd k'k{If
;DaGwL ug'{k5{ ====================================================================================!!
s'g} k|sf/sf] rf]/L d'2fdf ;flat e} d'2f x] g]{ cfdf sfut n]vL lbg] jf hxfF;'s} ePklg
clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Lsf ;dIf To:tf] ;fljtL sfut u/]sf]df ;f] sfut lghn] cfgf]
/fhLv'zLaf6 u/]sf] xf] Og eGg] s'/f d'2f x] g]{ cfnfO{ ljZjf; x'g] sf/0f geP;Dd jf bzL;fy
kqmfp ePsf]d f ;f] bzL lgh;Fu /xg cfPsf] dgfl;a dflkmssf] sf/0f b]vfopg g;Sg]nfO{
jf tTsfn k|fKt k|df0faf6 lghn] s;"/ u/]sf] b]lvg cfof] eg] y'g fdf /fvL d'2fsf] k'k{I f ug'{k5{
====================================================================================================!@
s'g} k|sf/sf] rf]/L d'2 fdf kf]lnO{ ;dgsf] Dofbdf u}/ eO{ km/f/ ePsf] cleo'Q m kqmfp e}
cfPdf lghnfO{ cleof]u nfu]sf] s'/f 7x/] x' g] ;hfosf] ?k} ofF w/f} 6 lnO{ d'2fsf] k'k{If ug'{k5{
=====================================================================================================!#
b]xfodf n]lvPsf d'2 fdf s;"/ u/]sf] s'/ f d'2f x]g]{ cfdf cfO{ ;flat x'g] jf tTsfn k|fKt
k|df0faf6 s;"/bf/ xf] eGg] b]lvg cfpg] JolQmnfO{ y'gfdf /fvL d'2fsf] k' k{If ug'{k5{
================================================================================================!$
nfndf]x/ sLt]{ u/]sf] =========================================================================================!
uf]aw u/]sf] ======================================================================================================!
u}8 f df/]sf] jf dfg{ pBf]u u/]sf] ==========================================================================!
ha/h:tL s/0fL u/]sf] =======================================================================================!
58

rf}w jif{ gk'u]sL sGof rf]/L u/]sf] ========================================================================!

vf]6 f 6s df/]sf] ================================================================================================!
xf8gftf s/0fL u/] u/fPdf d'2f x]g]{ cfdf ;fljt ePsf]d f hl/jfgf lt/]/ dfq km';{t gkfpg]
cj:yfsf cleo'QmnfO{ y'gfdf /fvL d'2fsf] k'k{If ug'{k5{ . ;j{:j;d]t x'g] To:tf] vtdf ;flat
ePsf] /x]5 eg] p;sf] c+z ;d]t /f]Ssf u/L /fVg'k5{==========================================!%
b]xfodf n]lvPsf] d'2fdf s;"/ u/]sf] s'/fdf ;flat ePsf] jf tTsfn k|fKt k|d f0faf6 s;"/
u/]sf] b]lvg cfPsf] JolQm;Fu lghsf] s;"/ 7xl/P lghn] ltg'{k g]{ lauf] / s;"/ u/] jfkt x'g ]
;hfosf] x' g] ?k}ofF ;d]t w/f}6 lnO{ sf/jfO{ ug'{k5{ ===============================================!^
s'g} /fi6 ;]jsn] cfgf lhDdfsf] gubL lhG;L d;f}6 u/]sf] d'2f =============================!
laufg{ gf]S;fg kfg{ gx' g] >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] wgdfn To:tf] ug{ clwsf/ gePsf] s'g} JolQmn]
hfgL hfgL lagf sf/0f lauf/] gf]S ;fg kf/]sf] d'2f ==================================!
sfg"g adf]lhd ;+/If0f ug'{kg]{ ;fj{hlgs j:t' To:tf] ug{ clwsf/ gePsf] s'g} JolQmn] hfgL
hfgL ljgf sf/0f lauf/] gf]S;fg kf/]sf] d'2f ==========================================!
;/sf/L clkm;df /x]sf] sfutkq jf ;/sf/L clkm;sf] 5fk jf ;/sf/L sfddf ;/sf/L
sd{rf/Lsf] b:tvt sLt]{ u/]sf] d'2f ======================================================!
hfgL hfgL vf]6f rng u/]s]f d'2f ================================================!
lghfdtL ;]jf tkm{sf Uofh]6]8 jf ;f]eGbf dflysf ;/sf/L sd{rf/L / ;f]xL ;/xsf cGo
/fi6;]js pk/ lghn] ug{ gx' g] s'g} s;"/ u/]sf] cleof]udf d'2f rnfpg clwsf/ k|fKt
clwsf/Laf6 :jLs[lt lng'kg]{ /x]5 eg] To:tf] :jLs[lt k|fKt geP;Dd lghnfO{ o; P]g
adf]lhd y'gfdf /flvg] jf lghaf6 hdfgL jf w/f} 6 dflug] 5}g ====================!&

59

o; gDa/sf] dfly bkmfx?df n]lvPb]lv afx]s c? cj:yfdf km};nf gx'Fb} s;"/df ;fljt x'g]
cleo'Qm;Fu lghnfO{ sfg" g adf]lhd x'g ;Sg] hl/jfgf, s}b jf lauf] jfkt w/f}6 lnO{ d'2fsf]
k'k{I f ul/g]5 ======================================================================================!*
of] gDa/ adf]lhd w/f}6 bflvn u/] tf/Lvdf /xg kfpg] JolQmn] w/f}6 bflvn ug{ ;s]g eg]
To:tf JolQmnfO{ ;f] bflvn ug{ g;s];Dd y'gfdf /fVg' k5{ . ;f] bflvn ug'{kg]{ w/f}6 gubL
afkt wghdfgL lbPdf cfjZos Hoyf n]vfO{ hdfgL lng'k5{ ========================================!(
o; gDa/sf] dflysf bkmfx?df n]lvPb]lv afx]s c? cj:yfdf s;"/df OGsf/ ug]{ cleo'Q mnfO{
km};nf gx'+b} y'Gg jf lghaf6 w/f}6 jf hdfgt dfUg x'+b}g =====================================@)
s}b afkt hdfgt jf w/f}6 ln+bf dxLgf Pssf] k}+t fnL; ?k}ofFsf] b/n] lng'k5{===================@!
!!( g+= .. .. k'k{I f lgldQ y'g fdf /x]sf] JolQmnfO{ s'g} xfntdf klg To; d'2fdf p;n]
u/]sf] s;"/ 7xbf{ x'g] ;hfoeGbf a9L ;hfo x'g] u/L y'gfdf /fVg' x'+b}g.
!@) g+= ..

.. k'k{Ifsf] lgldQ y'gfdf /x]sf] JolQmnfO{ d'2 f km};nf x'Fbf nfUg] 7xl/Psf]

hl/jfgf jf s}bsf ;hfosf] c+sdf lgh y'lgPsf] lbg ldgfxf lbO{ af+sL dfq c;"n ul/g] jf
s}b ul/g] 5 .
!@! g+= ..

.. d'2fsf] ;DaGwdf h'g;'s} Joxf]/fn] y'gfdf /fVbf o:tf] cleof]u df o;

sfg"gsf] of] gDa/ bkmf cg';f/ y'gfdf /flvPsf] xf] egL ;f] y'gfdf /flvg] JolQmnfO{ sf/0f
vf]nL k'hL{ glbO{ y'gfdf /fVg x'+b}g .
!@@ g+= .. .. s'g} d'2fdf s'g} JolQm y'lgPsf]5, s'g} JolQm w/f}6 hdfgLdf jf tf/]vdf 5
jf km/f/ eO{ /fv]sf]5 / gy'lgPsf] JolQmsf] xsdf sfg"g cg';f/ c+u k'ofpg ;do nfUg] e}
Ps};fy sf/jfO{ ubf{ y'lgPsf xsdf lgh y'lgPsf] ldltn] sfg" gsf] Dofbleq lsgf/f nufpg

60

g;lsg] b]lvPdf cbfntn] y'lgPsf JolQmsf] ;DaGwdf dfq hf] a'g'kg]{ a'L lsgf/f nufpg
;Sg]5 . To;/L lsgf/f nufpg x'g]sf xsdf lsgf/f gnufO{ lagfsf/0f y'g fdf /fVg x'+b}g.
!@# g+= .. .. tfl/vdf jf w/f}6df jf hdfgLdf /x]sf] JolQm pk/ k/]sf] d'2f sf/jfO{ ub}{
nfFbf yk x'g cfPsf] k|df0faf6 y'gfdf /fVg'k g]{ x'g cfof] eg] To:tf JolQmnfO{ y'g fdf /fVg
;lsg]5 . ;f] y'gfdf /fv]kl5 To; cl3 /fv]sf] w/f}6 lkmtf{ ug'{ k5{ / hdfgLkq eP :jtM
vf/]h x'g]5 . y'g fdf /x]sf] dflg; pk/ k/]sf] d'2f sf/jfO{ ub}{ nf+bf cl3 h'g k|d f0fsf]
cfwf/df y'lgPsf] 5 Tof] k|d f0f ab/ eof] eg] jf em'6\ 7f 7xl/of] eg] jf c? s'g} k|d f0faf6 y'Gg
gkg]{ b]lvg cfof] eg] w/f}6 jf hdfgL lnO{ jf lng gkg]{df glnO{ tfl/vdf 5f8\g ;lsg]5 .
!@$ g+= .. .. w/f} 6 jf hdfgLdf /x]sf JolQmn] tf]lsPsf] tfl/v u'hfof] / Dofbleq
ydfO{ Nofpg ;s]g eg] w/f}6 hkmt x'g]5 / hdfgL /fv]sf] eP t'?Gt To;sf] hdfgL kqmL
nfUg] ?k} ofFc;"n u/L lng'k5{ . p;sf] sfa" aflx/sf] kl/l:ylt kg{ cfO{ tfl/v u'h|g uPsf] xf]
/ ydfgp g;s]sf] xf] eGg] dgfl;a dflkmssf] sf/0f b]vfO{ d'2 f x] g]{ cfnfO{ ljZjf; u/fOPdf
cfn] sf/0f vf]nL To:tf] w/f} 6L hkmt gug]{ cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5 . d'2f lsgf/f ug'{k g]{ Dofb
gf3]sf] 5 dxLgf kl5 tfl/v u'hf/]sf] /x]5 eg] To:tf JolQmsf] xsdf w/f}6 hkmt ug{ /
hdfgL kqmL c;"n ug{ x'+b}g.
!@% g+= .. .. w/f}6 jf hdfgLdf 5'6]sf] JolQmaf6 km};nf adf]lhd c;"n ug'{ kg]{ s]xL
eP c;"n u/L afFsL w/f}6 lkmtf{ x'g]5 / hdfgLkq :jtM vf/]h ePsf] dflgg]5 .
!@^ g+= .. .. s'g} JolQm pk/ s'g} kmf}H bf/L cleof]u nufO{ gfln; ug]{ jf To:tf]
cleof]u nufO{ sf/jfO{ rnfpg k|x/LnfO{ s'g} ck/fwsf] ;"rgf lbg] JolQmnfO{ To:tf] gfln;
u/]sf] jf ;"rgf lbPsf] sf/0fn] dfq txsLsft jf k' k{I fsf nflu w/f}6 jf hdfgL dflug] jf
y'gfdf /flvg] 5}g .
61

!@& g+= .. .. >L % sf] ;/sf/ jfbL e} rnfPsf] kmf}Hbf/L d'2fdf kqmfp e} cfPsf jf
cfkm} xflh/ x' g cfPsf k|ltjfbLnfO{ d'2f x]g]{ cfaf6 lgh pk/ nfu]sf] cleof]usf] ;a} sfuh
;'gfO{ dtna ;DfO{ ;f]wL s;"/df ;flat eP p;} avt 7f8} aofg lnO{ / OGsf/df /x]
xflsdsf] thlahn] 7f8} aofg u/fpg kg]{ eP 7f8} aofg lnO{ / cfkm" kf]lngfsf] sf/0f atfO{
;a"b k|df0f vf]n L k|ltjfbL lbg df}sf lbg x'g] eP k|ltjfbLnfO{ P]g adf]lhd u/L /fvL ;ft
lbg;Ddsf] Dofb lbO{ Dofbleq k|ltjfbL lbP k|ltjfbLaf6 / Dofbleq k|ltjfbL lbg g;s] Dofb
gf3]sf]df ef]lnkN6 c}af6 ;jfn u/L hjfkm lnO{ ;f] adf]lhd sf/jfO{ lsgf/f ug'{k5{ .
!@* g+= .. .. k|ltpQ/ lb+bf jfbLn] kqm] adf]lhd OG;fkm ug'{ kg]{ s'/fsf] rflxg] Joxf]/fsf]
hjfkm n]vL NofPsf] dfq o;} gDa/sf] gd" gf adf]lhdsf] k|ltpQ/kq lng x'G5 . a9\tf d'2fsf]
n]vL NofPsf] lng x'+b}g .
k|ltpQ/kq
cfu] kmnfgf lhNnf, df}hf, 7fpF a:g] jif{ oltsf kmnfgfn] d]/f] gfpFdf lbPsf] olt
gDa/sf lkm/fbkqsf] d'2 fdf d]/ f] ePsf] Joxf]/f of] xf] jf of] Joxf]/fn] lbg' ltg'{ kb}{g u/]sf]
xf] Og P]g adf]lhd OG;fkm xf];\ . of] Joxf]/f g7x/] P]g adf]lhd a' fpFnf . -hf] Joxf]/ f 5 ;f]
Joxf]/f k|s/0f 5'6\ofO{ n]Vg' n]vfO{ lng'k5{_
tk;Ln
o; s'/fsf] k|df0f ================================
;fIfL =================================================
b]vL hfGg]
kmnfgf lhNnf, df}hf, 7fpF a:g] cGbfhL jif{ oltsf] kmnfgf jf gfpF ghfg]sf] lrGx]sf]====
;'gL hfGg]
62

kmnfgf lhNnf, df}hf, 7fpF a:g] cGbfhL jif{ oltsf] kmnfgf jf gfpF ghfg]sf] lrGx]sf] ======

sfuh=======================================================================================================================
kmnfgf ldltsf] kmnfgf Joxf]/fsf] sfuh kmnfgf 7fpFd f 5 ===================

kmnfgf lhNnf, df}hf, 7fpFdf hGd eO{ xfn

kmnfgf lhNnf, df}hf, 7fpF a:g] kmnfgfsf]
5f]/ f, 5f]/L jf kTgL jif{ oltsf]
kmnfgfn] kmnfgf cfdf r9fP+
-lbg]sf] ;lx5fk ug'{ u/fpg' k5{_
Olt ;Dat\ @) ===============;fn========ut] /f]h =========z'ed\ ========================
!@( g+= .. .. ;dg Otnfogfdf Dofb tfd]n ePsf] ul8ofn] tf]lsPsf Dofbleq h' g
lbgdf k|ltpQ/kq jf aofg lbg cfP klg p;} lbg t'?Gt lng' k5{ .
!#) g+= .. .. Dofbleq k|ltpQ/kq lbg NofPsf]d f jtg;Dd km/s k/]sf] jf pd]/
gv'n]sf] eP cs}{ sfutdf v'n fO{ / cIf/ bf] xf]l/Psf] jf 9fFrf gldn]sf] b]lvP k|ltjfbLsf]
lsgf/fdf s}lkmot n]vL ul8ofsf] ;lx5fk u/fO{ ;f]xL s'/ f lz/df ;d]t n]vL xflsdn]
b:tvt ;d]t u/L /fVg'k5{ .
!#! g+= .. .. k|ltjfbL kgf{;fy jfbL k|ltjfbLsf] s'/f gldnL OG;fkm u/L 7x/fpg' kg]{
s'/f h] h] 5 k|i6 vf]nL krf{ v8f u/L P]gn] a'g' kg]{ k|d f0f;d]t P]gsf] /Lt k'ofO{ a' gk5{ .

63

!#@ g+= .. .. P]gn] lkm/fbkq k|ltpQ/kq lnO{ x]g'{ kg]{ d'2f afx]s c? 7f8} sf/jfO{ u/L
x]g'{ kg]{ d'2fdf d'2f x] g]{ cfaf6 jfbL k|ltjfbL;Fu hf] v'n fpg' kg]{ s'/ f ;f]wL hjfkm lnO{ k|d f0f
;d]t v'nfO{ aofg lnO{ sf/jfO{ lsgf/f ug'{k5{ .
!## g+= .. .. ul8of;Fu xflsdn] ;f]Wgk/]sf] dgfl;a dflkmssf] s'/f hlxn];'s} ;f]w L
sfuh u/fP klg x'G5 .
!#$ g+= .. .. :jf:gLdflg;nfO{ s]xL s'/fsf] cleof]u nfuL cfpFbf a]d gfl;a 7f
d:s/Lsf lx;fa;Fu ;f]w a' ug{ x'+b}g .
!#% g+= .. .. s/0fL d'2fsf] sfut u/fp+bf ljjflxtfsf] ;To 8ufpg] klxnfsf] sfutdf
bf];|f] k/L s/0fL u/]sf] x'F eGg] / To;b]lv kl5sf]d f t];|f] rf}y f] eGg] af]nL kf/L sfut
u/fpg'k5{ .
!#^ g+= .. .. ;/hdLg jf df}sf txsLsft ubf{ ;f] 7fpFd f km]nf k/];Ddsf cleo'Q msf]
sfuh u/fO{ lghnfO{ ;d]t /f]xj/df /fvL ug'{k5{ .
!#& g+= .. .. >L % sf] ;/sf/jfbL eO{ ;/hdLgdf uO{ t'?Gt a'g'k g]{ afx]s b]jfgL
d'2fdf k|ltjfbLx?sf] k|ltpQ/kq kl/g;sL jf k|ltpQ/kq gnfUg] cj:yf k'lug;sL / kmf}Hbf/L
d'2fdf aofg jf k|ltpQ/ lnO{g;sL jf ;f] gnfUg] cj:yf k'lug;sL k|d f0f a' g x'+b}g.
!#* g+= .. .. >L % sf] ;/sf/jfbL x'g] afx]s c? d'2fdf tf]lsPsf Dofb tf/]vdf
k|ltjfbL gNofpg] jf u}/xflh/ x'g] emul8ofn] xflh/ x'g g;s]sf] o;} dxnsf %$ gDa/
adf]lhd chL{ va/ k7fPg eg] To;sf] k|df0f a'lemg ;St}g . xflh/ /xg]sf] dfq PstkmL{
k|df0f a'emL 7x/] dflkms km};nf ug'{k5{ .
!#( g+= .. .. jfbL k|ltjfbLsf k]6af]nLdf n]lvPsf] dflg; ga' L d'2f gl5lgg] b]lvPdf
k|df0fsf tj/n] cfaf6 a' g' x'G5 . ;f] a' bf k|ltjfbL ;/x sf/0fL b]lvg cfPdf k|ltjfbL
64

;/x k|df0f;d]t v'nfO{ aofg lnO{ sf/0fL ;/x g} tf/]vdf /fvL p;n] lbPsf] k|d f0f;d]t a'L
/ ;f] JolQm k|d f0f ;/x;Dd b]lvPdf aofg;Dd u/fO{ km};nf ug'{k5{ .
!$) g+= .. .. k|ltpQ/ k/]sf]d f ;/sf/L cfdf /x]sf] ;d]t b'O{ y/sf] k|df0f a' gfnfO{
k|ltpQ/ btf{ ePsf] ldltn] / tf]lsPsf tf/]vdf k|ltpQ/ lbg g;sL PstkmL{ x'g] ePsf]df
PstkmL{ k|d f0f a' gfnfO{ ;f] tf/]v u'h|]sf ldltn] ;ft lbgb]lv a9\t f dgfl;a dflkmssf]
sf/0fn] afx]s l9nf ug{ x'+b}g.
!$! g+= .. .. /fhu2L, /fhkl/jf/sf] ufy jf /fhsfh ;DaGwL jf Hofg ;DaGwL d'2fdf
jf/bft ePsf] b]V g] ;fIfLnfO{ h'g cfdf d'2f k/]sf] 5 p;} cfd} lsfO{ asfpg' k5{ . ;f]
afx]s ;'Gg] / c? d'2fsf ;fIfLnfO{ xflsdsf thaLhn] cfdf NofO{ asfpg' kg]{nfO{ lsfO{ /
c}df lsfO{ asfpg' gkg]{ 6f9fsf eP ghLs cf dfkm{t aGb;jfnf/f a' g'k5{ .
!$@ g+= .. .. ga' L gx'g] cfdf cfpg g;Sg] a" 9f a"9 L / xf]z ePsf] c;Qm a]/ fdLnfO{
;fIfL a' g' kg]{ ePdf p;}sf 3/df uO{ p;n] eg] adf]lhdsf] askq n]vfO{ Nofpg xflsd
cfkm} u} jf cfkm"eGbf d'lgsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] bhf{sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ v6fO{ k7fpg x'G5 .
!$# g+= .. . jfbL k|ltjfbLdf n]lvPsf ;fIfL jf ;/hdLgsf dflg;x?nfO{ ;dg hf/L
ubf{ cfdf emul8of xflh/ /x]sf]d f ;f] ;fIfL ;/hdLgsf dflg;x? xflh/ x' g cfpg] lbg
e/;s ldnfO{ emul8ofnfO{ klg p;} lbg]sf] tfl/v tf]lslbg'k5{ . emul8of xflh/ x' g g;Sg]
sf/0f k/]d f dfq emul8of geP klg sf/jfO{ ug{ x'G5 .
!$$ g+= ..

.. jfbL k|ltfjbLdf n]lvPsf ;fIfL asfpgnfO{ cfkm}+n] NofpF5' egL saf]n

ug]{nfO{ hDd} ;fIfL Nofg' jf Nofpg g;s] afFsLsf] l6s6jfnf kmf/fd lnO{ cfpg' egL ;ft
lbgsf] tf/Lv tf]lslbg'k5{ . ;f] tf]lsPsf] tfl/vdf ;a} ;fIfL NofPg eg] hf] NofPsf]
asfOlbg'k5{ . Nofpg g;s]sf af+sLnfO{ ;dg hf/L xj;\ eGof] eg] l6s6jfnf ;dgsf] kmf/d
65

lbP lnO{ ;dg hf/L ul/lbg'k5{ . ;fIfL klg Nofpg ;dgsf] kmf/fd klg lbPg eg] To;sf];fIfL
a' g' kb}{ g, afltn ul/lbg'k5{ . kmf}Hbf/L d'2fdf / >L % sf] ;/sf/ jfbL x'g] b]jfgL d'2fdf eg]
ga' emL l5Gg gx' g] d'Vo ;fIfL k|d f0fsf dflg;nfO{ emul8ofn] b:t"/ glbP klg cfaf6 ;dg
hf/L ul/sg eP klg a'g' k5{ .
!$% g+= .. ;fIfLsf gfpFd f ;dg hf/L ubf{ jfbL k|ltjfbL b'j} y/Lsf ;a} ;fIfLsf gfpFdf
af6fsf Dofbsf] c~hfd u/L ;f] afx]s ;ft lbg Dofb kfpg] u/L ;a}nfO{ Ps}lbgsf] tfl/v
tf]sL hf/L ug'{k5{ . k6s k6ssf] tfl/v tf]sL hf/L ug{ x'+b}g .
!$^ g+= .. .. ;fIfL asfpFb f e/;s tf]lsPsf tf/Lvsf lbg}df ;fIfL asfpg tf/Lv
tf]lsPsf] ;a} d'2fsf] ;fIfL asfO{; Sg' k5{ . To:tf] ;a} d'2fsf] ;fIfL asfpg gEofpg] ePdf
h'g d'2 fsf] p;} lbg ;lsG5 ;f] d'2fsf] To;} lbg asfO{ c? d'2 fsf] ;fIfLnfO{ ef]lnkN6}sf]
tf/Lv tf]lslbg' k5{ . gEofpg] ePdf afx]s Ps} d'2fsf] ;fIfLx?nfO{ klg sf]xL cfh sf] xL ef]nL
kl;{ u/L asfpg x'+b}g.
!$& g+= .. .. aofg askq u/fpFbf h;sf] Ohnf; xf] p;}n] u/fpg' k5{ / ;f] u/fpFbf
lghn] cfgf cfsf] sDtLdf d'lvof ljrf/L bhf{;Ddsf sd{rf/Lsf] cfjZos ;xfotf lng
x'G5 .
!$* g+= .. .. ;fIfL asfp+bf b'O{ y/ emul8of xflh/ eP b'O{ y/ / geP hf] xflh/ 5
p;nfO{ /fvL e/;s lh/x;d]t u/L asfpg' k5{ .
!$( g+= .. .. cfleq Pp6f ;fIfLn] aSg nfu]sf] csf]{ ;fIfLn] ;'Gg jf c? s;}n]
;'gfpg lbg' x'+b}g . ;fIfL asfp+bf emul8of jf c? s;}n] l;sfpg klg lbg' x'+b}g .
!%) g+= .. .. ;fIfL asfpFb f o; d'2fdf 'f as] of] ;hfo xf]n f Odfg wd{ ;DL
ePsf] ;fFrf] s'/f h:tfsf] t:tf] aofg u/ egL klxn] ;'gfO{ dgfl;a dflkms rflxg] Joxf]/fsf]
66

s'/f k'ofO{ d'2f g5'6\ofO{ ;jfn hjfkm u/L gd"gf adf]lhdsf] askq jf aGb ;jfn hf] ug'{kg]{
ug'{k5{ .
!%! g+= .. .. cfn] d'2fdf ;fIfL jf ;/hdLgsf dflg; asfpFbf ;f] aSg] dflg;nfO{
kmnfgf kmnfgfsf] o; d'2fdf d}n] b]v] hfg] ;'g]sf] Joxf]/ f hlt 5 Odfg wd{ ;DemL 36L a9L
gkf/L v;f]vf; aofg u?+nf egL tfdf ;dfpg nufO{ P]g adf]lhd asfpg' k5{ .
!%@ g+= .. .. ;fIfLsf] askqsf] gd"g f .
lhNnf kmnfgf, d'sfd kmnfgf, kmnfgf cfsf xflsd kmnfgfsf Ohnf;df jfbL jf
k|ltjfbLsf] ;fIfL jf o; Joxf]/ fsf] kmnfgfn] Odfg wd{ ;DL as]sf] askq
;jfn ltd|f] afa'sf] gfpF, ltd|f] gfpF, y/,

hjfkm h] eG5 ;f] n]Vg' k5{!

pd]/ k]zf s] xf] < 3/ sxf+ xf] < =====!

;jfnb'O{ y/ ul8of;Fu ltd|f] lrgfhfgL,

hjfkm h] eG5 ;f] n]V g' k5{ @

sf/f]jf/, gftf, OaL jf u8f 5 5}g =====@

;jfnltdLn] 'f as]df ;hfo kfPsf] 5

hjfkm h] eG5 ;f] n]V g' k5{ #

5}g < ==============================================#

;jfnkmnfgfn] kmnfgf dfly o; d'2fsf]

hjfkmh] eG5 ;f] n]Vg' k5{$

gfln; lbPsf] 5 jf kmnfgf s'/fdf kmnfgf

kqmfp ePsf] 5 To;df ltdLn] b]v] hfg]
;'g]sf] s] s] 5 v'n f;f aofg u/ -jf
xflsdsf thaLhn] c? rflxg] s'/fsf] hjfkm
lnP klg x'G5_ =====================$
-o:t} /Lt;Fu h] ;f]Wg' k5{ ;jfn u/L ;f]Wg / h] hjfkm lbG5 ;f] n]Vg' k5{_
67

!%# g+= .. .. ;fIfL asfpFb f hf] ;jfn ug'{kg]{ ;jfn u/L hjfkm n]vL;s]kl5 jfbL jf
k|ltjfbL jf lghx?sf] jlsnn] dgfl;a s'/fsf] ;fIfL;Fu s]xL lh/x uof] eg] ;f] s'/f
;jfntkm{ n]vL To;sf] hjfkm klg ;f]wL h] hjfkm lbG5 ;f] hjfkm klg n]Vg'k5{ . emul8of jf
lghsf jsLnn] lh/x gu/] lh/x ;'Gg] eGg] n]vL To;df / k'5f/df ;d]t P]g adf]lhd
emul8ofsf] ;d]t ;lx5fk u/fpg'k5{ . emul8of ;fd'G g] xflh/ eO{ ;lx5fk gu/] ;f] Joxf]/f
n]vL xfldsf] / p d'lgsf ;a}eGbf 7"nf] bhf{sf] Pshgf sd{rf/Lsf] ;lx5fk u/L ldl;n;fy
/fVg'k5{ .
!%$ g+= .. .. ;fIfL;Fu ;jfn ug'{ kg]{ ;a} u/L hjfkm lnO{;s] kl5 o; ljifodf ltd|f]
aofg ug'{kg]{ s]xL afFsL 5 ls egL / ltd|f] aofg / aofg adf]lhd n]lvPsf] b'?:t 5 ls egL
;f]wL h] hjfkm lbG5 ;f] klg n]Vg' k5{ .
!%% g+= .. .. ;jfn hjfkm ;a} n]vL ;s]kl5 hjfkmsf] k'5f/df c? cIf/ yKg gx'g] u/L
;fIfLsf] gfpF n]vL To;df / aGb aGbdf ;d]t ;fIfLsf] ;lx5fk u/fpg' k5{ . k'5f/df ldlt
n]vL lz/df / aGbdf cfsf] 5fk nufO{ lz/ k'5 f/ / aGb aGbdf xflsdn] b:tvt klg ug'{
k5{ .
!%^ g+= .. .. ;fIfL asfpFbf h;sf] ;fIfL xf] ;f] ul8of /f]xj/df eP ;f] ul8ofsf] /
;f] ul8of /f]xj/df geP h'g ul8of 5 p;sf] ;f] ;fIfLn] as] adf]lhd n]v]sf] b'?:t 5
eGg] ;fIfLsf askqsf k'5f/df n]vL ;lx5fk u/fpg' k5{ . b'O{ y/ ul8of geP jf
ul8ofn] ;lx5fk gu/] ;f]xL s}lkmot n]vL xflsdn] b:tvt ug'{k5{ .
!%& g+= .. .. ul8ofsf] aofg lng'kbf{ askqsf] /Lt;Fu ;jfn hjfkm u/L lng'k5{ .
Odfg wd{ ;DL as]sf] eGg] / ltd|f] aofg ug'{ kg]{ s] xL s'/f afFsL 5 ls egL ;f]Wg n]vfpg
kb}{g .
68

!%* g+= .. .. aofg askq u/fpFbf s'/f km]/L d'2f r'6\ ofO{ 5f]6s/L ;jfn ug'{k5{ / o;}
dxnsf] !%) gDa/df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg d'2 fsf] cj:yf / cfjZostf x]/L To:tf]
;jfn hltnfO{ n]va4 gu/] klg x'G5 .
!%( g+= .. .. ul8of jf ;fIfLsf] cfaf6 ;f] wgL ug'{ kg]{ s'/ fsf] ;d]t u}x| sfuh
u/fpFbf hjfkm} lbPg jf cfkm"n] lbPsf] hjfkmdf ;lx5fk u/]g eg] s}lkmot n]vL xflsdsf] / p
d'lgsf ;a}eGbf 7"nf] bhf{sf] Pshgf sd{rf/Lsf] b:tvt u/L ;f] sfut ;|]:tfdf /fVg'k5{ .
!^) g+= .. .. cfdf xflh/ gu/fP x'g] jf 6f9fsf] d'2f k/]sf] ul8of ;fIfLsf askq
jf aGb ;jfn cfaf6 u/fpg gkfO{ csf]{ cfdf k7fO{ tfd]n u/fO{ lng' kg]{df gd" gf
adf]lhdsf] aGb;jfn n]vL hlt s'/ f ;f]Wg' kg]{ xf] plt s'/fsf] ;jfn n]vL lz/df cfsf] 5fk
/ xflsdsf] b:tvt u/L h'g cfdf k7fO{ hjfkm lng'kg]{ xf] p;} cfsf gfpFdf olt lbgleq
aGb;jfn P]g adf]lhd /Lt k'ofO{ tfd]n u/L k7fOlbg' eGg] dgfl;a dflkmssf] Dofb lbO{
n]vf]6;fy k7fpg' k5{ .
!^! g+= .. .. aGb;jfnsf] gd"gf .
kmnfgf cfsf xflsd kmnfgfn] hf/L u/]sf] kmnfgf 7fpF a:g] kmnfgf ul8of,
;fIfL jf c? Joxf]/fsf] kmnfgfsf] aGb;jfn ldlt kmnfgf==================================
jfbL kmnfgf =============== ====================================k|ltjfbL kmnfgf ===========================
d'2f kmnfgf
;jfn ltd|f] afa'sf] gfpF, ltd|f] gfpF, y/,

hjfkm h] eG5 ;f] n]Vg' k5{ !

pd]/ k]zf s] xf] < 3/ sxfF xf] < ===============!

;jfn b'O{ y/ ul8of;Fu ltd|f] lrGxfhfgL
sf/f]af/, gftf jf OaL u8f 5 5}g ===@
69

hjfkm h] eG5 ;f] n]Vg' k5{ @

;jfn ltldn] e'f as]d f ;hfo kfPsf] 5

hjfkm eG5 ;f] n]Vg' k5{#

5}g < ===================#

;jfn kmnfgfn] kmnfgf dfly o; d'2fsf]

hjfkm h] eG5 ;f] n]Vg' k5{ $

gfln; lbPsf] 5 jf kmnfgf s'/fdf kmnfgf

kqmfp ePsf] 5 To;df ltdLn] b]v] hfg]
;'g]sf] s] s] 5 v'nf;f aofg u/
-jf xflsdsf thaLhn] c? rflxg] s'/fsf]
hjfkm lnP klg x'G5_ =====================$
-o:t} /Lt;Fu hlt s'/f ;f]Wg'k g]{ xf] ;f] s'/fsf] ;jfn n]Vg'k5{ . ul8ofsf gfpFsf]
aGb;jfndf eg] ;jfn eg] @.# h:tf ;jfn p7fpg kb}{g_

!^@ g+= .. .. aGb;jfnsf] hjfkm lng] cfn] P]gsf] /Lt k'ofO{ dflg; lsfO{ ;jfnsf]
hjfkm lnO{ ;f] hjfkmaf6 s]xL d' gfl;a dflkms s'/fsf] ;jfn ug'{kg]{ b]lvof] eg] ;f] s'/fsf]
;jfn klg u/L hjfkm lnO{ askqsf] /Lt k' ofO{ ;lx5fk u/L u/fO{ n]vf]6;fy tf]lsPsf
Dofbleq k7fO{ lbg'k5{ . ;f] Dofbdf sfuh u/fpg' kg]{ dflg; xflh/ ge} aGb ;jfn tfd]n
ug{ gkfP sf/0f vf]nL hjfkm;fy lkmtf{ k7fO{lbg' k5{ .
!^# g+= .. .. b]jfgL d'2fdf gfpF ghfg]s f] ;fIfL n]vL NofPsf] lng / h'g;'s} d'2fdf efu]
a]kQf ePsf] ;fIfL n]vL NofPsf] klg a' g x'+b}g.
!^$ g+= .. .. ;fIfL aemfpFbf b]xfosf d'2fdf ga'emL l5Gg gx' g] ePsf]df dfq b]xfodf
n]lvPsf d'2fdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf] ;fIfL;Dd a' g x'G5, n]lvPafx]s c?df o;} dxnsf] #) /

70

!^^ gDa/sf dflg;nfO{ / d'2f kg'{eGbf cl3sf] emu8f OaLdf xflsdsf thaLhn] jfltn
ug'{kg]{;Ddsf] emu8f OaL ePsfnfO{ dfq ;fIfL asfpg x'+b}gjfltn ul/lbg'k5{
hUuf hdLgsf d'2fdf h'g hUufsf] emu8f k/]sf] 5 ;f]xL hUuf sdfpg] jf ;f] hUuf ef]u
rng u/L cfpg] dflg; h'g;'s} ePkl5 a'g x'G5 ========================================================!
3/sf d'2fdf h' g 3/df d'2f k/]sf] 5 ;f]xL 3/df axfn lt/L jf c? s'g} Joxf]/ fn] a;]sf]
dflg; h'g;'s} eP klg a'g x'G5 =============================================================================@
sLt]{ hfn;fhL d'2fdf ;DalGwt sfutdf n]lvPsf ;fIfL h'g;'s} eP klg a'g x'G5 ===========#
jf/06 hf/L x' g] d'2fdf gftfsf ;fIfL a'g'kg]{ b]lvPdf PstkmL{ dfq gftf eP klg a'g x'G5
===================================================================$
c? h'g;'s} d'2f eP klg b'a} y/sf] gftf kg]{d f Ps k':tf;Dd km/s k/]sf] gftf /x]5 eg]
a' g x'G5 ========================================================%
!^% g+= .. .. o;} dxnsf] !^$ gDa/df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s'g }
emul8ofsf lj?4 s'g} s'/f k|s6 ug{ lghsf] cfdf, afa', 5f]/f, 5f]/L, nf]U g] jf :jf:gLnfO{
s/nufOg] 5}g / s'g} emul8ofn] cfgf jsLnnfO{ eg]sf] jf n]v]sf] s'g} s'/f jf s' g} ;/sf/L
sd{rf/Ln] cfgf] cf ;DaGwL sfd ubf{ uf]Ko tj/n] yfxf kfPsf] s'g} s'/ f k|s6 ug{ To:tf]
jsLn jf sd{rf/L afWo x'g]5}g .
!^^ g+= .. .. b]xfosf dflg;x?nfO{ ;fIfL asfpg x'+b}g. jfltn ul/lbg' k5{
nf6f, nf6L, cGwf, cGwL ePsf / a] xf]z e} af}nfPsfnfO{ ;fIfL lbof] eg] h'g d'2 fdf ;f] ;fIfL
lbOPsf] xf] ;f] d'2 f kg'{eGbf cufj} cGwf cGwL ePsf eP To:tfnfO{ / d'2f k/]sf avtdf jf
askq aGb;jfn u/fpg] avtdf a]xf]z e} af}nfPsf / nf6f nf6LnfO{ ====================!
'f as]df tLgk6s ;hfo kfPsfnfO{ ============================================== @
71

d'2fdf jfbL k|ltjfbLdf n]lvPsf ;fIfLsf gfpFd f ;f] xL d'2 fsf] Psy/L

emul8ofn] s]xL

Joxf]/fsf] gflnz klg lbPsf] /x]5 eg] ;f] jfbL k|ltjfbL kg'{ eGbf cufl8 g} To:tf] gflnz
lbPsf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] ;fIfLnfO{====================================================================#
!^& g+= .. .. asfpg gx'g] jfltn ug'{kg]{ ;fIfLsf] dfd'nL ;jfn hjfkm dfq ug'{k5{ .
d'2fsf] c? ;jfn ug{ x'+b}g. asL askq ePsf] eP klg k|df0f lng x'+b}g ab/ x'G5 .
!^* g+= ..

.. Pskm]/f asL lh/x ;d]t e};s]sf ;fIfLnfO{ km]l/ bf]xf]/f] asfpg x'+b}g.

s]xL d' gfl;a dflkmssf] h?/L sf/0fk/L gasfO{ gx' g] ePsf]d f dfq cfn] cl3 5'6\g uPsf]
s'/fsf] ;Dd tltDaf ;jfn u/L ;f]wL asfpg x'G5 .
!^( g+= ..

.. emul8ofn] ls6fg;fy n]vL glbPsf]d f ;fIfLaf6 kSsf k|df0f k'U g] u/L

alslbof] eg] To:tf ;fIfLn] gePsf] em' f s'/f asL n]vL lbPsf] 7x/]d f To:tf] ;fIfLnfO{ To;n]
as] n]v]sf] s'/faf6 emul8ofnfO{ d[T o' b08, ;j{:j;lxt hGds}b jf hGds}b x'g]df eP 5
dxLgfb]lv b'O{ jif{;Dd s}b, 5 jif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L s}b x'g] jf ;j{:j x'g]d f eP tLg dxLgfb]lv
Ps jif{;Dd s}b / c? s}b x'g]df eP kfF r lbgb]lv kfF r dxLgf;Dd s}b x'G5 . emul8ofn]
ls6fg;fy n]lvlbPsf]df ;fIfLn] ;f]xL s'/fsf] k|d f0f k' Ug] u/L asL lbPsf] eP lghn] em'f asL
n]vL lbPsf] 7x/]df To:tf] ;fIfLnfO{ lghn] as] n]v]sf] s'/faf6 emul8ofnfO{ d[To'b08,
;j{:j;lxt hGds}b jf hGds}b x' g]d f eP b'O{; o ?k} ofF hl/jfgf, 5 jif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L s}b
jf ;j{:j x'g]df eP Ps;o krf; ?k}ofF hl/jfgf / c? s}b x'g]df eP Ps;o ?k} ofF;Dd
hl/jfgf x' G5 . n]lvPb]lv afx]s emul8ofnfO{ hl/jfgf dfqsf] ;hfo x' g]df eP krf;
?k}o fF;Dd hl/jfgf x'G5 . ;fIfLn] 3"; vfO{ as]sf] eP 3"; vfPdf ;d]t P]g adf]lhd yk
;hfo x'G5 . To:tf ;fIfLn] as]sf] k|df0f nfUb}g . ;fIfLnfO{ gePsf]

72

s'/f l;sfO{ em'f

asfpg]nfO{ p;n] l;sfPsf ;fIfLnfO{ x' g] ;hfosf] cfwf ;hfo x'G5 . w]/}hgfnfO{ l;sfO{ 'f
asfPsf]d f eP h'g rflxF ;fIfLNffO{ w]/ } ;hfo x'G5 p;sf] dfq cfwf ;hfo x'G5 .
!&) g+= .. .. o;} dxnsf] !^( gDa/ adf]lhd 'f aSg] ;fIfLnfO{ tf]lsPsf] ;hfo
c;"n ubf{ xfg]{ ul8ofn] ckLn lbg kfpg] Dofb;Dd / ckLn kl/;s]sf]df OG;fkmsf] 6' f]
nfuL cflv/L km}; nf geP;Dd ;fIfLnfO{ kqmL c;"n ug{ x'+b}g. nut;Dd s;L Joxf]/f hgfO{
/fvL ul8ofn] Dofbleq ckLn

glbO{ u'hf/L a;]df / ckLn k/]d f cflv/L km};nf eO{

cfPkl5 dfq ;fIfLnfO{ kqmL km};nfn] nfu]sf] ;hfo P]g adf]lhd c;"n ug'{k5{ .
!&! g+= ..

.. emu8f k/]sf] crn s]xLsf] gS;f jf gfk hf+r gu/L dfdnf km}; nf

ug{ gx'g] b]lvPsf]d f gS;f v8f u/fp+bf jf emu8f k/]sf] j:t' 3/ hUuf gfk hf+r ug'{ kbf{ b'a}
y/ emul8ofnfO{ ;f] gS;f jf gfk hf+r ug'{kg]{ 7fpFd f xflh/ x'g hfg' egL tf/]v tf]sL jf
tf/Lvsf] ;"rgf u/L ;f] tf/Lvsf] lbg xflsd jf sDtLdf d'lvof larf/L bhf{;Ddsf Pshgf
sd{rf/L / glhs cdLg ePsf 7fpFdf cdLg;d]t u} b'j}y / emul8of, ;/hdLgsf dflg;,
:yfgLo k~rfotsf sDtLdf Pshgf ;b:o / e/;s lhldbf/, k6jf/L, tfn'sbf/ ;d]t/fvL
3/ hUufsf] ;d]t h] x]g{ gfkhf+r ug{k g]{ xf] x]/ L gfkL hf+rL gS;f v8f ug'{kg]{d f h:tfsf] t:t}
b'?:t kf/L gS;f v8f u/L d'Vo gS;f v8f ug'{kg]{ h' g j:t' xf] 7Ls tj/;Fu x]/L b'?:t b]lvg]
u/L gS;f n]vL ;f] gS;fsf k'5f/df dfly gS;fdf of] of] o:tf] o:tf] s'/f n]lvPsf] b'?:t 5
eGg] gS;fsf] ?k s}lkmotaf6} a' g ;Sg] u/L s}lkmot;d]t vf]nL / gfk hfF r u/]sf]d f gfkL
hf+rL o:tf] o:tf] ePsf] egL ;a} Joxf]/f v'nfO{ emul8of / ;f] ;/hdLgdf /x] a;]sf ;a}sf]
;lx5fk u/fO{ v6L uPsf sd{rf/Ln] klg ;lx5fk u/L ldl;n;fy /fVg'k5{ . ;f] gS;f gfk
hfFr ug'{k g]{ 7fpFd f emul8of uPgg\ jf uP klg ;lx5fk ug{ d~h'/ u/]gg\ jf emul8of
tfl/vdf xflh/ gePsf d'2 f eP dfly n]lvPsf c? dflg;x? /fvL dfly n]lvP adf]lhd hf]
73

ug'{kg]{ gS;fgfk hf+r u/L emul8of gePsf] jf eP klg ;lx5fk gu/]sf] s}lkmot hgfO{
vl6Psf d'Vo sd{rf/L / :yfgLo k~rfotsf sDtLdf Pshgf ;b:on] ;lx5fk ug'{k5{ . ;f]
/Lt gk'u]sf] gS;f gfk hf+r ;b/ x'+b}g. n]lvP adf]lhd gS;fsf] ?k :ki6 b]lvg] u/L s}lkmot
vf]nL n]V g] s'/f afx]s c? s'/f ;f] gS;fdf n]Vg x'+b}g.
!&@ g+= .. .. >L % sf] ;/sf/ jfbL x' g] kmf}Hbf/L d'2 fdf txlssft ubf{ h'g ck/fwsf
;DaGwdf ;f] txlssft ug{ nfu]sf] xf] ;f] ck/fwl;t ;DalGwt s'g} j:t' jf wgdfn s'g} 3/
jf c? s' g} 7fpFd f km]n f kg]{ ;Defjgf 5 eGg] ljZjf; ug]{ dgfl;a dflkmssf] sf/0f ePdf /
;f] a:t' jf wgdfn ;f] 3/ jf 7fp+sf] t'?Gt tnf;L glnPsf] v08df k|fKt gx' g] cfz+sf ePdf
cfkm"n] ljZjf; ug'{ k/]sf] sf/0f / h'g j:t' jf wgdfnsf ;DaGwdf tnf;L lng' kg]{ xf] ;f]
j:t' jf wgdfnsf] ljj/0f :ki6 a'lg] u/L n]vL /fvL sDtLdf ;aOG;k]S 6/ bhf{;Ddsf
k'ln; clkm;/n] ;f] 3/ jf 7fpFsf] b]xfo adf]lhd tnf;L lng jf lng nufpg ;Sg]5 / ;f]
adf]lhd tnf;L nL ;s]kl5 ;f] lnPsf] tLg lbgleq tnf;L lnPsf] sf/0f / tnf;L lnPsf]
j:t' jf wgdfn OToflbsf] lkmxl/:tsf] Psk|lt gSsn d'2f x]g{] cfdf k7fpg' k5{
s'g} 3/ jf 7fpFsf] tnf;L lng' kg]{ ePdf ;f] 3/ jf 7fpFd f a;f]jf; u/L cfPsf jf ;f] 3/ jf
7fp+sf wgL jf lhDdf lnPsf] dflg;nfO{ tnf;L lng vf]h]sf] sf/0f vf]nL ;f] s'/fsf] ;"rgf
lbg' k5{ / ;f] adf]lhd ;"rgf kfPdf To:tf dflg;n] klg tnf;L lng cfPsf] k'ln;
clkm;/nfO{ afwf /f]sfj6 gu/L ;/f;/ k|j]z ug{ lbg' k5{ ========================================!
dfly ! bkmf adf]lhd tnf;L lng] 3/ jf 7fp+d f a:g] jf ;f] 3/ jf 7fp+s f wgL jf lhDdf
lnPsf JolQmn] tnf;L lng] k'ln; clkm;/nfO{ n]lvP adf]lhd k|j]z ug{ glbPdf ;f] k'ln;
clkm;/n]] ;f] 3/ jf 7fpFd f /x] a;]sf :jf:gLdflg;x?nfO{ x6\g] ;"rgf / df}sf lbO{

74

cfjZostfg';f/ aflx/L jf leqL s'g} ofn 9f]sf jf 5]sf vf]nL tf]8L kmf]8L leq k;L tnf;L
lng x'G5 =================================================@
o; gDa/df n]lvP adf]lhd s'g} 3/ jf 7fpFsf] tnf;L ln+bf o;} dxnsf] !!^ gDa/df 3/leq
k:g] s'/fsf ;DaGwdf ul/Psf] Joj:yfsf] ;d]t kfng ug'{ k5{ ===================#
o; gDa/ adf]lhd s' g} 3/ jf 7fpFsf] tnf;L ln+bf To; 7fp+sf k~rfotsf sDtLdf Pshgf
;b:o , b'Ohgfdf g36fO{ enfbdLx?, 3/ wgL jf p;sf] Pshgf k|ltlglw / kfP;Dd lhldbf/,
tfn'sbf/, k6'jf/L ;d]t ;fIfL /fvL tnf;L lng] / ;fIfL a:g] ;a}sf] cf+u vf]nL s] xL a:t'
glnO{ ;f] 3/ jf 7fpFleq k;L tnf;L lng' k5{ ====================================================$
dflysf bkmfx? adf]lhd tnf;L ubf{ tnf;L ul/Psf] j:t' jf wgdfnsf ;DaGwdf s'g }
dflg;sf] cf+u sf] tnf;L lng' k/]df ;f] ;d]t lng x'G5 / ;f] adf]lhd :jf:gLdflg;sf] cf+u sf]
tnf;L lng' k/]d f ;f] :jf:gLdflg;sf] a] OHht gx'g] u/L kTof/sL csL{ :jf:gLdflg;af6 lng
nfpg' k5{ ===========================%
o; gDa/ adf]lhd tnf;L lb+bf lg:s]sf] dfn;fdfg jf j:t'sf] ;a} ljj/0f / ;f] kfOPsf] 7fpF
/ cj:yf vf]nL km]xl/:t agfO{ tnf;L lng] / ;fIfL a:g] ;a}n] ;lx5fk ug'{k5{ / 3/ wgL jf
lghsf] k|ltlglwnfO{ ;f] km] xl/:tsf] Psk|lt gSsn / ;f]d Wo] s'g} wgdfn jf j:t' k'ln;
clkm;/n] sAhf u/L nu]d f To;sf] e/kfO{ ;d]t lbg' k5{ ========================================^
dfly $ bkmf adf]lhd ;fIfL a:g' kg]{ dflg;x?n] ;fIfL a:g OGsf/ u/]df jf ;fIfL a;L
;lx5fk u/L glbPdf lghnfO{ Ps;o ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf x'G5 ========================================&
!&# g+= .. .. d'2fdf dflg; ;gfvt ug'{ kg]{ ePdf ;gfvt ug'{ kg]{ dflg;nfO{ b]V g x]g {
gkfpg] 7fp+df /fvL h' g dflg;nfO{ ;gfvt u/fpg' k5{ ;f] dflg; h:t} lsl;dsf pd]/ jif{
j0f{ klx/g ldNg] sDtLdf rf/hgfdf g36fO{ c? dflg;x? NofO{ oyf;Dej ;a}n fO{ Psgf;
75

u/fO{ lghx?sf ;fydf pEofO{ /fvL ;gfvt ug]{ k|To]s dflg; 5'f5' } NofO{ ;gfvt u/fpg'
k5{ / ;f] u/fpFbf lrGx]df lrGx]sf] Joxf]/f / lrGx g;s]d f g;s]sf] Joxf]/ f n]vL ldl;n zfd]n
/fVg' k5{ .
!&$ g+= .. .. P] gn] lauf] eg'{ e/fpg' jf lbg' lbnfpg' jf ;DklQ rng rnfpg' lng'kg]{
d'2fdf b]xfosf] cj:yfdf b]xfo adf]lhd b}ofbf/n] ;sf/ ug{ kfpF5
d'2f km}; nf gx'Fb} emul8of dof] eg] ;f] d/]sf] eGg] cfn] yfxf kfPsf ;ft lbgleq dg]{
emul8ofsf] b}ofbf/ kQf nfu]lghsf] 3/df / gnfu] dg]{s} 3/df P] g adf]lhd af6fsf Dofb
afx]s ;ft lbgleq ;dg hf/L ug'{k5{ ;f] b}ofbf/ ;f] ;dgsf] tf/Lvdf cfO{ d'2f ;sf/ ug{
kfpF5 ========================================!
d'2f km};nf gx'Fb} emul8of af}nfof] jf a]kQf eof] eg] lghsf b}o fbf/n] tf/Lv u'h|]sf] ldltn]
k}+tL; lbgleq d'2f k/]sf cfdf b/vf:t bL d'2f ;sf/ ug{ kfp+5 =====================@
!&% g+= .. .. b] xfosf sfdsf] dflg;n] b]xfosf sfdsf] gftfaf6 xs bfjL u/L bfo/
u/]sf] jf To; ljifodf lghx? pk/ kl//x]sf] d'2f km};nf gx'+b} cl3af6} ;f] d'2fdf k'k{If u/L
cfPsf b]xfosf sfd u/L cfPsf sfdbf/ d/L jf sfdaf6 5'6\g uO{ tf/Lv u'h|g uPsf]d f ;f]
d'2f k'k{I f u/L cfPdf ;fljsjfnfn] gfln; ph"/ u/]sf] jf k|ltjfbL lbPsf] s'/f sfod u/fO{
dfUgf lgldQ To;sf] sfd ugf{nfO{ d's// ePsf xfnjfnfn] P]gsf Dofbleq d'2f ;sf/ ug{
cfP d'2faf6 xf/lht x'+bf cl3 k'k{If u/L cfPdf ;fljsjfnfsf] xfgL gf]S;fgL gx' g] b]xfosf
snddf ;fljsjfnfsf] d'2f xfnjfnfn] ;sf/ u/L k'k{I f ug{ kfpF5 . ;sf/ u/fO{ P]g adf]lhd
ug'{ k5{ . ;sf/ ug{ gcfP P] gn] >L % sf] ;/sf/ jfbL eO{ x] g'{k g]{df >L % sf] ;/sf/ /
u'7Lsf] gf]S;fg x' g hfg] s'/fdf b'lgofFn] jfbL k|ltjfbL eO{ n8]sf d'2f hltsf xsdf P]g

76

adf]lhd >L % sf] ;/sf/jfbL e} x]/ L / >L % sf] ;/sf/ jfbL gx' g] c? d'2 fsf xsdf o;}
dxnsf] !&$ gDa/ adf]lhd u/L l5gL lbg' k5{
/}s/ / /}s/ ;/x x'g] /fhu'7L ;d]tsf] sfd rnfO{ cfPsf d}g]h/, dxGt, k"hf/L, tfn'sbf/,
lhDdfjfn 7]sbf/, 5'6jfnf / hUuf 3/ rng u/L cfpg] ;d]tn] /}s/ / ;f] ;/xsf /fhu'7Lsf]
nutdf bl/Psf] rn crn rf]/L bafO{ rfkL vfPsf] ljifosf] ===========================================!
;/sf/L /sdsf] gfOs]] /sdLn] ;/sf/L /sd sfod u/fO{ dfUg] ljifosf] ========================@
a}+s, sDkgL jf cGo ;+u l7t ;+:yfsf d'Vo eO{ b}lgs k|zf;gsf] sfd rnfpg]n] ;f] a}+s,
sDkgL jf ;+:yfsf] lng] lbg] xs bfjL sfod ug]{ ljifosf] ==============================#
!&^ g+= .. .. u}x| d'2fdf cleof]u nfu]sf] dflg; km};nf gx'+b} dof] eg] ;f] dg]{nfO{ vt
aft nfUb}g . ;sf/ u/]sf] d'2fdf klg ;sf/ ug]{ JolQmnfO{ ;f] ;sf/ u/]sf gftfn] dfq
ck/fwL 7x/fpg x'+b}g .
!&& g+= .. .. >L % sf] ;/sf/ jfbL x' g] / x"n b+ufsf] s'6kL6 d'2fdf jfbL k|ltjfbLdf
n]lvPb]lv afx]ssf] ;fIfL klg a' g' kg]{ b]lvPdf emul8ofsf] sfut geP klg a'g x'G5 . ;f]
afx]s c? d'2fdf jfbL k|ltjfbLdf gn]lvPsf ;fIfL a' g x'+b} g. ;/sf/L cfdf /x]sf] jf
;/sf/L 5fk nfu]sf] sfuh jf lnvtsf] kSsf k|d f0f /x]5 / a'emL kfp+ m eGof] eg] cl3 k|d f0f
lb+bf gn]lvPsf] eP klg h'g;'s} txsf] cfn] klg d'2 f gl5lg;s]sf] eP a' emL lbg'k5{ . To;/L
a'lemPsf]d f s'g} ;/sf/L cfdf /x]sf] s'g} ;/sf/L sfdsf ;DaGwsf] k|sflzt gePsf] s'g }
uf]Ko lnvtsf xsdf ;DalGwt ljefuLo k|d' vn] Ohfht lbPdf afx]s To:tf] lnvtsf] s'/f
k|s6 ug{ jf To:tf] lnvt k7fpg s/ nfUg] 5}g .
!&* g+= .. .. lkm/fbkq jf k|ltpQ/ kqdf n]lvPsf] ;fIfL k|df0f s]xL a'emL s]xL af+s L
ePdf a'lemP;Ddsf] k|d f0fn] lrQ a'b5 af+sL ;fIfL k|df0f ga'e m] klg x'G5 egL h'g
77

emul8ofs]f ;fIfL k|d f0f xf] p;}n] n]lvlbG5 eg] n]vfO{ / a'lemP;Ddsf] ;fIfL k|d f0fn] af+sL
;fIfL k|d f0f a' g gkg]{ e} d'2f km};nf ug{ x'g] xflsdsf thlahn] b]lvPdf emul8ofsf] sfuh
geP klg af+sL ;fIfL k|d f0f ga'e mL km}; nf u/L lbg' x'G5 .
!&( g+= .. .. >L % sf] ;/sf/ jfbL x'g] d'2f afx]s c? u}x| d'2fdf jfbL u}/ xflh/ e}
tf/Lv u'hf/]df d'2f l8;ld; x'G5 . l8;ld; u/fP jfkt jfbLnfO{ k|df0f ga'b} tf/Lv 5f]8L
l8;ld; u/fPsf] eP lghn] bfjL u/]sf] jf kf]n]sf] s'/ f ;flat g7x/] lghnfO{ x'g ;Sg]
;hfosf] ;os8f kf+r / k|d f0f a'lem;s]kl5 ;f] adf]lhd l8;ld; u/fPsf] eP ;f] x' g;Sg]
;hfosf] ;os8f bz hl/jfgf x'G5 . d'2f l8;ld; ePkl5 To;} jfbLsf] To;} k|ltjfbL pk/
To;} s'/fdf kl5 csf]{ gflnz nfUg ;St}g . a]/ Lt;Fu l8;ld; ePsf]d f eg] ;f] a]/Lt ePsf]
s'/f;Dddf P]gsf Dofbleq ckLn nfUg ;St5 .
!*) g+= .. .. bf]xf]/f] gfln; ckLn lbPsf]df afx]s bflvn ug{ NofPsf] gfln; ckLnaf6
btf{ x'g g;Sg] b]lvPsf]df klg sfg"g adf]lhd p;} avt lkmtf{ gu/L cfaf6 btf{ u/]sf] eO{
kl5 vf/]h x' g] ePsf]d f vf/Lh jfktsf] ;hfo x'+b}g. ;f] afx]s c? cj:yfdf vf/]h ePsf]
d'2fdf b]xfo adf]lhd ;hfo x'G5
btf{ ug{ NofPsf] lkm/fbkq ckLnkqaf6 gfln; ckLn nfUg] b]lv btf{ e} d'2f rn]sf]df kl5
a'lP bflvn ePsf] sfuhaf6 dfq d'2f grNg] e} vf/] h x' g cfPsf] eP gnfUg] btf{ u/fP
jfkt gfln; vf/]h ePsf]df jfbLnfO{ lghn] bfjL u/]sf] jf kf]n ]sf] s'/f ;fljt g7x/] lghnfO{
x'g ;Sg] ;hfosf] ;os8f kfFr / ckLn vf/]h ePsf]df ckLnf6nfO{ OG;fkm ;b/ 7x/] x'g
;Sg] ;hfosf] ;os8f kfFrsf] b/n] ;hfo x'G5 ========================================================!

78

kl//x]sf d'2f gl5gL To;} d'2fdf bf]xf]/ f] jfbL jf bf]xf]/f] ckLn lbPsf] eO{ kl5 lbPsf] vf/]h
x'g] ePsf]df kl5 lbPsf] P]g adf]lhd vf/]h u/L hfgL hfgL bf] xf]/f] gfln; ckLn lbg]nfO{ aL;
?k}o fF hl/jfgf x'G5 =========================================================================================@
!*! g+= .. .. l8;ld; vf/]h ePsf]d f nfu]sf] hl/jfgf jfkt s}b ug'{ kbf{ 5 dxLgfeGbf
a9L s}b ug{ x'+b}g .
!*@ g+= .. .. >L % sf] ;/sf/ jfbL x'g] kmf}H bf/L d'2fdf, 3"; d'2fdf / 3";sf] gfln;
gk/]sf] eP klg c? k/]sf] d'2fsf jfbL k|ltjfbLaf6 jf k|d f0fnfO{ k]z ePsf] sfuhaf6 ;/sf/L
sd{rf/Ln] 3"; vfP dfu]sf] s'/f b]lvg cfPsf] 3"; d'2fdf klg ldnfkq x' g ;St}g . ;f] afx]s
c? u}x| d'2fdf km};nf geP;Dd h'g;'s} txdf klg ul8ofx?n] ldnfkq ug{ rfx]d f b'j} y/
ul8ofn] cfkm" ldNg] ePsf] Joxf]/fsf] b/vf:t n]vL d'2f k/]sf] cfdf lbg' k5{ / ;f] adf]lhd
b'j} y/ ul8ofx?n] b/vf:t lbPdf ;f] d'2f k/]]sf] cfsf] xflsdn] klg ;f] b/vf:tx? b'j} y/
ul8ofx?nfO{ k9L ;'gfO{ To;sf] dtna / kl/0ffd ;d]t /fd|f]l;t ;DfO{ a'fO{ To;/L
;DfpFbf a' fpFbf klg b'j} y/n] xfd| f] dGh"/ L adf]lhd n]lvPsf] 7Ls b'?:t 5 egL d~h"/
u/]d f xflsdn] ;f] b/vf:t adf]lhdsf] ldnfkq n]vL ;f] ldnfkq k9L ;'gfO{ ;f] ul8ofx?sf]
;lx5fk u/fO{ cfgf] b:tvt ;d]t u/L cfsf] 5fk nufpg' k5{ . ;f] adf]lhd ldnfkq
ePsf]df ldnfkq adf]lhd ul/lbPg u/L kfpF eGg] afx]s ldnfkqdf lrQ a'] g eGg] ph"/
nfUg ;St}g .
!*# g+= .. .. ldnfkq ug{ x'g] d'2fdf ldnfkq ubf{ b]xfo adf]lhd aS;f}gL nfU5 ========
z'? txsf] d'2fdf eP jfbL k|ltjfbLsf ;fy}df bflvn ePsf] k|d f0f afx]s c? k|d f0f s] xL
ga'lPsf] eP b]xfodf n]lvPsf]] c+ssf] ;os8f Ps, c? k|d f0f ;d]t a' ]sf] eP ;f] c+ssf]

79

;os8f tLg / jfbL k|ltjfbLdf n]lvPsf] u}x| k|df0f a'l;sL l5Gg dfq af+s L eP ;f] c+ssf]
;os8f kfFr aS;f}gL nfU5 !
lauf]sf] k|df0f ePsf]df jfbLn] kqm]sf] lauf]sf] c+ssf] ====================================================!
lauf]sf] k|df0f ge} jfbLsf ph"/L adf]lhd s}b x'g]d f ;f] x'g ;Sg] s}bsf] dxLgf Pssf] k}+tfnL;
?k}o fFsf b/n] x'g] ?k}ofFs f] c+ssf] ================================================================================@
s}b ge} hl/jfgf dfq x'g]d f ;f] hl/jfgfsf] c+ssf] ========================================================#
ckLn txsf] d'2fdf eP OG;fkm ;b/ x'+b f nfUg] ;hfosf] ;os8f bz aS;f}gL
nfU5===================== @
dfly !.@ bkmf adf]lhd nfUg] aS;f}gL c;"n ubf{ b'a} y/ emul8ofaf6 cfwf cfwf c;"n
ug'{k5{ .
!*$ g+= .. .. cfvfgfdf u} /lhi6]zg jf bflvn vf/]h gfd;f/L jf btf{ u/fO{ lbg] jf
a' fpg' kg]{ a'fO{lbg];d]t OToflb sfd ug]{ u/fpg] u/L cfdf ldnfkq ePsf]d f ;f] ldnfkq
ePsf] hgfp ldnfkq u/fpg] cfn] ldnfkq ePsf kfFr lbgleq ldnfkq adf]lhdsf] sfd
ul/lbg] cfnfO{ n]vL k7fOlbg' k5{ . ;f] adf]lhd u/fO{ dfUgfnfO{ b08 ;hfosf] dxnsf] $$
gDa/ adf]lhdsf Dofbleq cfPdf ;f] cfn] klg ldnfkq / sfg"g adf]lhd ug'{k5{ .
!*% g+= .. .. a' g'k g]{ k|df0f a'l;sL l5Gg x' g] e};s]kl5 5nkmn ugf{nfO{ tf/Lv tf]sL
;f] tf]s]s]f tf/Lvdf xflh/ eP;Ddsf emul8ofnfO{ /fvL emul8ofn] s'g} lnlvt ax; k]z u/]
;f];d]t lnO{ ldl;n zfd]n /fvL 5nkmn u/L 7x/fO{ b'j} y/sf xsdf hf] lbg] ;hfo;d]t
;'gfO{ ;f] sfod ePsf] 7x/ /fo p;} lbg /fo n]V g] lstfadf n]vL emul8of / 5nkmn ug]{
xflsd, cl;i6]06 / kmf+6jfnf;d]tsf] ;lx5fk ug'{k5{ . /fo sfod e};s]kl5 dgfl;a sf/0fn]
afx]s km};nf n]Vg ;ft lbgeGbf a9L l9nf ug{ x'+b}g . km};nf n]Vtf hlt kl/aGbn] ;f] 7x/
80

ul/Psf] xf] ;f] ;d]t vf]nL 7x/]sf] Joxf]/f n]vL emul8ofsf] a'+bf / h' g sfg"G adf]lhd OG;fkm /
;hfo ul/Psf] xf] ;f] sfg"gsf] ;d]t pNn]v ug'{k5{ .
!*^ g+= .. .. /fuh2L pQ/flwsf/ ;DaGwL P] g, @)!% sf] bkmf !^ adf]lhd >L %
dxf/fhflw/fhaf6 tf]lsaS;]sf] ;hfo x' g] d'2fsf xsdf df}; "kmsf xh"/df hf] x/ u/L ;b/
ul/aS;] adf]lhd / b]xfodf n]lvPsf d'2fdf hfx]/ u/L clwsf/L k|fKt cfaf6 ;fws ;b/ eP
adf]lhd u/L / c? u}x| d'2fdf c}a f6 sfg"g adf]lhd hf] ug'{kg]{ u/L km};nf ug'{k5{
d[Tob08, ;j{:j;lxt hGds}b jf hGds}b x'g] 7x/fPsf] d'2f =====================!
d[To'b08, ;j{:j;lxt hGds}b jf hGds}b x'g] ck/fwsf] cleof]u nfu]sfnfO{ l/xfO{
lbg'kg]{ 7x/fPsf] d'2f ======================================================================================@
!*& g+= ..

.. d[T o'b08, ;j{:j;lxt hGds}b jf hGds}bsf] ;hfo x'g] d'2fdf jft

nfu]sfnfO{ l/xfO{ lbg] 7x/fO{ ;fws hfx]/ u/]sf]df ;f] ;fws ug]{ / hf+Rg] b'O{ cfsf] /fo
ldn]d f To;eGbf dflyNnf] txsf] cfdf hfx]/ ug'{ kb}{g .
!** g+= .. .. P] gn] d[To'b08, ;j{:j;lxt hGds}b jf hGds}b ug'{kg]{ ePsf d'2fdf
;fljt 7x/] klg OG;fkm ug]{ xflsdsf lrQn] eljtJo xf] ls eGg x' g] ;Ddsf] z+sfn] jf
ck/fw u/]sf] cj:yf ljrf/ ubf{ s;"/bf/nfO{ P]g adf]lhdsf] ;hfo lb+bf rsf]{ x'g] eO{ 36L
;hfo x'g'kg]{ lrQn] b]v]df P]gn] ug'{kg]{ ;hfoF 7x/fO{ cfgf] lrQn] b]v]sf] sf/0f;lxtsf]
v'nf;f /fo klg ;fws tf]sdf n]vL hfx]/ ug'{ x'G5 . clGtd lg0f{o lbg]n ] klg To:tf] b]v]df
P]gn] x'g] ;hfodf 36fO{ tf]S g x'G5 .

81

!*( g+= .. .. km};nf ubf{ o;} gDa/sf] gd"gf adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf n]vL km};nf ug'{k5{ .
z'? km};nfsf] gd"gf
kmnfgf cfsf xflsd kmnfgfn]
u/]sf] km};nf -jf hfx]/L km};nf_
@)=====;fnsf] bfo/L g+=
d'2f kmnfgf
jfbLsf] gfpF, y/, jtg ========================================= k|ltjfbLsf] gfpF, y/, jtg ================
jfbLsf] ;fIfL ===================================================== k|ltjfbLsf] ;fIfL =============================
kmnfgf ============================================================= kmnfgf ========================================
kmnfgf ============================================================= kmnfgf ========================================
sfuh ============================================================ sfuh ===========================================
kmnfgf =========================================================== kmnfgf ==========================================
kmnfgf ==============================================================
==========================================
cfaf6 a']sf]
;fIfL =============
kmnfgf =============
kmnfgf ===========
sfuh ===========
kmnfgf ============
kmnfgf =============
82

kmnfgf

-o:t} /Lt;Fu hlt ;fIfL 5g\ plt hgfsf] gfp+ / sfuh ;d]t n]Vg'k5{ _
o; d'2fsf ;a} sfuh a'bf o;f] eGg] jfbL o;f] eGg] k|ltjfbL jf o:tf] Joxf]/fn] o:tf]
ePsf]df o:tf] o:tf] kmnfgf] kmnfgf] k|d f0f ePsf] x'g fn] of] of] /Lt k|df0f / of] sfg" gn] of]
7x5{ . of] sfg"gn] o;f] ug]{ 7x/fO{ km};nf ul/lbP+ .
Olt ;Djt\ @) ======== ;fn ====== ut] /f]h ==============z'ed\ =======================================

ckLn km};nfsf] gd"gf

kmnfgf cfsf xflsd kmnfgfn] u/]]sf]
ckLn km};nf -jf hfx]/ L km};nf_
@) ========;fnsf] bfo/L gDa/
ckLnf6 -jfbL_ -k|ltjfbL_ sf] gfd, y/,

/]:kf]8]06 -jfbL_ -k|ltjfbL_ sf] gfd, y/,

jtg =========

jtg ==========
d'2f kmnfgf

o;df o:tf] eGg] jfbL o:tf] eGg] k|ltjfbL of] o:tf] k|d f0f ePsf]d f z'?
==============cfaf6 of] o;f] 7x/fO{ ============ ldltdf u/]sf] km}; nf pk/ kmnfgfsf] ckLn k/]sf]
x'Fbf of] sfg" g of] o:tf] k|df0faf6 of] d'2fdf o:tf] x'g] 7x5{ .
Olt ;Djt\ @) ========;fn =======ut] /f]h =======z'ed\
!() g+= .. .. jf/06 hf/L x'g] d'2fsf cleo'Qm dWo] d'2 f x]g]{ cfdf k|ltjfbL jf aofg
lb;s]sf cleo'Qmsf] jf Pskm]/f ;f] cfdf xflh/ e} efu]sf]df k|ltjfbL jf jofg glbPsf]
ePklg To:tf cleo'Q msf] xsdf hf] a' g' kg]{ a'e mL 7x/] dflkms km};nf ul/lbg'k5{ . cfdf
xflh/ gePsf] cleo'Qmsf xsdf eg] eP;Ddsf ;fIfL k|df0f ;/hdLg a' emL /fvL jf/06 hf/L
83

ePsf] Ps jif{;Dddf klg xflh/ ePg jf klqmPg eg] xflh/ ePsf jf klqmPsf avtdf d'2f
v8f u/L a'emL sfg" g adf]lhd ug]{ egL / xflh/ ePsf] jf klqmPsfsf] xsdf hf] 7x5{, 7x/]
adf]lhd u/L km};nf ul/lbg' k5{ . ;f] adf]lhd km};nf e} d'ntaL /x]sf] d'2fsf cleo'Q m km]nf
k/]g jf xflh/ ePg eg] klg ;f] cleo'Qmsf] c+z /f]Ssf ePsf] 5 jif{ k'u]kl5 d'2f v8f u/L
a'e m];Ddsf] k|df0faf6 7x/] adf]lhd km};nf ul/lbg'k5{ .
!(! g+= .. .. d'ntaL /x]sf] d'2fdf h'g xflh/ gx'Fbf d'ntaL /xg uPsf] xf] ;f] afx]ssf
c? xflh/ eP klqmPsf k|ltjfbL ;fljt jf OGsf/ eP klg u}/ xflh/ ePsf k|ltjfbL kqmfp
eO{ gcfP;Dd k'k{I fnfO{ y'gfdf / tf/]vdf /x]sfnfO{ To;} y'gfdf / tf/Lvdf /flv5f8\g' x'+b}g.
y'gfdf /x]sfnfO{ ;fljt 7x/]d f x'g] ;hfo;Dd y'lg+bf klg u}/ xflh/ ePsf dflg; kqmL cfPg
cyjf klqmP xflh/ ePklg d'2 f km};nf ug{ c+u k'lu;s]sf] geP klg p;n] kfpg] ;hfo
e'Qmfg x'gf;fy t'?Gt 5f8L u}/xflh/ ePsf dflg; klqmP xflh/ e};s]sf d'2f km};nf ug{ c
k'lu g;s]sf]df eP k'k{IfnfO{ /fVg' kg]{ b]lvP tf/Lvdf / u}/ xflh/ x' g] rflx kqmL jf xflh/
x'g gcfPsf] eP y'gfaf6 5'6]sf / tf/Lvdf /xL /x]sfsf] ;d]t cfaf6 hgfp kfPsf avt
xflh/ x'g cfpFnf eGg] sfut n]vfO{ tf/Lv lvrL km';{b lbg'k5{ . u}/xflh/ ePsf] dflg; kqmL
jf cfkm} cfPkl5 d'2f km}; nf ug]{ sf/jfO{ / k'k{I fnfO{ tL cl3 y'gfaf6 5'6]sf jf tf/Lvaf6
km';{b kfPsf dflg; ;d]tnfO{ lsfpg' kg]{ eof] eg] rflxPsf avt lsfO{ a' g / tf/Lvdf
/fVg x'G5 .
!(@ g+= .. .. jf/06 hf/L x' g] jf rf]/ Lsf] dxnn] d'ntaL /xg] d'2 fsf cleo'Q m cfdf
kqmL gcfPsf] jf xflh/} gePsfsf] xsdf afx]s u}x| d'2f km};nf ubf{ Pp6} ldl;naf6 ug'{kg]{
sfd dWo] s]xL af+sL /fvL kl5 a' L l5Gg] eGg] Joxf]/ f;Fu km};nf ug{ x'+b}g.

84

!(# g+ = .. .. cfaf6 d'2f km};nf u/]kl5 xflh/ /x]sf] ul8ofnfO{ ;f] km};nf af+rL
;'gfO{ ckLn nfUg] jf gnfUg] Joxf]/f / ckLn nfUg] eP ckLn ;'Gg] cfsf] gfd ;d]t atfO{
lghaf6 ;' gL kfPsf] Joxf]/ fsf] sfuh u/fO{ /fVg' k5{ . ul8of xflh/ g/x]sf]d f ;f] km}; nf
ePsf] tLg lbgleq of] d'2fdf of] s'/f 7x/]sf] x' gfn] ltdLnfO{ of] olt ;hfo ePsf] 5 eGg] /
ckLn nfUg] eP ckLn nfUg] cfsf] gfd ;d]t v'nfO{ ;f] ul8ofsf] gfddf Dofb hf/L
ug'{k5{ . ckLn nfUg] d'2fdf ul8of /f]xj/df e} km};nf ;'g]sf]df ;f] ;'g]sf] ldltn] /
ul8of /f] xj/df geO{ Dofb hf/L ePsf]df ;f] Dofb tfd]n ePsf] ldltn] k}t L; lbgleq
ul8ofn] lrQ ga']sf] s'/fdf ;f] km};nf pk/ clkn lbg kfp+5 , ;f] Dofb gf3]kl5 ckLn
nfUg ;St}g .
!($ g+= ..

.. >L % sf] ;/sf/ jfbL x' g] kmf}Hbf/L d'2fdf d[T o'b08, ;j{:j ;lxt

hGds}b jf hGds}bsf] ;hfo kfpg] s;"/bf/ 7xl/Psfn] jf To:tf] kmf}Hbf/L d'2fdf k'k{I fnfO{
y'gfdf /xL s}bsf] ;hfo kfpg] s;"/bf/ 7xl/Psfn] afx]s c?n] jf c? d'2fdf s}bsf] ;hfo
kfpg] s;"/bf/ 7xl/Psfn] cfkm"nfO{ ePsf] s}b afkt dxLgf Pssf] k}+tfnL; ?k}ofFsf b/n]
s}bsf] x'g] ?k} ofF / c? hl/jfgfsf] ?k} ofF w/f} 6 lbP jf ;f] jfkt wg hdfgL lbP lnO{ lghnfO{
ckLnsf] Dofb;Dd w/f}6 jf hdfgtdf /fVg x'G5 . ;f] Dofbleq ckLn gk/]d f lghaf6 km}; nf
adf]lhds]f b08 ;hfo c;"n ug'{k5{ .
!(% g+= .. .. ckLn lb+bf h'g cfn] d'2f l5g]sf] 5 p;sf] ckLn ;'Gg] cfdf jf d'2f
l5Gg] cfdf jf y'lgPsf] dflg;n] cfkm" y'lgPsf] cfdf jf ;/sf/L sd{rf/Ln] cfkm" axfn
/x]sf] jf sfh vl6Psf] Onfsfsf] ghLsdf To; lsl;dsf] ckLn ;'Gg] cf eP ;f]xL cfdf /
To:tf] cf geP ckLn txsf] d'2f ;'Gg] c? cfdf / ;f] klg geP d'2f x] g]{ c? h' g;'s}
cfdf klg lbg x'G5 / ;f] adf]lhd lb+bf ln+bf b]xfosf s'/fdf b]xfo adf]lhd x'G5 ===============
85

y'lgPsf cfdf ckLnkq n]vL lbg NofPdf ;f] ckLnkqsf n]vfOaf6} Dofb leq k/] gk/]sf] /
9f+rf ldn] gldn]sf] ;Dd hf+rL ;f] adf]lhdsf] /Lt k'u]sf] b]lvP ckLnkqdf ul8ofsf]
;lx5fk u/fO{ lnO{ lnkmf hf/L geP;Dd ckLn b:t"/ cfDbfgL afF wL ul8ofnfO{ e/kfO{ lbO{
cfkm"n] a']sf] tLg lbgleq ;f] ckLn n]vf]6;fy ckLn ;'Gg] cfdf a'fO{ e/kfO{ lng'k5{ == !
;/sf/L sd{rf/Ln] dfly n]lvP adf]lhd ghLs cfdf ckLn lbg NofPdf sfg"gsf] /Lt k' ofO{
ckLn kq a'L lnO{ ckLnsf] b:t"/ cfDbfgL af+lwPsf] /;Lb / ckLnkq a'L lnPsf] e/kfO{
ckLn lbg]nfO{ lbO{ ;f] d'2fdf ePsf] b08 ;hfo a'fPsf] /;Lbsf] gSsn ckLn kq;fy gTyL
u/L b:t"/ cfDbfgL afFl wPsf] ldlt ckLnkqsf] kL7df hgfO{ tLg lbgleq ;f] ckLnkq
n]vf]6;fy

ckLn

;'Gg]

cfdf

k7fO{

lbg'

k5{=======================================================================================@
d'2f l5Gg] cfdf ckLn lbg NofPdf sfg"g adf]lhd hlt /Lt k'ofO{ lng' k5{ plt /Lt k'ofO{
ckLnkq a'L lnO{ ;f] d'2fdf ckLn lbg] ul8ofnfO{ nfu]sf] b08 ;hfo c;"n eO{ cfDbfgL
afFlwPsf] eP To;sf] /l;bsf] gSsn ckLnkq ;fy} gTyL u/L / ;f] b08 ;hfodf o;} dxnsf]
!($ gDa/ adf]lhd w/f}6L jf hdfgL lbPsf] jf s}b k/]sf] eP ;f] s'/f ckLn k7fpg] rnfgL
k"hL{d f n]vL P] gn] ckLn lbg] ul8of tf/Lvdf /xg] eP ckLn ldl;n k'Ubf ul8of ;d]t
k'Ug] cGhfd u/L clknf6nfO{ tf/Lv tf]sL e/kfO{ lnO{ ;f] d'2 fsf] ldl;n ;ft lbgleq cfgf]
ckLn ;'Gg] cfdf k7fO{ lbg'k5{ ================#
ckLn ;'Gg] cfdf ul8ofn] lbg NofPsf] ckLn / c? cf dfkm{t cfPsf] ckLn ;d]t
bflvn x'gf;fy P]g adf]lhd /Lt k'u] gk'u]sf] hfFrL /Lt k'u]sf] /x]5 eg] ;f] bflvn ePsf tLg
lbgleq ldl;n k7fpg' egL / y'Gg] cfaf6 k7fPsf] ckLnsf] xsdf ckLnf6;Fu b08 ;hfo
c;"n e};s]sf] jf s}b Dofb 7]lsO{ ;s]sf] 5 5}g eP ;f]xL dflkmssf] hgfp / ;f] adf]lhd
86

e};s]sf] geP c;"n pk/ ug{ jf s}b Dofb 7]S g' hf] ug'{kg]{ u/L tfd]nL hgfp t'?Gt k7fpg'
egL d'2f l5Gg] cfnfO{ k"hL{ u/L ldl;n / hgfp ;d]t lsfO{ ;f] hgfp ldl;n cfPkl5
sfg"g adf]ldh ug'{k5{=============================================================$
ckLn ldl;n k7fpg] cfn] ckLn lbg] ul8of y'gfdf /x]sf] eP ;f] ul8ofnfO{ ldl;n
;fy klxn] g} ckLn ;'Gg] cfdf k7fpg' kb}{g . ckLn ;'Gg] cfn] lsfpg k/] lsfpg
x'G5 . lsfPdf sfg"gsf] /Lt k'ofO{ k7fO{ lbg' k5{ ===============================================%
y'gfdf a;L ckLn lbg] dflg; ckLn km};nf gx'Fb} cl3af6} 5'6\o f] eg] 5'6]sf ldltn] af6fsf
Dofb afx]s kGw|| lbgleq d'2 f k/]sf cfdf xflh/ x' g' k5{ jf jfl/; /fVg kfpg] d'2 fdf eP P]g
adf]lhd jfl/; u/L k7fP klg x'G5 =======================================================================^
ckLn a'lln+bf ;f] d'2fdf cl3Nnf] cfaf6 u/]sf] b08 ;hfo c;"n ePsf] jf ;f] b08
;hfodf s}b k/]sf] jf o;} dxnsf] !($ gDa/ adf]lhd w/f}6 jf hdfgt lnPsf]d f To;sf]
lg:;f bflvn u/]df jf ;f] gDa/ adf]lhd w/f}6 jf hdfgt lng x'g]d f ;f] adf]lhd w/f}6 jf
hdfgt lbPdf jf nfu]sf] b08 ;hfo ckLnkqsf ;fy} a'fPdf dfq ckLn nfUg ;Qm5 ====&
!(^ g+= ..

.. ckLnkq ln+bf o;} gDa/sf gd" gf adf]lhd Ps ?k} o fFsf] l6s6jfnf

lnkmf kmf/fddf n]vL NofPsf] dfq lng'k5{

kmnfgf cfdf r9fPsf]
ckLnkq
;Djt\ @) ======================== ;fnsf] b]jfgL . kmf}H bf/L
kmnfgf kmnfgf x/]ssf] k"/f gfpF, y/, jtg

jfbL
k|ltjfbLM

klxnf

bf];|f]

clknf6

lj?4
kmnfgf kmnfgf x/]ssf] k"/f gfpF, y/, jtg

jfbL
k|ltjfbLM
87

/]:kf]08]06

ckLn g+=

kmnfgf cfsf kmnfgf xflsdn] ;Djt\ @) ============= sf] z'? ckLn . 7f8f] . ;fws g+= ========
sf] d'2fdf kmnfgf ldltdf d jf xfdLx?nfO{ o:tf] ug]{ u/L km};nf ug'{ ePsf]df lrQ ga']sf]
x'gfn] d'2fsf] df]n lauf] olt jf ;hfo olt ePsf] x'g fn] ;f] b08 ;hfo a' fPsf] jf w/f} 6 jf
hdfgt lbPsf] lg:;f zfd]n /fvL jf y'gfdf /xL ckLn u/]sf]5' jf u/]sf 5f}+ . o;df d jf
xfdL ckLnf6sf] lgDglnlvt ckLn lhsL/ 5 .
!==========================
@============================
ckLnf6
kmnfgf 7fpF a:g] kmnfgf
-Ps eGbf a9L ckLnf6 ePdf !, @, #, gDa/ lbO{ ;a}sf] k"/f gfpF, y/, jtg, pd]/ n]vL
To;df n]vk9 ug{ hfGg]n] x:tfIf/sf] ;xL / c?n] NofKr] ;xL ug'{k5{_
Olt ;Djt\ @) ======== ;fn ut] /f]h============= z'ed\ ================================
!(& g+= .. .. o;} dxnsf] !(# gDa/ adf]lhd ckLnsf] Dofb lbg'k g]{df cfaf6 To:tf]
Dofb hf/L g} ul/Psf] /x]g5 eg] ul8ofn] cfkm"n fO{ nfu]sf] b08 ;hfo lt/]sf] jf km}; nfsf]
gSsn lnPsf]df ;f] dWo] h'g sfd cl3Nnf ldltdf eP u/]sf]5 ;f]xL ldltn] ckLn lbg] Dofb
sfod ug'{ k5{ .
!(* g+= ..

.. ckLn lsgf/f ubf{ ;f] d'2fsf] cl3 l5g]sf] ldl;n bflvn ePsf] ldltn]

chL{ u/]sf] / u'h|]sf] tf/Lv ydfPsf] lbg afx]s tLg dxLgf;Dddf lsgf/f ug'{k5{ .
!(( g+= ..

.. o;} dxnsf !($ gDa/ / !(% gDa/sf] & bkmf adf]lhd b08 ;hfo

a'emfO{ jf w/f}6 jf hdfgt lbO{ ckLn ug{ kfpg]df ;f] adf]lhd gu/L y'gfdf a;L ckLn

88

lbPsf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] JolQmnfO{ lghn] ;f] adf]lhd b08 ;hfo a'emfP jf w/f} 6 jf hdfgt
lbP d'2f h'g;'s} cj:yfdf ePklg y'g faf6 5f8L sfg"g adf]lhd u/L sf/jfO{ ug'{k5{ .
@)) g+= .. .. w/f}6 jf hdfgt lbg g;sL y'gfdf /xL ckLn lbg] ckLnf6nfO{ ckLn
;'Gg] cfn] sf/jfO{sf] l;nl;nfdf Gofosf] b'li6n] y'gfdf /fVg plrt gb]v]d f w/f}6 jf hdfgt
glnO{ tf/Lvdf /fvL sf/jfO{ ug{ ;Sg]5 .
@)! g++ = .. .. ckLn lb+bf tf/Lvdf a:g kfpg] ePsf jf ckLn lbO{ tf/Lvdf /x]s f
emul8ofn] ckLn km};nf x'Fbf z'? cfs} OG;fkm ;b/ 7x/]df nfUg ;Sg] ;hfosf] ?k}o fF klxn]
g} w/f} 6 /fVb5 eg] To:tf] emul8ofn] tf/Lvdf ga;] klg x'G5 . tf/Lvdf ga;]sf] egL d'2f
l8;ld; x'g ;St}g . ckLn ;'G g] cfaf6 OG;fkm hf+ rL ;f] emul8of lemsfpg kg]{ b]lvPsf]df
lemsfO{ sfg" g adf]lhd km};nf ul/lbg'k5{ . ;f] adf]lhd emul8of lemsfO{ tf/Lvdf /x]sf]d f jf
;f] emul8of cfkm}+ cfO{ tf/Lvdf a;L k}/jL u5'{ egL tf/Lvdf /x]sf]d f lghn] tf/Lv u'hf/of]
eg] sfg" g adf]lhd ;f] d'2f l8;ld; x'g ;St5 . ;f] adf]lhd l8;ld; ePsf]d f l8;ld;
u/fP jfkt lghnfO{ nfUg];hfosf] ?k} ofF sf u/L lghn] /fv]sf] w/f}6sf] af+sL ?k}ofF lkmtf{
lbg'k5{ .
@)@ g+= ..

.. ckLn, ;fws jf c? s' g} lsl;daf6 cufl8sf] km};nf ;b/ ab/ ug{

clwsf/ k|fKt cfn] cfgf pk/ ckLn gnfUg] cj:yfdf OG;fkm hf+R bf cufl8sf] km}; nfsf]
OG;fkm jf ;hfo km/s kg]{ b]lvof] eg] ;f] Joxf]/ fs]f krf{ v8f u/L ;f] v8f u/]sf] tLg
lbgleq kmnfgf;Fusf kmnfgf d'2fdf ltdL ;d]t /fvL 5nkmn ug'{kg]{ ePsf]n ] af6fsf] Dofb
afx]s kGw| lbgleq xflh/ x'g cfpg' ;f] Dofbdf xflh/ x'g cfPgf}+ eg] kl5 ltd|f] ph"/ nfUg]
5}g egL emul8ofsf gfp+df Dofb hf/L u/L ;f] Dofbdf emul8of xflh/ x' g cfP jf P]g
adf]lhd jfl/; k7fP lghnfO{ ;d]t /fvL kGw| lbgleq km}; nf ug'{k5{ . ;f] Dofbdf xflh/ ge}
89

u'hfg]{ emul8ofsf] kl5 ph"/ nfUg ;St}g . ckLn nfUg] cj:yfdf eg] emul8ofnfO{ lemsfpg'
kb}{g . ckLnsf] Dofb lbg'k5{ .
@)# g++ ..

.. ckLn km}; nf x'Fbf cl3sf] OG;fkm ;b/ e} ckLn lbg] emul8of xfof] eg]

d[To'b08, ;j{:j;lxt hGds}b jf hGds}b jf ;j{:jsf] ;hfo ePsf afx]s c? emul8ofnfO{

ckLn lbP jfkt b]xfodf n]lvP adf]lhd ug'{k5{ ===========================================================
z'? cfaf6 s}b hl/jfgfsf] ;hfy tf]sL l5lgPsf]d f ckLnaf6 ;b/ eP hlt s}b hl/jfgfsf]
klxnf ckLndf ;os8f bz, bf];|f] ckLndf ;os8f kf+rsf b/n] s}b hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ =========!
z'? d'2f x] g]{ cfn] km};nf ubf{ P]gn] ;hfo gx' g] eO{ s}b hl/jfgf gu/L l5g]sf] d'2fdf ckLn
k/L OG;fkm ;b/ ePsf]df klxnf ckLndf eP b]xfodf n]lvP adf]lhd ;hfo ug'{ k5{ . To;
pk/ ckLn k/]sf]df eP klxnf ckLndf u/]sf] ;hfosf] bzf}+bsf b/n] ;hfo ug'{k5{ ==========@
Dofb tf/Lv u'hf/L jf c? s]xL kl/aGbn] lbg' ltg'{ kg]{ s'/fdf ;flat ePsf] ;DemL z'?
cfaf6 P]gn] s}b hl/jfgf ug'{ gk/L l5g]sf] d'2 fdf ;f]xL dflg;n] OG;fkmdf lrQ a'e]g egL
hlt s'/ fsf] lhsL/ lnO{ ckLn u/]sf] 5 ptL s'/fsf] lhsL/df a]dgfl;a 7xl/bf+ z'? cfaf6
P]gn] hlt s}b hl/jfgf x'G5 ;f]xL adf]lhd ug'{k5{ =======================================================!
c+z bkf]6 d'2fdf c+z bafPsf] 7x/fO{ z'? cfn] P] gn] ;hfo ug{ gk/L l5g]sf]df bafpg]sf]
ckLn k/L OG;fkm ;b/ ePdf bafPsf] 7x/]sf lauf]sf] ;os8f kf+r ?k}o fFsf b/n] hl/jfgf
ug'{k5{, ;f] b/n] hl/jfgf ubf{ tLgxhf/ b]lv a9\tf ug'{ x'+b}g ============================@
axL a' g] ;d]t u}x| >]:tf cfaf6 P]gn] ;hfo ug'{ gkg]{ eO{ lauf];Dd lng] u/]sf] d'2fdf lauf]
ltg'{kg]{ u/]sf] lrQ ga' emL ckLn k/]df ;f] lauf]sf] ;os8f kf+r ?k} o fFsf b/n] hl/jfgf
ug'{k5{ ===================================================================================================#

90

kf]nfxfnfO{ ;hfo ePg egL jf sd ;hfo ef] egL ckLn lbPdf hlt ;hfo x' g' kg]{ egL
ckLn lbPsf] 5 To;}sf] ;os8f bz / kf]nfxfsf] ;f] xL adf]lhd ckLn k/]sf] eP ;f] d'2 fdf
kf]nL ;flat ug{ g;s]d f z'? cfaf6 P] gn] hlt ;hfo x'g] xf] ;f]xL ;hfosf] ;os8f
kRrL;sf lx;fan] ;hfo ug'{k5{ =====================================================$
bflvn vf/]h u/fO{ kfpFm eGg] Pshgfb]lv a9L dflg;sf] bfjL ePsf] lhldbf/L d'2fdf cfaf6
Psfsf] xs ;b/ u/fO{ P]gn] ;hfo gx' g] e} hl/jfgf gu/L l5g]sf] d'2fdf gkfpg]x?sf] kfpm+
egL ckLn k/]df ;hfo ubf{ ;f] lhldbf/Lsf] hf]t lh/fot hlt 5 laufxf Pssf] Ps;o ?k} ofF
df]n s;L ;f]xL df]nsf] / hf]t lh/fyt geP lhldbf/L vfGuLsf] ;os8f kf+r ?k}o fFsf b/n]
hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ =========================================================%
Pshgfb]lv a9L dflg;sf] bfjL ePsf] k6'jf/L kfpmF eGg] d'2fdf cfaf6 PshgfnfO{ lbg]
7x/fO{ P] gn] ;hfo gx'g] eO{ hl/jfgf gu/L l5g]sf] d'2fdf gkfpg]sf] kfpFm egL ckLn k/]d f
;hfo ubf{ k6'jf/L vfGuLsf] ;os8f kf+r ?k}ofFsf b/n] hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ =======================^
n]lvPb]lv afx]s c? lsl;dsf d'2fdf z'? cfn] P] gn] ;hfo ug{ gk/L l5g]sf]d f d'2f jf s;"/
x]/L Ps;o ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ ============================================================&
n]lvP adf]lhd ckLn lbP jfktsf] ;hfo ubf{ xbeGbf a9\tf s}b x' g] eof] eg] ckLn ;'Gg]
cf lkR5] xb;Dd s}b u/L xbeGbf a9\tf b'O jif{; Dd dfq s}b x' g] eP ;f]xL adf]lhd / b'O
jif{ gfg] eP b'O jif{ dfq ykL s}b ug'{k5{ . xb ggfg] eP b'O jif{ dfq yKg x'+b}gk"/} ;hfo
ug'{k5{ =============================== #
@)$ g+= ..

.. emul8ofsf] lgj]bgkqaf6 bf]xf]l/Psf] d'2fdf cl3s} OG;fkm ;b/ e} ph"/

ug]{ emul8of xfof] eg] d[T o'b08, ;j{:j;lxt hGds}b jf hGds}b, jf ;j{:j ePsf afx]s c?
emul8ofnfO{ cl3sf] km}; nfaf6 s}b jf jl/jfgf nfu]sf] eP ;f] ;hfosf] ;os8f bzsf b/n] /
91

;f] adf]lhd s}b jf hl/jfgf gnfu]sf]d f o;} dxnsf] @)# gDa/sf] @ bkmfs]f b]xfo bkmf & df
n]lvP adf]lhd ;hfo ug'{k5{ . ;f] ;hfo ubf{ xbeGbf a9L s}b x' g] eof] eg] ;f] xL @)#
gDa/sf] # bkmf adf]lhd ug'{k5{ .
@)% g+= .. .. Ps} d'2fdf xfg]{ ul8ofdWo] s;}sf] ckLn ph"/ k/]sf]af6 hf+lrbf OG;fkm
jf ;hfo plN6g] eO{ ;f] OG;fkm ;hfo pN6fO{ km};nf ubf{ ckLn ph"/ glbg] ul8ofsf
xsdf ;d]t OG;fkm ;hfo plN6g hfg] eof] eg] To:tf]df ckLn ph"/ k/]sf] 5}g egL ;b/
u/L lbg x'+b}g . ckLn ph"/ glbg]sf xsdf ;d]t ckLn ph"/ lbg] ;/x pN6fO{ l5lglbg' k5{ .
@)^ g+= .. .. ckLn lbgfnfO{ s}b jfktsf] ?k}ofF w/f}6 /fvL 5'6]sf ul8of ckLndf
lhTg] 7xof] eg] tf/Lvdf xflh/ /x]sf] jf g/xL u'hf/]sf] ;d]t h] eP klg w/f}6 /x]s f] ?k} ofF
lkmtf{ lbg'k5{ . xfg]{ 7xof] eg] s}b x'g]df km};nf x'Fbf xflh/ /x]sf] eP ?k} ofF lkmtf{ u/L s}b
ug'{k5{ tf/Lv u'hf/L u}/ xflh/ /x]sf] eP ckLn km};nf ePsf ldltn] kfFr jif{leq cfkm} xflh/
x'g cfof] jf km]n f k/L kqmfp eO{ cfof] eg] w/f} 6 /x]sf] ?k}ofFsf] ;os8f b'O{ hl/jfgf u/L
afFsL lkmtf{ lbO{ p;nfO{ km};nf adf]lhd s}b ug'{k5{ . ;f] Dofb leq xflh/ x' g jf kqmfp eO{
gcfP w/f}6 /x]sf] ?k} ofF hkmt u/L ul8ofsf xsdf sfg"g adf]lhd ug'{ k5{ .
@)& g+= .. .. d'2fdf cfaf6 eP u/]sf] km};nfsf] pN6L k6s]sf] /]s8{ >L % sf] ;/sf/n]
tf]s]sf] 9fFrfdf ckLn km};nf ug]{ cfn] /fVg' k5{ .
@)* g+= .. .. cfaf6 hf/L ePsf] ;dg Otnfogfdfsf] Dofb tf/]vdf k|ltjfbL glbO{
Dofb u'hf/L a;]sf ul8ofsf] P]g adf]lhd PstkmL{ k|d f0f a'L ePsf km}; nf pk/ ckLn
nfUg ;St}g . ;dg Otnfogfdf tfd]n ubf{ o;} dxnsf] !!) gDa/ adf]lhd /Lt gk' ofO{
tfd]n u/]sf]n] yfxf kfpg g;sL k|ltjfbL lbg gkfO{ Dofb u'h|]sf] eGg] ph"/ L;fy km};nf ePsf]
5 dxLgfleqdf yfxf kfPsf] k}tL; lbgleq ul8ofn] k|ltjfbL n]vL lbg Nofof] eg] klxn]
92

ldl;n ;fd]n /x]sf] tfd]nL ;dg x]/L /Ltk"j{s tfd]n ePsf] b]lvg cfPg eg] ;f]xL Joxf]]/fsf]
krf{ n]vL k|ltjfbL btf{ u/L P]g adf]lhd a' g' kg]{ k|df0f a' L d'2f km}; nf ug'{ k5{ . /Lt k'u L
tfd]n ePsf] b]lvPdf ;f]xL Joxf]/f vf]n L ph"/ nfUg ;St}g egL b/kL7 u/L lkmtf{ lbg'k5{ .
@)( g+= .. .. ckLn k/L jf s]xL a]xf]/fn] OG;fkm hfFlrg] cfdf cfPsf d'2 fdf k|d f0fnfO{
bflvn ePsf lnvt sfutx? ;2] sLt]{ 5'6\ ofO{ OG;fkm ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf b]lvPsf]df ;f] sf/jfO{
tNnf cfn] gu/L l5g]sf] /x]5 eg] ckLn ;'Gg] cfaf6} ;f] sfut ;Ssn} lsfO{ cfdf
bflvn ePkl5 ldl;n zfd]n /fvL ph"/jfnfsf] aofg u/fO{ k|ltjfbLx? cGt 6f9f lhNnfdf
a;]sf] eP lghx? dWo] d'V o sf/0fL / n]vs ;fIfL / c? ;Ssn sfuh} x]/L b]vfO{ aofg
ug'{kg]{ hltnfO{ P] g adf]lhd u/L c}d f lsfO{ aofg lnO{ / tL afx]ssf c? k|ltjfbL;Fu
aGb;jfnf/f lghx? a;]sf Onfsfsf] cfdf k7fO{ tfd]n u/L P]g adf]lhd hf] a' g' kg]{ k|d f0f
a' L k} m;nf ug'{k5{ . aGb;jfnf/f a'lPsf k|ltjfbLnfO{ tf/]vdf /fVg kb}{g . To:tfn] d'2f
k/]sf cfdf tf/Lvdf a:5' eg] klg a:g kfp+5 .
@!) g+= .. .. ckLn k/]sf] jf bf] xl/Psf] d'2fdf cl3sf] OG;fkm ;b/ 7xl/O{ km}; nf
ePsf]df ;f] km};nf ug]{ cfn] cl3 lhTg] ul8of tf/]vdf g/x]sf] eP lauf] e/fpg], rng
rnfpg], c+z a08f 5'6\ofpg], bflvn btf{ u/fpg] / lnvt kf; u/fpg] ;d]t P]gsf Dofbleq
km};nf adf]lhd u/fO{ dfUg' kg]{ sndx?df ;f] cl3 lht]sf] ul8ofnfO{ cfgf cfaf6
km};nf ePsf ldltn] tLg lbgleq OG;fkm ;b/ ePsf] hgfp k7fO{ o;} dxnsf] !!) gDa/
adf]lhd tfd]n u/fpg' k5{ . ;f] hgfp kfPsf ldltn] km};nf adf]]lhd u/fO{ dfUg] Dofb z'?
x'G5 .
@!! g+= ..

.. d'2f x]g]{ cfdf /x]s f] ldl;n sfutkqsf] gSsn ;/f]sf/jfnf hf];'s}n]

dfu] klg lbg'k5{ . ;f] adf]lhd gSsn lb+bf ln+bf gssn lng]sf] cfg} tkm{ af6 ;f/L lng]df
93

lghnfO{ ;DalGwt sd{rf/Lsf] /f] xj/df /fvL km};nf e} ;s]kl5 gSsn lnPsf]df km};nf dfqsf]
eP Ps ?k}o fFsf] / c? sfuhftsf] eP Ps ?k}ofFs f] / km};nf / Pp6} ldl;ndf /x]sf] u}x| jf
s]xL sfuhsf] eP b'O ?k} of=sf] l6s6jfnf lnkmfdf / km};nf gx'Fb} gSsn lnPsf]df k|To]s
sfutsf] krf; k};fs]f l6s6jfnf lnkmfdf gSsn ;fg'{ / ;fg{ lbg' k5{ . cfaf6 gSsn ;f/L
kfp+ m eg]sf]d f km'n:s]k ;fOhsf] k| To]s kfgfs]f rfnL; k};fs]f b/n] x' g] ?k}ofFsf] lnkmf lnO{
;f/L lbg'k5{ . gSsn ln+bf lb+bf ;f] gSsnsf]lz/df kmnfgfn] lnPsf] eGg / ;Ssn adf]lhd
gSsn b'?:t 5 eGg] n]vL cfsf] / xflsdsf] 5fk nufO{ lnkmf bflvn u/]sf] ldltn]
lkm/fbkqsf] gSsn ef]lnkN6;Dddf / c? sfutsf] gSsn tLg lbgleq}df lbg'k5{ .
@!@ g+= ..

.. ;/sf/L sd{rf/L jf y'gfdf /x]sf] dflg;sf] d'2 fsf] ldl;nsf] x'nfsf/f

gSsn kfpFm egL ;f] sd{rf/L jf y'lgPsf] dflg;n] sfg" g adf]lhds] f b:t"/ ;d]t bflvn u/L
cfkm" axfn /x]sf] jf tf/Lvdf /x]sf] jf y'lgPsf] cfdf b/vf:t lbPdf ;f] cfn] a'lemlnO{ ;f]
adf]lhd gSsn k7fpg ldl;n /x]sf] cfnfO{ n]vL k7fpg' k5{ / ;f] adf]lhd n]vL cfPdf ;f]
ldl;n /x]s]f cfn] klg gSsn ;fg{ nufO{ b/vf:t k/]sf] cfdf k7fO{ lbg'k5[{ .
@!# g+= ..

.. cfn] d'2fdf ;fws hfx]/ ubf{ ;f] d'2 fsf] ;Ssn ldl;n ;d]t /fvL ;f]

d'2fsf] dflg; y'g fdf /x]s f] eP y'g fdf /x]sf] ldlt / 7fpF y'gfaf6 efu]sf] eP efu]sf] ldlt
;d]t v'nfO{ hfx]/ ug'{k5{ .
@!$ g+= ..

.. ;fws hfx]/ ug'{kg]{ d'2fdf ;fws hfx]/ ubf{ l/xfO{ kfpg] 7xl/Psf

cleo'QmnfO{ k'k{Ifsf] lgldQ y'gfdf /flvPsf] eP ;fwssf] clGtd lgsf;f geP;Dd ;f]xL
adf]lhd / s;"/bf/ 7x/]sfnfO{ P]g adf]lhd u/L /fVg'k5{ .
@!% g+= .. .. d'2fsf] ;fws hfx]/ u/]sf]df ckLn k/]sf] /x]5 eg] ;fwssf] nut sf6L ;f]
d'2f ckLnsf] txaf6 x] g'{k5{ . ;f] adf]lhd ckLn x]bf{ jf ckLn gk/]sf]d f ;fws hfFRbf ;fws
94

hfx]/ ug]{ cfn] a' g'k g]{ k|df0f ga' L sfd afFsL /fvL hfx]/ u/]sf] /x]5 / k|df0f jf ul8of
ga' L km};nf ug{ jf lgsf;f lbg gx'g] b]lvof] eg] ;f] a' g'kg]{ ul8of xflh/ /x]sf]d f lgh
;d]t c? hf] a'g' kg]{ k|d f0f a'L Dofbleq km};nf ug'{ jf lgsf;f lbg' k5{ . ;fws hfFRbf
a' g'kg]{ sfd afFsL afx]s c? /Lt gk'u]sf]df eg] olt /Lt k'ofO{ k7fpg' egL Dofb tf]sL ;ft
lbgleq lkmtf{ k7fO{lbg' k5{ .
@!^ g+= .. .. d'2fsf] ;fws hfx]/ u/]sf]df cfg} cfsf] ;|]:tf / cfgf] cfsf] Onfsfsf]
cf a' L k'Ug]df kGw|| lbgleq / c? Onfsfsf] cf a' g'k g]{df tflstL ;fy Dofb tf]sL hf]
a' g' kg]{ a' L cfdf bflvn ePsf] kGw|| lbgleq lsgf/f ug'{k5{ .
@!& g+= .. .. ;fws ;b/ ug'{ u/fpg' kg]{ d'2fdf ;f] ;fws hfFR g] lgsf;f lbg]n] ;f]
;fws ;b/ u/] adf]lhd y'lgPsfnfO{ 5f8\g' kg]{ jf ;hfo ug'{ kg]{ ePsf]d f ;f] adf]lhd ug'{
egL h'g cfsf] vf]/ ]nvfgfdf y'g'jf /x]s f]5 ;f] / ;fws hfx]/ ug]{ cfdf tLg lbgleq}
hgfp k7fO{ To;sf] ldl;n kGw| lbgleq ;fws hfx]/ ug]{ cfdf k7fO{ lbg'k5{ .
@!* g+= .. .. d'2fdf c? cf a' g'kbf{ jf c? cfaf6 sfut jf dflg; vf]hL
lsfpg'kbf{ jf ;fIfL ;/hdLg ul8ofsf] aGb ;jfn askq aofg u/fpg' kbf{ ;f] cfnfO{
of] a] xf]/f;Fu olt lbgleq kmnfgf sfd u/L k7fpg' eGg] af6fsf] Dofb afx]s d'gfl;a
dflkmssf] Dofb lbO{ n]vL k7fpg' k5{ .
@!( g+= .. .. ;/sf/L sfddf cfgf cfaf6 ug'{ kg]{ d' gfl;a dflkmssf] n]vf]6 k"hL{
cfPdf tf]lsPsf Dofbleq n]vL cfP adf]lhdsf] sfd t'?Gt tfd]n u/L k7fpg' k5{ . tfd]n
ePg jf ug{ ;lsPg eg] sf/0f vf]nL ;f] n]vL k7fpg] cfnfO{ Dofb}leq hjfkm lbg'k5{ .
@@) g+= .. .. s;}n] cfdf lbPsf] jf x'n fsf/f k7fPsf] lgj]b gkqx?df >L % sf]
;/sf/ jfbL e} x]g'{ kg]{ s'/fsf] ;/sf/L sd{rf/Ln] jf ;/sf/L sfdsf] clVtof/ kfPsf] c? s'g }
95

JolQmn] b'Mv kL/ lbPsf] s'/fsf] / ;/sf/L sd{rf/Ln] cf ;DaGwL hfx]/ u/]sf] s'/fsf]
lgj]bgkq eP lnkmf b:t"/ geP klg sfg"g adf]lhd sf/jfO{ ug'{k5{ . ;f] afx]s c? s'/fsf]
lgj]bgkqdf Ps ?k} ofFsf] lnkmf b:t"/ nfU5 . cfsfzjf0fL 6]lnkmf]gaf6 k7fPsf] lgj]b g kqsf]
xsdf ;f] geP klg sfg"g adf]lhd sfjf{O{ ug'{k5{ .
@@! g+= .. .. P]gdf l6s6jfnf lnkmf kmf/fd n]vL lng' lbg' hf/L ug'{ eGg] n]lvPsf]df ;f]
l6s6jfnf lnkmf kmf/fd geP ;f] P] gdf hlt ?k}ofF k};fsf] l6s6jfnf lnkmf kmf/fddf n]vL
lng' lbg' hf/L ug'{ egL n]lvPsf]5 Tolt gubL ?k} ofF k}; f g} b:t"/ lnO{ vfnL ;fbf sfuhdf
n]vL n]Vg nufO{ lng' lbg' hf/L ug'{k5{ .
@@@ g+= .. .. cfgf cfdf k/]sf lgj]b gkqdf dgfl;a dflkmssf] sf/0fn] afx]s ;ft
lbgleq tf]s cfb]z lb;Sg' k5{ .
@@# g+= .. .. cfn] d'2fdf k|d f0f lgldQ lsfPsf] km}; nf eO;sL ckLnsf] xb ;d]t
gf3]sf ldl;n / cfg} cfaf6 km};nf u/]sf] ldl;n ;d]t c? cfdf a'fpg' kg]{d f ldnfkq
ePsf] d'2f eP ldnfkq ePsf ;ft lbgleq / km};nf ePsf] d'2 f eP ckLn ph"/sf] Dofb
gf3]sf ;ft lbgleq h'g cfdf a' fpg' kg]{ xf] p;} cfdf a'fO{ lbg'k5{ .
@@$ g+= .. .. ;/sf/L sd{rf/Ln] o;} dxnsf] #) gDa/df n]lvPsf dflg;sf] afx]s
c?sf] cfkm" axfn /x]sf cfdf btf{ sf/jfO{ x'g] jf ckLn kg{ cfpg] d'2f ;DaGwL lkm/fbkq,
k|ltpQ/kq, ckLnkq, lgj]bgkq OToflb sfuhkqx? n]Vg n]vfpg x'+b}g .
@@% g+= ..

.. ;/sf/L sfdsfh ubf{ o;f] ug'{ eGg] n]lvPsf]df ;f] adf]lhd gu/L jf

o;f] ug{ x'+b}geGg] n]lvPsf]df ;f] s'/f u/L sfg" g 5f8L sfd ug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ P]gdf ;hfo
n]lvPs]fdf ;f]xL adf]lhd / ;hfo gn]lvPsf]df clVtof/jfnfaf6 sfg"g adf]lhd ljefuLo
sf/jfO{ / ;hfo x'g]5 .
96

dxn @
b08 ;hfosf]
! g+= ..

.. gfafnsn] vt jft tS;L/ nfUg] s'/f u/] u/fPdf cf7 jif{ dlgsf] /x]5 eg]

vt jft nfUb}g . afx| jif{ dlgsf] /x]5 eg] hl/jfgf;Dd x' g] d'2f eP xKsfO{ / s}bsf] ;hfo
x'g]d f eP s;"/ x]/L b' O dxLgf;Dd s}b x'G5 / ;f]x| jif{ dlgsf] /x]5 eg] ;f]x| jif{ k'u ]sfnfO{
x'g] ;hfosf] cfwf ;hfo ug'{k5{ . ;f]x| jif{ k'u ]sf s;}n] l;sfO{ u/]sf] /x]5 eg] ;f]
l;sfpg]nfO{ P]g adf]lhd k"/f ;hfo ug'{k5{ .
@ g+= .. .. s;}n] u/]sf sfddf p;sf] ;]v kl5 c?sf gfpFd f gfn]; k/L dg]{s f] s;"/
7x/] klg ;hfo x'+b}g lauf]sf] xsdf P]g adf]lhd ug'{ k5{ .
# g+= .. .. hl/jfgf, s}b jf lazf}+b nfu]sf] dflg; ;f] c;"n gx'+b} dof] eg] pm d/]kl5
dfkm x'G5 . p;sf] ck'tfnL vfg] jf hdfgL x'g]nfO{ kqmfp ug{ x'+b}g. lauf] e/fpg] jf lng'kg]{
s'/f /x]5 eg] ck't fnL vfg]n] ltg'{ k5{ . hfohft u/L lnPkl5 gk'u]sf] af+s Ldf ck't fnL
vfg]n fO{ kqmg x'+b}g .
$ g+= .. .. ;j{:j x' g] 7x/L km};nf e} ;j{:j /f]Ssf ePsf] dflg; dof] eg] s;"/df
l/xfO{ gkfP To;sf] ;j{:j km's'jf x' g ;St}g . P]g adf]lhd ug'{ k5{ .
% g+= .. .. hf/L vtdf ;hfo kfpg] ePsf] dflg; 5 jif{ leq km]nf gk/] hf/L vtsf]
;hfo x'+b}g .
^ g+= .. .. olt v08 ;hfo ug'{ eGg] n]lvPsf]d f d[To' b08sf] rf}la; jif{, hGd s}bsf]
aL; jif{ / ;j{:jsf] c7f/ dxLgf s}b sfod u/L To:sf] v08 ;hfo ug'{k5{ .
& g+= .. .. P] gdf ;j{:j ;lxt hGd s}b ug'{ eGg] n]lvPsf]d f hGd s}b u/L P]g adf]lhd
;j{:j ug'{ k5{ . ;j{:j ug'{ eGg] n]lvPsf]d f P]g adf]lhd ;j{:j ug'{k5{ .
97

* g+= .. .. Ps} hgfn] w]/} k6s d[To' b08, ;j{:j ;lxt hGd s}b, jf hGds}b jf
;j{:j x'g] / c? ;hfo x'g] vt u/]sf] eP klg d[To' b08, ;j{:j ;lxt hGd s}b, jf hGd s}b
ePkl5 c? vt vflk+b}g .
( g+= .. .. b]jfgL d'2fdf ;hfo ubf{ hxfgdf d'Vo sf/0fLnfO{ P]g adf]lhd ;hfo
ePkl5 c?nfO{ ;hfo ug{ x'+b}g .
!) g+= .. .. P]gdf k6s jf vt vfKg' eGg] n]lvPsf] afx]s Ps} sfuhsf d'2fdf b' O{ jf
;f] eGbf a9L P] g nufO{ vt k6s vfkL ;hfo ug'{ k/]df s}b x'g] snddf h'g P]gsf] 7"nf]
;hfo 5 ;f]xL P] gn] dfq ;hfo ug'{ k5{ . c? P]gsf] vt vfKg x'+b}g . hl/jfgfsf] ;hfo
kfpg]d f ;a} P] gsf] vt vfkL ;hfo ug'{ k5{ . hl/jfgfsf] / s}bsf] ;hfo x'g]d f b'j} sndsf]
7"nf] ;hfosf] dfq b'j} s'/fsf] ;hfo ug'{ k5{ . Ps} sfuhsf] d'2f ePklg geP klg ;j{:j
ePkl5 ;f] x'g'eGbf cl3sf] s;"/df hl/jfgfsf] vt vflkb}+g .
!! g+= .. .. P]gdf s}b egL n]]lvPsf] snddf s}b} x'G5 .
!@ g+= .. .. of] P] gsf] dxn dxndf n]lvPsf] s' g} sfd s'/f s;'/ x' g]d f ;f] s;'/sf
lgldQ ;DalGwt dxndf ;hfosf] s'g} vf; Joj:yf ul/Psf] /x] g5 eg] To:tf]df s;'/sf]
k|s[lt / cj:yfsf ljrf/n] kf+r ;o ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf x' g]5 .
!#= g+= ..

.. s'g} cfaf6 ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx?sf] lhDdf u/L s'g} cfsf gfp+d f rnfg

u/L k7fPsf] gub lhG;L u}x|sf] lhDdf lnO{ cfpg] sd{rf/Ln] cfg} d'gfl;an] xf];\ jf cfkm"
dflysf clkm;/n] cx|fpFbf xf];\ aLrdf ;f] lems]5 eg] cfg} d' gfl;an] lems]sf] eP lemSg]nfO{
/ cx|fO{ lems]sf] eP cx|fpg]nfO{ b'O{ jif{b]lv 5 jif{;Dd s}b ug'{k5{ . c/fp dfgL dfq lem]ssf]
eP cx|fpg]nfO{ x'g] ;hfosf] 8]9 L 36fO{ s}b ug'{k5{ . lauf] df;]sf] /x]5 eg] df:g] af6 lauf]
;d]t a'emL lng' k5{ .
98

!$ g+= .. .. s'g} ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs sfdsf] clwsf/ kfPsf JolQmn] cfgf] cf]xbf
;DaGwL sfd ubf{ u/fp+bf jf s'g} sfg" gL st{Jo ePsf JolQmn] To:tf] st{Josf] kfngf ubf{
sfg"gn] lng vfg x'g] kfl/>lds afx]s c? s'g} /sd snd b} b:t"/ lng vfg x'+b}g lnP
cfPdf 3"; vfPsf] 7x5{ .
!% g+= .. .. 3"; vfPsf]d f lauf] hkmt u/L lnO{ ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs sfdsf] clwsf/
kfPsf s'g} JolQmn] 3"; vfPsf] eP lghnfO{ s;"/ sf] dfqf cg';f/ b'O{ jif{b]lv 5 jif{;Dd s}b
jf kf+r xhf/ ?k}o fF;Dd hl/jfgf / ;f] afx]s c?n] 3"; vfPsf] eP lghnfO{ lauf] adf]lhd
hl/jfgf x'G5 . hflu/ 5+bf 3"; vfPsf] hflu/ 6'6]kl5 ;hfo kfpg] ePdf jf 3"; vfg
dfu]sf]; Dd /x]5 vfg eg] kfPsf] /x]g5 eg] klg dfly n]lvP adf]lhd x'G5 . 3"; v'jfpg] jf
3";sf] s'/f ldnfO{ lbg]n fO{ 3"; v'j fO{ ;s]sf] jf v'j fO{ g;s]sf] ePklg ;/sf/L sd{rf/L eP
lghn] cfkm} 3"; vfP ;/xs} ;hfo / ;/sf/L sd{rf/L afx]s c? eP To:sf] cfwf ;hfo
x'G5 . 3"; vfg' v'jfpg' u/L s;}sf] gf]S;fg kf/]sf] /x]5 eg] ;f] gf]S;fgL lauf] h:sf k]6df
k/]sf] 5 p;}a f6 / lghaf6 pk/ x'g g;s]d f 3"; vfg]af6 c;"n u/L lng kfp+5 .
!^ g+= .. .. ;/sf/L sd{rf/Ln] 8/ wfs b]vfO{ s'6kL6, xftkft jf af+w5f+b ;d]t OToflb
hf]/ h'n'd u/L ha/h:tL 3"; lnPdf ;f] 3";sf] lauf] h;af6 lnPsf] xf] p;nfO{ lkmtf{ u/fO{
;f] sd{rf/LnfO{ lauf] adf]lhd hl/jfgf u/L tLg jif{b]lv gf} jfif{; Dd s}b x'G5 . ha/h:tL
u/]sf] dfq /x]5 lng kfPsf] eg] /x]g5 eg] dfly n]lvPsf] ;hfosf] cfwf ;hfo x'G5 .
!& g+= .. .. o;} dxnsf !% gDa/sf s'/fdf s}b ug'{ kbf{ gf} jif{ / !^ gDa/sf s'/fdf
s}b ug'{ kbf{ afx| jif{eGbf a9L s}b ug'{ x'+b}g.
!* g+= .. .. kmf}Hbf/L d'2fdf s'g} JolQmn] 'f k|df0f agfO{ /L; O{aLn] jf dgfl;a
dflkmssf] sf/0f jf tYo geO{ s'g} JolQm pk/ ;f] d'2f rnfPsf] 7x/]d f 'f kf]n ph"/ u/]
99

jfkt lghnfO{ lghn] kf]n]sf] s'/f 7x/]sf] eP kf]n fO{ dfUg]nfO{ x' g] ;hfosf] cfwf ;hfo x'G5 .
;f] adf]lhd ;hfo ubf{ kfFr jif{eGbf a9L s}b x'g] ePdf kf+r jif{; Dd dfq s}b ug'{k5{ . kf]n
ph"/ ubf{sf] cj:yfdf /L; O{aL /xg]5 eGg] jf kf]n ph"/ ug'{ kg]{ dgfl;a dflkmssf] tYo eO{
u/]sf] xf] eGg] d'2f x] g]{ cf nfO{ ljZjf; ePdf To:tf] kf]n ph'/ ug]{ JolQmnfO{ ;f] n]lvPsf]
;hfo dWo] ;a} jf s]xL ;hfo gug{ ;Sg] 5 .
!( g+= .. .. o;} dxnsf] !* gDa/ adf]lhd kf]nfxfnfO{ ;hfo x' g] ePsf]d f ;f] d'2f x] g]{
cfn] kf]nfxfnfO{ ;f] ;hfosf] cfwf ;f]xL n]lvP adf]lhdsf] ;hfo u/L cfwf h;sf pk/
To:tf] 'f d'2f rnfPsf] xf] ;f] JolQmnfO{ Ifltk"lt{sf] ?kdf e/fO{ lbg]5 . kf]nfxfnfO{ s}bsf]
;hfo x' g]df of] gDa/ adf]lhd lbO{g] Ifltk"lt{sf] nflu ;f] s}bsf] ;hfosf] gub c+s sfod
ubf{{ Ps jif{ s}bsf] ;hfosf] kf+ r ;o ?k} ofF sfod ug'{k5{ . dfly n]lvP adf]lhd Ifltk"lt{
lbg' kg]{ JolQmn] ;f] adf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ glbPdf ;f] Ifltk"lt{ lghsf] hfohftaf6 e/fO{ lbg' k5{
/ hfohftaf6 c;"n pk/ x'g g;s]df ;f] jfkt s}b u/fO{ kfpF egL Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] JolQmn]
b/vf:t lbPdf d'2f x] g]{ cfn] el/ e/fp x' g g;s]sf] Ifltk"lt{sf] c+ssf] larf/ u/L tLg
dxLgf;Dd s}bsf] ;hfo ug{ ;Sg]5 .
@) g+= .. .. o;} dxnsf] !( gDa/ adf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ lbg' kg]{ JolQmsf] d[To' Ifltk"lt{sf]
km};nf x' g' jf e/L e/fp x' g'eGbf cufj} eP klg lghsf xsjfnf dfkm{t lghsf c+z xsaf6
k'u];Dd Ifltk"lt{ c;"n u/L e/fO{ lbg' k5{ / Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] JolQmsf] d[ To' Ifltk"lt{sf] km}; nf
x'g' jf e/L e/fp x'g'eGbf cufj} ePdf lghn] kfpg' kg]{ Ifltk"lt{ lghsf xsjfnfn] kfp+5 .
@! g+= .. .. o; P]gdf cGoq cGoyf n]lvPsf]d f afx]s b]xfosf s'/fdf b]xfo adf]lhd
ug'{k5{

100

gkfpg]d f kfpg' k5{ egL ph"/ lbPsf] 7x/]d f kqm]sf] lauf]sf] ;os8f bz hl/jfgf
ug'{k5{ ================================================================!
lbg' kg]{df km/]j u/L glbPsf] 7x/]d f lauf] e/fO{ ;f] lauf]sf] ;os8f bz hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ =====@
cfkm"n] kfpg'kg]{ eGbf a9\t f kqm]sf] 7x/]df ;f] a9\tf kqm] hltsf] / cfkm"n] lbg' kg]{ eGbf 36L
eg]sf] 7x/]d f ;f] 36L eg]sf hlt lauf]sf] ;os8f kfFr hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ ===========================#
lauf] e/fpg' kg]{d f e/fPsf] lauf]sf] e/L kfpg]a f6 bzf}+b / e/L lbg' kg]{af6 lazf}+b lng' k5{
hl/jfgf ePsf] hltdf eg] lazf}+b nfUb}g ===============================================$
@@ g+= .. .. cfaf6 lauf] w/f}6 lnO{ d'2f x] g'{ kg]{d f cfdf lauf] bflvn u/fO{ jf /f]Ssf
ug'{ kg]{d f /f]Ssf u/L d'2f x] g'{ k5{ . cfdf lauf] bflvn ePkl5 / /f]Ssf u/]sf] jf wghdfgL
lnPsf] ldltb]lvsf] Jofh nfUb}g .
@# g+= ..

.. d'2fdf ;fws ;b/ eP adf]lhd dfq ;hfo ug'{ kg]{n fO{ ;f] ;b/ eO{

cfPsf] / c}af6 ;hfo tf]sL km}; nf ePsf]df ;d]t c;"n ug'{ kg]{ ;hfosf] nut lstfadf
nut s:g' / c? cfnfO{ nut lbg' kg]{df lbg' k5{ . ;f] adf]lhd c? cfnfO{ nut lbPsf]d f
;f] nut s:g' kg]{ cfn] ;d]t nut s:g] sf/jfO{ t'?Gt u/L nutdf r9fO{ xflh/ /x]sfnfO{
p;} avt / xflh/ g/x]sfnfO{ af6fsf Dofb afx]s b'O dxLgfleq km};nf adf]lhdsf] nut P]g
adf]lhd km5\ of}{6 ug]{ sf/jfO{ ug'{ k5{ .
@$ g+= .. .. ;/sf/L lauf] hl/jfgf bzf}+b lazf}+b ;d]t OToflb lng' kg]{ snddf jf
;j{:j x'g] s;"/df Ps k6s ;j{:j hfohft eO{ ;s]kl5 ;f] ;j{:j ePsf s;"/df / hfohft
ePsf sndsf] af+sLdf km]l/ ;j{:j hfohft ug{

x'+b}g. hfohftaf6 pk/ gePsf] b]xfo

adf]lhdsf] sndsf] af+sL hltdf b]xfo ad] flhd ug'{ k5{ . ;f] afx]s c? s'/fsf] hfohftaf6
pk/ gePsf] af+sL lauf] hl/jfgf s}bsf] af+sLdf ;hfo kfpg] dflg; hfohft ePsf ldltn]
101

kf+r jif{;Dd vf]htnf; ubf{ klg kqmfp geP af+sLdf kqmfp ug{ x'+b} g af+sLsf] nut sf6L
lbg' k5{
Hofg;DaGwL d'2f, s'g} k|sf/sf] rf]/L d'2 f jf /fhsfh d'2fdf s;"/bf/nfO{ ePsf] ;hfosf]
af+sL / ;/sf/L sd{rf/Ln] cfgf lhDdfsf] ;/sf/L wgdfn df;L gf]S;fgL kf/L vfP v'jfPsf]
jf k]ZsL 7]ssf] jf af+sL gltg]{sf] dxnsf] @ gDa/sf] af+sL ;d]t olt sndsf] af+sLdf hlxn]
;'s} km]nf k/] klg km};nf nut adf]lhds]f ;hfo ug'{ k5{ ==============================!
;/sf/L txaLn df;]sf] lauf]d f afx]s c? u}x| ;/sf/L lauf]df To;sf ck't fnL vfg] xsbf/
kqmfp eO{ ck'tfnL vfg]s f] hfohft x'Fbf gbafPsf] eP gk'u ] hlt af+sLdf kqmfp ug{ x'+b}g.
hfohft bafO{ 5kfO{ /fv]sf] 7x/] bjfO{ 5kfO{ /fv]sf hfohftaf6 gk'u ]sf] hlt af+sLdf bafpg]
;f]x| jif{ gf3]sf dflg;nfO{ af+s L gltg]{sf] dxnsf] * gDa/ adf]lhd ug'{k5{ ===================@
;a{:j jf hfohft x'Fbf bafO{ 5kfO{ /fv]s f] 5 eGg] ph'/ k/L a' bf bafO{ 5kfO{ /fv]sf] 7xof]
eg] ;f]bafP 5kfPsf] lauf] pk/ u/L bafP 5kfP jfkt ;f] bafpg] 5kfpg]n fO{ P]g adf]lhd
;hfo klg ug'{ k5{ ================================================================ #
@% g+= .. .. hl/jfgf / ;/sf/L lauf] c;"n ugf{nfO{ b'lgof+s f] lauf] pk/ gx'~Hofn kvL{
/xg' kb}{ g . ;/sf/L lauf] nfu]sf dflg;n] ;f] lt/] lnO{ / glt/] P]g adf]lhd hfohft u/L
c;"n ug'{k5{ . ;f] adf]lhd hfohft u/L ln+bf gk'u]sf] af+sLdf xflh/ /x]sf] eP t'?Gt / xflh/
g/x]sf] eP o;} dxnsf] @$ gDa/ adf]lhd ug'{k5{ . ;/sf/L lauf] afx]s s}b hl/jfgf
nfu]sfsf] xsdf ;f] hl/jfgf lt/] lnO{ g lt/] ;f] hl/jfgf jfkt / s}bdf ;d]t s}b ug'{k5{ .
s}b eP kl5 hfohft ug{ x'+b}g . s}b hl/jfgf nfu]sf] dflg; efuL uof] eg] hl/jfgfdf /
dxLgf Pssf] k}+t fln; ?k}ofFsf] b/n] ?k}ofF s;L s}bdf ;d]t hfohft u/L c;"n ug'{k5{ .
hfohft u/L ln+bf k'u ]g eg] gk'u af+sLdf o;} dxnsf] @$ gDa/ ad]flhd h}n];'s} km]nf k/]
102

klg s}b x'g] snddf h}n] ;'s} km]nf k/] klg / c? s}b jl/jfgfsf] snddf Dofb leq k]mnf
k/]sf avt s}b ug'{ k5{ . To;/L s}b ePkl5 s}b jfkt cfPsf] ?k}ofF lkmtf{ lbg'k5{ .
@^ g+= ..

.. P]g adf]lhd hl/jfgf s}b jfkt hfohft ubf{ s;"/bf/sf] c+zaf6 dfq

k'u] ;Dds]f c;"n u/L lng' k5{ . b'lgof+s f] lauf] jfkt hfohft ubf{ Tof] wg vfg] afx| jif{b]lv
dflysf P]g adf]lhd dfg' g5' L ;+u a;]sf jf Tof] wg vf+bf ;Fu a;]sf kl5 leGg x' g]sf] c+z
;d]t / ;/sf/L lauf]df hfohft ubf{ ;f] wg vf+bf ;Fu a:g] ;a} c+lzof/sf] c+z hfohft
ug'{k5{ . ;f] adf]lhd hfohft ubf{ :jf:gL 5f]/L a' xf/Lsf] bfOhf], ljjfx gePsf 5f]/ f5f]/Lsf]
ljjfx vr{, b'lgof+sf] lauf]d f hfohftsf] b/vf:t gkb}{ / ;/sf/L lauf]df ;f]l auf] nfUg] egL
kqmfp ePsf ldlteGbf cufj} ;fx'n fO{ n]vL lbPsf] crnsf] ef]u b[i6L td;'s adf]lhds]f
y}nL, Ps xn uf]?, /f]huf/ ug]{ Ps;/f] xltof/, vfg] ksfpg] Ps ;/f] ef+8f, cf]8\g] cf]5ofpg],
nfPsf] sk8f / cGg /x]5 eg] ;f] hfohft x' g]nfO{ 5 dxLgf;Dd vfg k'Ug] cGg k/ ;f/L
5f8L c? hfohft u/L k'u];Dd c;"n ug'{k5{ . a9\t f eP lkmtf{ lbg' k5{ . hfohft ePkl5
k'u]g eg] klg c? hxfgnfO{ kqmg x'+b}g .
@& g+= .. .. ;j{:j ubf{ c+z gePsf c? c+lzof/sf] c+z k/ ;f/L / s;"/ hfx]/ gx'Fb}
ef]u b[li6 aGws n]lvPsf td;'s adf]lhdsf] ;fx"sf] y}nL, ljjfx gePsf 5f]/ f5f]/Lsf] P]g
adf]lhdsf] ljjfx vr{, :jf:gL 5f]/ L a'xf/Lsf] bfOhf] / h'g d'2 faf6 ;j{:j x'g] ePsf] xf] To;
d'2faf6 e/L kfpg] km};nf adf]lhdsf] b'lgof+sf] lauf] ;d]t k/ ;f/L s;"/bf/sf] dfq ;j{:j
u/L lng' k5{ . lwtf] gn]lvPsf] c? ;fx"sf] y}nL k/ ;fg'{ kb}{g .
@* g+= .. .. /}s/ hUuf sdfpg] df]xLsf] P] g adf]lhd hfohft ;j{:j ubf{ /}s/ hUufdf
;f] df]xLsf] xs hlt ;nfdLdf a9fa9 u/fpg' k5{ . ;f] a9fa9 u/fp+bf dw]zdf eP Ps
ljufx, sf7df8f}+ pkTosf / kxf8df eP kfFr /f]kgL / /f]kgL gv'n]sf] kfvf]d f ds}sf] PskfyL
103

aLp hfg] hUuf p;}nfO{ yfdL c? hUuf sfg"g adf]lhd a9fa9 u/fO{ ;f] a9fa9 ePsf]
hUufsf] lt/f] af+sL eP klxn] ;f] lt/f]df egf{ u/L af+s L /x]sf] ?k}ofF / lt/f] af+sL geP hDd}
?k}o fF hfohft ;j{:jdf egf{ u/L ;f] hUuf khgL ePsf hgfp tx;Ln ug]{ cf / lhldbf/
tfn'sbf/nfO{ lbg] ug'{ k5{ . ;f] adf]lhd a9fa9L u/fp+bf s;}n] sa"n gu/] p;}n fO{ yfdL
lbg'k5{ . hUufsf] afnL lt/f] ga' fp+bf hfohft ePsf]d f eg] dfly n]lvP adf]lhdsf] hUuf
p;nfO{ 5f8L /xg' kb}{g afnL lt/f] ga'fPdf x'g] sfg"g adf]lhd ug'{k5{ . Ps} hUufdf
;fljssf] df]xLn] kfpg] p;nfO{ yfdL c? a9fa9 ePsf]d f lt/f] c;"n ubf{ bfdf;fxLaf6 c;"n
ug]{ ug'{k5{ .
@( g+= .. .. >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] c;"n ug'{ kg]{df gltg]{nfO{ Tof] dflg; ;/sf/L sd{rf/L
/x]5 eg] h'g cfaf6 kfl/>lds kfpg] xf] ;f] cfnfO{ kmnfgf;Fu o; a]xf]/fsf] olt lng' k5{
p;sf] kfl/>lds olt /f]S sf u/L c;"n ug'{ eGg] cfsf] k"hL{ k7fpg' k5{ . To;/L /f]Ssf ubf{
lnvt ePsf]d f lnvt} adf]lhd / c?df txaLn d:of}6 / 7f8f] af+s Lsf] snddf afx]s ;f]
sd{rf/Lsf] kfl/>ldssf] rf/ v08sf] tLg v08 dfq af+sL c;"n geP;Dd /f]S sf u/L c;"n
ug'{k5{ .
#) g+= .. .. hfohft jf ;j{:jsf] l;nl;nfdf ;DklQ tfobft jf lnnfd laqmL ug'{ kbf{
;d]t eP;Dd p; 7fpFsf tfn'sbf/ lhldbf/ / lghx? gePdf lghx?sf] bfdsfd ug]{ JolQm,
:yfgLo k~rfotsf Ps hgf ;b:o, sDtLdf b'O{ hgf enfb\dL / ;f] 7fp+b]lv guLrdf ePsf]
cfsf xflsd jf xflsdn] v6fPsf] sd{rf/L Pshgf ;d]t ;f5L /fvL b]xfo adf]lhd ug'[{ k5{
guLrsf] Ps cf ;f5L /fVtf w]/} cf Ps} 7fpFd f a;]sf]df u9L, uf}+9f, uf]Zjf/f, d]lhi6]6
clkm; eP ;f] / ;f] geP dfn cfnfO{ / dfn cf klg geP c? h'g cf eP klg ;f5L
/fv] x'G5 ==================== !
104

hfohft ;j{:jdf cfPsf 3/ hUuf sfg"g adf]lhd u/L / ;f] afx]s c? wgdfn lnnfd x'g]
lnnfd ubf{ ;'g, rf+bL, hjfx/ft eP b/ tf]nf u/L / c? a:t' eP ;f]em} lnnfd laqmL ug'{
k5{ =========================@
;'g rf+bL hjfx/ft / lsdtL rLhx? c}d f NofO{ / ;f] afx]s c? rn wgdfn ;/hdLg d} u}
lnnfd laqmL u/] klg x'G5 ==========================================================================#
td;'s alxvftfsf] nxgf txl;n x'g] sfutkq cfPsf] eP hfohft ;j{:j ug]{ c}d f nut
ul/ P]g adf]lhd c;'n ug'{ k5{ =========================================================================$
#! g+= .. .. hl/jfgf, s}b, ;j{:j jf ;/sf/L lauf] afktdf hfohft x'Fbf cfPsf] km';sf]
3/ sfg"gsf] /Lt k'ofO{ lnnfd laqmL ubf{ s;}n] klg ;sf/ u/]g eg] To:tf] 3/sf] k~rlstL{
df]nubf{ Ps;o ?k}ofF;Dd hfg] 7x/]sf]d f ;f] df]n ;/sf/L lng' kg]{ ?k} ofFsf] hDdfdf ldgfxf
lbO{ 3/ p;}nfO{ yfdL lbg'k5{ . Ps;o ?k}ofFb]lv a9L df]lnPsf] 3/ eg] p;}nfO{ yfldg
;St}g . >]:tfdf r9fO{ ;/sf/L sfddf nufO{ /fVg] jf axfn aGbf] a:t x' g ;s] ;f] adf]lhd
u/L lxkmfht;fy /fVg' k5{ . b'lgof+sf] lauf] afkt cfPsf]d f eg] lauf] e/L kfpg] JolQmn]
k~rlstL{ df]ndf ;sf/ u/L lng' k5{ . ;sf/ u/L glnP ;f] 3/sf] k~rlstL{ df]n e/L kfpg]
lauf]df ldgfxf lbnfO{ ;f] 3/ h:sf] xf] p;}nfO{ yfdL lbg'k5{ .
#@ g+= .. .. ;/sf/L af+sL afkt hfohft jf ;j{:j x'g] dflg;sf] hfohft jf ;j{:j
ubf{ b]xfodf n]lvP adf]lhd ug'{ k5{
hfohft ;j{:j eO{ cfdf cfPsf] ;ft lbgleq kmnfgfsf hfohft ;j{:j eO{ cfPsf]d f s;}n]
bafP 5kfPsf] s'/f yfxf 5 eg] cfhsf tLg dxLgfleq hfohft ;j{:j ug]{ cfdf hfx]/ ug{
cfpg' gcfP cf P]g adf]lhd ;hfo ;d]t x'g]5 egL n]vL hfohft ;j{:j x'g]sf] 3/df ;a}n]
b]Vg] 7fpFdf / hfohft ;j{:j ug]{ cfsf] 9f]sfdf ;d]t Dofb 6f+;L lbg'k5{ ======================!
105

Dofb 6f+ :bf ;f] hfohft ;j{:j x'g] dflg;;Fu ef]u b[li6 n]vfO{ lnPsf] jf gf;f] w/f}6 lnO{
/fv]sf] rn crn u}x| / c;fdLn] ltg'{ kg]{ glt/L /fv]sf] / hUuf sdfpg] df] xL s'l/ofn] afnL
glt/L af+sL /fv]sf] ;d]t hf] hf] 5 ;f] s'/f hfx]/ ug{ cfpg' egL 3/ v]t hUuf hdLg bf] kfof
rf}k fof / c;fdL;Ddsf] kmf+ 6jf/L / c? dfnsf] uf]Zjf/f tk;Lndf n]lvPsf] Joxf]/f ;d]t
hgfO{ Dofb 6f+; L lbg'k5{ ===============@
;f] Dofbleq hfx]/ gu/L Dofb gf3]kl5 hfx]/ eof] eg] ef]u b[li6jfnfn] hfx]/ gu/]sf] eP ef]u
b[li6 ln+bf hUuf hdLg 3/v]tdf P] g adf]lhdsf] df]ndf ;os8f kf+r / rn j:t' lnPdf
;os8f aL;;Dd gk'Ug] u/L lnPsf] eP bz ?k}ofFd fq hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ ==========================#
n]lvPb]lv a9\tf gfkmf x'g] u/L ef]u b[li6 lnPdf / rn crn bafO{ 5kfO{ Dofbleq hfx]/
gu/]df ;d]t ;f]xL bafPsf] lauf] adf]lhd hl/jfgf ;d]t u/L lng'k5{ . Dofbleq hfx]/ ug{
cfof] eg] ef]u b[li6df n]lvPb]lv a9\tf gfkmf x'g] u/L lnPsf] ePklg aft nfUb}g ==============$
## g+= .. .. ;j{:j x'g] jf ;/sf/L lauf] nfUg] 7x/L km};nf ePkl5 ckLnsf] Dofb gf3L
jf ckLn km};nf eO{ g;sL hfohft ;j{:j lnnfd laqmL ug{ x'+b}g . ;j{:j x' g] jf lauf] lng]
7x/] kl5 o;} dxnsf] #) gDa/ adf]lhd hfohft ;j{:j u/L wgdfn lxgfldgf x' g gkfpg]
aGbf] a:t k' ofO{ dfyj/ dflg;sf] lhDdf nufO{ /f]Ssf /fVg' k5{ . ;f] adf]lhd /f]S sf /x]sf]df
ckLnsf] Dofb ;Dddf ckLn

k/]g eg] ckLnsf] Dofb u'h|]kl5 / ckLn

k/]sf]d f hf+Rg]

dflyNnf txsf cfaf6 klg tNnf]t xsf cfn] u/] adf]lhd lauf] nfUg] jf ;j{:j x'g] 7xof]
eg] ;f] /f]Ssf ePsf] wgdfn sfg"g adf]lhd lnnfd laqmL u/L :ofxf bg'{ k5{ . To;kl5 klg
ckLn u/L plN6Psf]d f / ;fws lgsf;f x'+bf lkmtf{ ug'{ kg]{ eof] eg] lnnfd laqmLaf6 cfPsf]
gubL g} lkmtf{ ug]{ ug'{ k5{ . ;/sf/L lauf] nfUg] 7x/]sf]d f nfUg] 7x/]sf] lauf]d f w/f}6 jf
dfyj/ wg hdfgL lbof] eg] hfohft /f]Ssf ug'{ kb}{g . ;/sf/L sd{rf/LnfO{ n]lvP adf]lhd
106

;/sf/L lauf] nfUg] jf ;j{:j x' g] 7x/]d f txjLn df;]sf] jf 7f8f] af+sLdf jf ;j{:j x'g]d f eP
dfly n]lvP adf]lhd ug'{k5{ . ;f] afx]s c? lsl;dsf] lauf]d f hfohft /f]Ssf ug'{ kb}{g . o;}
dxnsf] @( gDa/df n]lvP adf]lhd kfl/>lds ;Dd /f]Ssf u/L /fVg' k5{ .
#$ g+= .. .. hfohft jf ;j{:jdf cfPsf] jf /f]Ssf ;Dd ePsf] wgdfn s]xL kl/aGbn]
df}s}df lnnfd laqmL ug{ gx' g] ePdf ;l8 unL gf]S;fg eO{ hfg] lhG;L dfn /x]5 eg] To;}
/fVg' x'+b}g ;f] ;8L unL hfg] hlt dfn sfg"g adf]lhdsf] /Lt k'ofO{ lnnfd laqmL u/L gub}
kf/L cfPsf] ?k} ofF >]:tfdf cfDbfgL af+w L /fvL kl5 lng' lbg' lkmtf{ ug'{ kg]{ ;d]t h] 7x5{ ;f]
cfPsf] gubL g} lng' lbg' lkmtf{ ug]{ ug'{k5{ .
#% g+= .. .. hfohft ;j{:j ubf{ ;/sf/L k':tsfnodf /fVg dflkmssf] k'/ fgf lsl;dsf
k':ts lg:Sof] eg] ;f] k':ts ;/sf/L k':tsfnodf /fVg' k5{ kb}{g >L % sf] ;/sf/df hfx]/
u/L /fVg dgfl;a 5 egL hjfkm cfof] eg] df]n e/fpg bflvn ug{ kg]{ eP lnnfd af]nfO{
lnnfdaf6 af]n]sf] kg]{ 7x/]sf] df]n hfohft ;j{:jdf egf{ u/L / df]n egf{ ug{ gkg]{ eP To;}
;f] k':ts ;/sf/L k':tsfnodf bflvn u/L e/kfO{ lng'k5{ .
#^ g+= .. .. hfohft ;j{:j ubf{ xltof/ vhfgf OToflb >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 dgfxL
ePsf dfnx? b]lvP lg:s]df ;f] dfn lnnfd laqmL ug{ x'+b}g. kf; u/fO{ /fVg kg]{df kf;
u/fO{ /fv]sf] 5 5}g a'L lg:s]sf] b]lvPsf dfnsf] kmf+6jf/L n]vL d]lhi6] 6 clkm; jf u9L
uf}+8f uf]:jf/fnfO{ n]vf}6 u/L k7fO{ ;f] cf dfkm{t lgsf;f eO{ cfP adf]lhd ug'{k5{ .
#& g+= .. .. af+s L, lauf], hl/jfgf, s}b ;d]t OToflb nfUg]sf / kqmfp {ug'{ kg]{ ePsf
dflg;nfO{ kqmfp c;"n tx;Ln ;j{:j hfohft ugf{sf lgldQ cfsf] k" hL{ lnO{ cfp+bf k'hL{df
n]lvPsf] dflg; / lghsf] 3/ f/ ;d]t cfgf ufpF df}hf zx/ 6f]ndf eP ;f] ufpF df}hf zx/
6f]nsf lhldbf/, k6'jf/L, rf}sLbf/, tfn'sbf/ enfb\dLx? / k~rfot eP :yfgLo k~rfotsf
107

;b:on] vf]htfnz u/L kQf nufO{ 3/ f/ eP dflg; km]n f k/] b]vfO{ lbg / ufpF 3/df 3/
f/ jf dflg; geO{ sfut ug'{ u/fpg' k/]d f ;f] ufpF df}hf zx/ 6f]n sf lhldbf/, tfn'sbf/,
k6jf/L, rf}sLbf/, sDtLdf rf/ hgf c? enfb\d Lx? / k~rfot eP k~rfotsf sDtLdf
Pshgf ;b:osf] ;d]t d'r'Nsf sfut ug{'[ u/fpg' k5{ . ufpF df}hf zx/ 6f]ndf 3/f/ dflg;
5}g egL sfut u/L lbPsf]df ;f] dflg; / To;sf] 3/f/ To;} ufpF df} hf zx/ 6f]ndf g} kQf
nfUof] eg] cfgf ufpF df}hf zx/ 6f]ndf 3/f/ jf dflg; e}sg klg 5}g egL b]lv hfgL
bafO{ 5kfO{ em'f Joxf]/fs]f sfut u/L lbPdf lghnfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd ;hfo x'G5
lhldbf/n] sfut u/L lbPsf] eP sfut u/L lbg] lhldbf/nfO{ g} / lhldbf/ df}hfdf gePsf
avt lhldbf/sf] sfd ugf{nfO{ /fv]sf sfl/Gbfn] sfut u/L lbPsf] eP sfut u/L lbg]
sfl/GbfnfO{ af+s Ljfnfn] a'emfpg' kg]{ jf x' g] 7x/]sf lauf] hl/jfgf s}bsf] P]g adf]lhd x'g ]
?k}o fFsf] ;os8f bzsf b/n] / ;f] afx]s c?df eP d'2f x]/L kf+ r ?k} ofFb]lv krf; ?k} ofF;Dd
hl/jfgf x'G5 ======================================= !
tfn'sbf/nfO{ tfn'sbf/L avf{; u/L ;f] tfn'sbf/L c?nfO{ khgL ug'[{ egL ;f] tfn'sbf/ egf{
ug]{ cfnfO{ n]vL k7fO{ khgL ug{ nfpg' k5{ ============================= @
k6'jf/L rf}sLbf/nfO{ klxnf k6s Ps ?k}ofF, bf]; |f k6s b'O{ ?k} ofF, t];|f k6s tLg ?k} ofF
hl/jfgf x'G5 . rf}yf k6sb]lv sfdaf6 avf{; ug'{ k5{ =================================== #
dfly !.@.# bkmfdf n]lvP afx]ssf d'r'Nsf sfutdf ;xL5fk ug]{ c? dflg;x? hltnfO{{ k6s}
lkR5] hgxL Ps ?k}ofF hl/jfgf ug'{ k5{ ============================================ $
#* g+= .. .. hl/jfgf jf ;/sf/L lauf] jfkt s}b 7]Sg' kbf{ P] gdf n]lvPsf] s}bsf] xbdf
ga9\g] u/L b]xfo adf]lhd ug'{k5{

108

s}b / hl/jfgf b'j} ;hfo ePsf]df hl/jfgf glt/] afktsf] s}b 7]Sg' kbf{ rf/ jif{ eGbf
a9L cjlwsf] s}b 7]Sg x'+b}g=======================================================================!
s}b jf hl/jfgfdWo] s'g} jf b'j} ;hfo x' g ;Sg] ck/fwdf hl/jfgf dfqsf] ;hfo ePsf]d f ;f]
hl/jfgf glt/] afktsf] s}bsf] ;hfo 7]S g'kbf{ ;f] ck/fwdf x' g ;Sg] s}bsf] pkNnf] xbsf]
cfwfeGbf a9L gx'g] cjlw;Ddsf] dfq s}b 7]Sg'k5{ ========================================@
hl/jfgfsf] dfq ;hfo x' g] ck/fwdf hl/jfgfsf] ;hfo ePsf]df ;f] hl/jfgf glt/] afktsf]
s}bsf] ;hfo 7]Sg' kbf{ b'O{ jif{eGbf a9L gx' g] cjlw;Ddsf] dfq s}b 7]Sg' k5{ ================#
hfohftaf6 pk/ gePsf] ;/sf/L lauf]df s}b 7]Sg'kbf{ Ps xhf/ ?k}o fF;Ddsf] lauf]df Ps
jif{, kf+ r xhf/ ?k}ofF; Ddsf]d f b'O{ jif{, bz xhf/ ?k}ofF ;Ddsf]df tLg jif{ / bz xhf/
?k}o fFeGbf a9Lsf] k|T o]s bz xhf/df Ps jif{ eGbf a9L s}b 7]Sg x'+b} g . ;f] adf]lhd s}b 7]Sbf
bz jif{ eGbf a9L x'g cfof] eg] klg bz jif{;Dd dfq s}b 7]Sg' k5{ ==========================$
#( g+= .. .. o;} dxnsf] !) gDa/ adf]lhd hl/jfgfsf] ;hfo ePsf]df ;f] ltg{ g;sL
s}b x'g] eof] eg] ;a} hl/jfgfsf] snd b]vfO{ h' g hl/jfgf jfkt a9L s}b x'G5 ;f] hl/jfgfsf]
s}b ug'{k5{ . ltg{ Nofof] eg] 7]lsPhlt s}bsf] dfq ?k} ofF lt/L hfg kfpFb}g, To;nfO{ nfu]sf]
;a} hl/jfgfsf] hDdf c+sdf s}b a;]sf] hlt sf u/L c? a'L lng'k5{ .
$) g+= .. .. s}b Dofb 7]Sg'kbf{ b]xfo adf]lhd u/L s}b Dofb 7]Sg] ug'{k5{
s}bsf] ;hfo tf]lsPsf]df s}b 7]Sg'kbf{ hlt jif{, dxLgf / lbg tf]lsPsf] 5 ;f] adf]lhdsf]
hDd}df s}b 7]Sg] ug'{k5{ ==============================================================================!
hl/jfgf bzf}+b lazf}+b aS;f}gL lauf];d]t OToflb glt/L To; afktdf s}b 7]S g' kbf{ lx;faaf6
jif{, dxLgf / lbg jf jif{ / lbg jf dxLgf / lbgdf s}b 7]Sg'kg]{ x' g cfPdf jif{ dxLgf k'u ];Dd
s}b 7]sL dxLgf gk'u ]sf] rfgr' g lbg hDd} 5fl8lbg' k5{ . dxLgf gk'u ]sf] lbgsf] dfq s}b
109

ug'{kg]{ x' g cfPdf eg] lx;faaf6 hlt lbg s}b ug'{kg]{ x' g cfp+5 plt hDd}d f s}b 7]Sg] ug'{k5{
=========================================@
Ps} hgfnfO{ Ps d'2fb]lv a9L d'2fdf hl/jfgf bzf}+b lazf}+b aS;f}gL OToflb u}x| jfktdf
Ps}k6s jf 7]ls/x]sf] s}b dfly ykL s}b ug'{ kbf{ klg dfly @ bkmf adf]lhd dxLgf gk'u ]sf]
5f8\g'kg]{ rfgr' g lbg d'2} lkR5] 5f8L s}b ug]{ ug'{k5{ =========================================#
dfly @.# bkmfdf n]lvP adf]lhd rfgr'g lbg 5f8L dxLgf jif{ k'u]sf]df dfq s}b 7]sL ;s]kl5
s}bsf] ?k}ofF ltg{ kfpg]d f lt5'{ eg] 7]lsPsf s}b hltdf e'Qmfg u/]sf] hlt ldgfxf lbO{ af+sL
s}bsf] P]g adf]lhdsf] ?k} ofF lng'k5{ . 5fl8lbPsf rfgr'g lbgsf] ?k}ofF lng' x'+b}g =====$
$! g+= ..

.. Ps} dflg;nfO{ w]/} snddf ;hfosf] s}b Dofb 7]Sg'k g]{ ePdf h' g

snddf w]/};Dd s}b x'g ;Sg] 7"nf] xb 5 ;f]xL xb gk'u];Dd s}b ug'{k5{ . ;f] adf]lhd s}b
Dofb 7]lsPsfnfO{ 7]lsPsf] s}b e'Q mfg x'g gkfpFb} km]l/ c? snddf s}b Dofb 7]S g'k g]{ eof]
eg] cl3 s}b 7]lsPs]f sndsf] xbeGbf kl5 7]Sg'k g]{ sndsf] a9L xb /x]5 eg] cl3 s}b
7]Sbfsf] y'gfdf k/]sf] ldltb]lv ;f] kl5 cfPsf sndsf] xb;Dd s}b x'g] u/L s}b Dofb
7]Sg'k5{ . cl3 k/]sf xbeGbf kl5 7]S g'k g]{ sndsf] xb 36L /x]5 eg] cl3 s}b 7]ls+bf xb};Dd
7]lsPsf] eP ;f] snddf s}b yk ul//xg' kb}{g . s}bDofb 7]Sg] lstfadf / s}bL k"hL{df ;Dd
;f] s'/f hgfO{ /fVg] ug'{k5{ . cl3 s}b 7]ls+bf xb;Dd s}b gk'uL s]xL dfq s}b 7]lsPsf] eP
7"nf] xb gk'u];Dd yKg'k5{ . w]/} s'/fsf] s}b x'g]d f ;a}sf] xb a/fa/} x'g cfof] eg] To:tfdf
Pp6} sndsf] xb;Dd dfq dfly n]lvP adf]lhd s}b 7]Sg'k5{ .
$@ g+= .. .. lauf] el/kfpg]d f ;f] el/kfpg]sf] b/vf:t gk/L e/Le/fp ug{ x'+b}g .
el/kfpgfnfO{ km};nfsf] /Ltk"j{ssf] gSsn nL b]xfosf] Dofbdf hfohftsf] b/vf:t lbg cfPdf

110

b]xfo adf]lhd u/L e/fO{ lbg' k5{ . ;f] Dofb gf3]kl5 b/vf:t nfUg / Dofbleq b/vf:t lbPdf
cfaf6 lbPsf] tf/Lv u'hf/L a:of] eg] km}; nfn] kfpg] ePsf] lauf] e/Le/fp x' g ;St}g
of] P]g k|f/De ePkl5 km};nf ePs]fdf cflv/L 6' f] nfuL km};nf ePsf] ldltn] tLg jif{leq /
;f]eGbf cl3sf]d f cflv/L km};nf ePsf] ldltn] kf+r jif{leq b/vf:t lbg'k5{ . n]lvPsf]
Dofbleq b/vf:t lbg cfPdf lauf] e/L kfpg] sfd vtd geP;Dd cfaf6 lbPsf] tf/Lvdf
/xL hfohft ;d]t b]vfO{ lbpFnf tf/Lv u'hf/] P] g adf]lhd ug'{ eGg];d]t af]nL kf/L b/vf:t
lnO{ tf/Lvdf /fvL b/vf:t k/]sf ldltn] tLg dxLgf;Dddf km};nf adf]lhd e/fO{ lbg'kg]{
7x/]sf] lauf] glt/] P]g adf]lhd hfohft u/L e/fOlbg'k5{=====================!
dfly ! bkmf adf]lhd hfohftaf6 k"/f lauf] k'u]g eg] gk'u hltdf n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] dxnsf]
!( gDa/, bfdf;fxLsf] dxnsf] !) gDa/, afF+sL gltg]{sf] dxnsf] !) gDa/, rf]/Lsf] dxnsf]
!) gDa/ / cfuf] nufpg]sf] dxnsf] ( gDa/ adf]lhd s}b u/fpg kfpg]df s}b u/fO{kfpmF
egL s}bdf a;'~Hofn vfgfnfO{ s}bL y'g'jfn] kfpg] ;/xsf] l;wf vr{;d]t bflvn u/L cl3
hfohftaf6 e/L kfPsf ;ft lbgleq b/vf:t lbg'k5{ . To:tf] b/vf:t kg{ cfof] eg] xflsdn]
To; s'/fsf] krf{ v8fu/L s}b ul/lbg'k5{ . ;f] adf]lhd s}b gu/fPsf] jf s}b gx' g]d f cl3
hfohft x'+bf bafP 5kfPsf] eP dfq bafP 5kfPsf] rn crn wg dfnsf] kQf nufO{ cl3
e/L kfPsf ldltn] b'O{ jif{leq b/vf:t lbg'k5{ . ;f] Dofbleq bafP 5kfPsf] rn crn
wgdfnsf] kmf+6 vf]nL b/vf:t lbg cfof] eg] P] gsf] /Lt k'ofO{ kQf nufO{ NofPsf] Hoyf
wgdfn lnnfd laqmL u/L wgLnfO{ e/fO{lbg'k5{ . n]lvP adf]lhd eO ;s]kl5 klg e/L kfpg]
hDd} wg k'U g ;s]g eg] gk'udf ;f] hfohft x' g]nfO{ kqmg bfjf ug{ / bf]xf/f] hfohft
u/fpg;d]t kfpFb}g . axL vftf td;'s lnvt ;d]t hf] 5 kmf u/fO{ lbg'k5{ ==============@

111

hfohft ug'{ gk/L cfaf6 e/fO{lbPsf] jf hfohftaf6 pk/ ePsf] lauf] e/fO{ lbPsf]d f P]g
adf]lhd p;} avt bzf}+b lazf}+b pk/ u/L lng'k5{ ========================================#
hfohft ug'{kg]{ dflg; cs}{ Onfsfdf a;]sf] /x]5 / k"hL{f/f cs}{ cfaf6 ug'{k g]{df wgLn]
hfohft b]vfpg uP p;nfO{;d]t /fvL / guP c}af6 af6fsf Dofb afx]s kGw|| lbgleq
ul/lbg'k5{ ==============$
hfohft u/fOdfUg] b/vf:t bL sf/jfO{nfO{ cfaf6 lbPsf] tf/]v u'hf/L a:g]n fO{ o;} dxnsf]
$* gDa/ adf]lhd u/L lauf]sf] nut;d]t sf6L lbg' k5{=============================================%
$# g+= ..

.. d'2f km};nf e} ckLn ph"/sf] Dofb gf3]kl5 hfohftaf6 e/fpg] lauf]

afx]s km};nf adf]lhd rng kfpg] a:t' rng ug{ hf+bf glbPdf b]xfodf n]lvP adf]lhd x'G5
cflv/L 6' f] nfuL km};nf ePkl5 ;f] km};nf ePsf ldltn] b'O{ jif{leq h' g cfaf6 rng kfpg]
xf] ;f] cfdf rng kfpm+ eGg] b/vf:t lbg'k5{ . ;f] b' O{ jif{sf] Dofb gf3] kl5 eg] ;f] rng
rnfpg] j:t'sf] P]g km};nf adf]lhd nfu]sf] b:t"/ sf] cfwf b:t"/ km]l/ lbP dfq ;f] klxnf b'O{
jif{{sf] Dofb gf3]sf] ldltn] km]l/ Ps jif{leq b/vf:t lbg kfpF5 . ;f] Dofb gf3]kl5 eg]
b/vf:t lng / cfaf6 rng rnfO{ lbg ;d]t kb}{g ========================================= !
;f] b/vf:t k/]kl5 To;sf] /;Lb lbO{ b/vf:tjfnfnfO{ tf/Lvdf /fvL ;ft lbgleq cfsf] k' hL{
u/L cfgf] Onfsfdf eP cfg} cfaf6 / c? Onfsfdf eP ;f] Onfsfsf] cfnfO{ n]vL ;f]
cfaf6 ;d]t tLg dxLgf ;Dddf ;f] rng kfpg] j:t' rng rnfO{ lbg'k5{ ================= @
rng rnfpg hfg] ;/sf/L sd{rf/Ln] ;f] 7fp+sf lhldbf/, tfn'sbf/, k6jf/L / lghx? geP
lghx?sf] bfdsfd ug]{ JolQm, :yfgLo k~rfot eP ;f] k~rfot sf sDtLdf Pshgf ;b:o /
;f] 7fp+sf sDtLdf b'O{hgf enfb\dL;d]t /fvL t'?Gt rng rnfO{lbg'k5{ . emul8ofn] rng

112

ug{ lbPg eg] ;f] Joxf]/f n]vL ;fIfL a:g]sf] / cfgf];d]t ;lx5fk u/L ;f] sfut / rng
glbg]nfO{ ;d]t kqmL cfdf a'emfpg' k5{ ================================================== #
rng rnfO{ lbg'k g]{ 3/ k;ndf wgdfn /fv]sf] eP lemSg nufO{ / tfNrf df/L /fv]sf] / rng
lbg] dflg; xflh/ /x]sf] eP vf]nfpg nufO{ rng rnfO{lbg'k5{ . rng lbg] dflg; xflh/
g/x]sf] eP lghsf] gfp+d f ltd|f] kmnfgf;Fusf] kmnfgf] d'2 fdf km};nf adf]lhd rng kfpg] 3/
k;n rnfO{lbg hf+hf tfNrf df/]sf] jf wgdfn /x]s]f b]lvgfn] ;f] wgdfn p7fpg jf tfNrf
vf]nL vfnL ul/lbg af6fsf Dofb afx]s kGw|lbgleq o; cfdf xflh/ x' g cfpm ;f] Dofbleq
xflh/ e} vfln ul/lbPgf} eg] c}af6 ;f] 3/ k;ndf /x]sf] wgdfn lnnfd laqmL u/L vfnL
u/fO{ rng rnfO{ lbOg]5 kl5 s'g} s'/fsf] ph"/ ug{ kfpg] 5}gf}+ eGg] Joxf]/fsf] Dofb k'hL{ n]vL
lgh a;]sf 7fp+df / ;f] rng rnfO{ lbg'kg]{ 3/ k;ndf ;d]t 6f+;L lbg'k5{ ==========$
n]lvP adf]lhd Dofb 6f+:bf klg v'nf u/L lbPg eg] cfaf6 o;} dxnsf #) gDa/ adf]lhd
;fIfL /fvL tfNrf vf]nL ePsf] wgdfn tfobftL lnnfd laqmL u/L vfnL u/fO{ rng rnfO{
lbg'k5{ . ;f] lnnfd laqmL eO{ cfPsf] ?k}ofF Dofb u'hf/L j:g]; Fu P]g km};nfn] nfu]sf] lng'kg]{
?k}o fFdf egf{ u/L af+s L /x]sf] ?k} ofF w/f}6 /fvL tLg jif{ k'Ubf klg lng gcfP tLg jif{ k'u ]sf
Ps dxLgfleq ltdLn] kfpg] kmnfgf ljifosf] olt ?k}ofF af6fsf Dofb afx]s k}+tL; lbgleq
lng cfpm gcfP kl5 kfpg] 5} gf} eGg] Joxf]/ fs]f Dofb 6f+; L ;f] Dofbleq lng cfP lkmtf{
lbg'k5{ . gcfP lkmtf{ lbg' kb}{g cfDbfgL af+Wg' k5{ ==================%
wgdfn lnnfd laqmL u/L c}af6 rng rnfO{{ lbPsf]df / n]lvP adf]lhd cfaf6 k' hL{
ePkl5 klg rng ug{ g bLO{ hah{:tL u/]sf] 7xof] eg] To:tf hah{:tL ug]{nfO{ klxnf k6s
;f] df]n lauf]sf] ;os8f bz ?k}ofF hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ . bf];|f] k6s hah{:tL uof] eg] ;f] df]n
lauf]sf] ;os8f jL; hl/jfgf jfkt s}b ug'{ k5{ . t];|f k6s klg hah{:tL uof]{ eg] a9Ldf
113

5 dxLgf;Dd ;f] a;]sf ufp+ zx/af6 lgsfnf ul/ lbg' k5{ . s}b ubf{ / hl/jfgfsf] ?k} ofF
glt/L s}b ubf{ klg tLg jif{b]lv a9\t f s}b ug{ eg] x'+b}g . cfaf6 rng rnfPsf hUufsf]
xfg]{ emul8ofn] afnL n'6\ of] n'6fof] eg] afnL n'6] afkt P]gn] x' g] ;hfodf ;f] dfly n]lvPsf]
;hfo;d]t ykL ug'{k5{ =======================================================^
rng rnfO{ kfpmF eGg] b/vf:t lbg]n] tf]lsPsf] tf/Lvdf xflh/ ge} u'hfof] eg] rng rnfO{
/xg kb}{g . u'h|]sf] tf/Lv yfDg] cj:yf gf3]sf] k}+tL; lbg gf3]kl5 bzf}+b aLzf}+b c;"n u/L
lng'k5{ =========================================================================== &
$$ g+= .. .. Dofbleq lnvt /lhi6]zg u/L glbPsf]n] jf bflvn vf/]h gfd;f/L u/L
glbPsf]n] gfln; ph"/ k/L /lhi6]zg jf bflvn vf/]h gfd;f/L ul/lbg' kg]{ 7x/L km}; nf
ePsf]df km};nf ug]{ cfn] km}; nf adf]lhd kf; jf bflvn vf/Lh gfd;f/L ul/lbg] cfnfO{
ckLnsf] Dofb gf3]kl5 k"hL{ ul/lbg] egL rng rnfO{ lbg]sf] nut s;] ;/x nut lstfadf
n]vL /fvL ckLn k/]sf]d f ckLn km};nf eO{ 6' f] nfuL / ckLn gk/]sf]df ckLn lbg] xb
Dofb gf3L ph"/ gnfUg] e};s]sf ldltn] 5 dxLgfleq km};nf adf]lhd u/fO{ dfUg] dflg;n]
km};nf adf]lhd u/fO{ dfUgnfO{ km};nf k"hL{ ul/lbg] cfdf b/vf:t lbg'k5{ . n]lvPsf
Dofbleq b/vf:t kg{ cfPdf b/vf:t lbg cfpg]nfO{ tf/Lvdf /fvL km};nf k"hL{ ul/lbg] cfn]
km};nf pk/ ckLn gnfUg] e};s]sf] 5 5}g egL x]/ L a' L ckLn ph"/ gnfUg] e};s]sf] /x]5
eg] b/vf:t k/]sf ldltn] kGw||lbg leq ckLn ph"/ gnfUg] e};s]sf] x'gfn] km};nf adf]lhd
/lhi6]zg jf bflvn vfl/h gfd;f/L ul/lbg' eGg] Joxf]/ fsf] kf; jf bflvn vfl/h ul/lbg]
cfsf gfp+df k"hL{ n]vL k7fO{ b/vf:tjfnfnfO{ klg km};nf adf]lhd ul/lbg' eGg] kmnfgf
cfnfO{ kmnfgf ldltdf k"hL{ e};s]sf]5 ;f] cfdf cfhsf k}+tL; lbgleq xflh/ e} km}; nf
adf]lhd u/fO{ dfUg hfg' eGg] k"hL{ ul/lbO{ ;f] k"hL{ a'llnPsfsf] e/kfO{ ;d]t lnO{ /fVg]
114

ug'{k5{ . Dofbleq b/vf:t gk/] /lhi6]zg ug]{ k" hL{ x' g ;St}g . bflvn vfl/h gfd;f/Lsf]
xsdf ;f] Dofb gf3]kl5 b/vf:t k/]sf] jf k"hL{ adf]lhd xflh/ ePsf]df k|T o]s jif{sf] lgldQ
lt/f]sf] rf/ v08sf] Ps v08 hl/jfgf u/L n]lvP adf]lhd bflvn vf/Lh gfd;f/L ul/lbg' k5{
. ;f] adf]lhd hl/jfgf ubf{ hlt;'s} jif{ eP klg lt/f] adf]lhd eGbf a9L ug{ x'+b}g.
$% g+= . .. w/f} 6 /fv]s f] y}nL ;fx"nfO{ a' fpg nufO{ lgvgfO{lbg] 7x/L km};nf ePsf]d f
ckLn gnfUg] e};s]kl5 lgvGg glbO{ rng ul//fv]sf] 3/ hUufx?sf] rng 5f8L w/f} 6 /x]sf]
y}nL lng ckLn gnfUg] ePsf] ldltn] tLg jif{leq y}nL w/f}6 /x]sf cfdf xflh/ x'g hfg' k5{
. y}nL a'llnPsf] 5}g egL lgvGg glbO{ To;} rng ul//xg kfp+b} g . lgvGg kfpg]n] rng
ug{ kfp+5 . w/f}6 /x]s f] y}nL a'L lngnfO{ w/f}6 /x]sf] cfdf Dofbleq cfPdf b]xfo adf]lhd
u/L w/f}6 /x]sf] y}nL e/fO{ lbg' k5{ . Dofbleq y}n L a'L lng gcfP Dofb gf3]kl5 el/kfpg
;St}g
tLg jif{ jf ckLn lbg] Dofbleq w/f}6 /x]sf] y}nL lngfnfO{ lgvGg lbg ;fx" xflh/ x' g cfPdf
crn dfn lgvGg lbg'k g]{ eP n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] dxnsf] % gDa/ adf]lhd u/L lnvt bflvn
u/] lnvtdf b/kL7 u/fO{ / lnvt s'g} kl/jGbn] bflvn ug{ g;Sg] ePdf lnvt o; kl/jGbn]
bflvn u/L lbg g;s]sf] x'gfn] y}nL a'L lnO{ e/kfO{ ul/lbP+ lnvt kQf nflu cfPsf avt
lgvgL lng]nfO{ ;'DkL lbp+nf eGg] Joxf]/fsf] e/kfO{ n]vL ;lx5fk u/fO{ lnO{ P] g km};nfn] nfUg]
hlt sf u/L af+sL /x]sf] y}n L a'fO{ lbO{ cfdf lgvgL lng] xflh/ eP kmf e/kfO{ /
lnvt;fy ;'D kL lbPsf] sfhukqx? ;'DkL lbO{ / xflh/ g/x] kmf e/kfO{ lnvt sfuhkqx?
c}df /fvL ;fx"n] y}nL a'llnO{ b/kL7 u/]sf] lnvt / To;;fy bflvn u/]sf] sfuhkqx?
lng cfpg' egL lgvgL lng]sf gfp+df Dofb 6f+;L lng cfPsf avt a'fO{ lbg'k5{ ======= !

115

rn dfn lgvGg lbg'kg]{ eO{ km};nf ePsf]d f w/f} 6 /x]sf] y}nL a'L lngnfO{ Dofbleq y}nL
a' L lng] ;fx" xflh/ x'gcfPsf avt lgvgL lng];d]t xflh/ ePsf] eP lnvtsf] kL7df
n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] dxnsf] % gDa/ adf]lhd b/kL7 u/fO{ jf e/kfO{ u/fO{ ;f] b/kL7 eP
ul/lbPsf] e/kfO{ / lgvGg lbg'kg]{ dfn;d]t ;'D kL bL w/f} 6 /x]sf] y}nL ;fx"nfO{ P]g km}; nf
adf]lhd nfu]sf] lng'kg]{ nL a'fO{ lbg] / lgvgL lng] xflh/ g/x] y}nL a'L lng cfpg]
;fx"nfO{ lgvgL lng] c;fdLsf gfpdf lgvGg kg]{ dfn a' L lng cfpg' egL af6fsf] Dofb
afx]s k}+tL; lbgsf] Dofb k"hL{ hfg] ePsf] x'gfn] tf/Lvsf lbg lgvGg lbg'kg]{ dfn ;a} lnO{
xflh/ x'g cfpg' egL tfl/v tf]ls lgvgL lng]sf gfpFd f klg ;fx"n] w/f}6 /x]sf] y}nL a'L
lngnfO{ xflh/ x'g cfPsf] 5 af6fsf Dofb afx]s k}+t L; lbgleq xflh/ e} lgvGg' kg]{ dfn
hfFrL lng cfpg' Dofbleq gcfP hl/jfgf x'g]5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/f n]vL Dofb k"hL{ 6fF;L xflh/
e} a'L lng cfP lgvGg lbg'kg]{ dfn a' fO{ dfly ! bkmfdf n]lvP adf]lhd lnvt kmf u/fO{
jf e/kfO{ u/fO{ lbO{ ;fx"nfO{ a' fpg' kg]{ y}nL dfly ! bkmfdf n]lvP adf]lhd u/L a' fO{
lbg'k5{ ============================================@
dfn a' Llng] Dofbleq xflh/ x'g gcfP Dofb u'h|]sf ldltn] kGw|| lbgleq lgvgL lng]nfO{
kqmfp ug{ k7fO{ kqmL Dofbleq lng gcfO{ c6]/ u/] jfkt tn $ bkmf adf]lhd hl/jfgf u/L
a' fpg nufO{ w/f}6 /x]sf] y}nL ;fx"n fO{ dfly ! bkmfdf n]lvP adf]lhd u/L a'fO{lbg'k5{ ==#
lgvGg lbg'k g]{ ;fx"n] w/f}6 /x]sf] y}nL a'L lngnfO{ xflh/ gx'Fb} y}nL a' L lng] Dofb tLg
jif{leq cl3af6 lgvGg kfpg] rflx+n] lgvgfO{ kfpF egL b/vf:t lbg cfPdf lgvGg] sfd vtd
geP;Dd tf/Lvdf /fvL lgvGg lbg'k g]{ ;fx"nfO{ lgvgL lng]sf] o:tf] b/vf:t k/]sf]n ] af6fsf
Dofb afx]s k}+t L; lbgleq lnvt sfuhkq / dfn lgvGg lbg' kg]{d f lgvGg lbg'kg]{ dfn ;d]t
lnO{ w/f}6 /x]sf] y}nL a'L lng cfpg' eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] Dofb k"hL{ 6fF;L xflh/ eP dfly
116

n]lvP adf]lhd u/L / xflh/ geP Dofb gf3]sf kGw|| lbgleq kqmg k7fO{ kqmL NofO{ Dofbleq
lng gcfO{ cfsf] pbL{ g6]/] jfkt w/f}6 /x]sf] y}nLsf] ;os8f bzsf b/n] hl/jfgf u/L dfly
bkmf bkmfdf n]lvP adf]l hd u/L w/f}6 /x]sf] y}nL a' fpg nufO{ lgvGg lbg' kg]{ dfn /
sfuhkq ;d]t lgvgL lng]nfO{ ;'lDklbg' k5{ =========================$
dfn lgvgfO{ lbg' kg]{d f lgvGg lbgkg]{ ;fx" Dofbleq xflh/ x' g gcfPsf]n ] kqmfp ug{ k7fpFbf
klg Dofb gf3]sf] k}+tL; lbgleq kqmfp e} cfPg x'g ;s]g jf kqmfp ePsfn] g} cfPsf kGw||
lbg;Dd y'Gbf klg lgvGg lbg'k g]{ dfn bflvn ug{ g;s]sf] dgfl;a sf/0f klg eGg ;s]g eg]
lgvGg lbg'k g]{ ;fx"sf] tfobft u/L dfn lg:s] dfn lbnfO{ w/f}6 /x]sf] ?k}ofF a' fO{ lbg' k5{ .
dfn lg:s]g eg] lgvGg lbg'kg]{ dfnsf] lauf]df w/f}6 /x]sf] ?k}ofF egf{ lbO{ gk'u hltdf
hfohft u/L lnnfd laqmL u/L cfPsf] ?k} ofF / w/f} 6 /x]sf] y}nL ;d]t lgvgL kfpg] c;fdLnfO{
e/fO{ lbO{ gk'u lauf]d f a] OdfgL ug]{ ;fx"n fO{ n]gb] g Jojxf/sf] dxnsf] !( gDa/ adf]lhd s}b
ug]{ /Lt k'ofO{ s}b u/fO{ kfpF eGg] b/vf:t lbG5 eg] ;f] adf]lhd Dofbleq ;f] dfn bflvn
gug]{n fO{ dfly $ bkmfdf n]lvP adf]lhd hl/jfgf u/L ;f] hl/jfgfdf P] g adf]lhd u/L
y'lgPsf ;fx"nfO{ 5fl8lbg'k5{ =========================================================================%
$^ g+= .. .. c}af6 c+z 5'6\ofO{ a08f ul/lbg] u/L km}; nf ePsf]df km}; nf adf]lhd c+z
5'6\ofO{ a08f ul/lb+bf b]xfo adf]lhd u/L a08f ul/lbg' k5{
hlt;'s} lauf]sf] c+z a08f 5'6\ ofO{ lbg' kg]{ eP klg c+z kfpg] jf lbg]sf] b/vf:t gk/L To;}
c+z a08f 5'6\ofO{ lbg x'+b}g. a08f 5'6\ofO{ lbg] u/L cflv/L 6'f] nfuL km}; nf ePsf] ldltn]
b'O{ jif{leq h'g cfaf6 a08f 5'6\ ofO{ lbg] xf] ;f] cfdf b/vf:t lbg'k5{ . ;f] b'O{ jif{sf] Dofb
gf3]kl5 eg] ;f] a08f 5'6\o fO{ lbg] km};nf adf]lhdsf] nfu]sf] bzf}+bsf] cfwf km]l/ lbP dfq ;f]
klxnf b'O{ jif{sf] Dofb gf3]sf ldltn] km]l/ Ps jif{leq b/vf:t lbg kfpF5 . n]lvPsf Dofbleq
117

b/vf:t k/] km};nf adf]lhd a08f 5'6\ofO{ lbg' k5{ . ;f] Dofb gf3]kl5 eg] b/vf:t lng /
cfaf6 a08f 5'6\ofO{lbg;d]t x'Fb}g============ !
b/vf:t lb+bf c+z lbg] jf lng] dflg; jfbL k|ltjfbLdf n]lvPsf] 7fpFdf ga;L cGoq a;]sf]
eP xfn kmnfgf 7fp+df a;]sf]5', a08f 5'6\ofpg] sfd vtd geP;Dd tf/Lvdf /x'+nf tf/Lv
u'hf/] P]g adf]lhd ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/f n]vL o;} dxnsf] $@ gDa/ adf]lhd c+z kfpg] jf
lbg] km};nfsf] gSsn ;d]t lnO{ b/vf:t lbg cfP Dofbleq bflvn ePsf] / ckLnsf] xb Dofb
u'h|L ;s]sf] /x]5 eg] b/vf:t btf{ u/L km};nfsf] gSsnsf] lz/df kmnfgf ldltdf b/vf:t
k/]sf] egL n]vL cfsf] / xflsdsf] b:tvt u/L b/vf:t lbg]nfO{ lkmtf{ lbO{ tn * bkmf
adf]lhd c+z lbg] lng]nfO{ lsfO{ km};nf nut adf]lhd c+z 5'6\ofO{ lbnfO{ lbg'k5{ ========@
Ps hgfb]lv a9LnfO{ c+za08f 5'6\ofO{ lbg] u/L km};nf ePsf]d f tL ;a}sf] b/vf:t gk/L sf] xL
sf]xLsf] dfq Dofbleq b/vf:t kg{ cfP b/vf:t lbg] Dofb u'lh|g;s]sf] hltnfO{ kmnfgfsf]
b/vf:t kg{ cfPsf]5 b/vf:t lbg] Dofb af6fsf Dofb afx]s kGw| lbgeGbf a9L Dofb af+sL eP
kGw||} lbgleq / To;eGbf 36L Dofb af+sL /x]sfnfO{ af+sL Dofbleq b/vf:t lbg cfP ltdL;d]t
;a} /fvL Ps} k6s 5'6\ofO{ a08f u/L e/fO{ lbOg]5 gcfP dnfO{ g/fvL a08f 5'6\ofO{ c;n
sd;n kof] 36L a9L eof] eGg] s'/fsf] ltd|f] ph"/ nfUg] 5}g eGg] Joxf]/ fsf] Dofb k"hL{ 6f+;L
a08f g5'lb} Dofbleq xflh/ eO{ b/vf:t lbg cfP b/vf:t lnO{ Dofbleq b/vf:t lbg]x?
hlt ;a} Ps} k6s gcfP gcfpg]sf] efu;d]t 5'6\ofO{ k/ ;f/L a08f 5'6\o fO{ lbg'k5{ .
Dofbleq b/vf:t lbg cfpg]x? hltnfO{ dfq km}; nf adf]lhd a08f 5'6\ofO{ lbg' k5{ .
Dofbleq xflh/ gx'g]s f] dnfO{ g/fvL a08f 5'6\o fO{ lbof] c;n sd;n kof] 36L a9L eof]
eGg] s'/fsf] ph"/ nfUg ;St}g ==================================================================#

118

c+z lng] rflx+sf] b/vf:t gkb}{ cl3af6 c+z lbg'kg]{ rflx+n] km};nfadf]lhd kmf+6jf/Ldf
n]lvPsf] lbg'kg]{ c+z ;a} lbG5' lbnfO{ km'; {b u/fO{ kfp+ egL c+z lng]n] b/vf:t lbg' kg]{
Dofbleq b/vf:t lbgcfP ckLn lbg] xbDofb u'lh|;s]sf] /x]5 eg] c+z lng] rfxL km]nf gk/]
tn * bkmfsf] b]xfo bkmf @ adf]lhd Dofb 6f;L lsfO{ P]g km};nf adf]lhd c+z lbnfO{ km';{b
u/fO{ lbg'k5{ . lbg'kg]{ ;a} lbG5' egL b/vf:tdf gn]lvP b/vf:t nfUg ;St}g . c+z kfpg]sf]
b/vf:t k/]sf] avt P]g adf]lhd x' g]5 egL n]vL lkmtf{ lbg'k5{ ====================$
c+z lng] jf lbg]sf] b/vf:t k/]df c+z lbg] lng] / kmf+6 jf/L adf]lhdsf] wg dfn lhDdf
lng];d]t km};nf adf]lhd ugf{nfO{ a08f 5'6\ofO{ lbg ;s];Dd ?h' /fVg'k g]{ b]lvP xflh/ eP
km]nf k/]sf c+lzof/nfO{ a08f 5'6\ofO{ lbg] sfd vtd geP;Dd tf/Lvdf /fvL a08f 5'6\o fO{
sfd tfd]n ug'{k5{ . a08f 5'6\ofO{ lbg'k g]{ ;a} 5'6\o fO{ lbg g;Sb} c+z lng]sf] b/vf:t k/]sf]d f
c+z lng] lbg] b'a} y/Ln] jf c+z lng]n] / c+z lbg] rflx+sf] b/vf:t k/]sf]df c+z lng] rflx+
xflh/ gx'Fb} cl3af6 jf c+z lng] xflh/ eO;s]kl5 lng] lbg] b'a} y/Ln] tf/Lv u'hf/L P] gsf]
Dofbleq ydfO{ Nofpg klg ;s]gg\ eg] ydfO{ Nofpg] Dofb gf3]kl5 af+sL a08f ug'{kg]{ hlt
a08f 5'6\ofO{ lbO/xg' kb}{g . l8;ld; u/L Joxf]/f hgfO{ nut sf6L lbg'k5{ ===========%
c+z a08f 5'6\ofO{ lng] lbg] b/vf:t kg{ cfPdf b/vf:t btf{ ePsf] tLg lbgleq a08f 5'6\o fO{
lbgnfO{ hf] ug'{kg]{ sfd z'? u/L c+z lng] jf lbg] km]nf gk/]df tn * bkmf adf]lhd u/L km]nf
gk/]sf hltnfO{ lsfpg' kg]{d f xflh/ ePsf jf xflh/ x'g] Dofb tf/Lv u'h|]sf ldltn] / km]nf
k/]df b/vf:t k/]sf ldltn] chL{ nfUg] Dofb afx]s o;} dxnsf] $@ gDa/ adf]lhd tLg
dxLgf;Dddf e/;s rfF8f] sfd tfd]n ul/;Sg'k5{ ===================================================^
c+z 5'6\ofO{ lng] lbg] ljifosf] b/vf:t btf{ ePdf btf{ ePsf ldltn] tLg lbgleq cfkmg}
Onfsfleqsf] eP dfly ! bkmf adf]lhd b/vf:t lbg]nfO{ ;fy} nufO{ c+z lbg] jf lng] km]nf
119

k/]g jf c+z lbg'kg]{s f Psf3/sf hfgsf/ hxfg jfl/;jfnfn] b]vfO{ 5'6\ofO{ lbg cfPg eg]
c+z lbg] lhDdf lnO{ /fVg]x?nfO{ lsfpgfnfO{ tn * bkmf adf]lhdsf] Dofb k"hL{ 6fF;L
cfpgnfO{ Dofb k"hL{;d]t n]vL 5fk nufO{ sd{rf/LnfO{ v6fO{ k7fO{ / c? cfsf Onfsfdf
k7fpg' kg]{df b/vf:t lbg]nfO{ tf/Lv tf]sL Onfsf cfdf d'g fl;a dflkmssf] Dofb tf]sL n]vL
k7fO{ tfd]n u/fpg k7fpg] / ;f] cfn] klg Dofbleq P]g adf]lhd hf] ug'{k g]{ u/L tfd]n u/L
hgfp k7fO{lbg] ug'{kb{5 =========================================================&
km};nf adf]lhd a08f 5'6\ofO{ lbgfnfO{ hf+bf k7fp+b f km};nf adf]lhd u/L c+z lbg] jf
kmf+6jf/L adf]lhdsf] wg dfnnfO{ lhDdf lnO{ /fVg] c+lzof/n] jf lgh km]nf gk/] To;sf
Psf3/sf] hfgsf/ hxfgn] km+f6jf/L adf]lhdsf] a08f ug'{kg]{ wg dfn b]vfO{ bflvn u/L P]g
km};nf adf]lhd 5'6\ofO{ lbg'k5{ c+z lbg] lhDdf lnO{ /fVg] km]nf k/]g To;sf Psf3/sf
hfgsf/ hxfgx?n] klg kmf+ 6jf/L adf]lhdsf] ;a} b]vfO{ lbPgg\ eg] c+z lbg] lng]nfO{ b]xfo
adf]lhdsf] Dofb k"hL{ 6f+;L Dofbleq xflh/ eO{ b]vfO{ 5'6\ ofO{ lbg cfPg jf k7fPg jf xflh/
ePsfn] klg a08f ug'{k g]{ b]vfO{ glbO{ lwGofO{ u/L a:of] eg] o;} dxnsf] #) gDa/sf dflg;
;d]t ;fIfL /fvL aGb ul//fv]sf] v'nf u/L c}af6 kmf+6jf/L adf]lhd >L ;DklQ a08f ul/lbg'
k5{ ======================================================================================================*
c+z 5'6\ofO{lbg] jf kmfF6df n]lvPsf] lhDdf lnO{ /fVg] c+lzof/x?nfO{ lsfpg' k/]d f
km]nf gk/]sfnfO{ km}; nf nut adf]lhd ltdL kmnfgf;Fu c+z 5'6\ofO{ lbnfO{ kfp+ egL
kmnfgf 7fp+ a:g] kmnfgfn] kmnfgf ldltdf b/vf:t lbg cfPsf / a' bf klg
ckLnsf] xb Dofb u'lh|;s]sf] b]lvPsf] x' gfn] c+z lnO{ 5'6\ofO{ lbgfnfO{ o; cfaf6
8f]/ v6fO{ k7fp+bf ltdL km]nf gk/]sf] ltd|f] Psf3/;Fu /x]sf hfgsf/ xsbf/x?n]
klg cfO{ kmf+6jf/Ldf n]lvPsf a08f ul/lbg'kg]{ wgdfn b]vfO{ 5'6\ofO{ lbg gcfPsf]
120

x'gfn] ltd|f] 3/ b}nfdf Dofb 6f+;L lbPsf]5 af6fsf Dofb afx]s kGw|| lbgleq o;
cfdf cfkm} xflh/ eO{ jf cfkm" xflh/ x'g cfpg g;s] jfl/; k7fO{ cfgf lhDdfdf
/x]sf] a08f ug'{kg]{ kmf+6jf/L a08fkqdf n]lvP adf]lhdsf] ;a} >L ;DklQ b]vfO{
5'6\ofO{ a08f lbg cfpg' jf k7fpg' gcfP gk7fP ltd|f] 3/df /x]sf >L ;DklQ P] g
adf]lhd c} af6 hfohft u/L kmf+6jf/L a08fkq adf]lhd b]lvP;Ddsf] a08f 5'6\o fO{
lbO{ b]lvPsf] hfohftaf6 k'u ] ltd|f] ;DklQ ltd|f xsbf/ jf dfyj/sf lhDdf nufO{
lbg] / gk'u ] gk'u hlt ltd|f] c+zaf6 sfu/L egf{ lbP klg k'u]g ;f] gk'u bflvn
klg ePg eg] ;fa"b bflvn gu/]d f ;hfo u/L gk'u]hlt c+z kfpg]n] ltdL;Fu e/fO{
lng kfpg]5 . ljzf}+b nfUg]df ltd|f] c+zaf6 k'u];Dd ltd|f] c+z lnnfd u/L pk/
ul/g] / hfohftaf6 pk/ x'g ;s]g eg] P]g adf]lhd u/L c;"n ul/g]5 kl5 ltd|f]
ph"/ nfUg]5}g sfd tfd]n eO{ g;Sb} Dofb gf3]kl5 xflh/ x' g cfPklg ltdL;d]t
/fvL a08f 5'6\ofO{ lbg] sfd x' g]5 eGg];d]t hf] rflxg] Joxf]/fsf] c+z lbg] lhDdf
lnO{ /fVg]x?sf] gfpFdf Dofb k"hL{ 6fF; L lbg'k5{========================================!
c+z 5'6\ofO{ lng] rflx+sf] b/vf:t gkb}{ cl3 ;f] 5'6\ofO{ lbg] rflx+sf] b/vf:t kg{
cfPdf c+z 5'6\ofO{ lng] km]nf gk/L lsfpg' kg]{ x' g cfP km};nf a08fkq adf]lhd
lbg'kg]{ c+z ;a} lbG5' lbnfpg nufO{ km";{t u/fO{ kfp+ eGg] kmnfgf 7fp+ a:g]
kmnfgfsf] b/vf:t kg{ cfPsf] / ltdL km]nf gk/]sf] x'gfn] Dofb 6f+;L lbPsf]5 c+z
a'llngfnfO{ af6fsf Dofb afx]s kGw|| lbgeGbf a9\tf Dofb af+sL ePdf kGw|| lbgleq
/ To;eGbf 36L Dofb af+sL ePsf]df af+sL Dofbleq xflh/ eO{ lng cfpg' jf
OR5fkq n]vL jfl/; u/L k7fpg' Dofbleq xflh/ geP gk7fP km};nf a08fkq

121

adf]lhdsf] wgdfn 5'6\ofO{ dfyj/sf] lhDdf nufO{ lbOg]5 kl5 ltd|f] ph"/ nfUg] 5} g
eGg] ;d]t hf] rflxg] Joxf]/ fsf] Dofb 6fF;L lbg'k5{ =========================@
c+z lbg'kg]{ dflg; Dofb tf/Lvdf xflh/ ge} Dofb gfl3;s]kl5 km};nf adf]lhd ug'{ kg]{ sfd
tfd]n e} g;Sb} sf/0fL ul8of jf To;sf Psf3/sf hfgsf/ hxfg jfl/;jfnf xflh/ x' g
cfP k7fP lghx?nfO{ ;d]t /fvL P]g km}; nf adf]lhd hf] ug'{kg]{ sf/jfO{ ug'{k5{ =========(
6fFl;Psf Dofbleq km}; nf adf]lhd lbgfnfO{ cfkm" klg xflh/ x' g cfPg jfl/; klg k7fPg eg]
Dofb u'h|]sf tLg lbgleq km}; nf adf]lhd ul/lbgfnfO{ sf/jfO{ ug'{ u/fpg'k5{ ================!)
c+z a08f 5'6\o fO{ lbgfnfO{ hfFbf km]nf k/]sf jf 6fFl;Psf Dofbdf xflh/ x'g cfPsf c+z lbg]
sf/0fL ul8ofn] jf tL xflh/ x'g gcfP km]nf gk/] klg To;sf] xsbf/ jfl/;jfnfn] b]vfO{
lb+bf jf lghx? gcfPsfn] cfaf6 vf]nL x]b f{ lbg'k g]{ tfobft a08fkqdf n]lvP adf]lhdsf]
;a} ;fa"b b]lvP km};nf a08fkq adf]lhdsf] a08f 5'6\ofO{ 5'6\ ofO{ lbP hltsf] P]g km}; nf
adf]lhd bzf}+b ljzf}+b hf] lng'kg]{ lng'k5{ ==============================================!!
km};nf adf]lhd ul/lbgfnfO{ c+z lbg];Fu wgdfn lnO{ c+z 5'6\o fO{ lbgfnfO{ wgdfn lsL aGb
ul//fv]sf] v'nfO{ rng rnfO{ lbg' kg]{d f ;f] ul/lbg]n ] jf To;sf Psf3/sf hfgsf/ hxfgn]
xflh/ e}sg klg a08f ul/lbg' kg]{ wgdfn b]vfO{ 5'6\ofO{ jf lsL v'n f u/L vfnL ug'{kg]{
vfnL u/L glbPsf]n] jf xflh/ x' g gcfPsf] e} cfaf6} ug'{kg]{ x' g cfPdf lghx? eP lghx?
;d]t /fvL / lghx? xflh/ g/x] o;} dxnsf] #) gDa/ adf]lhdsf] dflg; ;fIfL /fvL vf]nL
tfobftL u/L P]g km}; nf adf]lhd hf] ug'{kg]{ ug'{k5{ ==========================================!@
c+z lbg] lhDdf lnO{ /fVg]n] xflh/ e} a08f 5'6\ofO{ lb+bf xf];\ Dofbdf xflh/ e} a08f ug'{kg]{
wgdfn b]vfO{ 5'6\o fpg gcfp+bf lwGofO+ eO{ a:bf cfaf6 a08f 5'6\ ofO{ lb+bf xf];\ kmf+6 jf/L
a08fkqdf n]lvPsf ;a} gb]vfO{ s]xL dfq b]vfof] jf s'g} wgdfn klg b]vfPg b]lvPg jf b]vfP
122

b]lvPsf] klg kmf+6jf/L a08fkq adf]lhdsf] ge} km/s jf 36a9 k/]sf] b]lvof] eg] ;f] gk'u
hlt bflvn gu/] kmf+6jf/L a08fkqdf b]lvP adf]lhd ldn];Ddsf] rn crnaf6 c+z kfpg]nfO{
rflxPhlt kmf+6jf/L a08fkqdf n]lvP adf]lhdsf] lauf] sfod u/fO{ c+z lbg] lhDdf lnO{
/fVg]sf] c+zaf6 egf{ lbg'k5{ . ;f] lb+bf klg gk''u] gk'u ePsf] hlt lauf]sf] ;fdf kmfF6jf/Ldf
gn]lvPsf] a9L b]lvPsf] bflvn gug]{ rf+lx c+lzof/sf] xs ef]usf] c? rn crn b]lvP
To;af6 ;d]t gk'u]hlt egf{ ugf{nfO{ rflxg]hlt kmf+6jf/L a08fkqdf n]lvPhlt rn dfnsf]
;f]xL kmfF6df n]lvP adf]lhdsf] lauf] sfod u/L / kmf+6jf/L a08fkqdf gn]lvPsf] c? rn
crn hltsf] kGrsLlt{ df]n u/L egf{ lbg'k5{ . ;f] lb+bf klg k'Ug gcfP cfgf lhDdf /x]sf]
bflvn ug'{kg]{ ;a} bflvn gu/] k"/f bflvn gu/] jfkt tn !^ bkmf adf]lhd hl/jfgf
ug'{k5{ =============================================================!#
c+z a08f 5'6\o fpgfnfO{ c+z lbg] xflh/ g/x] km]nf gk/]sf] sf/0fn] c}af6 c+z 5'6\o fO{ e/fO{
lb+bf afFs L /x]sf] c+z lbg] lhDdf lnO{ /fVg]sf efusf] / c+z kfpg]sf] b/vf:t gkb}{} c+z lbO{
km";{t u/fO{ kfpF egL c+z lbg] rflx+sf] b/vf:t k/L 5'6\ofO{ lbPsf] c+z e/L kfpg] rflx+sf
efusf] ;d]t kfpg]n ] a'llng gcfpFbf /x]sf] wgdfn c+z kfpg] x?n] jf To;sf Psf3/sf
pd]/ k'u]sf hfgsf/ hxfgn] klg a'llnPg eg] ;8L unL hfg] dfn / bzf}+b lazf}+b nfUg]df
To;nfO{ vfd];Ddsf] rn crn P]g adf]lhdsf] /Lt k'ofO{ lnnfd u/L bzf}+b ljzf}+b sf u/L
lnO{ afFsL /x]s f] gub / c? afFsL /x]sf] rn crn tfobft u/L lng cfPsf avt a' fO{ lbg]
u/L wgdfn / Psk|lt tfobftL lng cfpg]s f xsbf/ jf dfyj/ dflg;sf] lhDdf nufO{ lng
gcfPsf]n ] kmnfgfsf lhDdf nufO{ lbPsf]5 tfobftL adf]lhd a'llng' kl5 ph"/ ug{ kfpg]
5}gf} egL a' L lng'kg]{sf] 3/df Dofb k"hL{ 6f+;Llbg'k5{ ========================================!$

123

cfaf6 P] g adf]lhd u/L a08f 5'6\ofO{ lbPsf] a' L lng'k5{ . lrQ a'] g egL 5'6\ ofO{ lbPsf]
a' L glnO{ lwGofO{ ul//xg' x'+b}g. lrQ ga'] olt s'/fdf lrQ a'] g ph"/ L u/L OG;fkm
dfUg]5 ' egL lrQ ga']sf] hlt s'/f e/kfO{df n]]vL cfaf6 5'6\ofO{ lbPsf] hlt a'L lnO{
lrQ ga' ]sf] hlt s'/fdf P] gsf Dofbleq ph"/ u/L OG;fkm u/fO{ dfUg'k5{ . a' L glng]nfO{
a' L glnP hlt lauf]sf] rn dfnsf] ;os8f kfFr crnsf] ;os8f Ps hl/jfgf u/L a' fO{
lbg' k5{ . hl/jfgf ubf{ klg a'L glnP a'lglnPsf] hlt lng cfPsf avt a'fO{ lbg] u/L
dfly !$ bkmf adf]lhd lhDdf nufO{ lbg'k5{ === !%
c+z a08f ug'{kg]{ rn crn cfgf lhDdf lnO{ /fVg]n] cfkm"n] n]lvlbPsf] kmf+6 jf/L adf]lhdsf]
lbg'kg]{ rn crn b}jL k/L k|df0f k' ofPsf] cj:yfdf afx]s ;a} b]vfO{ 5'6\ ofO{ glbP gb]vfPsf]
/ b]vfP;Ddsf] rn crnaf6 klg c+z kfpg]nfO{ gk'uL af+sL /xg cfP xflh/ /x] km]nf
k/]sfnfO{ bflvn ug{ Nofp egL y'Gg' k5{ . kGw|| lbg;Dd y'Gbf klg bflvn gu/] a]OdfgL u/]sf]
7x5{ . xflh/ /x]sf] jf xflh/ g/x]sfnfO{ ;d]t ckm"n] n]lvb]vfPsf] kmf+ 6jf/L adf]lhdsf] ;a}
dfn bflvn gu/] jfkt gk'u hlt lauf]sf] ;os8f bz hl/jfgf u/L ;f] hl/jfgf jfkt s}b
ul/lbg' k5{ ================================================================!^
c+z a08f 5'6\ofO{ lb+bf c+z kfpg]nfO{ gk'u x' g cfPsf] rn crn n'sfO{ bjfO{ /fv]sf] hlt
a08f 5'6\o fO{ kfPsf ldltn] ;f] a08f kfpg] jf lgh d/]df lghsf xsbf/n] b'O{ jif{leq vf] hL
kQf nufO{ ph"/ uof] eg] a'L n'sfO{ bjfO{ /fv]sf] 7xof] / egf{ ug{ af+sL g} /x]5 eg]
kmfF6jf/Ldf n]lvPsf] bflvn gu/L n'sfO{ bjfO{ /fv] jfkt bjfpg]nfO{ bjfPsf lauf]sf] ;os8f
kfFr / bjfO{ n'sfpg NofPsf] egL hfgL hfgL n'sfO{ /fVg]nfO{ ;os8f kfFrsf b/n] hl/jfgf
u/L bjfO{ /fv]sf] 7x/] hlt kQf nufO{ Nofpg]nfO{ bzf}+b lnO{ e/fO{ lbg'k5{ ===============!&

124

$& g+= .. .. km};nf adf]lhd u/fO{ dfUg]n ] jf ul/lbg]n] km};nf nut adf]lhd u/fO{ dfUg jf
u/L lbgsf lgldQ sf/jfO{ ug{ u/fpgfnfO{ jfl/; /fv] P]gn] jfl/; lbg x'g] dflg;nfO{ jfl/;
lbg kfpF5 . To:tf] jfl/; lb+bf w/f}6 nfUb}g . e/fO{ lbnfO{ 5'6\ofO{ lbg'k g]{ cfkm" xflh/ eO{ lng
gcfO{ OR5fkq lbO{ kmnfgfnfO{ k7fOlbPsf]5' To; x:t] lbg' egL P]g adf]lhd ;xL5fk u/L
n]vL k7fOlbg' k5{ . ;f] OR5fkq lnO{ cfpg]af6 bzf}+b lazf}+b;d]t hf] lng'k g]{ lnO{ OR5fkq
lvrL e/kfO{ u/fO{ lbg'k g]{ hlt lhDdf nufO{ lbg'k5{ . rng rnfO{ lbg'k g]{df OR5fkq geP
klg jfl/;f/f rng rnfO{ lbg lng x'G5 . n]lvP adf]lhd OR5fkq lnO{ cfPsfnfO{ lbPsf]df
kl5 ph"/ nfUg ;St}g . jfl/; k7fpFbf d]/f] ;fdf P]gn] jfl/; lbg x'g] kmnfgfnfO{ cVTof/
u/L k7fPsf]5' jfl/;n] sf/jfO{ u/]sf]df d]/f] dGh"/ 5 km};nf adf]lhd u/fO{ lng' lbg'k g]{ avt
d cfkm} xflh/ e} lng cfp+nf jf OR5fkq u/L lng k7fp+nf jf e/fO{ b]vfO{ 5'6\ ofO{ lbg'kg]{
klg jfl/;f/f b]vfO{ 5'6\ ofO{ a' fO{ lbp+n f ;f] km};nf u/fO{ dfUbf lb+bf bzf}+b lazf}+b
;hfo;d]t hf] nfu]sf] d} a'fpg]5' OR5fkqjfnfnfO{ lbPsf]df ph"/ ug]{5}g eGg] Joxf]/fsf]
jfl/; lbg] rflxsf] cVTof/gfdf / ;f] jfl/; x'g]sf] kmnfgfsf] jfl/; d eP+ tfl/vdf /xL hf]
ug'{kg]{ sfd sf/jfO{ u?+nf eGg] Joxf]/fsf] jfl/;gfdf bflvnf u/]s} lbg ;sf/gfdf n]vfO{ nL
emul8ofsf] u/fpg' kg]{ sfut jfl/;s} u/fO{ P]g km};nf adf]lhd hf] ug'{kg]{ sf/afO{ u/L
tfd]n ug'{ u/fpg' k5{ .
$* g+= ..

.. km};nf adf]lhd cfaf6 ug'{kg]{ sfd ug{ u/fpgnfO{ b/vf:t lbO{

tf/]vdf /x]sf Dofb 6f+l;Psf dflg;n] Dofb tf/]v u'hf/L a;] ;f] b/vf:t adf]lhd P] gn]
ug'{kg]{ sf/jfO{ ug'{ kb}{g . b/vf:t adf]lhd u/fO{k fp+bf P] g km};nf adf]lhd nfUg] bzf}+b
lazf}+b / b:t"/ eg] 5'6\ g ;St}g . Dofb tf/]v yfDg] cj:yf k'u]sf] k}+tL; lbg gf3]kl5 ;f]
c;"n u/L lng'k5{ .
125

$( g+= .. .. cfaf6 efvf u/fO{ lbPsf], sfuhkq lbnfO{ lbPsf] jf c;fdL a08f
ul/lbPsf]df bzf}+b lazf}+b nfUb} g . o;} dxnsf] $* gDa/sf] cj:yfdf afx]s lauf] ge/fO{
bzf}+b lazf}bdf kqmfp x'g ;St}g . e/fO{ lbO;s]kl5 e/fO{lbPhltsf];Dd e/fO{ kfpg];Fu bzf}+b
/ hl/jfgf gnfu]sf]df hl/jfgf gnfu]hltsf] e/fO{ lbg] rflx+ af6 lazf}+b lnO{ e/fO{ lbg'k5{ .
%) g+= .. .. s;}n] >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] rn crn ;DklQ rf]/L 9fF6L bafO{ 5kfO{ vfP
v'jfPsf] hfx]/ u/L ;flat u/fO{ lbPdf To:tf] ;flat u/fO{ lbg] hfx]/ jfnfnfO{ cGoyf Joj:yf
ePsf]df afx]s hUuf jf tfn'sbf/L gkfpg] eP ;fn a;fnL nutd} c;"n x'g] afx]s c? c;"n
ePsf] lauf]sf] ;os8f kRrL; / n]lvP afx]s c?df ;os8f bzsf lx;fan] sldzg lbg'
k5{ . hUuf jf tfn'sL kfpg]d f eP sldzg lbg' kb}{g .
%! g+= .. .. c;"n ePsf] hl/jfgf ;j{:j lkmtf{ ug'{kg]{ 7x/] >L % sf] ;/sf/df bflvn
e};s]sf] eP klg lkmtf{ lbg'k5{ .
%@ g+= .. .. km};nf adf]lhdsf] e/L kfpg] lauf] lbnfO{ e/fO{ kfpm+ eGg] b/vf:t k/]d f
3/;f/df lbPsf] 5' eGg] lhls/ k''Ug ;St}g . cfaf6 P]g km};nf adf]lhd lbnfO{ e/fO{
lbg'k5{ .
%# g+= ..

.. ;/sf/L lauf] hl/jfgf bzf}+b aLzf}+b aS;f}gL ;d]t OToflb ?k}o fFdf s}b

ug'{kbf{ b]jfgL d'2fsf] eP dxLgf Pssf] k}+tfnL; ?k}ofFs f b/n] / kmf}Hbf/L d'2fsf] eP dxLgf
Pssf] tL; ?k}ofFsf b/n] s}b 7]Sg' k5{ .
%$ g+= .. .. P]gn] hfohftaf6 pk/ gePsf] af+s L lauf]df s}b u/fpg kfpg]df s}b u/fO{
;s]kl5 af+sL gk'u ?k}ofF hDd} glt/L wgLsf] dGh"/ L a]u/ s}b e'Qmfg gx'+b} aLrdf 5'6\g
;St}g . af+sL gk'u hDd} a' fp+5' eg] e'Q mfg u/]sfhlt s}bsf] ?k}ofF P] g adf]lhd ldgfxf bL
af+sL ?k} ofF wgLnfO{ P] g adf]lhd bzf}+b lnO{ e/fO{lbg'k5{ . s}b u/fO{ ;s]kl5 s}b u/fP tfklg
126

ca e/fO{ dflUbg 5fl8lbg' egL wgLn] eGof] eg] wgLsf] d~h"/Lsf] sfut u/fO{ lnO{ s}b
ePsfnfO{ 5fl8 lbg'k5{ . kl5 kqmg / s}b u/fpg kfpFb}g . af+sL l;wf vr{ lkmtf{ x'g ;St}g .
%% g+= ..

.. d[To' b08 lbg] clGtd 6'f] nfuL km};nf ePsf] ldltn] ;fwf/0ftof Ps

dxLgfleq ;f] km};nf adf]lhd d[To' b08 kfpg] dflg;nfO{ em'08ofO{ jf uf]n L xfgL dfl/
lbg'k5{ .
%^ g+= ..

.. d[To' b08 lb++bf d[To'b08 kfpg] dflg;nfO{ ;DalGwt h]nsf xflsdn] >L %

sf] ;/sf/af6 ;fdfGo jf ljz]if cfb]zf/f o; ;DaGwdf s'g} lglZrt 7fp+ tf]lsPsf]df ;f] xL
7fp+d f / + To:tf] 7fp+ gtf]lsPsf]df s;}s]f ;lGw ;k{g gkg]{ / ufp+ zx/ aflx/sf] s'g} vf]nfsf]
au/ jf km/fs vfnL 7fp+df nuL o;} dxnsf] %% gDa/df n]lvP adf]lhd u/L df/L lbg'k5{ .
%& g+= ..

.. d[T o' b08 kfpg] dflg;nfO{ d[ To' b08 lbg n}hf+bf cfgf Onfsfsf] k'ln;

clkm; / cfjZos eP ghLssf] cGo cfdf n]vL k7fO{ rflxg] dgfl;a dflkmssf] d2t
lemsfO{ efUg pDsg gkfpg] u/L n}hfg'k5{ .
%*= g+= .. .. d[To' b08 kfpg] dflg; t'?Gt ;hfo ugf{nfO{ l;ls:t la/fdL b]lvof] eg]
lx+88'n ug{;Sg] gx'~Hofn ;hfo ug{ x'+b}g .
%( g+ = ..

.. bz}+sf] 6Lsf, /fdgjdL, PsfbzL, s[i0f hGdfi6dL, lzj/fqL, a'4 hoGtL /

>L % dxf/fhflw/fhsf] z'ehGdf]T;jsf] lbgx?df d[To'b08 lbg' x'+b}g .

127

efu #
dxn !
sfuh hfFrsf]
! g+= .. .. b'lgofF x?;Fusf] / cf cfsf] u}x| sfuhkqdf aGb ufFl;Psf]df ;f] sfuhsf]
k5fl8 k|To]s aGbsf] hf] gL{ hf] gL{d f / kfgf /fv]sf]df k| To]s kfgfsf] lz/ k'5f/df cfsf] eP
h'g cfsf] xf] To;} cfsf] xflsdsf] ;d]t jf 5fk gePsf cfsf] eP xflsdsf] dfq 5fk
nufpg' jf b:tvt ug'{k5{ . km};nf ;fws l/kf]6 tf]s hfFRg' lgsf;f lbg' kbf{ ;f] sfuhsf]
aGbsf] hf] gL{ hf] gL{ jf k|To]s kfgfsf] lz/ k'5f/df hf+Rg] lgsf;f lbg] cfn] klg cfsf] 5fk /
xflsdsf] 5fk nufpg' k5{ jf b:tvt ug'{ u/fpg'k5{ . b'lgofFbf/sf] cfdf k/] ePsf] /
3/fo;sf] sfuhkqsf] aGbsf] hf]gL{ jf kfgfdf eg] ;f] sfuhdf ;lx5fk ug]{ d'Vo sf/0fLsf] /
cfdf u/] ePsf]d f ;f]xL cfsf] / xflsdsf] ;d]t 5fk nufpg' jf b:tvt ug'{k5{ . :ofxf
axLvftf lstfax?df eg] Ps kfgfeGbf a9\tf kfgfdf Ps} sndsf] lx;fa jf Joxf]/f n]lvg
uPdf h'g h'g kfgfdf ;f] n]lvg uPsf] 5 p;} p;} kfgfdf p;} sndsf cflv/sf] k+lQmsf]
k'5f/df c? c+s cIf/ n]V g gx' g] u/L ;f] snddf ;lx5fk ug]{s} / cfsf] eP kfg} lkR5] ;f]xL
cfsf xflsd / tx/L/sf] ;d]t 5fk nufpg jf b:tvt ug'{ u/fpg'k5{ . 3/;f/sf] sfuhdf
n]lvPadf]lhd /Lt gk'u]sf] eP ;f] sfuh ug]{ u/fpg] d'Vo sf/0fLnfO{ hgxL aL; ?k} ofF;Dd
hl/jfgf u/L ;f] sfuhaf6 gfln; ;'gL OG;fkm ul/lbg' k5{ .
@ g+= .. .. ldgfxf df]h/f jf lng] lbg] s'/fsf] lgsf;f ln+bf lb+bf b/ b]lvg]d f b/, hDdf
b]lvg]d f hDdf / b/ hDdf b'j} b]lvg]df b'j} vf]nL c+snfO{ cIf/n] ;d]t af]nfO{ n]Vg'
n]vfpg' k5{ . hDdfdf c+s cIf/ gn]lvP lnP lbPsf] lgsf;f ;b/ x'+b}g. csf]{ lgsf;f u/fO{
lng' lbg'k5{ .
128

# g+= .. .. cfaf6 n]vfO{ lng] lbg] u}x| sfuhdf gfpF, y/ / lhNnf, Onfsf, k|uGgf,
df}hf, ufpF, zx/ 6f]n :ki6 v'n]sf] jtg ;d]t n]vfO{ lng' lbg'k5{ . cfaf6 td;'s, kf,
sa'lnot / wghdfgLkq u/fpg' kbf{ eg] tLg k':t] klg v'nfpg'k5{ .
$ g+= .. .. b'lgofFbf/sf] / cf cfsf] u}x| sfuhkqdf el/;Vo gla/fO{ n]Vg' n]vfpg'
k5{ . lal/g u} ;Rofpgk/]d f c+s cIf/ v's{g x'+b}g. nfndf] x/ x'g] sfuh afx]s c?df
lal/Phlt kl9g] u/L dl;gf] 8f]/f]n ] s]/L yKg k/]df lg:;f /fvL To;sf] dfly h] n]V g'k g]{ n]vL
;f] s]/d]6df / yk]d f ;d]t c? c+s cIf/ yKg gx'g] u/L bfofF afofFd f ;f] sfuhdf ;xL ug]{
d'Vo sf/0fLsf] / cfdf u/] ePsf]df ;f]xL cfsf xflsdsf] ;d]t / cfsf] sfuh eP
xflsdsf] dfq / :ofxf axLvftf lstfadf eP h' g snddf h;sf] ;xL5fk kg]{ xf] p;}sf] ug'{
u/fpg' k5{ . yKg] 7fpF ePg jf yKbf e| flGt x'g] eof] jf w/} 7fpFd f s] g'{ d]6\g' yKg' kg]{ eof]
eg] aGb km]/L n]V g'k5{ . n]lvPadf]lhd /Lt gk'u]sf] s]/] d]6] ylkPsf] / c+s cIf/ v's]{sf] hlt
;b/ x'+b}g. nfndf]x/ x'g] sfuh n]V bf eg] s]g'{ d]6\g' yKg' v's{g' ;d]t x'+b}g .
% g+= .. .. n]gb]g sf/f] af/ nufot 3/fo;df ePsf] / cfvfgfdf eP u/]sf] ;d]t
sfuhx?df ;lx5fk ug'{kg]{ sf/0fLsf] / ;fIfL, ;d]t u}x|sf] ;lx5fk ubf{ u/fpFbf n]V g hfGg]n]
cfgf x:tfIf/n] ;xL cfgf] gfpF y/ jtg bhf{ eP bhf{ ;d]t k|i6 a' g] k9\g ;Sg] u/L k"/f
n]vL n]vfO{ / cIf/ ghfGg]sf] / n]Vg hfGg]sf] klg o;} dxnsf] * gDa/n] NofKr] ;lx5fk ug'{
u/fpg' kg]{ sfuhdf NofKr] ;lx5fk ubf{ u/fpFbf o;} dxnsf] ^ / & gDa/ adf]lhd ug'{
u/fpg' k5{ . cfvfgfdf eP u/]sf] sfuhdf eP x:tfIf/sf] jf NofKr] ;xL gu/L cfg" k"/f
gfd ls6]sf] 5fk dfq nufP klg x'G5 . /}t Ll;t lt/f] a' g >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 d's// ePsf]
JolQmn] lt/f] a'L lbg] /;Lbdf cfgf] gfdsf] 5fk dfq nufP klg x'G5 . dfly n]lvP adf]lhd
/Lt gk'u]sf] sfuhaf6 b]xfodf n]lvP afx]s gfln; nfUg ;St}g =============
129

dfly n]lvP adf]lhd ;lx5fk ubf{ u/fpFbf gfpF, y/, jtg / bhf{ eP bhf{ n]V g' kg]{df bhf{,
y/, jtg dWo] s'g} jf ;a} s'/f 5'6fPsf] eP ;f] 5'6fO{ ;lx5fk ug]{n fO{ aL; ?k} ofF;Dd
hl/jfgf u/L ;f] sfuhaf6 gfln; ;'gL OG;fkm ul/lbg' k5{ ==========================================!
;lx5fk} gk/]sf] ePklg ;lx5fk ug'{ kg]{ d'Vo sf/0fLn] cfgf x:tfIf/n] n]v]sf] lnvt eP
h'g;'s} ldltsf] ePklg ;f] sfuhaf6 gfln; ;'gL OG;fkm ul/lbg'k5{ =====================@
^ g+= .. .. NofKr] ;xL5fk ubf{ u/fpFbf bflxg] xftsf] a"9L cf}+n f geP jf z+v rqmsf]
/]vf k| i6 gb]lvP afofF xftsf] a'9L cf}+n fsf], b'j} xftsf] a'9L cf}+nf geP jf /]vf k|i6 gb]lvP
bfofF afofFs f c? h'g cf}+n fsf] /]vf k| i6 b]lvPsf] 5 To; cf}+nfsf] / b'j} xftsf a" 9L cf}+nfsf]
;lx5fk ug'{ u/fpg' kg]{d f Ps xftsf a"9 L cf}+nf geP jf /]vf k|i6 gb]lvP /]vf k|i6 b]lvPsf
a"9 L cf}+n fsf] / a"9L cf}+nf gePsf rflx+ xftsf] /]vf k|i6 b]lvPsf c? cf}+nfsf], b'j} xftsf a" 9L
cf}+nf geP jf /] vf k| i6 gb]lvP /]vf k|i6 b]lvPsf b'j} xftsf c? Ps Ps cf}+nfsf], Ps xftdf
s'g} cf}+nf geP jf /] vf k| i6 gb]lvg] eP Ps} xftsf] eP klg b'O{ cf}+n fsf] ;lx5fk u/fO{ o;
sf/0fn] o; xftsf] of] cf}+nfsf] ;lx5fk ePsf] egL Joxf]/f hgfO{ /fVg] ug'{k5{ .
& g+= .. .. b'j} xftsf s'g} cf}+nf geP jf z+v rqmsf] /]vf k|i6 gb]lvPdf To;sf
Psf3/sf hxfgdf d'Vosf] / To:tf geP ck'tfnL vfg] xsbf/sf] / To:tf klg geP x]/ljrf/
u/L cfO/x]sf ;+/Ifssf] d]/ f] /f]xj/df o;n] eg] d~h"/ u/] adf]lhd n]lvPsf] 7Ls 5 o;f] e}
s'g} cf}+nf geP jf /] vf k|i6 gb]lv+bf ;lx5fk gk/]sf] xf] eGg] lz/df s}lkmot n]vL ;lx5fk ug]{
u/fpg] ug'{ k5{ . Psf3/sf hxfg jf ck't fnL vfg] xsbf/ jf ;+/Ifs /f]xj/df gePsf avt
cfaf6 sfuh u/fpg' k/]df sfuh ePsf avt /f]xj/df ePsf enfb\dLsf] / cfsf
xflsdsf] ;d]t n]lvP adf]lhd s}lkmot n]vL ;lx5fk u/fpg] ug'{ k5{ . n]lvP adf]lhdsf] /Lt

130

k'uL sfuh ePsf] /x]5 eg] sf/0fLsf] ;lx5fk gk/]sf] eP klg ;lx5fk k/]sf] ;/x ;DL P]g
adf]lhd x' g]5 .
* g+= .. .. b]xfo adf]lhdsf] sfuh ubf{ u/fpFbf o;} dxnsf] % / ^ gDa/ adf]l hd b'j}
xftsf a"9 L cf}+nfsf] NofKr] / n]Vg hfGg]sf] x:tfIf/sf] ;d]t ;lx5fk ;d]t ug]{ u/fpg]
ug'{k5{ . n]Vg hfGg]n] /Ltk"j{s x:tfIf/sf] ;lx5fk dfq u/L NofKr] ;lx5fk gu/]sf] jf
u/]sf]d f k|i6 gb]lvg] u/L u/]sf] jf n]Vg hfGg]n] x:tfIf/sf] ;lx5fk gu/L NofKr] ;lx5fk dfq
u/]sf]d f dflg; sfuh ;d]t ljrf/ u/L aL; ?k} ofF;Dd hl/jfgf u/L ;f] sfuhaf6 gfln;
;'gL OG;fkm u/L lbg'k5{ =========================================
xsbfjL 5f]8L lnP lbPsf] bfg as;kq, a08fkq, ;fkf, wd{ k'q, /flhgfdf OToflb
sfuhkq ========================================================================!
xs g5f]8L ef]u, b[li6aGws n]vL lbPsf] / shf{ n]gb]g u/]sf] sfuhkq ============================!
shf{ lbPsf] a'L td;'s sfuhsf] kL7df b/kL7 gu/L 5'} ul/lbPsf] e/kfO{ ==================== !
gf;f] w/f}6 lnP lbPsf] sfuh / ;f] lkmtf{ a' L lnPsf] e/kfO{ ======================!
efvfkq, hdfgLkq, sa'lnot ========================================================!
cVof/gfdf jf OR5fkq =====================================!
( g+ = .. .. o;} dxnsf] * gDa/df n]lvPsf sfuhx?df k'5f/df ldlt 6'lPsf] 7fpFd f
klg ;f]xL gDa/df n]lvP adf]lhd sf/0fLsf] ;lx5fk ug'{ u/fpg'k5{ . ;f] gu/fPsf] eP aL;
?k}o fF;Dd hl/jfgf u/L ;f] sfuhaf6 gfln; ;'gL OG;fkm x' g ;St5 .
!) g+= .. .. ;/sf/L sd{rf/Ln] ;/sf/L sfddf sfg"gn] b:tvt ug'{ kg]{ sfuhdf
b:tvt ubf{ of] bhf{sf] of] dflg;sf] b:tvt /x]5 egL cIf/ hfGg] hf];'s}n] klg k| i6 a' g]

131

u/L b]jgfu/L cIf/af6 ;f] sfuhsf] lz/ jf k'5 f/ s'g} Ps 7fpFdf k"/ f gfdsf] b:tvt u/L ;f]
afx]s c? 7fpFdf 5f]6s/L gfdsf] b:tvt u/]klg x'G5 .
!! g+= .. .. cfdf / 3/fo;df x'g] ;lx5fk ug'{k g]{ h' g;'s} sfuh n]Vbf / ;lx5fk ubf{
u/fpFbf gp8\g] kSsf d;Laf6 ug'{ u/fpg'k5{ .
!@ g+= .. .. cGoyf Joj:yf ePsf]df afx]s b]xfodf n]lvPsf sfuhkqdf b] xfodf n]lvP
adf]lhd /Lt k'ofpg' k5{ ======================
cfsf] ;f]wgLsf] afx]s c? u}x| n]vf]6 k"hL{d f sfdsfh kmfF6 afFl8Psf cfsf] eP ;f] kmfF6df
7]lsPsf d'V o sfl/Gbf / xflsd, cl;:6]06 jf tx/L/df Pshgfsf] / 7]lsPsf d'Vo sfl/Gbf
gePsf avtdf eP xflsd cl;i6]06 jf tx/L/sf] dfq lsgf/fdf 5fk / cfsf] 5fk
nfpg'k5{ . kmfF6 gafF8 L uf]:jf/f sfd rnL cfPsf] cfsf]d f xflsd cl;i6]06 jf tx/L/sf] k'5 /]
5fk / cfsf] 5fk nufpg'k5{ ==================!
;f]wgL;Ddsf] n]vf]6 k"hL{d f eg] xflsd cl;i6]06 jf tx/L/df Pshgfsf] k'5/] 5fk / cfsf]
5fk nufpg'k5{ =================================================================@
gubL lhG;Lsf /;Lb e/kfO{d f txjLnbf/ ePsf cfdf eP txjLnbf/sf] / xflsd / cl;i6]06
jf tx/L/sf] ;d]t / txjLnbf/ gePsf cfdf eP xflsd / cl;i6]06 jf tx/L/sf] dfq k'5 /]
5fk nufO{ cfsf] 5fk nufpg'k5{ ========================================================#
cf cfaf6 jf ul8of /sdLn] a'fpg NofPsf] sfuhsf] /;Lb e/kfO{d f a' g] sfl/Gbfsf]
k'5/] ;xL / cl;i6]06 jf tx/L/sf] ;xL5fk / cfsf] 5fk nufpg'k5{ ===========================$
cf cfdf /x]sf] sfuhkqsf] gSsn lbg' k/]df ;Ssn adf]lhd gSsn b'?:t 5 eGg] n]vL
?h' ug]{ sfl/Gbfsf] lgzfgf / xflsd cl;i6]06 jf tx/L/sf] ;lx5fk / cfsf] 5fk
nufpg'k5{ ===================%
132

u}x| sfuhkqx?sf] cfdf gSsn /fVg' kbf{ ;f] gSsndf ;Ssn adf]lhd gSsn b'?:t 5 eGg]
n]vL xflsd, cl;i6]06 jf tx/L/sf] / ;f] sfuh gSsn ;fg]{ sfl/Gbfn] ;lx5fk u/L
/fVg'k5{ ================^
cl;i6]06 tx/L/sf] ;lx5fk ug'{ kg]{df cl;i6]06 jf tx/L/} gePsf cfdf eP xflsdb]lv
d'lgsf d'Vo sfl/Gbfsf] ;lx5fk ug'{k5{ ===========================================================&
!# g+= .. .. Pp6fsf gfpFd f cfb]z k"hL{ u/L lb+bf ;f] cfb]z k"hL{ af6 c?nfO{ ;d]t cfb]z
k"hL{ ul/lbg' kg]{ eP c? h; h;nfO{ h' g Joxf]/ fsf] ul/lbg'kg]{ xf] ;f] ;d]t ul/lbg'k5{ . ;f]
adf]lhd gu/]sfn] ;/sf/L gf]S;fgL jf sfd xhf{ ePsf] eP ;f] gug]{ JolQmn] ;f] s'/fsf]
hjfkmb]xL ug'{k5{ .
!$ g+= .. .. sfg" gn] ;fIfL /fvL ug'{kg]{ sfuhkq / c8\8}af6 u/fO{ lnPsf] crn ;DaGwL
lnvt afx]s cfsf] / cfdf u/] ePsf u}x| sfuhftdf / 3/fo;df lr6\ 7L, k"hL{, /;Lb,
e/kfO{, x'08L, kf, axL, vftf, dxfhgL sf/f] af/sf] bf]x/L n]Vbf n]vfpFbf / td;'sdf b/kL7
ubf{ ;fIfL g/fvL ug{ u/fpg n]Vg n]vfpg klg x'G5 . n]lvP afx]s c? sfuhkqx? / sfg" gn]
;fIfL /fvL ug'{ kg]{ sfuhx? ubf{ u/fpFbf / c8\8}af6 u/fO{ lng] crn ;DklQ ;DaGwL lnvt
u/fO{ ln+bf ;f] sfuhdf ;fIfLsf] gfpF n]lv n]vfO{ ;fIfLsf] ;d]t ;xL 5fk ug'{ u/fpg' k5{ . ;f]
adf]lhd ;fIfL /fVg'kg]{ sfuhdf ;fIfL g/fv]s f]df jf /fv]s f] ;fIfLsf] ;lx5fk gu/fPsf] eP
klg o;} dxnsf % gDa/n] gfln; ph"/ nfUg ;Sg] sfuh /x]5 eg] ;fIfL g/fv] afkt jf
/fv]sf ;fIfLsf] ;xL5fk gu/fP afktsf] ;f] sfuh ug]{ u/fpg] d'Vo sf/0fLnfO{ hgxL aL;
?k}o fF;Dd hl/jfgf u/L ;f] sfuhaf6 gfln; ;'gL OG;fkm ul/lbg' k5{ .
!% g+= .. .. ;/sfl/of u}x| sfuhkqx? xfn ;fljs x'Fbf tfobftL v8f u/L xfnjfnfnfO{
a' fpg'k5{ . ;f] adf]lhd g'afO{ xflsd sfl/Gbf nufot s;}n] klg 3/df nuL /fVg x'+b}g.
133

!^ g+= .. .. 3/fo;df h'g'; 's} sfuh ubf{ u/fpFbf klg ;f] sfuhdf Joxf]/f n]lv;s]kl5
ldlt n]Vg' eGbf cufl8 sfuh h'g 7fpFdf ePsf] xf] ;f] 7fpF / ;f] 7fpFsf] lhNnf k|uGgf df}hf
ufpF, zx/, 6f]n ;d]t n]Vg'k5{ . gn]v]sf] sfuh u/fpg]nfO{ aL; ?k}o fF;Dd hl/jfgf u/L ;f]
sfuh k|d f0fdf Nofpg'k5{ .
!& g+= .. .. cbfntL aGbf]a:tsf] dxnsf] @!! gDa/ adf]lhd gSsn kfpg] afx]s c?
cfdf /x]sf] ;/sf/L sfuhx?sf] gSsn dfUg cfPdf b]xfo adf]lhd ug'{ k5{ ===================
;/f]sf/ k/]sf sfuhsf] hf];'s}n] klg gSsn lng kfpF5 ===========================!
olt b:t"/ lnO{ o; lx;fj;Fu gSsn lbg' egL ls6L sfg"g e}/ x]sf]d f ;f] xL adf]lhd u/L /
n]lvP afx]s c? gSsn kfpg ;Sg] sfuhftsf] gSsn dfUg cfPdf of] sfuhsf] gSsn o;
sf/0fn] dnfO{ ;/f]sf/ k/]sf]5 cfg} tkm{ af6 ;f/L nfg jf c8\8}af6 ;f/L kfpF m egL sfuh
ePsf cfdf cfO{ b/vf:t lbg'k5{ . To:tf] b/vf:t k/]sf ldltn] tLg lbgleq tn # bkmf
adf]lhd u/L gSsn ;fg'{ lbg'k5{ ================@
gSsn ;fg{ lb+bf gSsn ;fg{nfO{ lbPsf sfuhx?df yk36 s]/d]6 ;d]t s]xL s}lkmot ug{
gkfpg] u/L cfleq /fvL gSsn ;fg{ lbO{ gSsn ;f/L ;s]kl5 ?h' u/L sfg" g adf]lhdsf]
/Lt k'ofO{ o;n] cfg} tkm{ af6 jf cfaf6 ;/fO{ nu]sf] eGg] ;d]t n]Vg' kg]{ s}lkmot /
gSsn lbPsf] ldlt ;d]t hgfO{ tn $ bkmf adf]lhd nfUg] b:t"/ lnO{ ;ft lbg;Dddf gSsn
lbg'k5{ =====================================================#
gSsn lb+bf k|T o]s sfuh jf sfuhsf] c+zsf] Psk|lt gSsnsf] Ps ?k} ofFsf] b/n] b:t"/ lnO{
gSsn ;fg{ lbg'k5{ . cfaf6 ;fl/lbPdf ;f] b:t"/ sf] bf]Aa/ b:t"/ lng'k5{ ========================$
gSsn lbg] sfuhdf ;Ssn jf gSsn adf]lhd gSsn b'?:t 5 eGg] n]vL cfsf] / xflsd
cl;i6]06 jf tx/L/sf] 5fk nufO{ lbg'k5{ =========================================================%
134

of] gDa/ adf]lhd gSsn lb+bf s'g} ;/sf/L cfdf /x]sf] s'g} ;/sf/L sfdsf] ;DaGwsf]
k|sflzt gePsf] s'g} uf]Ko lnvtsf xsdf ;DalGwt ljefuLo k|d' vn] Ohfht lbPdf afx]s
To:tf] lnvtsf] gSsn lbg s/ nfUb}g ==============================================^

135

dxn @
hdfgL ug]{sf]
! g+= .. .. hdfgL ln+bf hfohftaf6 p7\g] 7x/]sf dfyj/ dflg;nfO{ hdfgL lng'k5{ . ;f]
hdfgL n]vL ln+bf lb+bf kmnfgfsf] kmnfgf sndsf] of] olt c+sdf d hdfgL ePF egL ljifo
c+s ;d]t :ki6 vf]nL n]vfO{ lng' k5{ . Ps snddf PshgfeGbf a9L dflg; hdfgL ln+bf
lb+bf bfdf;fxLn]] a' fpg] u/L hdfgL lnPsf]df bfdf;fxLn] x' g] c+s / 36L a9Ldf lnP ePsf]
eP hdfgL lnPsf] c+s k[ys vf]n L n]vfO{ lng'k5{ . To:tf] gvf]n L uf]Zjf/f hdfgL a;]sf]df
eg] 36L a9L eP klg af+sL pk/ geP;Dd ;a}sf] hfohftaf6 egf{ ug'{k5{ . hdfgL ePsf]
/sd c;"n e};s]kl5 jf hdfgL lbg]nfO{ gnfUg] e};s]kl5 ;f] hdfgLkq :jtM ab/ x' g]5 .
sfuhkq gu/L d'vn] dfq hdfgL lnPsf] ;b/ x'+b}g .
@ g+= .. .. cfaf6 hdfgL lng'kbf{ sfg"g adf]lhd / cfjZos hf+ ra' u/L >L % sf]
;/sf/nfO{ gf]S;fg gx'g] u/L lng'k5{ . hfgL hfgL jf nfk/jfxL u/L sfg" gsf] /Lt gk' ofO{ jf
cfjZos hf+ ra' gu/L hdfgL lnPaf6 >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ gf]S;fgL ePdf ;f] hdfgL lng]
sd{rf/Laf6 ;f] gf]S;fgLsf] lauf] c;"n pk/ u/L lnOg]5 . sfg"g adf]lhdsf] /Lt k' ofO{
hdfgL lnP /fv]sf]d f kl5 b}jL k/L jf c? s' g} sf/0fn] hdfgL x'g] JolQm a]dfyj/ x' g uP jf
hdfgL lnPsf] h]yf ;b/ sfod gx'g] eof] jf a]sfodL jf a]; fa'b eof] eg] c;fdL /
hdfgLaf6 pk/ x' g g;s] hlt ;f] hdfgL lng] sd{rf/Laf6 c;"n ul/g] 5}g .
# g+= .. .. sfg"g adf]lhd hdfgL lbg kfpg] cj:yfdf hdfgL lb+bf hdfgL lbg x' g]
kmnfgfnfO{ hdfgL lbg kfpF eGg] Joxf]/fsf] b/vf:t n]vL hdfgL / ;f] b/vf:t hdfgL lng]
cfdf k|:t't ug'{k5{ / ;f] cfn] klg ;f] hdfgL x'g cfPsf] JolQm dfyj/ xf] xf]Og sfg"g
adf]lhd lghnfO{ hdfgL lng x' g] xf] xf] O{g eGg] s'/fsf] PsLg u/L lng x'g eP lnO{ / lng]
136

gx' g] eP o; sf/0fn] of] hdfgL nfUg ;St}g sfg" g adf]lhd lbg x'g] csf]{ dfyj/ hdfgL
NofPdf lnOg]5 eGg] Joxf]/ f b/vf:tsf] kL7df n]vL xflsdsf] ;xL5fk nufO{ lkmtf{ ul/ lbg'
k5{ .
$ g+= .. .. h]yf hdfgL n]vfO{ lnPsf]d f ;f] h]yf hdfgL n]vfO{ lng] cfn] kmnfgfn] of]
olt afkt hdfgL n]vfO{ lbPsf] of] olt h]yf eGg] ;a} s'/f vf]nL ;f] h]y f s;}nfO{ a]rljvg
ug{ jf c? s'g} k|sf/n] c?nfO{ lbg gkfpg] u/L /f]Ssf /fvL lbgsf] nflu /lhi6]zg ug]{,
bflvn vf/Lh ug]{, dfnkf]t lt/f] s/ c;"n ug]{ / To; jfkt lnnfd laqmL ug]{ ;d]t
cfx?nfO{ /f]Ssf k"hL{ n]vL k7fpg' k5{ . ;f] adf]lhd /f]Ssf k"hL{ cfPdf ;f] h]yf hdfgL h'g
s'/f afkt lnPsf] xf] ;f] s'/f k"/f jf c;'n e};s]sf]n] /f]Ssf /x]sf] h]y f km's'jf u/L lbg' eGg]
km's'jf k"hL{ e} gcfP;Dd ;f] n]lvPsf] h]y f s;}n fO{ /lhi6]zg bflvn vf/Lh gfd;f/L x'g
g;Sg] u/L /f]Ssf /fvL lbg'k5{ . lt/f] dfnkf]t jf s/ afFsL /fv]sf]af6 sfg"g adf]lhd ;f] h]y f
lnnfd x'g] ePdf lnnfd laqmL gx'Fb} h]yf hdfgL lng] cfnfO{ hgfp k7fO{ lbg'k5{ . ;f]
adf]lhd hgfp cfpgf;fy h]yf hdfgL lng] cfn] klg csf]{ h]yf hdfgL n]vfO{ lng'k5{ . ;f]
adf]lhd csf]{ h]yf hdfgL glbPdf lnnfd laqmLaf6 cfPsf] dWo] lt/f] dfnkf]t jf s/ afktsf]
af+sL c;"n u/L a9L eP ;f] a9L eP hlt h]yf hdfgL jfkt /f]Ssf /fVg' k5{ gk'u] gk'u
hltdf sfg"g adf]lhd ug'{k5{ . h]y f hdfgL n]vL lbPsf]d f ;f] n]vL lbg] dflg; d/] klg af+sL
7x/]hlt ;f] h]yfaf6 pk/ u/L lng' k5{ .
% g+= .. .. xflh/ hdfgL lnO{ 5f]8 ]sf] dflg; efUof] eg] lghnfO{ nfUg] ;hfo, lauf],
bzf}+b lazf}+b OToflb sfg"g adf]lhd hdfgL x' g]af6 c;"n pk/ u/L lng'k5{ . ;f] efu]sf]
c;fdL klqmof] eg] hdfgLaf6 c;"n pk/ ePhlt ;f] hdfgLnfO{ lkmtf{ lbO{ c;fdLnfO{ sfg"g
adf]lhd ug'{k5{ .
137

^ g+= .. .. wg hdfgL ePsf] cj:yfdf c;fdLn] ltg{ ;s]g eg] wg hdfgL x'g]sf] hfo
h]yf /f]Ssf u/L klxn] c;fdLsf] hfohft u/L gk'u]sf]df hdfgLsf] hfohftaf6 egf{
u/fpg'k5{ . b'j}sf] hfohftaf6 k'u ]g eg] hdfgLsf] k]6df ;f] afFsL /x]g5 eg] afFs L lng' kg]{
hltdf c;fdLnfO{ g} sfg" g adf]lhd u/L 5fl8lbg'k5{ . hdfgLsf] k]6df ;f] afFsL k/]sf] /x]5
eg] hlt k]6 afFsL /x]sf] 7x5{ pltdf ;f] hdfgL x' g]nfO{ c;fdL ;/x sfg"g adf]lhd u/L
c;fdL 5fl8lbg'k5{ .
& g+= .. .. wg hdfgL ePsf]d f hdfgL lbg] dflg; d/]klg lghaf6 pk/ ug'{k g]{ afFs L
7x/] wghdfgLn] ltg'{ k5{ . wghdfgL x'g] d/]kl5 eg] lghn] c;fdLaf6 s]xL n]vfO{ lnO{ ef]u
u/]sf] /x]5 jf c;"n ul/;s]sf] /x]5 eg] Toltdf dfq ;f] hdfgL x'g]sf] ck'tfnL vfg]af6
c;"n pk/ x' g ;St5 . ;f] afx]s c? cj:yfdf wg hdfgL x'g] dl/;s]kl5 lghsf] ck't fnL
vfg]a f6 c;"n pk/ x'g ;St}g . c;fdL jf c;fdLsf] ck"tfnL vfg] af6 c;"n pk/ u/L
lng'k5{ . xflh/ hdfgL ePsf]d f c;fdL d/]kl5 ;f] hdfgL x' g] JolQmnfO{ / xflh/ hdfgL x'g ]
dflg; d/]kl5 ;f] hdfgL x' g]sf xsbf/nfO{ kqmfp ug{ x'+b}g.
* g+= .. .. ;f]x| aif[ gk'u]sf dflg;nfO{ s;}n] hdfgL lng x'+b}g .
( g+= .. .. hdfgLsf] sfuh n]vfpFbf hdfgL lbg] / hdfgL x' g] b'O{ y/ g/fvL sfuh
u/fPsf] ;b/ x'+b}g.
!) g+= .. .. h]yf hdfgL n]vfO{ ln+bf ;f] hdfgL ePsf] afFsL pk/ x'g] c~hfd u/L lng'
k5{ . h]yf hdfgLaf6 pk/ ePg egL hdfgL x' g]sf] c? h]yf kqmfp ug{ x'+b}g.
!! g+= .. .. ;j{:j x'g] dflg;sf] hdfgL ePsf] eP efUg]sf] ;j{:j u/L hdfgLnfO{
5fl8lbg' k5{ . hdfgLdf 5'6]s f] dflg; hlxn];'s} klqmP klg hf] x' g] ;hfo p;}n fO{ g} ug'{k5{ .
hdfgL x' g]n] n]lvP adf]lhd ?k}o fF lt/]sf] eP d'2f l5lgPsf] tLg jif{leq s}b x'g] dflg;sf]
138

hdfgL ePsf]d f hdfgLdf 5'6]sf] dflg; efuL km]nf gk/L hdfgLaf6 ?k} ofF c;"n ePsf]d f
efUg] dflg; tLg jif{leq km]n f k/L s}b k/] hdfgLaf6 c;"n ePsf ?k}ofF hdfgLnfO{ lkmtf{
lbg'k5{ . Dofb gf3]kl5 km]nf k/] s}b ePsf]df eg] lkmtf{ x'g ;St}g .
!@ g+= .. .. o;df hdfgL x'g]nfO{ ;hfo jf ;/sf/L lauf]df s}b ug'{ kbf{ 5 jif{eGbf a9L
s}b ug'{ x'+b}g .

139

dxn #
sNof0f wgsf]
! g+= .. .. hdLgdf ba]s f] jf u8]sf] s'g} wgdfn km]nf k/]df hfFra' ubf{ ;j{:j x'g ]
u/L cfaf6 ;hfosf] cfb]z ePsf] JolQm jf ;j{:j x' g] ck/fwsf] cleo'Qmn] bafP jf uf8]sf]
7x/] hDd} / hl/jfgf s}bsf] ;hfo kfPsf] jf ;/sf/L lauf] ltg'{kg]{ 7x/]sf] JolQmn] bafPsf] jf
uf8]sf] 7x/] ;f] sfof{lGjt ug{ rflxg]hlt;Dd >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] x'g]5 . ;fx"sf] bfdf;fxL
u/fpg] jf u/fPsf] c;fdLn] bafP jf uf8]sf] 7x/] km};nfdf n]lvP hlt;Dd ;fx"sf] x' G5 .
dfly n]lvP afx]s c? s;}n] bafP jf uf8]sf] 7x/] wgL kQf nfu] wgLsf] / lghsf] d[ To'
e};s]sf] eP lghsf] ck'tfnL vfg]sf] x'G5 . wgL kQf gnfu]sf]d f eg] ;f] wgdfn h;sf] 3/
hUufdf km]nf k/]sf]5 p;}sf] x'G5 .
@ g+= .. .. 3/ jf hUuf ;'qmLlaqmL ul/;s]kl5 jf c? s'g} j] xf]/ fn] sfg" g adf]lhd
cfgf] xs 5f]8L csf{sf] xs x' g] u/L lbO{ lnO{ ;s]kl5 ;f] 3/ jf hUufdf ba] jf u8]sf] s'g}
wgdfn km]nf kof] eg] ;f] wgdfn ;f] 3/ hUuf v/Lb u/L jf c? j]xf]/ fn] cfgf] xs u/fO{
lng] JolQmsf] x'G5 .
# g+= .. .. sNof0f wg km]nf k/]sf]df o;} dxnsf] ! / @ gDa/ adf]lhd ;f] wgdfn >L
% sf] ;/sf/sf] jf wgLsf] x' g] e} ;f] wgdfn km]nf kfg]{ JolQmn] gkfpg] ePdf lghnfO{ ;f]
wgdfnsf] ;os8f bz / >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ ;os8f bz wgLn] lbg'k5{ . h;n] kfpg] xf]
p;}n] km]nf kf/]sf]df eg] ;os8f aL; >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] x'G5 .
$ g+= .. .. >L % sf] ;/sf/ jfbL x'g]d f afx]s o;} dnxsf s'/fdf 5 dxLgfleqdf
gfln; glbP nfUg ;St}g .

140

dxn $
Hofnf dh'/Lsf]
! g+= .. .. s;}n] s;}n fO{ lghsf] dGh"/L a]u/ s'g} sfd nufpg jf u/fpg x'+b}g.
@ g+= .. .. sfd ug]{n ] Hofnf dh'/L glng] u/L cfkm" v'zLn] sfd ug{ dGh"/ u/]sf]df afx]s
sfd ug]{n fO{ sfd nufpg] jf u/fpg]n] b' a}sf] dGh"/ Laf6 s'g} vf; Hofnf dh'/ L tf]lsPsf]df ;f]
tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] / ;f] adf]lhd gtf]lsPsf]d f ;f] sfd jfkt ;f] 7fpFd f rn]sf] b/ cg';f/sf]
;'kmt Hofnf dh'/L lbg'k5{ .
# g+= .. .. cfkm"n ] sa'n u/L p7fPsf] sfd k"/f gu/L sfd u/fpg]sf] dGh"/L jf dgfl;a
dflkmssf] sf/0f lagf aLr}df 5f]8 \g' x'+b}g.
$ g+= .. . s;}n] o; dxndf n]lvPsf] lj?4 s'g} sfd u/]df b]xfo adf]lhd x'G5
s;}n] s;}nfO{ lghsf] dGh"/ L lagf sfd nufP jf u/fPdf nufPsf sfdsf] Hofnf dh'/L e/fO{
lbO{ Ps;o ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf x' g]5 =========================================================!
cfkm"n] nufP jf u/fPsf] sfdsf] o;} dxnsf @ gDa/ adf]lhdsf] Hofnf dh'/ L glbg]a f6 ;f]
adf]lhdsf] Hofnf dh"/ L e/fO{ lbO{ lghnfO{ b08 ;hfosf] @! gDa/ adf]lhd ;hfo ;d]t
ug'{k5{=======================@
cfkm"n] sa"n u/L p7fPsf sfd ;f] sfd nufpg] jf u/fpg]sf] dGh"/L jf dgfl;a sf/0f lagf
aLr}d f 5f]8 ]df Ifltk"lt{ lng] lbg] s'/ fsf ;DaGwdf lnvt ePsf]df ;f]xL adf]lhd / To:tf]
lnvt gePdf b]xfo adf]lhd x'G5 ============================================================================#
cfkm"n] af]sL cfPsf] ef/L aLr}d f 5f]8 L efUg] e/LofnfO{ krf; ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf u/L lghn]
ef/L 5f]8L efu]a f6 dfn gf]S ;fg kg{ uPsf] /x]5 eg] gf]S;fgL lauf] ;d]t lghaf6 e/fO{
lbg'k5{ ====================!
141

ef/L af]sL lhDdf lnO{ uPsf]d f ;f] ef/L hxfF;Dd k'ofpgnfO{ lhDdf lnPsf] xf] ;f] 7fpF;Dd
k'ofO{ lhDdf glbO{ To;} ef/L af]lQmg egL aLr}df ef/L 5f8L hfg]nfO{ aL; ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf
u/L k]ZsL lnPsf] e'Q mfg e} g;s]sf] dh'/ L lghaf6 lkmtf{ u/fO{ lbg'k5{ =====================@
o;} bkmfsf] dfly bkmf ! / @ df n]lvP afx]s c?df lauf] e/fO{ s;"/ cg'; f/ aL; ?k} ofF;Dd
hl/jfgf x'g ;Qm5 ========================================================================================#
% g+= .. .. o; dxnsf s'/fdf ;f] sfd s'/ f eP u/]sf ldltn] k}tL; lbgleq gfln;
glbP nfUg ;St}g .

142

dxn %
u/La sfnsf]
! g+= ..

.. Psf3/df ;f]x| jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf c? xsbf/ sf]xL gePsf gfafnssf]

hfohft 5 eg] ;f] 7fpFsf] k~rfotn] tfn'sbf/, lhldbf/ / c? sDtLdf b'O{ hgf enfb\d Lx?
;f5L /fvL ;f] hfohft tfobft u/L dfyj/ dflg;sf] lhDdf nufO{ ;f] tfobftL d' r'N sfsf] Ps
k|lt ;f] dfyj/ lhDdfjfnfnfO{ / Ps k|lt Onfsfsf] a8fxflsd jf d}lhi6] 6 clkm;nfO{ a' emfO{
Ps k|lt cfkm" sxf+ /fVg' k5{ . To:tf gfafnssf] xsbf/, gft]bf/ jf c? ;+/Ifsn] kfng kf]if0f
ug{ d~h"/ u/] ;f] gfafnsnfO{ lghx?s} lhDdf nufO{ / To:tf xsbf/, gft]bf/ jf ;+/ Ifs
sf]xL geP jf eP klg kfng kf]if0f ug{ d~h"/ gu/] To:tf gfafnssf] kfng kf]if0fsf]
aGbf]j:t ePsf] 7fpF eP ;f] 7fpFdf k7fO{ / To:tf] 7f+p klg eP ;f] gfafnssf] kfng kf]if0fsf]
lgldQ s'g} pko'Q m dflg;sf] aGbf] j:t u/L lghsf] lhDdf nufO{ ;f] gfafnssf] pd]/ c7f/ jif{
gk'u '~h]n ;f]xL hfohftsf] cfo:tfaf6 dgfl;a dflkmssf] vr{ u/L u/fO{ kfng kf]if0f ug]{
Joj:yf ug'{k5{ . lghsf] kfng kf]if0f ubf{ nfu]sf] vr{ s6fO{ c? af+sL hfohft / cfDbfgL
vr{sf] kmf+ 6 ;f5L /fvL ;f] gfafnssf] pd]/ ;f]x| jif{ k'u]sf] ldltn] 5 dxLgf leq lghs}
lhDdf nufO{ lbg' k5{ . afa' d/L jf a] kQf ePsf] cj:yfdf cfdf kf] On hfg] gfafnssf] xsdf
eg] o;} dxnsf # gDa/df n]lvP adf]lhd x'G5 .
@ g+= .. .. o; dxnsf ! gDa/ adf]lhd ;DklQ lhDdf lng] dfyj/ lhDdfjfnfn]
cfkm"n] lhDdf lnPsf] ;DklQsf] cfo:tfsf] cfDbfgL vr{sf] kmf+6 ;fn ;fn} tLg k|lt t}of/ u/L
Ps k|lt cfkm";Fu /fvL Ps k|lt a8fxflsd jf d]lhi6]6 sxfF / Ps k|lt ;DalGwt k~rfotdf
k7fO{ lbg' k5{ . ;f] ;DklQsf] cfo:tfaf6 gfafnssf] kfng kf]if0fsf] nflu vr{ u/L s]xL art
x'g cfPdf ;f] art a8fxflsd jf d}lhi6] 6n] tf]s]sf] 7fpFd f hDdf /fVg' k5{ . ;f] dfyj/
143

lhDdfjfnfn] bflvn u/]sf] cfo:tf p7\tLsf] ;os8f kf+r lghn] kfl/>ldssf] ?kdf sf u/L
lng kfpF5 .
# g+= ..

.. afa' d/L jf a]kQf ePsf] cj:yfdf cfdf kf] On hfg] b]xfosf cj:yfsf

gfafnssf] b]xfo adf]lhd kfng kf] if0f ug'{ u/fpg' k5{

gfafnssf] pd]/ tLg jif{ eGbf sd /x]5 eg] Psf3/sf c? xsbf/n] To:tf
gfafnsnfO{ cfdf s} ;fy nuL kfng kf]if0f u/fpg d~h"/ u/]df jf To:tf] xsbf/ g} sf] xL
gePdf ;f] kf]Onf hfg] n}hfg] nf]Ug] :jf:gLn] ;f] gfafnsnfO{ cfg} ;fydf /fvL kfng kf]if0f
ug'{k5{ . To:tf gfafnssf] Psf3/df ;f] x| jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf xsbf/ sf]xL /x]g5g\ / hfohft
eg] /x]5 eg] o;} dxnsf ! gDa/ adf]lhd tfobft u/L dfyj/ lhDdf nufO{ /fVg' k5{ . ;f]
gfafnssf] pd]/ tLg jif{ k'u] kl5 o; gDa/sf] tn @, # / $ bkmf adf]lhd x'G5 ========== !
Psf3/sf ;f]x jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf c? xsbf/ sf]xL gePsf] tLg jif{ eGbf dfly / ;f]x|
jif{ eGbf d'lgsf] gfafns /x]5 eg] ;f] gfafnsnfO{ kf] On hfg] n}hfg] nf]U g] :jf:gLn] cfg}
3/df nuL jf ;f] gfafns s} 3/df a;L lghsf] pd]/ ;f]x| jif{ gk'u]; Dd kfng kf]if0f ug'{
k5{ . To:tf gfafnssf] hfohft /x]5 eg] ;f] hfohft o;} dxnsf] ! gDa/ adf]lhd tfobft
u/L dfyj/ lhDdf nufO{ ;f] hfohftsf] cfo:tfaf6 lghsf] kfng kf] if0f ug{ k'Ug]df ;f] xL
cfo:tfaf6 rflxP hlt vr{ u/L / gk'u ]df ;f] cfo:tf ;f] gfafnsnfO{ kfNg] nf]Ug] :jf:gLnfO{
dfyj/ lhDdfjfnfn] lbO{ c? ;f] nf]Ug] :Jff:gLn] cfg} tkm{ af6 vr{ u/L kfng kf]if0f
ug'{k5{ ===================================================================================== @
Psf3/df ;f]x| jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf xsbf/ ePklg ;f] xsbf/n] tLg jif{ eGbf a9L pd]/sf] To:tf]
gfafnssf] kfng kf] if0f ug{ d~h"/ u/]g / lghsf] hfohft klg s]xL 5}g jf eP klg lghsf]
kfng kf] if0fsf] nflu kof{Kt 5}g eg] kf]On hfg] n}hfg] nf]Ug] :jf:gLn] ;f] gfafnsnfO{ cfg}
144

;fydf /fvL lghsf] pd]/ ;f]x| jif{ geP;Dd kfng kf]if0f ug'{k5{ . ;f] adf]lhd kfng kf]if0f
u/]sf]d f ;f] gfafnssf] hfohftsf] cfo:tf ;f]xL kfNg] nf]Ug] :jf:gLn] kfpF5 g\ ========= #
gfafnssf] pd]/ tLg jif{ eGbf dflysf] /x]5 / lghsf] Psf3/df ;f]x| jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf c?
xsbf/ / lghsf] kfng kf] if0fsf] lgldQ k'Ug] hfohft /x]5 eg] To:tf xsbf/n] kfng kf]if0f
gu/L cfdfsf] ;fydf k7fPdf kfng kf] if0fnfO{ rflxg];Dd vr{ kfNg] cfdfnfO{ lbg'k5{ ======= $
$ g+= .. .. cfk:t jf ;+/ Ifsn] x]/ ljrf/ gu/]sf jf To:tf sf]xL gePsf gfafnssf]
hfohft /x]g5 jf eP klg To;sf] cfo:tfaf6 lghsf] kfng kf] if0f x' g g;Sg] /x]5 eg] ;f]
7fpFsf] k~rfotn] To:tf] gfafnsnfO{ gfafns kfNg] 7fpFsf] 5'} Joj:yf ePsf]df ;f] xL 7fpFdf
/ ;f] geP To; Onfsfsf] a8fxflsd jf d]lhi6]6sf ;dIf k7fO{ lbg' k5{ . a8fxflsd jf
d]lhi6]6 sxf+ ;f] adf]lhd cfPsf gfafnsnfO{ p:sf] cfo:tfn] gk'u] hlt /fh u'7Lsf]
cfDbfgLaf6 vr{ u/L ;f]x| jif{sf] pd]/ gk'u];Dd :ofxf/ ;+ef/ u/L ug{ nufO{ To:sf] b/aGbL
gePsf]d f b/aGbL ;d]t u/fO{ kfnL /fVg' k5{ .
% g+= ..

.. hfohft / cfgf] sf]xL gePsf /f]huf/ u/L vfg g;Sg] c;dy{ JolQmnfO{

;f] 7fpFsf] k~rfotsf] l;kmfl/zdf a8fxflsd jf d]lhi6]6n] ;bfjt{af6 x08L / jif{s f] b'O{ hf]/
sk8f lbnfO{ >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 tf]lsPsf] 7fpFdf kfnL /fVg nufpg' k5{ .
^ g+= .. .. o;} dxnsf] !,#,$ jf % gDa/df n]lvP adf]lhdsf] gfafns jf JolQm
cfgf ufpF zx/ 6f]ndf ePdf ;f] 7fpFsf lhldbf/ tfn'sbf/ jf k~rfotsf ;b:on] ;f] s'/fsf]
hgfp ;f] 7fF psf] k~rfotnfO{ lbg'k5{ / ;f] k~rfotn] klg ;f] gDa/x?df n]lvP adf]lhd
ug'{k5{ .
& g+= .. .. dxf/f]u ePsf dflg;x?nfO{ :yfgLo a8fxflsd jf d]lhi6]6n] >L % sf]
;/sf/af6 tf]lsPsf] 7fpFd f k7fO{ lbg' k5{ .
145

* g+= .. .. >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 lbOg] ;bfjt{ l;wf lb+bf b]xfosf qmdn]
k|fyldstf lbO{ lbg'k5{
-s_ dxf/f]uL .
-v_ b'a} cfFvf gb]V g] cGwf .
-u_ n'n f, n8f jf s"+hf .
-3_ afa'cfdf sf] xL gePsf /f]huf/ u/L vfg g;Sg] gfafns 6'x'/f .
-_ :ofxf/ ;+ef/ ug]{ sf]xL gePsf czQm a'9fa'9Lx? .
-r_ la/fdL / c;dy{ .
-5_ c;n /dtf bzgfd kmsL/ .
-h_ sdfO{ v]tLkftL s]xL gePsf :jf:gLdflg; .
( g+= .. .. o; dxn adf]lhd kflnPsf gfafnsnfO{ ;f] kfNg]n] oyf;+ej plrt lzIff
lbnfpg] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ .
!) g+= .. .. cfgf] hfohft dfyj/ lhDdfjfnfn] a' fO{ lbPsf]d f lxgfldgf ePsf] jf c?
sf/0fn] lrQ ga']sf] s'/fdf gfln; lbg'kbf{ cfkm"n] kmf+6jf/L a' L lnPsf] ldltn] b'O{ jif{leq
gfln; glbP nfUg ;St}g .

146

dxn ^
rf}k fof x/fpg]
x/fpg]sf]f] / kfpg]sf]
! g+= .. .. s'g} rf} kfof km]nf kof] / kmnfgfsf] xf] egL yfxf kfOof] eg] cfkm"n] kfPsf]
ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s ;ft lbgleq h;sf] xf] p;}nfO{ a'fO{ lbg' k5{ . kmnfgfsf] xf] egL
yfxf x' g ;s]g eg] cfkm"n] kfPsf] k}+tL; lbgleq glhssf] k'ln; clkm; jf :yfgLo k~rfotdf
hfx]/ L n]vfO{ /fVg'k5{ .
@ g+= .. ;ffsf] rf}k fof c? ;f]bf/nfO{ yfxf glbO{ s' g} ;f]bf/n] nu]5 / c?
;f]bf/ ph"/ ug{ cfP eg] h:n] c?sf] lx:;fsf] bfd lt5{ ;f] dfn p;}nfO{ lbnfO{ lbg'k5{ .
yfxf glbO{ nu]sfdf b}jL kof] eg] h;n] nu]sf] xf] p;af6 c?sf] lx:;fsf] df]n e/fO{
lbg'k5{ .
# g+= .. .. s;}n] s'g} rf} kfof kfPsf]df o;} dxnsf] ! gDa/ adf]lhd ug'{kg]{ sfd gu/L
;f] rf}k fof cfgf] lghL Jojxf/df NofPdf lghaf6 ;f] rf}kfofsf wgLnfO{ ;f] rf}k fof Jojxf/
u/]sf] k|To]s lbgsf lgldQ To; 7fpFd f rn]sf] dh'/L e/fO{ lbg' k5{ . ;f] adf]lhd dh'/L
e/fpFbf ;f] rf} kfofsf] df]nsf] a/fa/ eGbf a9L e/fpg x'+b}g. ;f] rf} kfof d/] jf efu]d f ;f]
rf}k fofsf] df]n lauf] ;d]t e/fO{ lbg'k5{ .
$ g+= .. .. s;}sf] xfQL efuL hndf x/fPdf ;f] x/fPsf] ldltn] k}+tfnL; lbgleq
ghLssf] ;/sf/L xfQL;f/df hfx]/ ug{ cfPdf vf]hL klqmP vf]hL lbP jfkt kmL xfQLsf] Ps
;o ?k}o fFsf] b/n] ;f] xfQLsf wgLaf6 a'llnO{ xfQL ;f] wgLnfO{ a' fO{ lbg' k5{ . k}+t fnL; lbg
gf3]kl5 vf]hL u/L lbg' kb}{g .
% g+= .. .. s;}n] kfO/fv]sf] rf}kfof ;f] x/fPsf] 5 dxLgf leq k|d f0f k' ofO{ s;}n] bfjL
ug{ cfPdf To; rf}k fosf] kGrs[lt df]n u/L To;sf] bzf}+b kgfpgL / v'jfPsf] vr{ ;d]t
147

kfpg]n fO{ lbnfO{ rf}kfof wgLnfO{ lkmtf{ lbnfO{ lbg'k5{ . 5 dlxgfleq b}jL k/] kfpg]n] a'fpg'
kb}{g . 5 dlxgfleq bfjL ug{ gcfP h;n] kfPsf] xf] p;}sf] x'G5 . o;} dxnsf] ! gDa/
adf]lhd ug'{k g]{ sfd gu/]sf]d f eg] 5 dxLgfsf] Dofb gf3] klg ;f] rf}k fof kfpg]sf] x'+b}g.
wgLnfO{ a' fO{ lbg'k5{ .
^ g+= .. .. cfgf] xs gk'U g] d]/ f] xf] egL nuL /fv]sf] rf}k fof / To;af6 a9]sf] lkmtf{
lbg'k5{ . gf]S ;fg jf b}jL kof] eg] df]n e/fO{ lbg'k5{ .
& g+= .. .. of] dxndf cGoq xb Dofb n]lvPsf] s'/fdf afx]s c? s'/ fdf eP u/]sf]
ldltn] 5 dxLgfleq gfln; glbP nfUg ;St}g .

148

dxn &
u'7 Lsf]
! g+= .. .. g] kfn ;/xb leq c:ktfn, kf7zfnf jf ;fj{hlgs lxt x' g] c? s' g} sfd s'/f
/fVg jf agfpg >L % sf] ;/sf/l;t hUuf dfu]d f csf{sf] xssf] ;lGw;k{g gkg]{ ;/sf/L
hUuf eP lbg x'G5 .
@ g+= .. .. /Lt k' ofO{ /fv]sf] wd{zfnf wd{ sLlt{ s;}n] laufg{ / s]xL s;"/ u/] klg xg{
x'+b}g. xsjfnf sf]xL geP ;/sf/L u'7Ldf btf{ u/L lbg'k5{ .
# g+= .. .. s'g} Joxf]/ f;Fu u'7L /fv]sf]df b] xfo adf]lhd x'G5
u'l7of/ ;d]t /fvL cfgf] xs 5f]8L /fv]sf] u'7L ;f] u'7L /fVg] jf pgsf ;Gtfg xsbf/n]
u'7Lsf] bfgkq lznfkq ;d]tsf lnvt adf]lhdsf] sfd rnfO{ z]if hu]8f /xg] afx]ssf] vfg
kfpg] z]if afFsL;Dd lwtf] aGws /fVg' x'G5 . n]lvP afx]s a]r lavg bfg bftJo u/L jf hDd}
ef]u lwtf] /fvL jf lnvt adf]lhdsf] sfd ;d]t gu/L wd{ nf]k ug{ x'+b}g. ;Gtfg xsbf/n]
lnvt adf]lhdsf] sfd rnfPg jf vfg kfpg] z]if ef]u lwtf]b]lv afx]s a]rlavg bfg bftJo /
c? hDd} u'7 L a]rlavg bfg bftJo jf ef]ulwtf] ;d]t u/L wd{ nf]k uof] eg] To;n] ;f]
u'7Lsf] kfnf] kfpFb}g . z]if afFs L a08f u/L vfg klg kfpFb} g p b]lv kl5sf] ;f] u'7Lsf] xsbf/n]
rnfpg kfpF5 . ghfgL lng] ;fx"sf] y}nL skfnL x'G5 . hfgL hfgL lng] ;fx"sf] y}n L e";
x'G5 ================================================================================================!
u'l7of/ g/fvL 3/ u'7L /fVbf To;} ;fnsf b/ efpn] ;os8f bzeGbf a9\tf vfg kfpg]u /L
/fv]sf] u'7Ldf u'7 L /fVg] jf p;sf] ;Gtfgn] u'7Lsf] bfgkq lznfkq ;d]tsf] lnvt adf]lhdsf]
sfd rnfO{ cfkm"n] vfg kfpg] z]if afFs L;Dd lwtf] aGws /fVg x' G5 . vfg kfpg] z]if afFsL
klg a]rlavg bfg bftJo / n]lvP afx]s c? u'7Lsf] 3/ hUuf lwtf] aGws / a]rlavg bfg
149

bftJo ;d]t s]xL u/L lbg / u'7Lsf] bfgkq lznfkq ;d]tsf] lnvt adf]lhdsf] sfd grnfO{
wd{nf]k ug{ x'+b}g. wd{n f]k ug]{n ] To; u'7Lsf] kfnf] kfpFb}g . p b]lv kl5sf xsbf/n] rnfpg
kfpF5 . vfg kfpg] ePsf] z]if afFsL eg] wd{nf]k ug]{n] klg P]g adf]lhd a08f u/L vfg
kfpF5 . ;fx"sf] xsdf dfly ! bkmfdf n]lvP adf]lhd x'G5 =====================================@
dfly !.@ bkmfdf n]lvP adf]lhd /fv]sf] u'7Ldf u'7L /fVg] jf pgsf ;Gtfg xsbf/n] cfkm"n]
vfg kfpg];Ddsf] z]if aGws /fv]df / lng]n] lnPdf ;d]t u'7Lsf] hUufdf b}jL k/L afnL
gcfpFbf ;f] u'7Lsf] rnfpg' kg]{ sfd rnfpg / eTs] lau|]sf] agfpgnfO{ ;d]t hu]8f /fVg]
u/L To;}af6 ug]{ / hu]8 f g/fvL z]if afFsL vfg]df ;d]t 3/3/fgfaf6 vr{ u/L ;d]t rnfpg'
kg]{ sfd rnfpg] / agfpg' kg]{ agfpg] ;d]t u'7Lsf] bfgkq lznfkq klGhn ;d]tsf lnvt
adf]lhd rnfpg' agfpg' k5{ . rnfpg' agfpg' kg]{ sfddf u'7Lsf] hUufdf b}jL k/L afnL
gcfpg] ePdf / hu]8f /fVg] gePsf] u'7Ldf z]if aGws /fVg]n] 3/ 3/fgfaf6 vr{ u/L hf]
rnfpg' agfpg' kg]{ rnfpg' agfpg' / aGws lng] ;fx"n] klg ug{ nfpg' k5{ . p;n] rnfPg
agfPg eg] d'bf{ u'7L afx]s c? u'7 Ldf aGws lng] ;fx"n] cfkm}n] vr{ u/L cfkm"n] ug{ rnfpg
x'g] hltdf cfkm}n ] / cfkm"n] rnfpg ug{ gx'g]d f bftf jf c? xsbf/ dfkm{taf6 ;d]t u/L
rnfpg' agfpg' k5{ . n]lvP adf]lhd aGws /fVg] bftf jf ;fx"n ] ;d]t rnfPg rnfpg nfPg
agfPg agfpg nfPg eg] ;f] s;"/af6 klg wd{nf]k u/]sf] 7x5{ . c8sfp ePsf] sfd dfly
!.@ bkmfdf n]lvP adf]lhdsf] xsbf/n] aGws lng] ;fx" a;] p;nfO{ / p ga;] c? rf/ hgf
enfb\dL /fvL rnfpg' agfpg' u/L ;f] rnfP agfPsf] vr{df ;fx"sf] jf enfbdLsf] ;lx5fk
u/fO{ lng'k5{ olt /Lt k'ofO{ u/]sf] ;f] vr{ ;f] xL aGwsL /fv]sf] z]if cfo:tfaf6 pk/ u/L
lng kfpF5 . ;f] vr{ pk/ egf{ gx'Gh]n aGws lng] ;fx"n] z]if cfo:tf vfg kfpFb}g . vr{

150

pk/ u/L lnO;s] kl5 dfq lnvt adf]lhd Tof] ;fx"n] z]if cfo:tf vfg kfpF5 . aGws /fv]]sf]
hlt kfnf] kfpg] / sfd rnfpg] xsbf/n] lgvgL lng kfpF5 =================================#
$ g+= .. .. u'7L /fVbf bfg u/L lbO{ /fv]sf] u'7L /x]5 eg] kfpg] xsbf/ 7x5{ . ;f] kfpg]
jf To;sf ;Gtfgn] wd{n f]k u/]5 eg] ;f] u'7L /fVg] jf p;sf ;Gtfgn] wd{nf]k ug]{nfO{ vf/Lh
u/L To;sf xsjfnfdf cfkm"n] /f]h]sfnfO{ khgL u/L lbg kfpF5 . cfkm}n] vfg eg] kfpFb}g .
u'l7of/n] bfg as; a]rljvg s]xL ul/sg klg c?nfO{ lbg x'+b}g .
% g+= .. .. PseGbf a9L xsjfnf ePdf tL ;a}n] lnvt eP lnvt adf]lhd lnvt
/x]g5 eg] k|To]sn] b'O{ jif{sf] kfnf] u/L u'7L rnfO{ vfg kfpF5g\ . xsjfnf afa' lhpFb} ePsf]
cj:yfdf eg] 5f]/ f gfltn] b}of ug{ kfpFb}gg\ . lnvt gePsf]df cfgf] xs k'u]kl5 ;f]x|
jif{leq gfln; glbP b'O{ jif{sf] kfnf] kfpg] s'/fdf kl5 gfln; nfUg ;St}g .
^ g+= .. .. u'7Lsf] rn ;DklQ u'7Lsf] sfdsf nflu rng Jojxf/ ubf{ dgfl;a dflkmssf]
lvP 36]sf]d f u'l7of/nfO{ aft nfUb}g . ;f] afx]s u'l7of/n] gf;] df;]sf]d f wd{ nf]k u/]sf]
7x5{ . To:tf] u'l7of/nfO{ khgL ug{ x'G5 .
& g+= .. .. >L % sf] ;/sf/ l;t o;} dxnsf] ! gDa/ adf]lhd hUuf k|fKt u/L wd{
sLlt{ agfO{ /fv]s f] ;f] u'7 L /fVg] jf lghsf] ;Gtfg jf xsjfnfn] lh0ff]{f/ ug{ g;sL c?
s;}n] lh0ff]{f/ u/]df >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 k|fKt u/]sf] hUuf ;f] lh0ff]{f/ ug]{ JolQmn] >L % sf]
;/sf/ af6 tf]lsPsf] ;f] u'7Lsf] sfd rnfO{ vfg kfpF5 .
* g+= .. .. lnvtkq s]xL ge} ;f] x| jif{;Dd csf{sf] u'7L ef]u u/]sf] /x]5 eg] lgh hLljt
5pGh]n lgh}n] ef]u ug{ kfpF5 . lghsf] z]ifkl5 ;f] u'7Ldf xs k'Ug]n] kfpF5 .
( g+ = .. .. C0f jf >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] afFsL nfu]kl5 u'7L /fv]s f]df ;f] C0f jf afFs L
ga' fO{ ;b/ x'+b}g. To:tfnfO{ ;hfo eg] x'+b} g .
151

!) g+= .. .. ;/sf/L d7 kfPsf dxGtx?;Fu s;}n] hUuf hdLg, 3/, v]t ln+bf ;f] d7 kfpg]
dxGtn] d7 gkfpFb} cl3 cfh]{sf] hUuf hdLg, 3/, v]t / d7 kfPkl5 klg d7 kfpg]n] cfg}
lhpn] cfh]{sf] hlt hUuf hdLg, 3/, v]t cfh{g]sf] lhp 5pGh]n lghn];Dd P]g adf]lhd
a]rlavg ug{ / lnvt u/L lbg lng x'G5 . cfh{g ug]{ dxGtsf z]if kl5nfO{ d7 kfpg'eGbf
cl3sf] afFsL /x]sf] hlt / d7 kfPkl5 cfh]{sf] hUuf hdLg, 3/, v]t ;d]t xsbf/n] kfpFb}g
d7}sf] x'G5 . ;f] adf]lhd d7df cfPsf] hUuf hdLg 3/ v]t kl5 s'g} dxGtn] P]g adf]lhd
Psf df]xLaf6 csf]{ df]xL khgL ug{ afx]s c? s]xL a]xf]/ f;Fu dxGtn] lbg / c?n] lng ;d]t
x'Fb}g, lnP lbPsf] ab/ x'G5 .
!! g+= .. .. e]ifwf/Lx?n] u'7L g/fvL cfgf gfpFd f bl/Psf] jf cfkmg'' xs k'Ug] hUufsf]
kf]t lt/f] lt/L afFsL /x]sf] cfkm"n] vfg kfpg] cfo:tfaf6 b]j b]jtfsf] k"hf cfhf wd{ ;bfjt{
OToflb sfd rnfpg] u/L /fv]sf] jf sfd rnfO{ cfPsf hUuf tL dl/;s]kl5 ltgsf r]n fn]
nfu]sf] kf]t lt/f] lt/L afFsL /x]sf] cfo:tfaf6 ;fljs adf]lhdsf] sfd rnfO{ z]if afFsL /xg]df
;f] z]if;Dd vfg x'G5 . To:tf] hUuf aGws /fVg jf xs 5f]8 L laqmL bfg as; OToflb u/L
lbg lng ;d]t x'+b}g. dfnkf]t lt/f] afFsL /fv] sfg"g adf]lhd khgL x'G5 .
!@ g+= .. .. s'g} d7 :yfgsf] dxGtsf] kb l/Qm ePdf lzio pklzion] ;f] dxGTofO{
rnfpg] nfndf] x/ ePsf]df ;f] d7 :yfgsf] sfd /fd|f];Fu rnfpg ;Sg] g]k fnL gful/s lzio
pklzion] ;f] dxGTofO{ kfpg]5 .
!# g+= .. .. u'7Ldf bflvn ug'{kg]{ /sd bafO{ 5kfO{ vfPdf ;f] vfg]a f6 lauf] e/fO{
lghnfO{ lauf] adf]lhd hl/jfgf x'G5 .

152

!$ g+= .. .. cfgf] xs gk'Ug] s'/fdf kfpF egL ph"/ u/L afnL ;d]t vfPsf] eP sfd
rnfO{ vfPsf] eP z]if lkmtf{ lbnfO{ To;} hUufsf] Ps jif{sf] wgL af]6 Lsf] ;os8f kfFr ?k} ofF
hl/jfgf x'G5 .
!% g+= .. .. To;} kqm]sf] dfq /x]5 eg] kqm]s f hDdfsf] wgL af]6 Lsf / c? dfnsf] bzf}+b
hl/jfgf x'G5 .
!^ g+= .. .. of] dxndf cGoq xb n]lvPsf] s'/fdf / wd{ nf]k u/]sf] jf /fVg gx' g] u'7L
/fv]sf] afx]s c? s'/fdf eP u/]sf ldltn] b'O{ jif{leq gfln; glbP nfUg ;St}g .

153

dxn *
hUuf cfjfb ug]{s f]
! g+= .. .. cfgf] vr{ jf cfFt sf ann] h;n] s"nf] agfpF5 p;nfO{ klxn] kfgL geO{
c?n]
kfpFb}g . cl3b]lv efu afF8L cfPsf 7fpFdf efu adf]lhd kfgL glbO{ v]t afFf] u/fpg ;d]t
x'+b}g. d'xfgsf v]tdf kfgL k'u]kl5 p; dlGt/sfn] n}hfg kfpF5 . d' xfgsf v]t jfnfsf] s] xL
c8sfp eof] eg] p;} dlGt/sfn] kfgL nuL /f]Kg x'G5 . kl5af6 d'xfgsfn] kfgL nuL /f]Kg
x'G5 . gofF s'nf] agfpFbf k'/ fgf] s'nf]n ] kf6\ g] v]t df kfgL sd x'+b}geg] dfly gofF s"nf] agfpg
x'G5 .
@ g+= .. .. s'nf] eTSof] jf v]tdf vf]nf] k} x|f] nfUof] eg] e/;s df]xLx?n] cfkm} jf
bfdf;fxLn] dflg; k7fO{ agfO{ t}of/ ug'{ u/fpg' k5{ . df] xLsf an d2tn] gk'Ug] eof] eg]
lhldbf/ tfn'sbf/n] ;a} Joxf]/ f vf]nL vr{sf] lgsf;fsf] lgldQ >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] ;DalGwt
clkm;df hfx]/ u/L lgsf;f eP ;f] adf]lhd agfpg' k5{ .
# g+= .. .. hUuf cfjfb ugf{nfO{ afFf] jf cfjfbL h'g;'s} hUufaf6 hf];'s}n] klg afF w
k}g s"nf] agfO{ kfgL Nofpg' x'G5 /f]Sg

x'+b}g. lt/f] kf]t gnfu]sf] afF f] hUuf afx]s c?

hUufsf] xsdf hUufsf] wgLnfO{ afFw k}g s'nf]d f k/]sf] hUuf hltsf] df]n jf hUuf ;f
lbg'k5{ . afFf] hUuf cfjfb ugf{nfO{ /}tL tkm{a f6 vr{ nufO{ agfpFbf afFw k}g s'n f]df k/]sf]
cfjfbL hUufsf] lt/f] kf]t eGbf bf]A a/ a9\t f xfn cfjfbL x'g] klt{ hUufaf6 cfpg] /x]5 eg] ;f]
afF w k}g s'nf]df k/]sf] hlt cfjfbL hUufsf] lt/f] kf]t ldgfxf lbg'k5{ .
$ g+= .. .. k/fk"j{b]lv lx+8L cfPsf] af6f] jf j:t' efp lgsf:g] lgsf; cfgf] hUufdf kg]{
eP klg To:tf] hUuf / j:t' efp v/sfpg] rf}/, kfgL 3f6, kf] v/Lsf] l9+s, uf}r/, d"naf6f],
154

;8s, kf6L, kf}j f, lrxfg / To:t} c? s'g} ;fj{hlgs :yfg / >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 sdf]t gug'{
aofpg' eGg] ePsf] ;/sf/L hUuf s;}n] la/fpg jf la/fpg nfpg x'+b}g.
% g+= .. .. sfg" g adf]lhd b] xfodf n]lvPsf] s'g} hUuf cfjfb ug{ cg'dlt k|fKt u/]sf]d f
b]xfodf n]lvPsf] eGbf 36L dfkmL lng] u/L cfjfb ug{ sa"n u/]sf]df ;f] sa"n adf]lhd /
To:tf] sa"n gePsf]d f b]xfo adf]lhd x'G5 cl3sf] cfjfbL kl5 v:tL ktL{ /x]sf] hUuf cfjfb
u/]sf]d f cfjfb u/]s} ;fnb]lvsf] lt/f] lng'k5{ ==============================================!
sfnfahf/, d'2tL ktL{, vo/ jg, ao/ jg, k6 afFf], au/ ;d]t cfjfb u/]sf]df rf/ ;fnf
dfkmL lbO{ kfFrf} ;fnb]lv kf]t lng'k5{ =============================================================@
cfjfbL lt/f] e/f]sf] kfvf]d f s'nf] NofO{ v]t la/fPdf rf/ ;fn;Dd kfvf]s} lt/f] lnO{ kfFrf}
;fnb]lv v]t ;/xsf] lt/f] lnO{ kfvf]sf] lt/f] ldgfxf lbg'k5{ =================================#
^ g+= .. .. hUuf xfn cfjfbL ug]{ s'/fsf xsdf hUuf cfjfb u/L ;sL btf{ u/fO{ kfpF
egL b/vf:t u/]d f To:tf] b/vf:t pk/ sf/jfO{ ul/g] 5}g . hUuf hfFrL cfjfb ug{ kfpF eGg]
b/vf:t lbPsf]d f hUuf klxn] g} cfjfb ul/;s]sf]df afx]s sfg"g adf]lhdsf] /Lt k'ofO{ btf{
ul/lbg' k5{ . hfFRbf hUuf klxn] g} cfjfb ul/;s]sf] b]lvof] eg] b]xfo adf]lhd ug'{k5{ ========
s;}sf] xs gnfUg] sfg" gn] cfjfb ug{ x'g] hUuf /x]5 eg] ;f] cfjfb ug]{n ] cfjfb u/]sf]
;fnb]lvsf] ;f] hUufdf nfUg] lt/f] / ;f] lt/f]sf] lauf] adf]lhd hl/jfgf lghaf6 c;"n pk/
u/L ;f] hUuf lnnfd laqmL u/L cfPsf] /sd >L % sf] ;/sf/df bflvn ug'{k5{ =============!
s;}sf] xs gnfUg] sfg" gn] cfjfb ug{ gx' g] hUuf cfjfb u/]sf] /x]5 eg] ;f] cfjfb ug]{n]
cfjfb u/]sf] ;fn}b]lvsf] ;f] hUufdf nfUg] lt/f]sf] lauf] adf]lhd hl/jfgf lghaf6 c;"n pk/
u/L ;f] hUuf aofO{ lbg'k5{ ==========================================@

155

c?sf] xssf] hUuf cfjfb u/]sf] /x]5 eg] xs a] xssf] d'2f x] g]{ cfaf6 lg0f{ o u/fO{ cfPdf
kl5 7x/] adf]lhd x'g]5 egL b/vf:tjfnfnfO{ ;'gfO{ lbg'k5{ ========================================#
& g+= .. .. xfn cfjfb ug{ kfpF egL b/vf:t k/]sf]df cfjfb ug{ kfpF eg]sf] hUuf
sfg"g adf]lhd cfjfb ug{ x'g] /x]5 eg] ;f] hUufsf] ;fFwsf hUufsf wgLx? jf lghsf
k|ltlglw, ;f] hUufsf] lhldbf/ tfn'sbf/ jf lghsf k|ltlglw / c? sDtLdf rf/hgf :yfgLo
enfb\dL ;d]t /fvL ;/hdLg a' L xfn cfjfbL ug{ x'g] 7x/] sfg" g adf]lhdsf] /Lt k'ofO{
gDa/L btf{ u/L lbg'k5{ . ;f] adf]lhdsf] dflg; g/fvL u/] ePsf] ;/hdLg / To;af6 ePsf]
xfn cfjfbL btf{ ;b/ x'g ;St}g .
* g+= .. .. hUuf gfKbf ;}+t L; km'6 nfdf] ;}+t L; km' 6 rf}8f hUufsf] Ps d'/L, rf/ d'/Lsf]
Ps /f]kgL / ;f9] t]x| km'6 nfdf] ;f9] t]x| km' 6 rf}8f hUufsf] Ps w'/, aL; w'/sf] Ps sf /
aL; sfsf] Ps laufxf sfod ug'{k5{ .
( g+= .. .. d'2f k/L jf c? s]xL Joxf]/ fn] hUuf gfkL ug'{ kof] eg] rf/ lsNnf ;d]t
vf]nL gfkL ug'{k5{ .
!) g+= .. .. hUufsf] s"t 7]Sg' kbf{ p;} 7fpFd f ;fF w ;+lwof/ / enfbdL /fvL cjn,
bf]od, ;Ld, rfxf/df o; lsl;dsf] hUuf egL d'r'N sf lnO{ lsl;d 5'6\ofO{ cfF7 f ;/x s"t
7]Sg'k5{ .
!! g+= .. .. o;} dxnsf] rf/ gDa/df n]lvP adf]l hdsf] hUuf / cfkm" a;]sf] 3/af/L;Fu
hf]l8Psf] ktL{ hUuf afx]s c? ktL{ hUuf ;f]x|fgL lt/f] leqsf] jf d]/f] ;GwL ;k{gsf] egL
cfkm"n] klg cfjfb gu/L c?nfO{ cfjfb ug{ klg glbO{ /f]Ssf u/L /fVg /vfpg ;d]t x'+b}g.
!@ g+= .. .. >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 sdf]t gug'{ egL aofPsf hUuf hfgL hfgL cfjfb
u/]d f hUuf cfjfb u/]sf ;fnb]lvsf] ;f] hUufdf nfUg] lt/f] hUuf cfjfb ug]{ af6 c;"n u/L
156

hUuf km]/L aofO{ lbg'k5{ . To:tf]df hUuf cfjfb ug]{ u/fpg]nfO{ ;f] lt/f]sf] lauf]sf] kfFr u'gf
hl/jfgf ;d]t x'G5 . ghfgL cfjfb u/]sf]d f eg] cfjfb u/]sf] ;fnb]lvsf] lt/f];Dd c;"n u/L
hUuf aofO{ lbg'k5{ .
!# g+= .. .. lauf] e/fpg gkg]{ l:ylt /Lltdf 36L a9L kg]{ s'/f dfq ePsf] of] dxn
adf]lhdsf] d'2fdf ;hfo ug'{ kbf{ o;} dxnsf c? gDa/df ;hfo tf]lsPsf] s'/fdf ;f]xL
adf]lhd / gtf]lsPsf]df krf; ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf x'g]5 .

157

dxn (
hUuf khgLsf]
! g+= .. .. /fhu'7L hUuf / ;/sf/L lnvt gePsf] lsk6 hUuf /}s/ ;/x x'G5 . ;f]
afx]s c? u}x| hUuf /}s/ 7x5{ .
@ g+= .. .. P]gn] 3/;f/df n]gb]g Jojxf/ ug{ kfpg]d f ;f] adf]lhd ubf{ cfgf xs x' g
cfO{ bflvn vf/Lh ug'{ kg]{ ePsf] / btf{jfnf d/L xsjfnfsf] gfpFd f ;fg]{df ;d]t k}+tL;
lbgleq /}tLn] tfn'sbf/sxfF u} bflvn vf/]h u/fO{ cfgf gfpFd f btf{ u/fpg' k5{ . ;f]
adf]lhd bflvn vf/]h u/fpg cfPdf tfn'sbf/n] klg bflvn vf/Lh u/L To;sf] lg:;f
/}tLnfO{ lbg'k5{ . ;f] adf]lhd tfn'sbf/n] bflvn vf/Lh u/L glbPdf sndlkR5] kfFr ?k} ofF
hl/jfgf u/L dfn cfn] bflvn vf/Lh ug'{ u/fO{ lbg'k5{ .
# g+= .. .. s'g} Joxf]/fn] hUuf 5f]8 \g 5f]8 fpg k/]df dw]zsf] hUuf kmfNu'0f d;fGtb]lv
h]i7 d;fGt;Dddf / cGoqsf] hUuf kf} ifb]lv r} q d;fGt;Dddf 5f]8\g 5f]8 fpg x'G5
To;kl5nfO{ s'ofd 7x5{ .
$ g+= .. .. s' g} /}tLn] cfgf gfdsf] btf{ hUuf sdfO{ vfg ;lQmg egL o;} dxnsf] #
gDa/sf] ofdkl5 5f]8\5' eGg cfPdf ;f] 5f8\g] ;fnsf] lt/f] a'fpF5 eg] lhldbf/ tfn'sbf/n]
lghnfO{ dfn cfdf nuL ;f] cf ;fIfL /fvL lt/f] a'L /fhLgfdf u/fO{ lng'k5{ . To;/L
/fhLgfdf ug]{n] ;f] ufpF df}hfsf] s]xL hUuf afFs L /fvL s]xL hUuf dfq 5f8\g kfpFb}g .
% g+= .. .. hUuf khgL ug'{k g]{ ePdf To; hUufdf kSsL 3/ agfO{ a;]sf] eP 3/
p7fpg x'+b}g . ;f] 3/sf] / 3/ agfpFbf ldlrP hlt hUufsf] bfdf;fxLn] ltg'{kg]{ lt/f] lt/L
vfg kfpF5 . lt/f] c8\Sof] eg] ;f] 3/ lnnfd u/L rflxg] egf{ lnO{ a9\tf ToxL 3/sf wgLnfO{
lbg'k5{ . 3/sf wgL geP >L % sf] ;/sf/df bflvn ug'{k5{ .
158

^ g+= .. .. cj pk|fGt hUufdf nfPsf] /sd vf/Lh ul/Psf]5 To:tf] hUufdf kf]t lt/f]
nfu]sf] /x]g5 jf cfF7feGbf sd nfu]sf] /x]5 eg] cfF7 f ;/x kf]t 7]sL c;"n ug'{k5{ .
& g+= .. . lsk6 hUufsf] ku/L kfPsf] dflg; dof] efUof] eg] Tof] ku/L xsjfnfnfO{ /
xsjfnfn] dGh"/ gu/]d f jf gePdf sfd ug{ ;Sg] x]/L c?nfO{ afF wL lbg' k5{ . ku/L kfpg]sf]
leGg ePsf efOn] a]Un} ku/L lng rfx]df kfpF5 . To;} hUufdf s'l/of afF8 L cfgf efudf
nfu]sf] b:t"/ lt/] a]Un} ku/L lbg'k5{ . lskl6of ku/L km'6]kl5 klg y/L eg] km'6'j f u/fpg
x'+b}g. p;sf] ;f]x| cfgfleqsf] hUuf km'6' jf ku/LnfO{ kfnf] kfnf] u/L a'fpg' kg]{ b:t"/ a'fO{
vfg x'G5 gofF y/L u/fO{ lbG5f}+ egL y}nL lnPsf] /x]5 eg] ;f] ltg{ g;s] skfnL ;/x x'G5 .
;f] ku/L afFw L lb+bfsf] b:t"/ c;"n u/L lng'k5{ .
* g+= .. .. hUufdf vf]nf] k}x|f] nfuL hfFrn] jf ;/sf/L cfb]zn] lt/f] 36fO{ aGbf]a:t
u/]sf]d f ;f] hUuf ;fa"b ge} c?n] lt/f] a9] klg kfpFb}g . hUuf ;fa"b ePkl5 klg ;fa"b lt/f]
a' fPsf] /x] g5 eg] / gofFn ] ;sf/ ug{ cfof] eg] ;fa"b lt/f] a' fpg] u/L gofFnfO{ lbg' k5{ .
;f] hUuf ;fa"b ePsf] b' O{ jif{ 5f]8L kfFr jif{;Ddsf] lt/f] / ;f] lt/f] adf]lhdsf] hl/jfgf
k'/flgofFnfO{ nfU5 .
( g+= .. .. lagf s;"/ lhDdfjfnL tfn'sbf/L vf]:g x'+b}g. lhDdfjfnL tfn'sbf/L s]xL
kl/jGbn] vfnL ePsf] kfpF eGg] lgj]bg kg{ cfPdf / gofF aGbf] j:t ug'{ k/]d f bfdsfd glau|g ]
w]/ } hgf /}tLn] /f]h]sfnfO{ ltg} /f]H g] /}tL hdfgL lnO{ c8\8}af6 P]gsf] /Lt k' ofO{ axfnL ;d]t
hf] ul/lbg' kg]{ u/L lbg'k5{ . btf{jfnf tfn'sbf/ lhDdfjfn d/L efuL vfnL ePsf]d f p;sf
xsjfnfnfO{ lb+bf / afFsLdf khgL ePsf]df afFsL lt/L ;sf/ ug]{nfO{ axfnL lb+bf ;d]t /}t L
/f]hfpg' kb}{g . bfdsfd glau|g] u/L lbg'k5{ . To;/L lb+bf lt/f] afFsLdf s}b k/]sf]nfO{ eg] lbg
x'+b}g .
159

!) g+= .. .. w]/} 7fpFsf] lhDdfjfnf tfn'sbf/ eO/x]sf dflg;n] ;f] hfg] s] xL s;"/
u/]sfaf6 Ps 7fpFsf] lhDdfjfnL tfn'sbf/L llsg] eof] eg] To;sf gfpFdf bl/Psf] c?
7fpFsf] ;d]t hDd} lhDdfjfnL tfn'sbf/L lsL P]g adf]lhd ug'{k5{ . hUuf lt/f] bafPsf]
s;"/df ;hfo dfq x'g] tfn'sbf/L lhDdfjfnL ghfg] Joj:yf ePsf] 7fpFnfO{ afx]s c?sf]
xsdf Ps cfaf6 s;"/bf/ 7x/L km}; nf ePkl5 To;df l/xfO{ geP;Dd To:tf tfn'sbf/
lhDdfjfnnfO{ bfdsfd ul//xg lbg x'+b}g .
!! g+= .. .. hUufsf] bfdsfd ug]{ lhDdfjfn tfn'sbf/ df]xL gfOs] OToflbx?n] cfkm"n]
u/]sf] bfdsfd ug{ ;lSbg egL bz}+sf 6Lsfb]lv >L kGrdL;Dddf /fhLgfdf u/L 5f8\5' eg]
5f8\g kfpF5 . cfaf6 klg /fhLgfdf u/fO{ p;sf 7fpFd f sfd xhf{ x' g gkfpg] u/L sfg" gsf]
/Lt k'ofO{ csf]{ aGbf]a:t ug'{k5{ . Ps} dflg;n] w]/ } 7fpFsf] lhDdfjfnL tfn'sL df]xL gfOs]
OToflb lnPsf]df s'g} yfdL s'g} /fhLgfdf u/L 5f8\g eg] kfpFb} g . /fhLgfdf u/L 5f]8\g];Fu >L
% sf] ;/sf/sf] lng'kg]{ afFsL eP sfg" g adf]lhd c;"n u/L lng'k5{ .
!@ g+= .. .. hfF raf6 Psfsf gfpFd f bl/Psf 3/jf/Ldf kl5 ltgsf efO 5f]/ f leGg eO{
p;} hUufdf c? 3/ agfO{ a;] eg] csf]{ hfFr geO{ w'/L lkR5] ;]df{ lng x'+b} gPs ;]df{ dfq
lng' k5{ . ;fpg] kmfu' eg] hlt w'/L 5 plt 3/n] ltg{ k5{ .
!# g+= .. .. vf]:g gx'g] vf]; L lbg]n fO{ / Psfn] kfpg] csf{nfO{ lbg]nfO{ 3/jf/L jf
tfn'sbf/L eP aL; ?k}o fF, v]t eP Ps ;fnsf lt/f] adf]lhd / x6s dfq ug]{nfO{ c9fO{ ?k} ofF
hl/jfgf x'G5 . x6s ubf{ afF f] /xg uof] jf bfdsfd lau|g uof] eg] lauf] e/fpg' kg]{d f lauf]
e/fO{ ;f] lauf]sf] ;os8f bz hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ .
!$ g+= .. .. cfkm"n ] gkfpg] hUuf jf tfn'sL kfpg' k5{ eGg]nfO{ tfn'sL kqm]sf]df bz
?k}o fF / hUuf kqm]sf]d f kqm]sf hUufsf] df]n lauf]sf] ;os8f c9fO{ ?k}ofF hl/jfgf x'G5 .
160

!% g+= .. .. h;nfO{ lbg'kg]{ xf] p;nfO{ glbO{ hj{ h:tL ug]{nfO{ 3/jf/L eP bz ?k}ofF /
hUuf eP df]n lauf]sf] ;os8f kfFr hl/jfgf x'G5 .
!^ g+= .. .. lhDdfjf/L tfn'sbf/L a]rlavg lwtf] aGws ;d]t u/L lng' lbg' u/]sf] ;b/
x'+b}g. p;} ufpFsf /}tLn] /f]h]sfnfO{ lbg'k5{ .
!& g+= .. .. tfn'sbf/n] vfkL vfPsf] afx]s o; dxnsf c? s'/fdf u/] ePsf] ldltn] b'O{
jif{leq gfln; glbP nfUg ;St}g .

161

dxn !)
hUuf ldRg]sf]
! g+= .. .. Psfsf] xssf] hUuf csf{n] rfkL ldrL 3';fO{ vfg / ;/sf/L hUuf lt/f] gu/L
s'g} tj/n] bjfO{ cfkm"n] vfg / csf{nfO{ v'jfpg ;d]t x'+b}g.
@ g+= .. .. Ps} hUufdf dfdf vf]nf] k;L jfl/kf/L hUuf eof] km]l/ vf]n fn] 5f]8\of] eg]
Tof] vf]nf] lx+8 ]sf] au/ h;sf] hUuf xf] p;}sf] x'G5 . vf]nf]n ] ;fFwsf] hUufdf htflt/ au/
kfof] pt}lt/sfn] cfjfb u/L lt/f]e/f] u/L vfg kfpF5 . jf/Lsf] au/ kf/L lt/sfn] kf/Lsf]
au/ jf/L lt/sfn] cfjfb ug{ kfpFb}g . au/ k/] lt/sfn] cfjfb gu/] c?n] cfjfb u/L
lt/f]e/f] u/L vfg x'G5 .
# g+= ..

.. sf7df8f}+ pkTosf / kxf8sf] hUufdf b]xfosf] cj:yfdf hUuf bkf] 6 jf

lt/f] bkf]6 7x{5 . n]lvP afx]s ;f] If]qsf] c? lsl;dsf] bkf]6sf] gfln; nfUg ;St}g
p;} df]xLsf] ;flas lsnf;Fu hf]l/Psf] v]t jf ;flas kfvf]df en kfgLn] ;Dd /f]kL vfPsf]
v]t afx]s 5' } xfn cfjfb u/]sf] v]tsf] lt/f] glt/L bafO{ vfof] eGg] d'2f =========!
hUuf a]; fa"b x'+bf ;flas lt/f] 36fO{ aGbf] a:t u/]sf]df hUuf ;fa"b ePkl5 klg ;fa"b lt/f]
gu/]sf] eGg] d'2f =================================================================================!
hUUff a];fa"b x'+bf ;flas lt/f] 36fO{ aGbf] a:t u/]sf]df hUUff ;fa"b ePkl5 klg ;fa"b lt/f]
gu/]sf] eGg] d'2f =========================================================================!
vf]nf] k} x|f] a]sfod eO{ hf+rn] nut sf6]sf] hUuf cfjfb u/L lt/f] glt/L vfof] eGg]
d'2f ==================================================================================!
;/sf/L hUufnfO{ lsk6, u'7L, /fhu'7L egL / log} hUufaf6 ;/sf/L hUuf ldrL bafO{ 3';fO{
vfPsf] 5 eGg] d'2f =========================================================================================== ===!
162

/}tLaf6 lt/f] c;"n u/L nL >L % sf] ;/sf/df ltg'{ a' emfpg' gu/L tfn'sbf/n] bafO{
vfPsf] d'2f ====================================================================================================!
$ g+= .. .. ;/sf/L hUuf s'g} Joxf]/ fn] lt/f] glt/L bjfO{ vfg] v'jfpg]nfO{ lt/f] glt/L
bafO{ vfP klg ;f] jfkt o;f] ug'{ eGg] lyltsf] ;/sf/L lnvt eO/x]sf] 7fpFdf ;f]xL adf]lhd
x'G5 . ;f] gePsf] 7fpFdf b]xfodf n]lvP adf]lhd x'G5
tfn'sbf/ cfkm}n ] hfgL hfgL bafO{ 3';fO{ vfP v'jfPsf] eP P]g adf]lhdsf] lt/f]sf] lauf] lnO{
To;} lauf] adf]lhd hl/jfgf ;d]t u/L tfn'sbf/Laf6 avf{:t ul/lbg' k5{ . lauf] tfn'sbf/n]
gvfPsf] /}tLn] vfPsf] eP vfg] /}tLaf6 lauf] a' L lng'k5{ . /}tLaf6 lauf] ;a} pk/ geP pk/
gePsf] hlt klg To;} hfgL bafO{ v' jfpg] tfn'sbf/af6} / /}t Ln] bafO{ vfPsf] tfn'sbf/n]
yfxf gkfPsf] eP P] g adf]lhd nfUg] lt/f] / ;f] lt/f]sf] lauf] adf]lhd hl/jfgf ;d]t ;f]xL
bafO{ vfg]af6 a' L lng'k5{=================================== !
/}tLn] w'/ L v8f u/L lt/f] glt/L bafO{ vfPsf] tfns'bf/nfO{ yfxf geP tfklg /]vb]vgu/] jfkt
tfns'bf/nfO{ w'/ L lkR5] Ps ?k}ofF hl/jfgf x'G5 =====================================@
cfgf] xs gk'Ug] ;/sf/L hUuf b'lgofFs f] lsk6 hUufn] rfkL 3';fO{ vfg]nfO{ p;sf] ;f] lsk6
hUufaf6 ;/sf/L hUuf hlt 3';fO{ rfkL vfPsf] 7x/]sf]5 plt p;sf] ;f]xL lsk6 hUufaf6
;/sf/L rfk]sf hUufsf] ;fF w cfF7 f ldNg] u/L Ps rsnf kf/L sf u/L ;f] sf eO{ cfPsf]
lsk6 hUuf / rfkL 3';fO{ vfPsf] ;/sf/L hUuf ;d]t lsL P]g adf]lhd lt/f] 7]sL ;/sf/L
/}s/ nutdf r9fO{ o;} dxnsf] ^ gDa/df n]lvPsf] /Lt;Fu vfg kfpg]sf gfpFdf btf{ ul/lbg'
k5{ . hUuf sf ubf{ rfkL vfPsf] hUuf hlt lsk6af6 gk' Ug] x' g cfPdf gk'u hlt hUufsf]
P]g adf]lhd nfUg] lt/f] lng'k5{ . hl/jfgf nfUb} g df] xLn] rfk]sf] wgLn] yfxf gkfPsf]df / u'7L
hUufaf6 ;/sf/L hUuf rfkL vfPsf]df ;d]t hUuf sf x'+b}g . lt/f] lnO{ df]xLn] rfk]sf]df
163

Ps ;fnsf wgL af] 6L adf]lhd hl/jfgf u/L / u'7L hUufn] rfk]sf]d f rfKg] af6 ;f] hUufsf]
lt/f] / lt/f]sf] lauf] adf]lhd hl/jfgf u/L ;fFw ;RofO{ lbg'k5{ ========================#
% g+= .. .. ;/sf/L hUuf bafO{ jf rfkL vfg]n fO{ vfg]sf] lhp 5b} gfln; k/L rfkL jf
bafO{ vfPsf] 7x/]df ;f] rfkL jf bafO{ vfPsf] hUufsf] lt/f]sf] lauf] lng'kbf{ bz jif{eGbf a9L
;fnsf] vfPsf] eP klg bz jif{sf] dfq / 36L eP hlt ;fn bafO{ vfPsf] 7x/]sf]5 plt
;fnsf] lng'k5{ . rfkL jf bafO{ vfg] d/L p;sf 5f]/ f gflt xsbf/n] d'2f ;sf/ u/]d f jf
bafO{ rfkL vfg] d/L p;sf 5f]/f gflt xsbf/ jf hUuf sdfO{ vfO{ /xg]sf gfpFd f gfln; k/L
d'2f km}; nf ePdf ;d]t b'O{ jif{b]lv a9L bafO{ rfkL vfPsf] eP klg b'O{ jif{s f] dfq lauf]
lng'k5{ .
^ g+= .. .. ;/sf/L hUuf rfkL ldrL bafO{ vfPsf] 7x/L lsk6af6 sf eO{ / bafO{
rfk]sf] 7x/L llsg] / tfn'sbf/L ;d]t lbg]d f bafP tfklg hUuf tfn'sbf/L ghfg] ;/sf/L
lnvt eO/x]sf] 7fpFd f ;f] adf]lhd x'G5 . ;f] gePsf] 7fpFd f b]xfodf n]lvP adf]lhd u/L lt/f]
7]sL btf{ u/L lbg'k5{
lsk6af6 ldrL vfPsf] 7x/]sf]df ;f] lsk6af6 sf ePsf] / lt/f] e/f] gu/L bafO{ vfPsf]af6
btf{ x' g cfPsf] hUufdf c?n] sdfO{ vfPsf] hUuf hlt ;f]xL sdfO{ vfg]s} gfddf btf{ u/L
tfn'sbf/L;Dd hfx]/jfnfnfO{ lbg'k5{ . ;f] afx]s ldrL bafO{ hUuf vfO/xg] cfkm}n] sdfO{
vfPsf] hlt hUufsf] hDdf dWo] lsk6af6 sL e} cfPhlt hDd} / ldr]sf] ;/sf/L hUufdf
cfwL;d]t ;f] ldrL vfg]sf gfddf / ;f] ldrL vfPsf] ;/sf/L hUuf dWo]sf] cfwL / c? lt/f]
e/f] gu/L bafO{ vfPsf] af6 btf{ x' g cfPsf]df ;d]t cfwf hfx]/jfnfsf gfpFdf / cfwf ;f] lt/f]
e/f] gu/L vfO/xg]sf gfpFdf / tfn'sbf/n] bafO{ vfg] v'jfpg] s;"/ u/]]sf]d f To;sf]

164

tfn'sbf/L ;d]t hf/]xjfnfs} gfpFd f btf{ u/L lbg'k5{ . kfvf hUuf bafO{ vfPsf]d f eg] hDd}
hUuf vfO/xg]s} gfp+d f btf{ u/L To:tf] tfn'sbf/L hfx]/jfnfnfO{ lbg'k5{ ============!
dfly ! bkmfdf n]lvP adf]lhd hfx]/jfnfnfO{ / hUuf vfO/xg]nfO{ ;d]t u/L hUuf 5'6\o fO{
lb+bf ;f] hUuf vfO/xg]n] 3/jf/L u/L vfO{ cfPsf] /x]5 eg] p;n] kfpg] hUuf hlt To;}sf] 3/
kfos ldNg] u/L Ps} rsnf kg]{ u/L / 3/jf/L u/L a;]sf] geP klg b'j}nfO{ Ps rsnf kg]{
u/L rsnf ldnfO{ 5'6\o fO{ lbg'k5{=================================================================@
& g+= .. .. s;}sf] kf]n ph"/ s]xL gk/L cfvfgfaf6 s]xL Joxf]/fn] gfk hf+r x'+b f
s;}n] bafO{ 5kfO{ vfPsf] b]lvg cfof] eg] ;f] hUuf gfk hf+ r ePsf ;fnb]lvsf] lt/f] lng]u /L
;f]xL hUuf vfO{ /xg]s} gfp+df btf{ u/L lbg'k5{ . hl/jfgf lauf] s]xL nfUb}g .
* g+= .. .. kf]n ph"/ u/L ;fljt u/fO{ lbg] hfx]/jfnfnfO{ P] gn] tfn'sL kfpg]d f
tfn'sbf/L lb+bf /}tL /f]hfO{ w]/} /}tLn] /f]h] sfg" g adf]lhd sa'lnot u/fO{ bfdsfd glau|g] u/L
tfn'sbf/L lbg' k5{ . /}tL /f]hfpFbf s;}n] klg /f]h]g jf /f]Hg] eGbf g/f]Hg] w]/} eof] eg]
tfn'sbf/L kfpFb}g . b08 ;hfosf] dxnsf] %) gDa/ adf]lhd x'G5 .
( g+= .. .. sfg" g adf]lhd /f]Ssf ePsf] hUuf km's'jf ge} cfgf] xs k'U g] eP klg
csf{nfO{ s]xL Joxf]/fn] lbg / lng]n] klg hfgL hfgL lng x'+b}g. lbP lnPsf] eP ab/ x'G5 .
!) g+= .. .. ;/sf/L hUuf jf lt/f] bafO{ vfof] v'jfof] eGg] ;d]t gfn]; k/]df / b'lgofF
b'lgofFsf] hUufdf t]/f] d]/f] eGg] gfn]; ph"/ k/L u8f k/]df ;d]t ;f] dfdnf gl5gL ;f]
u8f k/]sf] hUufsf] afnL s;}nfO{ vfg lbg e/fpg ;d]t x'+b}g. d'2f gl5g'GHofn ;fn
;fnsf] afnL b]xfodf n]lvP adf]lhdsf] lx;fa;Fu /f]Ssf u/L OG;fkm ug'{k5{ . d'2f l5lgPkl5
xs k''Ug]n fO{ km's'jf / cfdf w/f}6L /x]sf] lbg'k g]{ ;d]t P]g adf]lhd hf] ug'{kg]{ 7x5{ ;f]
adf]lhd u/L lbg'k5{
165

dfly n]lvP adf]lhd gfn]; ph"/ kg{ cfP kl5 k|ltjfbL kg]{ cj:yf;Dddf ;f] hUufsf]
afnL kfsL tof/ gx' g] ePdf k|ltjfbL k/]kl5 / k|ltjfbL kg]{ cj:yfb]lv cufj} afnL kfsL
tof/ x'g] cj:yf ePdf k|ltjfbL gkb}{df eP klg t'?Gt ;f] 7fpFsf k~rfot, lhldbf/,
tfn'sbf/ hf] 5 pgsf gfpFdf jfbL k|ltjfbL b' a}y/ eP b'a} y/nfO{ / b'a}y/ gePdf klg
pgsf Psf3/sf ;f]x|jif{ gf3]sf hxfg xsbf/x? ;d]t / pgLx? klg sf] xL geP gcfPdf ;f+w
;+lwof/ enfb\dL;d]t /fvL sf6L ef+rL r' 6L df8L hf]v tf}nf dfgf kfyL;d]t hf]ug'{k5{ u/L b'j}
y/ emul8ofn] kTofPsf]d f p;}sf] / To:tf] gePdf cfkm"n] kTofPsf] dfyj/ dflg;sf] lhDdf
nufO{ P]g adf]lhd /Ltk"j{ssf] ;lx5fk k/]sf] tLg k|lt sfut v8f u/L Psk|lt cfdf k7fO{
lbg' Ps k|lt /f]Ssf /fVg];Fu Ps k|lt lhDdf lng];Fu /fVg" r}q kGw| ut];Dd klg km's'jfsf]
hgfp cfPg eg] a;] b'j}y / emul8of;d]t /fvL / ga;]d f c? enfb\d L /fvL ufpF ahf/df
rn]sf] b/ efpn] laqmL u/L gubL kf/L ;f]hUufdf nfu]sf] lt/f] a'emfpg'k g]{ ;d]t eP ;f]
7fpFd f a'emfO{ af+sL cfdf bflvn ug{ Nofpg' egL /f]Ssf ug]{ k'hL{ k7fpg' k5{ . ;f] k' hL{
a'lemlng]n] klg n]lvP adf]lhd /f]Ssf u/L cfdf a'emfO{ e/kfO{ lng'k5{ ================== !
dfly ! bkmfdf b]lvP adf]lhd u/L /f]S sf ubf{ /}s/ hUuf jf lt/f] bafO{ 3'; fO{ vfof] v'jfof]
eGg] gflnz kg{ cfPsf]df lt/f] 7]lsPsf] eP ;f] lt/f] adf]lhd / lt/f] 7]lsPsf]df klg s]xL
sf/0fn] ldgfxf df]h/f x'g] ePsf]d f / lt/f] g7]lsPsf]d f ;d]t p7tL pAhgLs]f cfwf/ /
kfvfdf eP ;]/ dfaf6 ufFp ahf/df rn]sf b/n] v/Lb ug{ kfpg] hlt afnL / hUufsf] wgL
wgLsf] emu8f k/]df wgL af] 6L / df] xLsf] emu8f k/]df df] xL af]6 L ;d]t df jfbL k|ltjfbLdf Ps
hgfn] jf pgfp jf tfn'sbf/n] ;d]t h;n] sdfPsf] 5 p;nfO{ cfwf afnL 5'ofO{bL cfwf
afnL;Dd /f]Ssf /fVg' k5{ ================================================================@

166

d'2f k/]sf] hUufsf] gflnz k/]sf ;fnsf] afnL emul8ofn] g} nufPsf]df o;n] afnL nufPsf]
xf] egL 5'lg g;sL afnL nufPs} s'/f b'O{ y/ emul8ofsf] s'/ f gldnL aflemg cfof] eg] ;f]
;fnsf] hDd} afnL /f]Ssf u/L km}; nf x'Fbf h:n] afnL nufPsf] 7x5{ cfwf afnL lbnfO{ lb afFsL
p;}nfO{ cfwf lhTg]nfO{ km's'jf ug'{ jf e/fpg' k5{ =======================================#
dfly n]lvP adf]lhd d'2f k/]df ;f] hUuf sdfpgnfO{ jfbL k|ltjfbLdf h:n] sdfpg /f]H 5
p;}nfO{ / b'a}n ] /f]h]df d'2f k/]sf] ;fn h;n] sdfPsf] 5 p;}nfO{ / b'a}n] sa"n gu/]sf]d f
pgfp dflg;nfO{ eP klg ;f] 7fpFsf /f]Ssf lhDdf lng]n] aGbf]a:t u/L d'2f km};nf geP;Dd
hUuf sdfpg nfpg' k5{ . ;f] adf]lhd gu/L hUuf af+emf] /Xof] eg] To;} /f]Ssf lhDdf lng]n]
ltg'{ k5{ ========================================$
dfly ! bkmfdf n]lvPsf adf]lhd /f]Ssf ePsf] hUufsf] d'2f cflv/L 6' f] nfuL km};nf ePkl5
/f]Ssfug]{ cfn] xs k'Ug]nfO{ ;/sf/L c;"n ug'{ kg]{ eP c;"n u/L af+sL ;f] /f]Ssf afnL
a'e mfO{ lbg / lbg nfpg' k5{======================================================================%
/f]Ssf ug'{ kg]{df d'2f u/]sf cfaf6 dfly n]lvP adf]lhd /f]Ssfsf] k'hL{ u/L k7fP kl5 ;f]
k'hL{ a'emL lng] ;d]tn] /f]Ssf gubf{ xs gk' Ug]n] afnL vfPsf]d f xs k' Ug]n] ;f] afnL vfg]af6
P]g adf]lhd u/L ln+bf pk/ ePg eg] ;f] pk/ gePsf] hlt /f]Ssf lhDdf lng]n] ltg'{ k5{ ===^
cfaf6 /f]Ssf ug]{ k'hL{ klg u/L lbPsf] / ;f] k"hL{ a' emL lng]n] klg /f]S sf u/L lhDdf klg
nufPsf] lhDdfjf/L lng]n] dfq df;L vfPsf]df b'j} y/ emul8ofn] kTofPsf] dflg;sf] lhDdf
nufPsf] To;}n] df;L vfPsf] /x]5 eg] To;}af6 P] g adf]lhd u/L lauf] e/fO{ lauf]sf] ;os8f
aL;sf b/n] hl/jfgf ;d]t ug'{k5{ . To:tfdf pk/ gePsf]d f lhDdf nfpg];Fu bfjf u/L lng
kfpFb}g . b' a} y/n] g/f]h]sf] dflg; lhDdf nufPsf] / To;}n] dfemL vfPsf]df ;f] df;L vfg]af6
P]g adf]lhd u/L e/L e/fp ubf{ k'u]g eg] ;f] gk'u ]sf] hlt lhDdf nfpg]n] ltg'{ k5{ ======&
167

of] gDa/ adf]lhd /f]Ssf lhDdf /x]sf]d f /f]Ssf lhDdf lng]n] bflvn u/]sf] cfo:tf p7tLsf]
;os8f kf+rsf b/n] lghn] kfl/>ldssf] ?kdf vfg kfpF5 . ;f] s6fO{ af+sL bflvn
ug'{k5{ ==================================================================*
!! g+= .. .. hUufdf d'2f k/L /f]Ssf ePsf] afnL xs k'Ug]nfO{ km's'jf u/L lb+bf jf gub
kf/L c8\8}df /x]sf] lb+bf ;d]t bzf}+b nfUb}g .
!@ g+= .. .. Psfn] vghf]t u/]sf] hUufdf xf];\ aLh nufO{ ;s]sf]df xf];\ csf{sf] aLh
pN6fO{ vghf]t ug{ klg x'+b}g . aLh ld;fld; ug{ klg

x'+b}g. csf{n] nfPsf] afnL n'6L

ha/h:tL u/L lng klg x'+b}g . gfln; u/L xs / a]xs 5'6\ofO{ dfq lng x'G5 .
!# g+= .. .. hUufsf] afnL e/fpg' kbf{ :yfgLo enfb\d L / ;+lwof/ a'L d'r'Nsf lnO{
To; hUufsf] pAhgL afFw L afnL e/fpg' k5{ .
!$ g+= .. .. cfgf] xs gk'U g] hUufnfO{ d]/f] egL kqmg]n fO{ jf csf{sf] hUufnfO{
ha/h:tL u/L sAhf ug]{nfO{ hUufsf] df]n lauf]sf] ;os8f c9fO{ ?k} ofFsf] b/n] hl/jfgf
ug'{k5{ .
!% g+= .. .. cfgf] xs gk'Ug] hUufdf s]xL s'/f u/L afnL laufl/lbg x'+b}g.
!^ g+= .. .. afnLdf b}jL k/]df ;f] hUufsf] lt/f] a'fpg' kg]{ 7fpFdf sfg"gsf Dofbleq
b/vf:t ph"/ u/L hfFr u/fpg' k5{ . ;f] adf]lhd gu/L afnL sf6]s f] eP b}jL kof] egL s"t
lt/f] ldgfxf kfpg ;Sb}g .
!& g+= ..

.. hUufdf b}jL k/L s"t lt/f] ;fa"b gp7\ g] eof] eGg cfof] eg] lau|LPsf

hUufsf] ;fa"b s"t lt/f] a'fpg} k5{ eGg x'+b}g. ldgfxf lbO{ jf clwof u/L lng'k5{ .
!* g+= ..

.. /f]S sf ePsf] hUuf lnP lbPsf] s'/f afx]s c? hUufsf s'/fdf b'O{ jif{

leq, afnLsf s'/fdf lnvt ePdf afx]s tLg jif{ leq / hUufsf] emu8f kbf{ d'2f km}; nf geO{
xs g5'L /x]sf] afnL hltdf ;f] d'2f clGtd e} l5lgPsf Ps jif{ leq gflnz glbP nfUg
;St}g .

168

dxn !!
3/ agfpg]sf]
! g+= .. .. 3/ agfpFbf cfgf] xs gk'Ug] hUuf ldrL 3/ agfpg x'+b}g. 3/ agfpFb f
an]gL csf{sf hUufdf k/] hUuf wgLn] /f]S g x'+b} g. hUuf wgLn] To;} hUufdf tnf p7fof] jf
3/ agfof] eg] Tof] an]gL sf6L agfpg kfpF5 . sf6\g glbO{ /f]Sg x'+b}g.
@ g+= .. .. 3/ agfpFbf ;8s 9n ldrL agfpF g x'+b}g. d"n af6f]df kfgL v:g] u/L 8"+8
/fVg klg x'+b}g.
# g+= .. .. cl3b]lv rnL cfPsf] jf lbO{ cfPsf 7fpFsf] lgsf; s;}n] y'Gg

x'+b} g.

cl3b]lv grn]sf] jf lbO{ gcfPsf 7fpFdf ha/h:tL u/L lng, rng ug{ klg x'+b}g .
$ g+= .. .. cfgf] xs gk'u]sf] hUufdf xf];\ jf u8f kl//x]sf] hUufdf xf];\ To:tf
hUufdf 3/ agfpg' x'+b} g. ha/h:tL 3/ agfPdf ;f] agfPsf] 3/sf] kGrs[lt df]n hUuf
wgLaf6 lnO{ 3/ 5f8\g' jf 3/ eTsfO{ 5 dxLgfleq nuL hUuf vfnL u/L lbg' k5{ . hUuf
wgLn] kGrs[lt df]n lt/L lng dGh"/ gu/L jf 3/ agfpg]n ] kGrs[lt df]n lnO{ lbg dGh"/
gu/L 3/} eTsfO{ nu]d f hUuf wgLnfO{ 3/sf] kGrs[lt df]nsf] ;os8f kfF r 3/ agfpg]]n]
lbg'k5{ . 5 dxLgfleq 3/ eTsfO{ nu]g eg] Dofb gf3]kl5 ;f] 3/ eTsfO{ nUg kfpFb}g hUufsf
wgLsf] x'G5 . P] g adf]lhd gS;f kf; u/L agfpg' kg]{ 7fpFd f gS;f kf; e} hu xfnL agfpg
z'? ePsf] 3/ agfpg] sfd /f]Ssf ug{ x'+b}g.
% g+= .. .. s'g} Joxf]/fn] dflg; a:g gx'g] u/L 3/ eTsg nfu]sf] jf eTs]sf] ;DalGwt
clwsf/Ln] b]v]df jf hfx]/ ug{ cfPdf hfFRbf 7x/]df jiff{ rf/ dxLgf afx]s cl3 kl5 3/sf
wgLsf gfpFd f ;f] wdL/f nfuL eTs]sf] 3/n] c? 3/sf] klg gf]S;fgL ug]{ x' gfn] cfhsf 5
dxLgfleq ;kmfO{ u/fO{ 3/ agfpg' eGg] k" hL{ 6fF;L lbg'k5{ / Dofbleq agfPg eg] Dofb
gf3]kl5 ;f] 3/ af/L ;d]tsf] kGrs[lt df]n u/fO{ Dofb 6fF;L a9fa9 u/fO{ h;sf gfpFd f vtd
x'G5 p;af6 cfPsf] df]n ;f] 3/jf/L hUufsf] xs k'Ug]nfO{ lbnfO{ lbg'k5{ .
^ g+= .. .. kfsf] O{6sf] jf 9' fsf] ufx|f] nufO{ h];'s} 5fgf u/L / 5fgf gxfn] klg O6
kTy/ ah| 7f]sL d'+8f u/L agfPsf] 3/ kSsL / n]lvP afx]s c? lsl;d;Fu agfPsf] 3/ sRrL
x'G5 .

169

& g+= .. .. /}s/ /fhu'7L u}x|df ag]sf csf{sf 3/ k;n OToflbdf axfn ltg]{ u/L jf
gltg]{ u/L To;} a:g]n ] hUuf sdfpg] df]xLof ;/x s'g} Joxf]/ f;Fu c?nfO{ lbg lng / tL
axfndf a:g]sf] ;j{:j hfohft x'Fbf klg axfndf a;]sf] 3/ k;nx? hfg ;St}g .
* g+= .. .. 3/ k;nsf wgLn] axfn lng] u/L jf glng] u/L cfg'' 3/ k;ndf c?nfO{
a:g lb+bf Dofb ls6L lnvt u/L u/fO{ a:g lbPsf]d f lnvt} adf]lhd x'G5 . aLrdf p7fpg
x'+b}g. o; avt 5f8L lbg' eGg] zt{ gu/L a;]sfnfO{ eg] kfFr jif{ ;Dd p7fpg x'+b}g. wgL
xsbf/ cfkm"x? g} a:gnfO{ rflxg] eof] jf axndf a:g]n] 3/ k;nsf] wgLsf lj?4 g}lts
ktg b]lvg] s'g} kmf}Hbf/L ck/fw u/]sf] 7xof] eg] lnvt eP klg p7fpg kfpF5 . cfkm"x?
a:gnfO{ egL axfgf u/L jf cQf] nufO{ p7fpg / c?nfO{ /fVg eg] kfpFb}g . cfkm"x? a:gnfO{
egL p7fO{ k7fPsf tLg jif{leq c?nfO{ /fv]df ;f] /fv]sf ldltn] k}+tL; lbgleq cl3 a:g]n]
a:g kfpF egL ph"/ L u/] p;}nfO{ a:g lbg'k5{ .
( g+= .. .. 3/ k;naf6 al;/x]sf dflg;nfO{ s'g} Joxf]/fn] p7fpg kg]{ ePdf k}tL; lbg
cufj} 3/ k;n 5f8L vfnL u/L lbg' egL hgfp lbO{ dfq p7fpg' k5{ n]lvPsf Dofb cufj}
hgfp glbO{ To;} p7fpg x'+b}g .
!) g+= .. .. 9n ldrL 3/ agfpg]nfO{ To;}sf] vr{a f6 ;f] ldr]sf] 9n agfpg nufO{ To;}
vr{sf] lauf]sf] ;os8f bz hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ .
!! g+= .. .. hUuf ldrL 3/ agfPsf]d f 3/ t}of/ ePsf] ldltn] Ps jif{leq gfln; glbP
nfUg ;St}g .

170

dxn !@
nf]U g] :jf:gLsf]
! g+= .. .. ljxfj/Lsf] dxnsf] $ / % gDa/df n]lvPsf] / b]xfosf] cj:yfdf afx]s
nf]Ug] :jf:gLsf] ;DaGw ljR5]b x'g ;St}g . To:tf] cj:yf k/L ;DaGw ljR5]b ug'{ k/]d f klg
sf/0f vf]nL lgj]bg u/L cfaf6 lg0f{ o ePkl5 ;f] lg0f{ o adf]lhd dfq ;DaGw ljR5]b x'g
;St5
:jf:gLn] n]fUg]nfO{ lghsf] d~h"/L a]u / nuftf/ tLg jif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L ;dob]lv 5f]8 L
cnu a:g] u/]df jf nf]Ug]s f] Hofg hfg], c+u e+u x'g] jf c? s'g} 7"nf] zf/Ll/s si6 x'g ]
lsl;dsf] sfd jf hfn k|k~r u/]d f To:tL :jf:gLl;t nf]Ug]n] cfgf] ;DaGw ljR5]b ug{
kfpF5 ========================================== !
nf]Ug]n] c? :jf:gL NofPsf jf /fv]df jf :jf:gLnfO{ 3/af6 lgsfn]df jf vfg nfpg glbPdf
jf :jf:gLsf] vf] h va/ glnO{ x]/ ljrf/ g/fvL nuftf/ tLg jif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L ;dob]lv
:jf:gLnfO{ 5f]8 L cnu a:g] u/]df jf :jf:gLsf] Hofg hfg], c+ue+u x'g] jf c? s'g} 7"nf]
zf/Ll/s si6 x'g] lsl;dsf] sfd jf hfn k|k~r u/]df jf nf]Ug] gk'+;s x'g uPdf To:tf]
nf]Ug]l;t :jf:gLn] ;DaGw ljR5]b ug{ kfpF5]=============== ========================================@
n]lvP afx]s c? cj:yfdf b'j} y/Lsf] d~h"/L ePdf nf]Ug] :jf:gLsf] ;DaGw ljR5]b ug{
x'G5 =====================================================================================================#
@ g+= ..

.. o; dxnsf] ! gDa/ adf]lhd ;DaGw ljR5]b gu/fO{ :jf:gLn] cfgf]

nf]Ug] afx]s c?l;t s/0fL u/fPdf jf kf]On uPdf nf]Ug]n] hf/Lsf] ;hfo u/fpg kfpF5 /
To:tf] cj:yfdf nf] Ug] :jf:gLsf] ;DaGw klg :jtM ljR5]b x'G5 . csf{l;t s/0fL gu/fP klg

171

u/fPsL 5' egL :jf:gL cfdf d'v ;flat e} eg] To:tf] cj:yfdf klg nf]U g] :jf:gLsf] ;DaGw
:jtM ljR5]b x'G5 .
# g+= ..

.. P]g adf]lhd nf]Ug] :jf:gLsf] ;DaGw ljR5]b ePsf] ldltn] b'O{ ;o axQ/

lbgleq hGd]sf] ;Gtfg cGoyf k|d fl0ft gePdf To:tf] ;DaGw ljR5]b x'g] nf]U g]s} ;Gtfg
7x{5 . To:tf] ;Gtfg / tLg jif{ gk'u]sf c? ;Gtfg eP ltgnfO{ ;d]t afa'n] cfkm} kfNg
rfx]d f lgh}n] / lghn] kfNg grfx]df tLg jif{sf] pd]/ gk'u ];Dd cfdfn] kfNg' k5{ . To:tf
;Gtfgsf] pd]/ tLg jif{ k'u ] kl5 afa' cfdf b'a}sf] d~h"/ Ln] cfdfn] kfn]df afx]s afa'n ] g}
kfNg' k5{ . ;DaGw ljR5]b ePsL :jf:gLsf] of] gDa/ adf]lhds]f bfloTj To:tL :jf:gLsf] csf]{
nf]Ug] ePdf To; nf]Ug] pk/ ;d]t x'G5 .
$ g+= ..

.. ;f;" ;;'/f ;d]t e} jf nf]Ug]n] dfq vfg nfpg glbO{ 3/af6 lgsfnf

u/]s]f jf a/fa/ s'6kL6 u/L b'Mv lbg] u/]s]f jf nf]U g]n ] c? :jf:gL NofP jf /fv]sf]df To:tL
:jf:gLn] nf]Ug]sf c+zaf6 cfgf] c+z 5'6\ofO{ lng kfpF5] . Tof] :jf:gL d/L jf kf] On e} eg]
p;n] vfO{nfO{ afFsL/x] hlt xsjfnfnsf] x'G5 . ;f;" ;;'/fn] dfq lgsfnf u/]sf]d f OHht
cfdb cg';f/ vfg nfpg lbg' k5{ .
% g+= .. .. :jf:gLsf] bfOhf] k]jf df:tf c+z geO{ Psf3/;Fu a;]sf c? c+lzof/x? ;d]t
/x]5g\ eg] c+zsf] xsbf/ ;f]x| jif{ gf3]sf ;a}sf dGh"/Lsf] lnvt ePdf dfq ;f] df;]sf] bfOhf]
k]jf n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] dxn adf]lhd ;a} c+lzof/x?sf] uf]Zjf/f wgaf6 egf{ x' g ;S5 . n]lvP
adf]lhdsf] /Lt gk'ofO{ df;] lbPsf]d f c? c+lzof/x?sf] dGh"/L gePdf c+lzof/x?n] a] xf] g{ /
uf]Zjf/fsf wgaf6 egf{ x'g ;St}g .
^ g+= .. .. o; dxnsf] ! gDa/df n]lvPsf] / hf/Lsf] s'/f afx]s c? s'/ fdf eP u/]sf
ldltn] Ps jif{leq gfln; glbP nfUg ;St}g .
172

dxn !#
c+za08fsf]
! g+= .. .. c+za08f ubf{ afa' cfdf, :jf:gL 5f]/fx?sf] hLo lho}sf] c+z ug'{k5{ .
@ g+= .. .. o; dxndf cGoyf n]lvPdf afx]s o;} dxnsf] ! gDa/ adf]lhd c+za08f
ubf{ c+z kfpg] ;a}sf] a/fa/ c+z ug'{k5{ .
# g+= ..

.. ;Fu a;]sf bfHo" efO{sf 5f]/fx?df cfgf cfgf afa'sf] c+z dfq x'G5 .

$ g+= .. .. s;}sf ;f}t f ;f}tf :jf:gLdfq /x]5g\ eg] ;a} ;f}tfn] cfgf nf]U g]sf c+zdf
P]g adf]lhd afF8L vfg kfpF5g\ .
% g+= ..

.. c+z gx'Fb} nf]Ug] jf afa' d/]d f p;n] kfpg] c+z p:sf :jf:gL ;Gtfgn] P] g

adf]lhd kfpF5 g\ . nf]Ug]sf] ;To 8ufpg] :jf:gLn] ;f] nf]Ug] tkm{sf] c+z kfpFlbg .
^ g+= ..

.. rf}y f] jf rf}yf] eGbf a9L nf]Ug] t'Nofpg] :jf:gL / To;af6 hGd]sf ;Gtfgn]

k"/f c+z kfpg] :jf:gL / To;af6 hGd]sf ;Gtfgsf] cfwf c+z dfq kfpF5g\ . xf8gftf s/0fL e}
hGd]sf ;Gtfgn] k'?f c+z kfpg] :jf:gLaf6 hGd]sf ;Gtfgsf] rf/ v08sf] Ps v08 c+z dfq
kfpF5g\ .
& g+= .. .. s'g} vf; nf]Ug] gt'NofO{ a;]sL :jf:gLaf6 hGd]sf ;Gtfgn] afa'sf] 7]ufg
gnfu]df cfdfsf] ;DklQdf dfq c+z kfpF5g\ .
* g+= .. .. k|sfz gu/L aflx/ /fv]sf :jf:gLn] jf p;af6 hGd]sf 5f]/ fn] nf]Ug] jf afa'
d/]kl5 c+zdf bfjf ug{ kfpFb}g .
( g+= .. .. d'l8O{ ljhofxf]d ug]{n ] c+zdf bfjf ug{ kfpFb}g .

173

!) g+= ..

.. afa'sf] hLp 5pGh]n c+z lbg 5f]/fx?n] afa'nfO{ jfWo u/fpg ;Sg]

5}gg\ . d clxn] 5'l6Gg eGg] 5f]/ fnfO{ afa'n] s/ nufO{ 5' ofpg klg x'+b}g. :jf:gLn] klg
nf]Ug]sf] hLp 5pGh]n nf]Ug]sf] d~h"/L lagf c+z lnO{ 5'lg kfpFlbg . 5f]/f :jf:gLnfO{ vfg
nfpg glbO{ /fVg klg x'+b}g . OHht cfdb cg'; f/ vfg nfpg lbg} k5{, glbP c+z lbg' k5{ .
nf]Ug] :jf:gLsf] dxnsf] $ gDa/df n]lvPsf] s'/fdf eg] ;f]xL adf]lhd x'G5 .
!! g+= ..

.. c+z lnO{ a]Un} ePKl5 cfgf] / sf]xL :jf:gL 5f]/fsf] c+z ;d]t ld;fO{;Fu

/fv]sf] /x]5 eg] kl5 c? :jf:gL Nofof] jf 5f]/f hGd] eg];Fu a;]sfx?sf] c+z lhpgL hDdf
u/L ;Fu a;]sf / kl5 NofP hGd]sf :jf:gL 5f]/fnfO{ P] g adf]lhd c+z u/L lbg' k5{ . cfgf]
c+z lnO{ a]Un} ePkl5 csf]{ :jf:gL Nofof] jf 5f]/ f hGd] eg] kl5 NofP hGd]sf]n ] nf]U g] jf
afa'sf] c+z lhpgL ;a} vfg kfpF5g\ . kl5 NofP hGd]sfn] cl3 c+z lnO{ k/ ;/]sf] ;Fu c+zdf
b}of ug{ kfpFb}gg\ .
!@ g+= .. .. c+z geO{ Psf3/;Fu a;]sL 5f]/ f gx'g] ljwjf :jf:gLdflg;n] tL; jif{
ggf3L ;Fu a:g] xsjfnfn] cfkm" ;/x vfg nfpg bfg k'0o ug{ lbP;Dd c+z lnO{ leGg a:g
kfpFlbg . ;f] adf]lhd gu/] tL; jif{sf] pd]/ gk'u]sf] eP klg c+z lnO{ leGg a;L vfg
kfp+5] .
!# g+= .. .. xsjfnfn] P] g adf]lhdsf] /Lt;Fu /fv]sL c+z glnPsL ljwjf :jf:gLdflg;
cfgf 3/ ga;L cGoq} u} a:bf To:tL ljwjfn] nfPsf] C0f ck'tfnL vfg]n] ltl/lbg' kb}{g .
!$ g+= .. .. afa' nf]Ug]sf z]ifkl5 c+z ubf{ p;sf] sfhlqmof u/L afFsL /x]sf] ;Fu a;]sf
/ j]Un} a;]sf ;d]t ;a} 5f]/f :jf:gLl;tsf afa' afh] nf]Ug]sf cfh{gsf] C0f wgdf ;a} :jf:gL
5f]/fx?nfO{ P]g adf]lhd afFl8lbg' k5{ . afa'sf z] ifkl5 klg sf]xL 5f]/f cfdfl;t ;Fu a;]sf
/x]5g\ jf sf]xL klg ;Fu a;]sf /x]g5g\ cfgf] lrQ a' L c+z gvf]hL a] Unf a]Un} a;]sf /x]5g\
174

/ cfdf d/]kl5 c+z ug{ kof] eg] klg cfdfsf] sfh lqmof u/L af+sL /x]sf] ;a}l;tsf afa'
afh]sf cfh{ gsf C0f wgdf P] g adf]lhd ;a} 5f]/fnfO{ afFl8lbg' k5{ . dfgf] 5']kl5sf] C0f
wgdf P] g adf]lhd ug'{ k5{ .
!% g+= .. .. c+z a08fdf 36L a9L u/L lng' lbg'n fO{ lhpgL eGb5g\ . lhpgL lb+bf p;n]
kfpg] c+zeGbf ;os8f kfFr;Dd a9\tf lbPsf] ;b/ x' G5 . lhpgL lnO{ lbO;s]kl5 c+z} u/LkfpF
egL o;} dxnsf #@ gDa/sf Dofbleq ph"/ u/] ;f] lhpgL ;d]t ld;fO{ P]g adf]lhd c+z u/L
lbg'k5{ .
!^ g+= ..

.. k}+tL; jif{ pd]/ k'u]sL ljjfx gePsL 5f]/Ln] 5f]/ f ;/x 5f]/fn] kfpg]

c+zsf] cfwL c+z kfp+5] . c+z lnPkl5 ljjfx eof] jf kf]On uO{ eg] p;n] kfPsf] c+zaf6 P]g
adf]lhd ljjfx vr{ k/ ;f/L af+sL P]gn] xs k'Ug]n] kfp+5 .
!& g+= .. .. ljjfx gePsf 5f]/f 5f]/Lsf] ljjfx vr{ k/ ;fbf{ ljjfx gePsf 5f]/ f5f]/ L w]/}
ePklg yf]/} eP klg hDdf wg ;DklQ b'O{ xhf/b]lv a9\tf 7x/] ;os8f kfFr, b'O{ xhf/b]lv
d'lg Ps xhf/;Dd wg ;DklQ 7x/] ;os8f bz, Ps xhf/b]lv 36L wg ;DklQ 7x/] ;os8f
aL;sf b/n] ljjfx vr{ k/ ;f/L h:tf] lx;fasf] c+z kfpF5 ;f]xL lx;fal;t bfdf;fxL u/L
ljjfx vr{ klg afFl8lbg' k5{ n]lvP adf]lhd a08f ubf{ ljjfx vr{ kfpg] Ps hjfg dfq /
c+z kfpg] c+lzof/ w]/} hjfg eO{ c+lzof/n] kfpg] c+z eGbf ljjfx vr{ w]/} kfpg] ePdf
c+lzof/ Ps hgfn] kfpg] c+zsf] rf/ v08sf] ltg v08 ;Dd ljjfx vr{ kfpF5 a9L kfpFb}g
efO efOsf] c+z ubf{d f eP efO efOsf] 5f]/f 5f]/Lx?nfO{ ljjfx vr{ k/ ;fg'{ kb}{g .
!* g+= ..

.. dfgf] g5'lO{;Fu a;]sf c+lzof/x? 5g\ eg] c+zlof/x?n] sdfPsf] wg /

nfPsf] C0f ;a} c+lzof/nfO{ efu nfU5 . P] g adf]lhd c+z ul/lng' lbg'k5{ . c+z geP klg
dfgf] 5'lO{ leGg a;]sf jf vlt pklt cfgf] cfgf] u/L cfgf] lx:;f;Fu dfq /fvL vfg'
175

lkpg' u/]sf]df Ps} 7fpFdf eP klg dfgf] 5'lO{ leGg ePsf] 7x5{ . To:tf]d f sdfPsf] wg
nfPsf] C0f cfgf] cfgf] x'G5 .
!( g+= ..

.. c+z glnPsf :jf:gL, 5f]/f jf ljwjf a'xf/L x' g] dflg;sf] rn crn

;DklQdf b]xfodf n]lvP adf]lhd x'G5

lktf k'vf{sf kfnfsf] rn crn u}x| ;DklQsf] xsdf rndf ;a} / crndf cfwL;Dd Jojxf/
rnfpgfnfO{ :jf:gL, 5f]/f jf ljwjf a' xf/Lsf] d~h"/L geP klg cfkm" v'z ug{ kfpF5 . crndf
cfwLeGbf a9L eg] Jojxf/ rnfpg]} k/] klg PSsfO{; jif{ gf3]sf] :jf:gL, 5f]/ f / ljwjf
a'xf/Lx?sf] d~h"/L lnO{ dfq vr{ ug{ x'G5 . d~h"/L glnO{ u/]sf] ;b/ x'+b}g=============== !
cfgf kfnfdf cfh]{sf] rn crn ;a} Ps :jf:gL jf Ps :jf:gLklsf 5f]/f dfq ePsfn] jf
c? 5f]/f :jf:gL d/L To:tf] cj:yf x' g cfPsfn] klg cfgf] v'z ug{ kfpF5 . Psb]lv a9\t f
:jf:gL jf Ps :jf:gLb]lv a9\tf :jf:gLklsf] 5f]/ f jf Pp6f :jf:gL / csf]{ :jf:gLklsf 5f]/f
ePsfn] ;f] ePsf cj:yfdf eg] dgk/]sf :jf:gL 5f]/ fnfO{ lbg afx]s cfgf] v'zL ug{ kfp+5 .
dg k/]sf sf] xL :jf:gL 5f]/ fnfO{ dfq as; ;d]t s]xL Joxf]/f ul/lbg eg] x'+b} g . ;a} :jf:gL
5f]/fnfO{ P]gn] kfpg] efu adf]lhd lbPsf] eP dfq ;b/ x'G5 ===================================@
dfly bkmf bkmfdf n]lvP adf]lhd cfkm" v'zL ug{ kfpg]d f :jf:gL, 5f]/ f / ljwjf a'xf/Lsf]
d~h"/ L geP klg / v'z ug{ gkfpg]df c+z glnPsf PSsfO{; jif{ gf3]sf :jf:gL, 5f]/f /
ljwjf a' xf/Lx?sf] d~h"/L eP dfq lktf k' vf{s f kfnfsf] cfh{gsf] ;d]t rn crn u}x| ;DklQ
dg k/]sf :jf:gL, 5f]/ f jf a'xf/LnfO{ lbg;d]t cfkm" v'zL u/]sf] ;b/ x'G5 ===================== #
dfly bkmf bkmfdf n]lvP adf]lhd cfkm" v'zL ug{ gkfpg] cj:yfdf klg cfgf] xssf] c+z hlt
eg] cfkm" v'zL ug{ kfpF5 ================================================================$

176

dfly n]lvP adf]lhd lbg kfpg] hlt c+z a08f gx'Fb} s'g} :jf:gL 5f]/f jf a' xf/LnfO{ lnvt u/L
lbPsf] hlt kl5 c+z a08f ubf{ a08f ug'{ kb}{ g . h;n] kfPsf] xf] p;n] Psnf}6L u/L vfg
kfpF5 . lbg gkfpg] lbPsf] /x]5 eg] kl5 a08f ubf{ ;f];d]t ;a} ;DklQdf ld;fO{ a08f
ul/lbg'k5{====================================================================== %
@) g+= .. .. c+zsf] gfln; k/L cfPsf]df c+z a08f ul/lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfPkl5 d'2f
km};nf gub}{ 3/sf] n]gb]g sfdsfh ug]{ hfgsf/;Fu o;} dxnsf @# gDa/ adf]lhd c+za08f
ug'{ kg]{ rn crn wg / C0f ;d]t u}x| >L ;DklQ olQs} xf], bjfP 5kfPsf] 5}g eGg] wd{
esfO{ kmfF 6 lnO{ a08f ul/lbg' k5{ . kmfF6 lbg' kg]{n] kmfF6 glb cl8of] eg] To:tfnfO{ kmf+6 jf/L
glbP;Dd o;} dxnsf @! gDa/ adf]lhd 5 dxLgf;Dd y'gL /fVg' k5{ . kmfF 6 lbPkl5 y'gfaf6
5f8L sfg"g adf]lhd a08f ul/lbg' k5{ .
@! g+= .. .. c+za08f ugf{nfO{ P]gn] kmfF 6 lbg'kg]{n] kmfF 6 glb lw\ ofO{ u/L a:bf
y'lgPsf]d f y'g]sf ldltn] b'O{ b'O{ dxLgfdf kmfF6 b]p eg] / c+z kfpF eGg]x?nfO{ klg ltdLx?n]
klg c+z a08f ug'{kg]{ hf] 5 ;f] ;a} 36L a9L gkf/L kmf6Fjf/L sfuh n]vL Nofp egL k"hL{ lbO{
e/kfO{ lng'k5{ . y'g]sf ldltn] 5 dxLgfleq y'lgPsfn] kmfF 6 lbP lnO{ P] g adf]lhd a08f
ul/lbg' k5{ . 5 dxLgfleq kmfF6 lbPg eg] ;f] xL Dofbleq c+z kfpF eGg]n] lbPsf] kmf+6 jf/L
sfuh lnO{ y'lgPsfnfO{ 5f8L c+z kfpF eGg]n] Psnf}6L vfgfsf nflu gb]vfPsf] jf gePsf]
wgdfn n]lvlbPsf] jf 36L a9L kf/L n]lvlbPsf] 5 eg] cfhsf k}t L; lbgleq hfx]/ ug'{
Dofbleq hfx]/ gu/]] kl5 ltd|f] c+lzof/n] Psnf}6L vfg]5 ltd|f] ph"/ nfUg] 5}g eGg] ;f]
lw\GofO{ ug]{n fO{ k"hL{ lbO{ e/kfO{ lnO{ ;f] Dofbleq hfx]/ u/] P] g adf]lhd a08f ul/lbg' k5{ .
gcfP c+z kfpF eGg]sf] xfd|f] ;DklQ c+z nfUg] d}n ] yfxf kfPsf] olQs} xf] d}n] 9fF6L 36L a9L
kf/L gePsf] dfn n]vL lbPsf] 7x/] P]g adf]lhd ;hfo ;d]t ug'{ eGg] d'r'Nsf n]vfO{ lnO{ ;f]
177

d'r'N sf adf]lhdsf] rn crn hf] 5 ;a} P]g adf]lhd lnO{ c+z a08f u/lbg' k5{ . bafPsf]df
gbafpg]n] P]g adf]lhd vfg kfpF5 . To:tf] lwGofO{ ug]{ rflx+sf] ph"/ nfUb}g .
@@ g+= .. .. c+z d'2fdf kmfF 6 lbg'kg]{ ul8of xflh/ geO{ Dofb tf/Lv u'hf/L a;]sf]d f
lghnfO{ tbf?v;fy kqmfp u/L kmfF6 lng'k5{ . af6fsf Dofb afx]s Ps dxLgf;Dd vf]htfnf;
ubf{ klg kQf gnfu]df jf kqmfp eO{ P]gsf Dofb;Dd y'Gbf klg kmfF 6 glbPdf c+z kfpF
eGg] af6 kmfF6 lnO{ kmfF 6 lbg'kg]{ dflg; xflh/ /x]sf] eP o;} dxnsf @! gDa/ adf]lhd u/L /
xflh/ g/x]sf] eP c+z kfpF eGg]n] Psnf}6L vfgfsf nflu gb] vfPsf]5 eg] af6fsf Dofb afx]s
k}+tL; lbgleq xflh/ eO{ hfx]/ ug'{ Dofbleq hfx]/ gu/]kl5 ltd|f] c+lzof/n] Psnf}6L vfg]5
egL ;f] kmfF 6sf] Psk|lt gSsn ;d]t k7fO{ Dofb 6fF;L lbg'k5{ . ;f] adf]lhd Dofb 6fFl;Psf]df
xflh/ eO{ hfx]/ u/]d f / gu/]df ;d]t ;f]xL @! gDa/ adf]lhd a08f ul/lbg'k5{ . c+zsf] kmfF6
lbg'kg]{n] kmfF6 glbO{ jf kqmfp eO{ gcfO{ c+z kfpg] af6 ;f] @! gDa/ adf]lhd kmfF6 lng' kg]{
ePdf ;f] c+zsf] bfjf ug]{n] klg s]xL sf/0fn] kmfF6 lbg ;lQmg eGof] eg] To;sf] ;f] xL
Joxf]/fsf] sfuh u/fO{ h'g avt kmfF6 tof/ u/L NofpF5 p;} avt a'L P]g adf]lhd afFsL
sf/jfxL ug]{ egL km}; nf ul/lbg' k5{ . To:tf] km};nf ePsf]d f kl5 kmfF6 tof/ u/L b/vf:t
lbg cfof] eg] ;f] b/vf:t a'L ;f] ldl;naf6 cl3 u/L g;s]sf] ug'{kg]{ afFsL sf/jfxL h] hlt
5 P]g adf]lhd u/L e/L e/fO{ hf] ug'{kg]{ ug'{k5{ .
@# g+= .. .. a08f ug'{kg]{ hUuf, 3/, wgdfn ;d]t sf] kmf+ 6jf/L v'nfO{ lb+bf hUufsf]
rf}tkmL{ lsNnf /f]kgL laufxf d'/L / lt/f] nfu]sf]d f ;f] ;d]t h] h] nfu]sf]5 ;f] klg / ;f]
gnfu]sf]df pAhgL / 3/sf] sjn gfn tnf rf/ lsNnf sRrL kSsL / cGbfhL df]n ;d]t /
3/hUuf afx]s c? yfg uGtL gfk tf}n d'/L uhsf b/n] laqmL x' g] lhG;L dfn eP /x]s f] yfg
uGtL gfk tf}nsf] tfobft vf]nfO{ To;sf] ufpF ahf/df rn]sf] laqmL b/n] x'g] gubLc+s ;d]t
178

v'Ng hfg]d f ;f] klg v'nfO{ v'N g g;Sg] hltdf cGbfhL df]n lauf] v'nfO{ lbg] lng] ug'{k5{ .
a9L kf/L df]n lauf] s;}sf] eGg] ph"/ k/]df ;fx" dxfhg enfb\dL ;d]t h;af6 df]n tf}n
ug'{k5{ u/fO{ lauf] sfod ug'{k5{ .
@$ g+= .. .. kmfF 6 lbg' kg]{;Fu ePsf] 9's'6Lsf] ;fF rf] ;f] kmfF 6 lbg'kg]{ 7x/]sf] ul8of Dofb
tf/Lv u'hf/L a;]sf] jf xflh/} /x]sf]df klg kmfF6 glb+bf c+z kfpg] af6 kmfF 6 lbg] lng] ePdf
To:tf] 9's'6 L v'nfO{ tfobftL v8f u/fO{ kfpF egL ph"/ uof] eg] cfn] ;f] ;fF rf] lng]
ul8of eP To;nfO{ ;d]t / ;f] gePdf Ps y/L dfq eP klg ul8of

/ :yfgLo

k~rfotsf sDtLdf Ps hgf ;b:o / sDtLdf c? b'O{ hgf enfb\d L;d]t /fvL tfNrf vf]nL
ePsf] tfobftL u/L a08f ul/lbg'k5{ .
@% g+= .. .. cfgf a08fdf k/L a08f p7fO{ lnO;s]kl5 kl5af6 lau|] gfl;Psf] /x]5
csf]{ ;f ul/kfpF eGg] ph"/ nfUg ;St}g .
@^ g+= .. .. c+z d'2fdf kmfF6 lbg'k g]{n] kmfF6 glbO{ c?n] lbPsf kmfF 6 af6 a08f eof] eg]
;f] kmfF6 glbg]nfO{ kmfF 6 glbP jfkt c? P]gn] x'g] ;hfodf kmf+6 glbPsf hDdfsf] ;os8f kfFr
?k}o fFsf b/n] yk hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ .
@& g+= .. .. bafP 5kfPsf] 5}g egL sfuh ul/;s]kl5 bafP 5kfPsf] 7xof] eg] Tof]
wgdfn bafpg]n] kfpFb}g . gbafpg] c? c+lzof/n] P]g adf]lhd c+z u/L vfg kfpF5 g\ . bafP
jfktsf] ;hfo x'+b}g.
@* g+= .. .. c+za08f ubf{ c;n sd;n ldnfO{ lbg] lng]sf dGh"/L ePsf]d f dGh"/ L
adf]lhd / dGh"/L gePsf]df uf]nf /fvL a08f ul/lbg' k5{ .

179

@( g+= .. .. c+za08f ePsf ldltn] tLg jif{leq cfgf c+z efudf k/]sf] rn crn
csf{sf] xssf] 7xl/Psf] jf ;f] tLg jif{leq gfln; k/]sf]af6 csf{sf] xssf] 7xl/g uPsf] eP
c+z vfg] ;a}af6 bfdf;fxLn] ;f egf{ lng kfpF5 .
#) g+= .. .. c+z a08f ubf{ ;fIfL /fvL sfg" g adf]lhd a08f 5'6\ ofO{ a08fkqsf] sfuh
v8f u/L lng] lbg]sf] / ;fIfLsf] ;d]t ;lx5fk u/L /lhi6]zg ug'{ kg]{df ;f] u/L /fVg'k5{ . ;f]
adf]lhd gePsf] a08f ;b/ x'+b}g.
#! g+= .. .. c+z efu 5'6\ofO{ kfpF eGg] gflnz k/]sf]d f c+z lbg'k g]{ egL ;fljt ePsf]
jf k|d f0faf6 kfpg] b]lvP c+zsf] kmf+6 bflvn e};s]kl5 d]/f] c+z lx:;fdf cfpg]hltsf]
cfo:tf /f]Ssf u/LkfpFm egL jfbLn] b/vf:t lbP p;n]] kfpg] efu hltsf] cfo:tf hUuf
ldRg]sf] dxnsf] !! gDa/ adf]lhdsf]

k'ofO{ a08f gx'GHofn;Dd /f]S sf u/L a08f e}; s]kl5

km's'jf ul/lbg' k5{ .

#@ g+= .. .. c+za08f ubf{ P] g adf]lhd ul/lbg' k5{ . 36L a9L ug{ x'+b}g. c+zdf lrQ
ga' g] ;f]x| jif{ gf3]sfn] a08fkqsf] sfuh ePsf ldltn] / ;f]x| jif{ d'lgsfn] ;f]x| jif{ gf3]sf
ldltn] tLg dxLgfleq gfln; gu/] nfUg ;Sg}t .
## g+= .. .. Psf3/;Fu 5Fbf c+z afF8 \g' kg]{ ;fhf hUuf hdLg 3/ v]t u}x| >L % sf]
;/sf/ nfu]sf] jf >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 sfg"g adf]lhd /f]Ssf ePsf] jf lgsf;f ge} /x]sf]
tna eQf;d]tsf] kfl/>lds u}x| leGg ePkl5 s'g} c+lzof/n] lkmtf{ u/fof] jf lgsf;f u/fO{
Nofof] eg] lgsf;f u/LNofP olt jf olt;Dd lbg] lng] egL lnvt ePsf]df ;f]xL lnvt
adf]lhd / lnvt gePsf]df >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 lkmtf{ u/fpg]n] ;f] lkmtf{ ePsf] ldltb]lv
tLg jif{;Dd crnsf] xsdf Psnf}6L ef]u u/L vfO{ rf}yf ;fnb]lv ;a} c+lzof/n] afF8L vfg
kfpF5g\ / rnsf] xsdf lgsf;f u/fpg] c+lzof/n] bzf}+b;Dd a9\t f lnO{ c? ;a} c+lzof/n]
180

afF8 L vfg kfpF5g\ . >L % sf] ;/sf/ afx]s c?n] vfO{/ fv]sf]d f s'g} c+lzof/n] lkmtf{ u/fO{
NofPsf] klg dfly n]lvP adf]lhd x'G5 .
#$ g+= .. .. c+z gkfpg]n ] kfpF egL gfln; u/] kqm]sf] lauf] ldl;naf6 b]lvPdf lauf]sf]
lx;fan] gkfpg] kqm]d f x'g] P] g adf]lhd / lauf] gb]lvPsf]d f cf}sft x]/L b'O{ ;o ?k} ofF;Dd
hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ .
#% g+= .. .. c+za08f g} gePsf] jf a08f x'Fb f ca08f uf]Zjf/fsf] lnvt ePsf] / lnvt
gePklg lx;fj zflGt b'a}y/sf] ef]u ePsf]d f hlxn];'s} klg / lnvt / ef]u} gePsf]d f cl3
a08f e} af+sL /x]sf] jf bafP 5kfPsf] kfpFm eGg cfPdf leGg leGg lhp;Dd dfq gfln;
nfU5 .

181

dxn !$
:qL c+z wgsf]
! g+= .. .. sGof, ;wjf jf ljwjf :jf:gLdflg;n] cfgf] cfh{gsf] rn crn cfgf] v'z
ug{ kfpF5g\ .
@ g+= .. .. sGof, ;wjf jf ljwjf :jf:gLdflg;n] kfPsf] cfgf] cfgf] c+zsf] rndf
;a} / crndf cfwf;Dd s;}sf] d~h"/ geP klg cfgf] v'z ug{ kfpF5 g\ . sGofn] afa' eP
afa'sf] / geP Psfpb/sf bfh' efO eP To:tf bfh' efOsf] / ;wjfn] nf]Ug]sf] / ljwjfn]
5f]/fx? eP 5f]/ fx?sf] d~h"/ L lnO{ crn klg ;a} cfgf] v'z ug{ kfp+5g\ . afa' Psfpb/sf
bfh' efO geP sGofn] / 5f]/ f gx' g] ljwjfn] tLg k':tfleqsf xsjfnf eP To:tf xsjfnfsf]
d~h"/ L glnO{ crnsf] rf/ v08sf] tLg v08eGbf a9L cfgf] v'z ug{ kfp+b}gg\ .
# g+= .. .. o;} dxnsf] @ gDa/ adf]lhd cfgf] v'z ug{ gkfpg] crn ;DklQaf6 To:tf
:jf:gLdflg;n] nufPsf] skfnL ;fx"sf] y}nL e/L e/fp x'g ;St}g .
$ g+= .. .. :jf:gLdflg;nfO{ dfOtL dfjnLklsf gft]bf/ Oi6ldqx?n] lbPsf] rn crn
/ To;af6 a9] a9fPsf] ;DklQ bfOhf] 7x5{ . nf]Ug] jf nf]U g]klsf c+lzof/n] ;a} c+lzof/x?sf]
dGh"/Lsf] lnvt u/L lbPsf] / nf]Ug]klsf c? gft]bf/ jf Oi6ldqn] lbPsf]df rn crn /
To;af6 a9] a9fPsf] ;DklQ k]jf 7x5{ .
% g+= ..

.. :jf:gLdflg;n] cfgf] bfOhf] k]jf cfgf] v'z ug{ kfp+5g\ . pm d/]kl5

o;n] vfg' egL lnvt u/L lbPsf] /x]5 eg] lnvt} adf]lhd x'G5 . To:tf] lnvt /x]g5 eg]
p;sf] ;Fu a;]sf 5f]/f eP To:tf] 5f]/fn], To:tf] 5f]/ f geP leGg a;]sf 5f]/ fn], To:tf] 5f]/f
geP nf]Ug]n], nf]Ug] geP sGof 5f]/Ln], sGof 5f]/L geP ljjfx ePsL 5f]/Ln], pm geP 5f]/fsf]
5f]/fn], 5f]/fsf] 5f]/f geP 5f]/Lsf] 5f]/ fn] / pm klg geP xsjfnfn] kfp+5 .
182

^ g+= .. .. nf]U g] :jf:gLsf] dxn adf]lhd nf]Ug] :jf:gLsf] ;DaGw ljR5]b ePdf jf
ljwjf :jf:gLn] cfgf nf]U g]sf] ;To 8ufPdf ;f] nf]Ug]sf tkm{a f6 kfPsf] c+z / To;af6 a9]
a9fPsf] ;DklQdf :jf:gLsf] xs /x+b}g . xsjfnfsf] x'g]5 .
& g+= ..

.. :jf:gLdflg;n] bfOhf] k]jf afx]s cfgf] xs k'Ug] c? ;DklQ s;}nfO{

cl3af6 bfg as; laqmL;d]t s]xL Joxf]/ f;Fu lbO5 / h;nfO{ bfg as; laqmL u/L lbPsf] xf]
p;}l;t s/0fLdf lau|L5 eg] ;f] lbO{ lnPsf] ;b/ x'+b}g . xs k'Ug]n] lkmtf{ ul/lng kfp+5 .
* g+= ..

.. o;} dxnsf] & gDa/df n]lvPsf] s'/fdf s/0fL k|s fz ePsf ldltn] /

c?df eP u/]sf ldltn] b'O{ jif{leq gfln; glbP nfUg ;St}g .

183

dxn !%
wd{k'qsf]
! g+= ..

.. wd{k'q /fVbf cfkm" hGd]sf Ps} e+'8Lsf ;Gtfgdf, To:tf] ;Gtfg geP ;f}t]g L

cfdfklsf] 5f]/fs]f ;Gtfgdf, To:tf] ;Gtfg klg geP Ps afh]sf ;Gtfgdf, Ps afh]sf
;GTffg klg geP 5f]/ Lx?sf 5f]/fdf, 5f]/ Lx?sf] 5f]/ f klg geP lhHo" afHo]sf ;Gtfgdf, To:tf]
;Gtfg klg geP lbbL alxgLsf 5f]/fdf, lbbL alxgLsf 5f]/f klg geP cfgf uf]qsf bfh'
efOsf] 5f]/ fdf /fVg'k5{ . To:tf gft]bf/ eP;Dd c? uf]qsf dflg; wd{k' q /fVg x'Fb} g . ;f]
qmdfg';f/ cl3Nnf x'g]nfO{ wd{k' q /fVgsf] lgldQ dfUbf lbPg eg] ;f] xL Joxf]/fs]f lnvt lnO{ /
lnvt klg lbPg eg] :yfgLo k~rfotnfO{ ;fIfL /fvL qmdfg';f/ p;kl5sf]n fO{ wd{k' q
/fVg'k5{ . ;f] qmd lj?4 jf /Lt gk' ofO{ /fv]sf] wd{k' q sRrf 7x{5 . To:tfn] cfg} hGdfpg]
afa'klsf] c+z kfp+5 .
@ g+= ..

.. 5f]/f x'g] nf]Ug]d flg;n] / nf]Ug] hLljt x'g] jf cfgf] jf cfgL ;f}t f

hf];'s}kl eP klg 5f]/f x'g] :jf:gLdflg;n] ;d]t wd{k'q /fVg x'+b}g. /fv]sf] eP klg ab/
x'G5 .
# g+ = .. .. wd{k' q /fVg kfpg]n] ;Gtfg 5f]/f gx'Fbf P] g adf]lhd /fVg x' g]n fO{ /Ltk"j{ssf]
lnvt u/L wd{k'q /flv;s]kl5 ;Gtfg 5f]/f hGDof] eg] klg cl3 wd{k'q /fv]s]f ab/ x'g ;St}g
. efO ;/xsf] c+z kfp+5 .
$ g+= ..

.. P]gn] wd{k'q /fVg'k g]{ xsjfnf ePklg kf+ r jif{ d'lgs]f afns af6f 3f6fdf

kfO{ NofO{ kfn]sf] /x]5 / To;nfO{ wd{k' q /fVg rfxG5 eg] /fVg kfp+5 . To:tf] afnssnfO{
wd{k'q g/fv]sf]d f lnvt eP lnvt} adf]lhd / lnvt geP kfNg]sf bof dfofnf] lbPsf] hlt

184

dfq kfp+5 . bof dfofn] s]xL lbPg eg] klg Tof] afnssf] pd]/ gk'u '~Hofn kfNg]sf OHht
cg';f/ vfg nfpg lbg'k5{ .
% g+= ..

.. 5f]/f gx' g] 5f]/L dfq x' g]n ] wd{k'q g/fvL ljjfx gx'Fb} 5f]/LnfO{ bf]n fhL /fVg

x'G5 . To:tf] bf]n fhL x' g]sf] nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLklsf] rn crndf bfjL ug{ kfp+b} g . :jf:gLn]
v'zLn] lbPsf] dfq kfp+5 . cfg} afa' lt/sf] c+z kfp+5 .
^ g+= ..

.. bf]nfhL x'g] 5f]/ Ls]f ;Gtfg geO{ ck'tfnL k/] Tof] ck'tfnL bf]n fhL

/fVg]klsf P]g adf]lhdsf] xsjfnfn] kfp+5 . 5f]/L dfq eP Tof] 5f]/LnfO{ klg cfdfn] cfgf
bf]nfhLsf] sfuh ;f}+kL bf]n fhLs} /Lt;Fu vfg' egL csf]{ sfuh n]vL lbPsf] eP 5f]/Ln] klg
bf]nfhLs} /Lt;Fu vfg x'G5 . xsjfnfsf] bfjf nfUb}g . n]vL glbPsf] eP ljjfx vr{ / ;os8f
bz;Dd bfOhf] kfp+5] . a9\t f xsjfnfsf] x'G5 .
& g++ .. .. bf]hfnL x' g]n] cfgf] 5f]/f 5f]/ L geP k}+t fnL; jif{ gf3] kl5 nf]Ug]nfO{ lnvt
ul/lbP nf]Ug]n] kfp+5 .
* g+= ..

.. wd{k' q / bf]nfhL x'g] 5f]/ Ln] wd{k' q jf bf]n fhL /fVg] afa'sf] xs P] g

adf]lhd kfp+5 g\ .
( g+= ..

.. hGdfpg] afa'klsf] c+zsf] lnvt u/L csf{sf] wd{k'q x'g uPsf] /x]5 eg]

lnvt eP dfq ;f] lnvt adf]lhd ul/lbg'k5{ .

!) g+= ..

.. afns kmfNg] kQf nfUof] eg] afa' cfdf b'a}s f ;Nnfxn] kmfn]sf] eP

b'j}sf] c+z / To; afnssf] ;d]t ToxL kfNg]nfO{ lbnfO{ kfNg nfpg' k5{ . Pshgfsf] dfq
dtna /x]5 eg] h;n] kmfn]sf] 5 p;}sf] / afnssf] c+z lbnfO{ lbg'k5{ . hf/L u/L hGdfPsf
eP afa'sf] / To; afnssf] c+z cfdfsf] bfOhf] k]jf c+z;d]t kfNg]nfO{ lbnfO{ lbg'k5{ . o;}
dxnsf] $ gDa/ adf]lhd wd{k'q g7xg]{d f To:tf] lbnfO{ lbPsf] ;DklQ To; afnssf] x'G5 .
185

!! g+= ..

.. P]g adf]lhds]f /Lt k'uL wd{k' q /fv] a;]kl5 rs geO{ ab/ ug{ x'Fb} g .

wd{k'q a:g]n] wd{k'q /fVg]nfO{ bf}nt cg';f/ vfg nfpg lbPg, 3/df /x]sf] wg bf}nt hUuf
hdLg a];Nnfxn] aflx/ nuL hqtq uof], s'6lk6 uof] u/fof] jf wd{k' q /fVg]s f] x]/rfxsf]
plrt k|aGw gu/L a];Nnfxn] 3/ 5f]8L lx+8\of] eg] To:tf wd{k' qnfO{ ab/ u5{ eg] ug{ kfp+5 .
ab/ x' g] wd{k' qn] cfkm"nfO{ hGdfpg] afa'kl c+z kfp+5 . n]lvPsf] r's geO{ wd{k' q /fVg]n]
vfg nfpg lbPg jf lgsfnf uof] eg] Tof] wd{k' q /fVg] af6 5f]/f ;/x P] g adf]lhd c+z u/L
lng' kfp+5 .
!@ g+= ..

.. P]gn] wd{k'q lbg lng x'g] xs k'Ug] eP klg Pp6f 5f]/f dfq ePsf c?

5f]/f ;Gtfg gePsfn] ;f] 5f]/fnfO{ wd{k'q lbg / /fVg]n] klg /fVg x'Fb}g . lbP lnP ab/ x'G5 .
!# g+= ..

.. P]gn] /fVg gx' g] wd{k' q /fv]sf] s'/fdf yfxf kfPsf b'O{ jif{leq gflnz

glbP nfUg ;St}g .

186

dxn !^
ck'tfnLsf]
! g+= ..

.. xsjfnf eg]sf] ;ft k':tf;Ddsf] k'? iftkm{sf] xf+ufdf ;a}eGbf glhssf]

c+lzof/ x'G5 . ;ft k':tf gf3]sf] 6f9fsf] bfh' efO x'G5 . glhs / 6f9fsf] xsjfnfdf
5'6\ofp+bf hf] d/L ck'tfnL k/]sf] xf] h;sf] cfg} k'?iftkm{sf] xf+u fdf ;Gtfg eP dg]{sf] d"n
k'?ifsf] c? xf+u fsf] xsjfnf glhssf] 7xb}{g .
@ g++ ..

.. ck'tfnL kbf{ dg]{sf nf]Ug], :jf:gL, 5f]/ f, 5f]/fsf 5f]/f jf ;Fu a;]sf c?

xsjfnf eP;Dd 5f]/Ln] ck't fnL kfp+lbg . To:tf xsjfnf geP sGof 5f]/Ln] kfp+5g\ . ;f]
5f]/Lsf] ljjfx eof] jf kf]On uO{ eg] To;n] kfPsf] ck'tfnLsf] cfwf ;f] 5f]/ Ln] / cfwf
tLgk':tf;Ddsf c? xsjfnf eP lghx?n] / To:tf xsjfnf geP ljjfx ePsL jf kf] On
uPsL c? 5f]/Ln] kfp+5g\ . sGof 5f]/L geP cfwf tLg k':tf;Ddsf c? xsjfnfn] / cfwf
ljjfx ePsL jf kf]On uPsL 5f]/ Ln] kf+p5g\ . sGyf 5f]/L tLgk':tf;Ddsf c? xsjfnf geP
ljjfx ePsL jf kf] On uPsf] 5f]/f]n] dfq kfp+5 g\ . sGof 5f]/ Ln] kfPsf] ck'tfnLsf] crndf
rf/ v08sf] tLg v08;Dd dfq cfkm" v'zL ug{ x'G5 .
# g++ ..

.. ;Fu a;]sf tLg k':tf;Ddsf xsjfnf sf]xL 5}gg\ / leGg e} a;]sf nf]Ug],

:jf:gL, 5f]/f jf 5f]/fsf] 5f]/ fn] x]/rfx gu/L 5f]/L jf 5f]/ L HjfO{+n] :ofxf/ ;+ef/ u/L kfn]sf]
/x]5 eg] To:tf] afa' cfdf jf ;f;" ;'/fsf] ck'tfnL kg{ cfPdf rn hlt ;a} / crndf cfwf
To:tf 5f]/L jf 5f]/L HjfO{+n] kfp+5 g\ . crnsf] cfwf dfq o;} dxnsf] @ gDa/ adf]lhd xs
k'Ug] nf]U g], :jf:gL, 5f]/f jf 5f]/fs]f 5f]/ fn] kfp+5g\ . To:tf] xsjfnf geP ;f] dg]{sf] ck't fnL
;a} tL 5f]/L HjfOn] vfg kfp+5g\, c? leGg ePsf xsjfnfn] kfp+b}gg\ .
187

$ g+= ..

.. ;Fu a;]sf jf leGg a;]sf afa' 5f]/ fdf cl3af6 5f]/f] / kl5af6 afa' d/L

ck'tfnL k/]sf]d f Tof] ck'tfnL 5f]/Lx?n] kfpg] /x]5g\ eg] afa'sL 5f]/L / 5f]/ fsL 5f]/ L b'a} eP
b'a}n] af+8L vfg kfp+5g\ . leGg ge} ;Fu a;]sf c? c+lzof/x?df ;a} d/L ck'tfnL kfpg]
ePdf ;a} c+lzof/sf 5f]/ Lx?n] P]g adf]lhd af+8L vfg kfp+5g\ . n]lvP afx]s c? cj:yfdf
kl5af6 hf] d/L ck't fnL k/]sf] xf] p;}lt/sf 5f]/Ln] dfq ck'tfnL kfp+5g\ .
% g+= ..

.. leGg ge}+ ;Fu a;]sf c+lzof/ ;a} d/]sf] v08df 5f]/Lx?n] ck't fnL kfpg]

ePdf To:tf] c+lzof/x?dWo] af+r]sf c+lzof/n] cfgf] 5f]/LnfO{ dfq n]vL lbg x'Fb}g .
^ g+= ..

.. Ps} :jf:gLkl jf Psb]lv a9L :jf:gLklsf ;Gtfg x' g] afa' cfdfn] cfkm"

/ ;a} :jf:gL 5f]/f a'xf/Lx?nfO{ ;d]t P]g adf]lhd c+z a08f u/L bL lnO{ sf]xL :jf:gL 5f]/f
a'xf/L;Fu cfgf] c+z ldnfO{ a;]sf]d f afa' cfdf d/L ck'tfnL kof] eg] Tof] ck'tfnL ;Fu
a;]sf :jf:gL 5f]/f a'xf/Ln] dfq kfp+5g\ . lnvt eP lnvt adf]lhd x'G5 .
& g+= ..

.. ;Fu a;]sf c+lzof/ sf] xL gePsf s;}nfO{ ck't fnL vfg kfpg] c?

xsjfnfn] :ofxf/ ;+ef/ gubf{ Psf afa' af6 hGd]sf lbbL alxgLn] :ofxf/ ;+ef/ u/L /fv]sf]
/x]5 eg] Tof] d/L ck'tfnL k/] lnvt eP lnvt adf]lhd x'G5 . lnvt geP To:tf] :ofxf/
;+ef/ ug]{ lbbL alxgLn] rn hlt ;a} / crndf dg]{sf 5f]/fklsf ;Gtfg 5f]/fx? jf c? tLg
k':tf;Ddsf xsjfnf eP cfwL / To:tf ;Gtfg jf xsjfnf geP ;a} vfg kfp+5 g\ .
* g+= .. .. xsjfnf / 5f]/L 5}gg\ eg] dg]{sf] ck'tfnL 5f]/Lsf] 5f]/fx?n] vfg kfpF5 g\ .
( g+= ..

.. Ps} :jf:gLklsf 5f]/f /x]5g\, P] g adf]lhd c+z a08f u/L lnO{ lbO{ c?

5f]/f a]Un} a;]5 g\, Psf 5f]/f a'xf/Lkl cfkm" a;]sf] /x]5 / ;Fu a:g] 5f]/f a' xf/Ln] :ofxf/
;+ef/ gubf{ cfgf] hf] ePsf] c+z lhpgL lnO{ csf]{ 5f]/f a' xf/L;Fu a:g uPsf] dof] eg] kl5

188

;Fu a:g uPsfn] vfg kfp+5g\ . c+z lhpgL lnO{ a:g uPsf] /x]g5 s]xL sf/0fn] s]xL lbg
a:g uPsf]df d/]sf] eP Tof] ck'tfnL s]xL lbg a:g uPsf] 5f]/f a'xf/L xsjfnfn] kfp+b}g g\ .
!) g+= ..

.. Ps} cfdfklsf 5f]/ f dfq 5g\ P] g adf]lhd c+z a08f ePkl5 afa' cfdf

dfq a] Un} a;]sf /x]5 g\ jf Ps 5f]/ fl;+t a;]sf /x]5g\ eg] nf]Ug] d/]sf] eP nf]Ug]sf] c+z
lhpgL :jf:gLsf] x'G5 . :jf:gL d/L eg] nf]Ug]s f] x'G5 . c+z lnO{ 5'lPsL :jf:gL d/L eg] 5f]/f
eP 5f]/fn] / 5f]/f geP nf]Ug]n ] kfp+5 . oL geP ;f}t]gL 5f]/fn] kfp+5 .
!! g+= ..

.. 5f]/f 5f]/ Ln] ;+ef/ gubf{ xsjfnf jf bfh' efOn] :ofxf/ ;+ef/ u/]sf] /x]5

eg] Tof] d/L ck't fnL kof] eg] Tof] ck'tfnLsf] rndf ;a} / crndf cfwf ;f] :ofxf/ ;+ef/
ug]{ xsjfnf jf bfh' efOn] / cfwf P]g adf]lhdsf xsjfnfn] kfp+5g\ .
!@ g+= ..

.. s'g} efO c+z nL leGg a;]sf] / s'g} efO;Fu a;]sf]d f ;Fu a;]sf efOdf

s'g} efO d/L ck'tfnL kof] eg] leGg ePsf] efOn] kfp+b} g . ljdft[s eP klg ;Fu a;]sfn]
dfq kfp+5 . ;Fu a;] klg vfg' lkpg' cfgf c+zaf6 cfgf lx:;f adf]lhd /fvL vfPsf
/x]5g\ eg] ;Fu a;]sf] eP klg To:tf]df / leGg a;]sf efO efOsf] ck'tfnLdf ;d]t dg]{
efOsf] ;xf]b/ efOx?n] kfp+5g\ . ljdft[s klsfn] kfp+b}gg\ .
!# g+= .. .. j]Zofsf 3/df uO{ a;L nf]Ug] pxL+ dof] eg] To;n] a]Zofsf 3/df k'ofPsf
wg j]Zofs} x'G5 . a] Zof :jf:gL h;n] /f] v]sf] 5 p;}n] /fVbf d/L eg] h' g nf]Ug];Fu a:bf
d/]sL 5 p;} nf]Ug]n ] / p;} nf]Ug]sf aLo{n] hGd]sf 5f]/fn] kfp+5 .
!$ g+= .. .. P] gsf] /Lt k' ofO{ 5f]8]sL jf j]Z of ePsL dfOtLsf 3/df cfO{ a;]sL jf
a]Un} 3/ t'N ofO{ dfOtLn] vfg nfpg bL kfn]sL 5f]/f 5f]/ L gePsL :jf:gLdflg; d/L eg]
p;sf] hf] ePsf] ;DklQ dfOtLn] g} vfg kfp+5g\ . ;f] adf]lhd dfOtLn] gkfn]sf] jf dfOtLdf
ga;]sf]d f To:tf] :jf:gLdflg; d/]kl5 p;sf] ;DklQ >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] x'G5 .
189

!% g+= .. .. ck'tfnL vfg kfpg]n] ck't fnL vfGg eg] s/ nfUb}g . ck't fnL vfP klg
gvfP klg dg]{sf] ;but eg] ug'{ u/fpg' k5{ .
!^ g+= .. .. xsjfnfn] ck'tfnL gvfPdf dg]{sf] ;bub u/L afFsL /xsf] ;DklQ ;fx" eP
;fx"n] bfdf;fxLn] kfpF5g\ . ;fx" g} geP ;a} / ;fx" lt/L a9\tf eP ;f] a9\t f eP hlt ;DklQ
>L % sf] ;/sf/sf] x'G5 .
!& g+= .. .. s'g} u[x:yL g]kfn ;/xbleq dof] / ;f] 7fpFdf lghsf] xsbf/ sf]xL /x]g5 /
;DklQ /x]5 eg] ;f] 7fpFsf] lhldbf/ tfn'sbf/ / lghx? geP lghx?sf] bfd sfd ug]{ JolQmn]
;f] s'/fsf] ;"rgf :yfgLo k~rfotnfO{ lbg'k5{ / :yfgLo k~rfotn] klg To:tf] lhldbf/
tfn'sbf/ jf bfdsfd ug]{ JolQm / sDtLdf b'O{ hgf :yfgLo enfb\dL ;fIfL /fvL ;f] dg]{sf]
wgdfn tfobft u/L ;f] tfobftLsf] Ps k|lt d'r'N sf ;lxt ;f] s'/fsf] hfx]/ L glhssf] u9L,
uf}+8f, uf]:jf/f jf dlhi6] 6 clkm;df k7fpg' k5{ . ;f] adf]lhdsf] hfx]/ L cfPdf u9L, uf}+8 f,
uf]:jf/f jf dlhi6] 6 clkm;n] klg ;f] dg]{ dflg; kmnfgf 7fpFsf] xf] eGg] kQf nfu] dg]{sf
xsjfnfsf gfpFd f P] g adf]lhd tLg dxLg] Dofb k7fpg' k5{ . Dofbleq xsjfnf cfP bzf}+b
lnO{ P]gsf] /Lt k'ofO{ lghnfO{ a'fO{ lbg'k5{ . Dofbleq xsjfnf sf] xL cfPg jf kQf nfu]g
eg] Tof] ck't fnL >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] x'G5 .
!* g+= .. .. s'g} e] ifwf/L g]k fn clw/fHoleq dof] eg] To;sf] wgdfn hf] 5 p;sf]
jfl/; eP p;nfO{ lbg' k5{, geP h' g e] ifsf] ck'tfnL h' g e] ifsf] dxGtn] lng' eGg] sfg" gL
Joj:yf ePsf] 5 p;n] tL dg]{sf] e]if cg';f/ ;but u/L vfg kfpF5 g\ . ;f] dg]{sf] wg ;DklQ
geP klg h'g e]ifsf] xf] p;} e]ifsf] ck'tfnL vfg]n] ;but u/fpg' k5{ .
!( g+= .. .. s;}n] s'g} l/; OaLn] s;}nfO{ df/]df ;f] dfg]{ jf lghsf ;Gtfgn] ;f] dg]{ jf
lghsf] ;Gtfgsf] / s;}n] ck'tfnL vfgsf] nflu s'g} :jf:gL dflg;nfO{ kmnfgfl;t lau|]sL 5
190

egL em'f s'/ f kf]n] kf]nfP jf ;f] s'/fsf] hfn;femL u/] u/fPdf ;f] kf]N g] kf]nfpg] jf hfnhf;L
ug]{n] Tof] :jf:gLdflg;sf] kl5 ck'tfnL vfg kfpFb}g .
@) g+= .. .. o; dxndf cGoq xb Dofb n]lvPsf] s'/fdf afx]s ck'tfnL k/]sf] tLg
jif{leq gfln; glbP nfUg ;St}g .

191

dxn !&
n]g b]g Jojxf/sf]
! g+= .. .. sfg"g adf]lhd lnvt gu/L n]gb]g Jojxf/ u/]sf]df gfln; nfUg ;St}g .
/lhi6]zg kf; e} /fv]s f]df afx]s c? s'g} lnvt b}jL k/]df ;f] k/]sf] ldltn] af6fsf Dofb
afx]s ;ft lbgleq b'O{ k|lt b/vf:t n]vL cfg'' ;lx5fk u/L cfgf ghLssf] k[ln; clkm;df
lbg'k5{ . To:tf] b/vf:t kg{ cfPdf Ps k|lt cfsf] ;|]:tfdf btf{ u/L csf]{ k|ltdf cfsf] 5fk
/ cfgf] b:tvt u/L b/vf:tjfnfO{ lkmtf{ lbg'k5{ . b}jL k/]sf] kGw|| lbgleq c;fdLn] jf lgh
dl/;s]sf] eP To;sf] ck'tfnL vfg] xsbf/n] b}jL k/]sf] Joxf]/f hgfO{ csf]{ lnvt u/L glbP
;f] Dofb gf3]sf] k}+tL; lbgleq cl3 lnvt e}/x]sf] / b}jL k/]sf] kSsf k|df0f b] vfO{ gfln; lbO{
cfg'" xs sfod u/fO{ /fVg'k5{ . ;f] adf]lhd u/fO{ g/fv]d f gfln; nfUg ;St}g .
@ g+= .. .. td;'s ePsf ldltn] bz jif{leq s]xL Aofh c;"n klg gePsf] efvfkq klg
gu/fPsf]df ;f] Dofbkl5 gfln; nfUg ;St}g . bz jif{sf] aLrdf efvfkq u/fPsf] jf s]xL
Aofh c;"n u/]sf] /x]5 eg] ;f] ldltn] km]/L bz jif{sf] Dofb kfpF5 . ef]u jf b[li6 aGwssf]
xsdf o;} dxnsf] # gDa/ adf]lhd x'G5 .
# g+ = .. .. ef]u jf b[li6aGws n] vfO{ lnPsf]df ef]uaGwssf] xsdf lnvt ePsf] ldltn] /
b[li6aGwsLsf] xsdf efvf gf3]sf ldltn] b'O{ jif{leq aGws lnPsf] crn ;DklQ ;fx"n] jf
lghsf tkm{a f6 rng ug'{k5{ jf rng ug{ glbP rng rnfO{ dfUg gfln; lbg'k5{ . ;f]
Dofbleq gfln; glbPdf aGwsL lnvt skfnL ;/x x'G5 .
$ g+= .. .. Jofh e/fpg' kg]{ d'2fdf ;fx"sf] jf c;fdLsf] eP klg ckLn k/L ckLnaf6
klg e/fpg] u/L km};nf ePdf tNnf] cfaf6 e/fPsf] Jofhdf ckLn km};nf ePsf
ldlt;Ddsf] P]g adf]lhdsf] Aofh ;d]t ykL e/fO{ lbg'k5{ .
192

% g+= .. .. ;fx" c;fdLn] ;fFjf Jofh;d]t ln+bf a' fpFb f b]xfo adf]lhdsf] /Lt k' ofO{
lng' lbg'k5{ . ;f] adf]lhd gu/]sf] ;b/ x'+b}g
;fFjf hDd} a' fpFbf c;fdLn] ;f] ;DaGwdf ul/lbPsf] lnvt kmf u/fO{ jf ;f]xL lnvtdf
c;"nL hgfpg nufO{ a' fpg' k5{ . s'g} sf/0fn] ;f] lnvt km]nf gk/]d f ;f] xL Joxf]/ f hgfO{
;fx"af6 e/kfO{ u/fO{ lng'k5{ =================================================================!
;fFjfdWo] s]xL dfq a'fpFbf jf Jofh a' fpFbf c;fdLn] ;fx"af6 dfly ! bkmfdf n]lvP
adf]lhd e/kfO{ u/fO{ lnO{ oyf;Dej td;'s, vftfaxL jf e/kfO{ ;d]t ;f] ;fFjfsf] ;DaGwdf
cl3 h'g lnvt ePsf] 5 ;f] lnvtsf] kL7df ;f] Joxf]/ f vf]nL n]vL c;fdLsf] ;lx5fk ug'{
u/fpg' k5{ . ;f] b/kL7 ug]{ sfuhdf b/kL7sf] Joxf]/f gc6fPdf csf]{ sfuh ufF;L n]vL aGbdf
;d]t ;f] adf]lhd ;lx5fk ug'{ u/fpg' k5{ ================================================================@
^ g+= .. .. shf{ n]gb]g ePsf]d f Jofhsf] Jofh lng x'Fb} g, lnO;s]sf] eP klg lkmtf{
ug'{k5{ . lnvtdf Jofh gn]lvPsf]d f Jofh kfpFb} g . jif{ Pssf] ;fFjfsf] ;os8f bzeGbf 36L
Jofh n]lvPsf]df lnvt adf]lhd g} x'G5 . lnvtdf Jofh lng] lbg] s'/f n]vL Jofhsf] c+s
glsl6Psf]df jf jif{ Pssf] ;fFjfsf] ;os8f bzeGbf a9L Jofhsf] c+s n]lvPsf]df jf P]g
adf]lhd Jofh e/fpg' kg]{ c? cj:yfdf ;fx"nfO{ c;fdLaf6 Jofh e/fpFbf jif{ Pssf] ;fFjfsf]
;os8f bzeGbf a9L e/fpg' x'+b}g. Jofh gn] vL d'gfkmf lng] lbg] s'/ f n]lvPsf]df klg Jofh
;/x g} x'G5 .
& g+= .. .. Jofh e/fO{ lng' kbf{ ;fFjfdWo] s] xL klg c;"n gePsf] eP To; ;fFjfsf] /
s]xL c;"n ePsf] /x]5 eg] afFsL ;fFjfsf] a/fa/ eGbf a9L e/fOg] 5}g .
* g+= .. .. 3/sf] d'Vo e} sfdsfh ug]{ jf ;uf]nd} a;L ljleGg 7fpFdf 3/, v]tL, Jofkf/
jf c? s'g} sfd u/L a:g] pd]/ k'u]sf hfgsf/ nf]U g]dflg; jf :jf:gLdflg; cfkm" a;L sfd
193

u/]sf] 7fpFsf] d'Vo 7x5{g\ . To:tf d'Von] u/]sf] Jojxf/ jf Psf3/sf pd]/ k'u]sf c?n]
u/]]sf]d f d'Vo hfgsf/sf] klg ;lx5fk jf lnvt ePsf] Jojxf/ dfq uf]Zjf/f wgaf6 rN5 .
( g+= ..

.. o;} dxnsf] * gDa/ adf]lhd d'Vo e} sfdsfh u/]sf]df afx]s c?

cj:yfdf afa' jf nf]U g]sf] lnvt ge} 5f]/f jf :jf:gLn] s'g} Jojxf/ u/]sf] /x]5 eg] afa' jf
nf]Ug]sf] wgdf To:tf 5f]/f jf :jf:gLsf] xs gk'u ];Dd ;fx"n] ;f] wgdf ;dfpg kfpFb}g . 5f]/f
jf :jf:gLn] cfkm}+ cfh{ g u/]sf] jf cfkm" v'zL ug{ kfpg] ;DklQaf6 / afa' jf nf]Ug]n] cfkm"
v'zLn] lt/L lbPhlt dfq lng kfp+5 . To:tf 5f]/f jf :jf:gLsf] cfgf] cfh{gsf] jf cfkm" v'zL
ug{kfpg] ;DklQ /x]g5 eg] To:tfnfO{ afa' jf nf]Ug]sf] wgdf xs gk'u];Dd w/ kSs8 ug{
klg xF'+b}g . o:tf]df bz jif{leq gflnz u/L cfgf] xs sfod u/fO{ /fv] dfq ;f] wgdf To:tf
5f]/f jf :jf:gLsf] xs k'u ]kl5 ;fx"n] P]g adf]lhd u/L lng kfp+5 . To:tf]d f c;fdLsf] xs
k'u]sf ldltn] b08 ;hfosf] dxnsf] $@ gDa/ adf]lhdsf] e/L e/fpsf] b/vf:t lbg] Dofb z'?
x'G5 .
!) g+= .. .. c+z geO{ Psf3/;Fu a;]sfn] crn ;DklQ a]rlavg ubf{ jf s'g} lsl;dn]
xs 5f8L lb+bf P]gn] cfkm" v"zL ug{ kfpg] c?sf] dGh"/L lng' gkg]{d f afx]s c?df
Psf3/;Fu sf ;a}sf] d~h"/Lsf] lnvt u/L lbPsf] eP dfq kSsf 7x5{ . dGh"/Lsf] lnvt geP
dGh"/ gx' g]n ] /lhi6]zg ePsf] ldltn] / /lhi6]zg ug'{ gkg]{d f bflvn vf/]h ePsf] ldltn] Ps
jif{;Dddf yfxf kfPsf] k}+tL; lbgleq ph"/ uof] / lghsf] dGh"/L 7xl/Pg eg] lghsf] xs
hlt ;f] ;DklQ lghnfO{ lkmtf{ u/fO{ lbg'k5{ . ;f] adf]lhd lkmtf{ ePsf]d f ;fx"sf] y}nL k/]sf]
eP ;f] lkmtf{ eP hltsf] y}nL ;f] ;DklQ a]rlavg u/L jf c? s'g} lsl;dn] xs 5f8L
lbg]af6 ;fx"n] skfnL ;/x c;"n u/L lng kfpF5 . cfkm"n] cfh]{sf] eP ;Fu a:g]sf] d~h"/L lng'
kb}{g . a]rlavg;d]t u}x| ug{ x'G5 .
194

!! g+= .. .. s;}n] cfgf] xs k'Ug] rn crn u}x| laqmL u/]sf]d f lghsf] s'g} xsjfnfn]
;f] ;DklQ lgvgL lng rfx]df ;f] a]r] lsg]sf] lnvt /lhi6]zg ePsf] ldltn] / /lhi6]zg ug'{
gkg]{df bflvn vfl/h ePsf ldltn] 5 dxLgf;Dddf yfxf kfPsf] k}+t L; lbgleq ;f] xsjfnfn]
lgvgL lng kfp+5 . ;f] Dofb gf3] kl5 lsg] a] r]sf] kSsf x'G5 . Psf3/ ;uf]ndf d'V on] yfxf
kfPsf]d f ;uf]ndf ePsf ;a} xsjfnfn] yfxf kfPsf] 7x5{ . xsjfnfn] lgvgL lng kfpg]
cj:yfdf w]/} xsjfnfn] lgvGg rfx]df ;a}eGbf glhssf] xsjfnfn] / To:tf] glhssf]
a/fa/sf xsjfnf klg w]/ }n] lgvGg rfx]d f ;f]dWo] ;lGw ;k{g kg]{ xsjfnfn] / To:tf] ;lGw
;k{g kg]{ xsjfnf geP glhssf a/fa/sf xsjfnfdf ;a}n] bfdf;fxLn] lgvGg kfp+5 g\ .
glhssf] xsjfnfn] lsg]sf]df eg] o; gDa/ adf]lhd 6f9fsf] csf]{ xsjfnfn] lgvGg kfp+b}g .
!@ g+= .. .. s'g} crn ;DklQ ;f] ;DklQsf] wgLn] xsjfnf afx]s c?nfO{ laqmL u/L
lbPsf]d f o;} dxnsf] !! gDa/ adf]lhd xsjfnfn] Dofbleq lgvgL glnPdf ;f] Dofb gf3]sf]
k}+tL; lbgleq b]xfosf JolQmx?n] b]xfo adf]lhd lgvgL lng kfp+5g\ ================================
hUuf laqmL u/]sf]df ;f] hUuf sdfpg] ls;fgn] lnP lghn] / lghn] glnP jf ;f] hUufsf]
To:tf] ls;fg g} geP ;f] hUuf laqmL x' g'eGbf cl3 Ps jif{leq ef]u aGws lbOPs]f /x]5 eg]
;a}eGbf kl5 ef]u aGws lnPsf] ;fx"n] / lghn] klg lgvGg grfx]d f ;lGw;k{g kg]{ c?
JolQmn] lgvgL lng kfp+5 ======= !
Pp6} 3/sf] leGg leGg lx:;fsf] leGg leGg wgL ePsf] cj:yfdf 3/sf] s'g} lx:;fsf] wgLn]
cfgf] lx:;fhlt laqmL u/L lbPsf]d f ;f] 3/sf] csf]{ lx:;fsf] wgLn] lgvGg vf]h]sf]df lghn]
lgvGg kfp+5 . To:tf] lgvGg kfpg] JolQm w]/} ePdf tL dWo] ;a}eGbf dsf{ kg]{ JolQmn] lgvgL
lng kfp+5 ============= @

195

dfly @ bkmf adf]lhd lgvGg kfpg] JolQmn] lgvgL glnPdf jf bkmfdf n]lvPsf] cj:yf
afx]ssf] 3/sf] xsdf ;f] 3/ laqmL ubf{ axfndf al;/x]sf] JolQmn] / To:tf] JolQm w]/} eP
tLdWo] ;a}eGbf dsf{ kg]{ JolQmn] lgvGg kfp+5 ========================================================#
dfly @ / # bkmfdf n]lvPsf JolQmx? geP jf eP klg lgvgL lng grfx] ;f] 3/ laqmL
x'g'eGbf cl3 Ps jif{leq ef]u aGws lbOPsf] /x]5 / ;a}eGbf kl5 ef]u aGws lng] ;fx"n]
lgvgL lng rfxG5 eg] lghn] lgvgL lng kfp+5 ======================================================= $
dfly @, # jf $ bkmfdf n]lvPsf JolQmx? g} geP jf eP klg lgvgL lng grfx] ;f] 3/sf]
;lGw;k{g kg]{ c? JolQmn] lgvgL lng kfp+5 ========================================================= %
!# g+= ..

.. s'g} crn ;DklQ aGwsL;Dd /fv]sf]d f c+z a08f eO{ 5'lPsf] ;lGw;k{ g

kg]{ P] g adf]lhdsf] xsjfnfn] wgLn] P]g adf]lhdsf] ofddf lgvGg cfPsf avt lgvGg lbg]
u/L c?sf] k/]sf] y}n L lt/L o;} dxnsf] !! gDa/df n]lvP adf]lhdsf] Dofbleq lgvgL lng
kfp+5 . ;lGw;k{g afx]ssf]n ] eg] wgL / wgLsf ;Gtfg eP;Dd pgn] lbP dfq lgvgL lng
kfp+5 . wgL / wgLsf ;Gtfg geP ck't fnL vfg]n] aGwssf] k|d f0f k'ofof] eg] k/]sf] y}nL
lt/L lgvgL lng kfp+5 .
!$ g+= .. .. rn crn ef]u aGws lbPsf]df bz jif{d f ga9fO{ efvf /fvL ;f] efvfsf]
Dofbleq ;f] ef]uaGws lgvgL glng] u/L s/f/ eP u/]sf]df ;f]xL adf]lhd / c?df c;fdLn]
ef]u jf b[li6aGwsL hlxn]; 's} lgvGg cfP klg ;fx"n] cfgf] y}n L a'L lnO{ lgvGg lbg' k5{ .
aGwsL lbPsf] ;DklQ hUuf /x]5 eg] hUuf khgLsf] dxndf n]lvPsf] ofd gf3]kl5 y}nL
a' fPsf]d f ;f] jif{sf] afnL ;fx"s} x'G5 .
!% g+= .. .. b[li6aGws lb+bf ln+bf kfFr jif{eGbf a9Lsf] efvf /fVg x'+b} g;f] efvf gk'u L
;fx"n] y}nLdf 606f ug{ jf lwtf] rng ug{ kfpFb}g .
196

!^ g+= .. .. y}nL lt/L lgvgL lng kfpg] u}x| s'/fdf lgvgfO{ kfpF egL cfdf ph"/ ug{
cfpFbf y}nL yfxf ePsf]d f y}nL;d]t NofO{ w/f} 6 /fVg' k5{ . y}nL yfxf gePsf]d f k|ltpQ/ k/L
d'v ldn]sf]d f ;f] k|ltpQ/ k/]sf] k}+tL; lbgleq / d'v gldng]sf]d f a'emfpg kfpg] 7x/L
km};nf eO{ ckLnsf] tx;Ddaf6 km};nf ePkl5 jf P] gn] ckLn gnfUg] cj:yf k'u ]s]f k}+t L;
lbgleq ;f] ltg'{kg]{ y}nL cfdf NofO{ w/f}6 /fVg'k5{ . ;f] Dofbleq y}n L w/f}6 /fVg NofPg eg]
c;fdLn] g} aGws lgvgL lng] afx]s c?n] c? lgvgL lng] s'/f lgvgL lng kfp+b}g . lnP
lbPsf] kSsf x'G5 . c;fdLn] g} aGwsL lgvgL lng] s'/fdf klg ;f] gflnz km};nfaf6 lgvgfO{
lbg' kb}{g . ;fx"n] ga'em] y}nL w/f}6 /fvL ph"/ u/]d f lgvgfO{ lbg'k5{ .
!& g+= .. .. cfdf y}nL w/f} 6 /fvL ph"/ u/]df a' g' kg]{ a' L glnPsf] 7xof] eg]
cfdf w/f} 6 /fv]s f] ldltb]lvsf] Jofh afnL jf axfn / lnvtdf n]lvPsf] s'/f ;d]tdf ;fx"sf]
xs k'Ub}g .
!* g+= .. .. ;f]x| jif{ gk'u]sf gfafnsn] u/]sf] n]gb]g Jojxf/ ;b/ 7xb}{g . To;sf]
wgsf] lxkmfht ug]{ dflg; ;d]tsf] ;lx5fk u/fPsf] /x]5 eg] dfq ;b/ 7x5{ . To;n] klg ;f]
gfafnssf] wg laufg{sf nflu a]OdfgL u/]]sf] /x]5 eg] lghaf6 To;sf] lauf] e/fO{ ;f] lauf]sf]
;os8f kRrL; hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ .
!( g+= .. .. ;fx"sf] lauf] jfkt c;fdLsf] hfohft u/L e/fpFbf pk/ x'g g;s]sf]d f
b]xfo adf]lhd x'G5 ============================================================================================
Jofkf/nfO{ shf{ lnP lbPsf]d f ;f] shf{ lng] jf shf{ lnbf z/Ls eO{ sfd ug{] jf ;f] lnvtdf
dGh"/ eO{ ;xL5fk ug]{ Psf3/;Fusf c+lzof/x?sf gfpFd f gfln; k/]df d'Von] gf]S;fgLsf]
kmfF6 lbg'k5{ . ;f] gf]S;fgLsf] kmfF 6 lb+bf rf]/ L cfunfuLdf k/]sf] kfgLdf 8' aL a]kQf ePsf] /
nxgf k/]sf] ldgfxf lb+bf gf]S;fgLsf] kmfF6 k'Uof] eg] ;f]] c;fdLn] a]OdfgL u/]sf] 7xb}{g s}b klg
197

x'+b}g. n]lvPb]lv afx]s c? s'/f e} gf]S;fg k/]]sf] eg]sf] / n]lvP adf]lhd gf]S ;fgL ePsf]
eg]df klg gf]S ;fgLsf] ;a"b u'hfg{ g;sL hfohft u/fO{ ;fx"sf] wg gk'U g] ePdf ;fx"sf] wgdf
a]OdfgL u/]sf] 7x5{ . To:tfdf s}b u/L kfpF egL b08 ;hfosf] dxnsf] $@ gDa/ adf]lhd
;fx"n] b/vf:t lbof] eg] Ps;o ?k} ofF;Dd gk'Ug] ePdf Ps dxLgf;Dd, Ps;ob]lv dfly
kf+r;o;Dd gk'u ePdf tLg dxLgf;Dd, kf+r;ob]lv dfly Psxhf/;Dd gk'u ePdf 5
dxLgf;Dd / ;f]eGbf dfly hlt;'s} gk'u eP klg Ps jif{; Dd lauf] x]/ L thaLhn] s}b
ul/lbg'k5{ . n]lvP afx]s c? p;sf Psf3/;Fu sf c+lzof/ jf ck'tfnL vfg]x?;d]t sf gfpFdf
gflnz u/]sf]df eg] hfohft u/L e/fpFbf gk'u ]sf]df logLx?n] gf]S ;fgLsf] kmfF 6 lbg'kb}{g s}b
klg x'g ;Sb}g ====================================================================================================!
dfly ! bkmfdf n]lvP adf]lhd Jofkf/nfO{ afx]s c? jfktdf shf{ lnP lbPsf]d f hfohft u/L
e/fpFbf gk'u ePdf gf]S;fgLsf] kmfF6 lbg' eg] kb}{g . hfohft eO{ gk'u ]sf]df s}b u/fO{kfpF
egL ;fx"n] b08 ;hfosf] dxnsf] $@ gDa/ adf]lhd b/vf:t lbof] eg] shf{ lng] / ;f]
lnvtdf dGh"/L eO{ ;lx5fk ug]{ Psf3/sf xsbf/ c+lzof/x?sf gfpFdf gfln; u/]sf]df eP
dfly ! bkmfdf n]lvP adf]lhd u/L s}b u/L lbg'k5{ . shf{ lng] jf shf{ ln+bfsf] lnvtdf
dGh"/L eO{ ;lx5fk gug]{ Psf3/;Fusf c+lzof/ xsbf/ jf ck't fnL vfg]x?sf gfpFd f gflnz
k/]sf]df hfohft eO{ gk'u ePdf s}b x'g ;Sb}g ==========================@
dfly !.@ bkmfdf n]lvP adf]lhd c;fdLsf] hfohft u/L ;fx"n fO{ e/fO{ lb+bf ;fx"sf] hDdf pk/
x'g g;s]sf] hltdf P]gn] s}b u/fpg kfpg]df b/vf:t lbO{ s}b u/fP kl5 / s}b u/fpg
gkfpg]d f klg ;f] hfohft x'Fbfsf] df}sf ;Ddsf] bafP 5kfPsf] eP P]gn] ph"/ ug{ kfpg]
afx]s Ps k6s hfohft u/fO{ lnO;s]kl5 gk'u ePsf] egL km]/L c;fdLnfO{ kqmL lng
kfpFb}g . td;'s vftf axL ;d]t sf] lnvtkq h] 5 kmf u/fO{ lbg'k5{ ===========================#
198

@) g+= .. .. n]gb]v Jojxf/df b'j}y/ a;L lx;fa lstfa u/L sfuh kq kmf8L km]l/ jf
kmf/v lbO{ lnO{ ;s]sf]d f ;f]d Wo] s;}n] lx;fa l5g]s f] 5 dxLgfleq ph"/ u/] km]l/ lx;fa
a'lemlbg' k5{ . ;f] Dofbleq eP klg b'Oy/dWo] s'g} JolQm dof] eg] kl5 gflnz nfUg ;St}g .
@! g+= .. .. c+za08f ubf{ ;fx"sf] dGh"/ L lnO{ a08f u/]sf] eP ;f] dGh"/L adf]lhd h' g
lx;fa;Fu a08f u/]sf]5 ;f]xL adf]lhd ;fx" c;fdLn] lng' lbg'k5{ . ;fx"s f] dGh"/L gnL a08f
u/]sf]d f Ps} ;fx" klg hlt a08f nfU5 sndlkR5] a08f ug'{ k5{ . ;fx"sf] hLp hLp kg]{ u/L
a08f u/]sf] ;b/ x'+b}g.
@@ g+= .. .. ck'tfnL gvfg]nfO{ ;fx"n ] kqmg x'+b} g. ck'tfnL vfP kl5 ;fx" ltlb{g eGg
klg x'+b}g. h'g lx;fasf] c+z ck'tfnL kfpF5 ;f] xL lx;fa;Fu ;fx" klg ltg'{k5{ . :qL c+z
wgsf] dxnsf] # gDa/ adf]lhdsf] crn ;DklQ dfq vfPsf]d f eg] To:tfsf] ;fx' ltg{ s/
nfUb}g .
@# g+= .. .. rn crn u}x| /fhLgfdf b[li6 ef]u aGws lnO{ ef]u u/]kl5 yf]/} jf 3l6of
/x]5 egL jf lau|] gfl;Pdf ;d]t y}nLdf 606f ug{

x'+b}g. ef]u ug{ gkfpg] s]xL s'/ fn]

n]lvPsf] s'/f sRrf 7xg{ uof] eg] lnvt eP lnvt adf]lhd x'G5 . lnvt geP klg ;fF jf /
P]g adf]lhd Jofh ;d]tdf ;fx"n] bfaL u/L lng kfpF5 .
@$ g+= .. .. cfkm"n] aGwsL lnO{ ef]u u/]sf] 3/ ;fx"s} rngdf laUof] jf kftfn eof]
eg] c;fdL eP c;fdL / lgh geP jf a:g dGh"/ gu/]df :yfgLo k~rfot / sDtLdf b'O{hgf
enfb\dL ;fIfL /fvL vr{ u/L agfpg' k5{ . 3/ lgvGg cfpFbf To;/L ;fIfL /fvL agfPsf]
vr{;d]t y}nLdf ufeL lx;fa u/L lng' lbg' k5{ . c;fdL jf :yfgLo k~rfot / sDtLdf b'O{hgf
enfb\dL g/fvL agfPsf] vr{ lng kfpFb} g . kftfn;d]t eP5 eg] cfiff9b]lv cflZjgts jiff{
rf/ dxLgf afx]s eTs]sf] ldltn] gS;f kf; ug'{kg]{df k}+tL; lbgleq b/vf:t lbO{ kf; ePsf
199

gS;f adf]lhdsf] agfpg] Dofbleq / gS;f kf; ug{ gkg]{df Ps jif{leq agfO{ tof/ gu/]
;fx"sf] y}nL e"; x'G5 . kftfn hUuf c;fdLsf] x'G5 . 3/jf/L ef]u aGwsL lnPsf]df 3/ eTsL
kftfn eof] eg] kftfn ePsf] 3/sf] / hUufsf] bfdf;fxLsf] lx;fan] hUufsf] dfq ?k}ofF lng
kfpF5 .
@% g+= .. .. PsfnfO{ lnvt ul/lbPsf] crn bf] xf]/f kf/L c?nfO{ s'g} Joxf]/fn] n]lvlbg'
x'+b}g. hfgL hfgL bf] x/L kf/L lng]sf] y}nL k/]sf] eP e"; x'G5 . ghfgL lnPsf]d f o;} dxnsf]
@^ gDa/ adf]lhd lng dGh"/ gu/] kl5Nnfsf] y}nL skfnL x'G5 . To:tf] bf]xf]/ f] k/]sf]df h;sf]
lnvtsf] ldlt cl3sf] 5 p;}sf] ;b/ x'G5 . Dofb gf3]kl5nfO{ P]g adf]lhd x'G5 .
@^ g+= .. .. o;} dxnsf] @% gDa/ adf]lhd bf] xf]/ f lnlvt ePsf]d f xs 5f8L lng' lbg'
ePsf]df aGwsjfnf ;fx"n ] xs 5f8L lng] rflx+sf] y}n L ltg{ kfpFb} g . cl3 n]vfO{ lng]n] aGwsL
/ kl5Nnfn] xs 5'6fO{ lnPsf] /x]5 eg] cl3Nnfsf] y}nL lt/L cfgf lnvt adf]lhd ef]u ug{
kfpF eg]df kfpF5 cl3Nnfn] xs 5'6fO{ lnPsf]df eg] kl5Nnfsf] y}nL ltg{ s/ nfUb}g . aGws
lnPsf] ;b/ x'g] jf gx' g] ;fx"n] ;f] aGws lnPsf c? ;fx"sf] y}nL lt/L cfgf] y}nLdf ;d]t ;f]
aGws k/]sf] crn ef]u rng ug{ kfpF eG5 eg] ef]u rng ug{ kfpF5 . ;b/ x' g] ;fx"n]
lnP;Dd c?n] lng kfpFb}g . kl5Nnf ;fx" w]/ } hgf ePsf]d f eg] cl3Nnf lnvtjfnfn] sa"n
u/]sf] eGbf w]/} hgf ;fx"sf] y}nL kl5Nnf lnvtjfnfn] ltg{ sa"n u/]df kl5Nnf]n] g} kfpF5 .
a/fa/ ltg{ sa"n u/]d f eg] h;sf] lnvtsf] ldlt cufl8sf] 5 p;}n] kfpF5 . ?k}ofF ltg{
kfpg]n ] cfaf6 clGtd km}; nf ePsf ldltn] k}+tL; lbgleq ltg'{ k5{ . ;f] Dofbleq y}n L ltg{
g;Sg]n ] kfpFb}g .
@& g+= .. .. bf]xf]/f lnvt ePsf]df kl5Nnf lnvtjfnfn] ef]u u/]sf ldltn] cl3Nnfn]
xs 5'6fO{ jf ef]u aGwsLdf lnPsf] eP b'O{ jif{leq / b[li6aGws eP ef]u ug{ kfpg] cj:yf
200

ePsf b'O{ jif{leq ph"/ u/] cl3Nnf] lnvtjfnfn] kfp+5 . Dofb gf3] kl5 crn ;dfpg
kfp+b}g . y}n L skfnL x'G5 .
@* g+= .. .. bf]x/f kf/L lnvt ul/lbg]nfO{ kl5Nnf lnvtdf lauf] b]lvP ;f]xL adf]lhd /
;f] gb]lvP cl3Nnf lnvtsf] lauf] adf]lhd / ;f] lnvtx?df lauf] gb]lvPdf kfFr;o
?k}o fF;Dd hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ .
@( g+= .. .. rn crn ef]u aGws jf b[li6aGws lnO{ /fVg]n ] td;'s adf]lhdsf] jf
To;eGbf 36L lnO{ nv aGws /fvL y}nL lng x'G5 . a9\t f lnO{ ;fg'{ x'Fb}g . nv aGws k/]sf]
rn crn cl3 ef]u b[li6 aGws /fVg]n] ?k}ofF lt/L lgvGg hfFbf 36L lnO{ nv ;f/]sf]df
cfkm"n] aGws lbPsf 7fpFd f tx tx;Fu u} lgvGg hfg' k5{ . k"/f lnO{ nv ;f/]sf]df kl5Nnf
;fx"sxfF lgvGg uP klg x'G5 . kl5 lng]n] cl3sf] eGbf a9\tf y}nL lnPsf] / s/f/ n]v]sf] ;b/
x'+b}g.
#) g+= .. .. rn dfn lwtf] /fvL shf{ ln+bf lb+bf td;'sdf dfnsf] df]n tf}n r9fO{
lng]lbg] ug'{k5{ . c;fdLn] ?k} ofF lt/L dfn lgvGg cfpFbf ;fx"n] h:tfsf] t:tf] dfn lkmtf{ lbof]
eg] ;fx"sf] ;fpF / lx;fa adf]lhd bzf}+b Jofh ;d]t e/fO{ lbg' k5{ . ;fx"n] lwtf]aGws /fv]sf]
dfn lkmtf{ ul/lbg ;s]g vr{ u/]5 eg] To:tf ;fx"n] ?k}ofFsf] Jofh kfpFb}g . lx;fadf
c;fdLsf] kmflhn kg]{ /x]5 eg] td;'ssf ldltb]lvsf] lx;fa u/L Jofh ;d]t kmflhn ?k} ofF
c;fdLnfO{ lkmtf{ ul/lbg' k5{ .
#! g+= .. .. rn crn ;DklQ u}x| n]vL shf{ lnbf+ lb+bf olt gf3]kl5 /fhLgfdf ;' qmL
laqmLu/L lng' jf /fhLgfdf u/L lbpFnf jf /fhLgfdf eof] eGg] af]n L n]lvPsf] eP klg ;b/
x'+b}g. ;f] lnvt lwtf] aGws ;/xg} x'G5 .

201

#@ g+= .. .. P] gn] lng lbg ug{ x' g] ;a} t/xsf] rn crn aGws lwtf] ln+bf td;'sdf
n]lvP adf]lhdsf] Joxf]/ f k'ofO{ td;'s n]Vg] dflg;s} x:tfIf/n] bf] x/L sfuh n]vL td;'sdf
n]lvPs} ;fIfLx? /fvL ;fx"n] ;lx5fk u/L c;fdLnfO{ lbg] ;d]t ug'{ k5{ . ;f] adf]lhd /Lt
gk' ofO{ aGws lng' lbg' u/]sf]d f ;fx"nfO{ td;'sdf n]lvPsf lauf]sf] bf]xf]/L g} u/L glbPsf]
eP ;os8f kfFr / n]vs jf ;fIfL km/s kf/]sf] dfq eP ;os8f Ps hl/jfgf u/L ;f]
sfuhaf6 gfln; ph"/ ;'gL OG;fkm ul/lbg' k5{ .
## g+= .. .. ljb]zL gful/s;Fu ljb]zdf n]gb]g Jojxf/ ePsf]df g]kfn ;/xbleq
a' fpg] Joxf]/ fsf] ;fx"n ] c;fdL;Fu g]kfnsf] sfg"gsf] /Lt k'u]sf] lnvt u/fO{ lnPsf] /x]5 /
;f] c;fdL g]kfnL gful/s /x]5 eg] g]kfnsf ;DalGwt cfaf6 sfg" g adf]lhd x]l/g]5 . ;f]
afx]s ljb]zsf gful/sl;t ljb]zdf ePsf] n]gb] g Jojxf/sf] gfln; g]kfnsf cfaf6 x]l/g]
5}g .
#$ g+= .. .. ljb]zdf n]gb]g Jojxf/ ePsf]df ;f] lng] lbg] b'a} y/ g]kfnL gful/s
/x]5g\ / g]k fnsf] sfg"gsf] /Lt k'u]sf] lnvt /x]5 eg] g]kfnsf ;DalGwt cfaf6 gfln; ;'gL
OG;fkm ul/lbg' x'G5 .
#% g+= .. .. ;fljs lhldbf/L ;fydf /x]sf] / kl5 s'g} Joxf]/fn] lhldbf/L ;fy}df /xg
cfPsf] ;d]t lhldbf/L ;fysf] hf]t lh/fot hUuf lhldbf/L;fy lbg afx]s hf]t lh/fot 5'6fO{
lhldbf/L dfq jf lhldbf/Laf6 5'6fO{ hf]t lh/fot dfq eP klg lwtf] aGws /fVg / s'g}
Joxf]/f;Fu xs 5'6fO{ lbg lng ;d]t x'+b}g. lbP lnPdf ab/ x'G5 . ;f] lbP lnPsf] lhldbf/L d}
yfdL hfgL hfgL y}nL xfln lnPsf] eP k/]sf] y}nL cfaf6 e/Le/fp x'g ;St}g . hfgL hfgL
lng]]nfO{ krf; ?k}ofF hl/jfgf ug'{ k5{ . ghfgL lng]nfO{ aft nfUb}g ghfgL lng] ;fx"sf] y}nL
skfnL x'G5 . lhldbf/L ;fydf /x]sf] hf]t lh/fot 5'6fO{ lbP jfkt lbg]n fO{ ?k}ofF lnO{ lbPsf]
202

eP lnPsf] ?k}o fFsf] ;os8f bzsf b/n] / ?k}ofF glnO{ To;} lbP lnPsf] eP lkm laufx bz
?k}o fFsf b/n] hl/jfgf ug'{ k5{ . cfkm"n ] cfh]{sf] gDa/L afFsL gnfUb} cl3af6 lnP lbPsf] ;b/
x'G5 .
#^ g+= .. .. rn crn ;DklQ u}x| ;f kf ubf{ 3/sf d'Vo dflnsnfO{ /fhL u/fO{
;fkf ug'{ k5{ . ;f kf u/]sf k}+tL; lbgleq lrQ ga' g]n] lkmtf{ lng lbg x'G5 . d'Vo
dflnsnfO{ /fhL gu/fO{ c?;Fu ;f kf u/]sf]d f ;f] u/]sf] ldltn] rndf eP k}t L; lbgleq /
crndf eP 5 dxLgfleq ;Dddf yfxf kfPsf k}+t L; lbgleq gfln; gk/] nfUg ;St}g .
#& g+= .. .. o; dxnsf c? gDa/x?df Joj:yf gePsf] cGo s' g} Jojxf/ ;DaGwL
zt{gfdf, sa'lnot jf ;Demf}t fsf] lnvt /x]5 / ;f] lnvtdf n]lvPsf] s'/f sfg"gsf] lj?4
/x]g5 eg] lnvt} adf]lhd x'G5 .
#* g+= .. .. lbg'k g]{ lbg hfFbf a'llbPg jf lgvGg hfFbf lgvGg lbPg eGg] ph"/
k/]sf]df ;f] s'/f 7x/] a'L glnPsf] c+ssf] / a'fpg} gnu]sf] jf a'fpg gkfpg] ' f ph"/
u/]sf] 7x/] 'f ph"/ ug]{nfO{ 'f 7x/]sf] c+s hltsf] 36L a9L eg] kqm]sf] 7x/] 36L a9L eg]
kqm]sf] c+s hltsf] ;os8f c9fO{ hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ . n]lvP adf]lhd a'fpg] rflxFsf] ph"/ k/L
e/fO{ lbP hlt lauf]sf] bzf}+b nfUb}g .
#( g+= .. .. o;} dxnsf #& gDa/df n]lvPsf s'/ fdf lnvtdf of] ;doleq lng]lbg] jf
sfdsfh k"/f ug]{ eGg] ls6fgL n]lvPsf]d f ;f] ;don] / gn]lvPsf]d f lnvt ePsf ldltn] kf+r
jif{leq gflnz glbP nfUg ;St}g .
$) g+ .. .. o:tf] Jojxf/ u/]sf] ;b/ x'+b}geg]sf], gfln; ;'lgg] 5} g eg]sf], gfafnssf]
wg laufg{nfO{ a]OdfgL u/]sf], Jofhsf] Jofh vfPsf], Jofhdf bzf}+b b]lv a9\t f n]vfPsf] jf
nvaGws ln+bf a9\t f lnPsf] a9\tf s/f/ n]vfPsf] olt s'/fdf xbDofb nfUb}g . o; dxndf
203

cGoq xbDofb n]lvPsf] jf xbDofb nfUb} g eg]sf] s'/ fdf afx]s c?df eP u/]sf] ldltn] b'O{
jif{leq gfln; glbP nfUg ;St}g .

204

d xn !*
gf;f] w/f}6sf]
! g+= ..

.. u}x| wgdfn gf;f] jf w/f}6 /fVbf gub, ;'g, rf+bL, h'xf/ft afx]s b'O{;o

?k}o fF;Dd df]n hfg] dfn /;Lb e/kfO{ gul/sg klg ;fIfL /fvL lnglbg ug{ x'G5 . gub, ;'g,
rf+bL, h' xf/ft / b'O{;o ?k}ofFb]lv a9L df]n hfg] c? dfn lb+bf /;Lb e/kfO{ u/fO{ dfq
lbg'k5{ . ;f] adf]lhd /;Lb e/kfO{ gu/fO{ lbPsf]df gflnz nfUg ;St}g .
@ g+= ..

.. gf;f] jf w/f}6 /fVbf a9]sf] dfn gf;f] jf w/f}6 /fVg lbg]sf] 7x5{ . lnvt

/x]5 eg] ;f] lnvt} adf]lhd x'G5 .

# g+= ..
$ g+= ..

.. gf;f] w/f}6 /fVbf 36]sf] dfn ;f] /fVg lng]n] k"/f u/L a'emfO{ lbg'k5{ .
.. gf;f] jf w/f} 6 lnPsf] dfn rf]l/Psf], p8]sf] jf efu]sf]df cfgf] klg

gf]S ;fg k/]sf] /x]5 jf c? s'g} lsl;dn] b}jL k/]sf] /x]5 eg] ;f] dfn a'emfpg kb}{ g . af+sL
/x]5 eg] a'emfpg' k5{ .
% g+= .. .. c+z dfgf{sf nflu jf ;/sf/L kqmfpb]lv arfpgfsf] nflu gf;f] /fv]sf]df
eP lnvt geP klg ph"/ ;'gL ;fIfL k|df0faf6 7x/] adf]lhd ug'{k5{ .
^ g+= ..

.. s;}n] s'g} wgdfn afnlul/ lbPsf] jf laqmL ug{ jf aGws /fVg lgldQ

s;}nfO{ lbPsf]df gf;f] w/f}6 ;/x o;} dxn adf]lhd x'G5 .

& g+= ..

.. o; dxndf n]lvPsf] s'/fdf lnvt ePsf]d f lnvt ePsf ldltn] bz

ji{fleq / lnvt u/fpg gkg]{df lnP lbPsf ldltn] Ps jif{leq gflnz glbP nfUg ;St}g .

205

dxn !(
bfg as;sf]
! g+= .. .. cfgf] xs k'Ug] ;DklQ bfg jf as; u/L lbg x'G5 . ;f] adf]lhd bfg jf
as; ul/lbbf xsjfnfnfO{ as; egL / c?nfO{ bfg jf js; h'g Joxf]/fn] lbP klg x'G5 .
cfgf] v'z ug{ kfpg] afx]s c?df c+lzof/ / xs k' Ug] x?sf] dGh"/Lsf] lnvt glnO{ jf ;fIfL
g/fvL bfg js; ul/lbg x'Fb}g .
@ g+= .. .. lbg]sf] z]ifkl5 vfg kfpg] s'/fsf] lnvt u/L lbPsf]df ;f] lnvt u/L lbg]sf]
lrQ ga' L ab/ u5'{ eG5 eg] hlxn];'s} ab/ ug{ kfpF5 . ;f] lnvt ab/ ugf{nfO{ lnvt
/lhi6]zg ePsf] jf cfgf Onfsfsf] /lhi6]zg ug]{ cfdf u} b/vf:t lbO{ ab/ u/fpg' k5{ .
To:tf] b/vf:t kg{ cfPdf /lhi6]zg ug]{ cfn] klg ph"/ L b/vf:t adf]lhd z]ifkl5sf]
hltnfO{ ab/ ePsf]5 eGg] Joxf]/ fsf] t'?Gt k"hL{ n]vL cfsf] 5fk / xflsd tx/L/sf] ;lx5fk
nufO{ ;f] ab/ ug{ cfpg]nfO{ lbO{ ;f] k"hL{ lbPsf] ldltn] af6fsf] Dofb afx]s ;ft lbgleq
lnvt ul/kfpg]nfO{ p;n] kfPsf] lnvt ab/ ePsf] hgfp k7fO{ lbg] ug'{ k5{ . ;f] b/vf:tsf]
kfFr ?k}`f b:t"/ lng' k5{ .
# g+= .. .. s;}n] s]xL Joxf]/ f;Fu cfgf] xs 5f8L c?sf] xs nfUg] u/L Ps} 3/df cfwf
jf s]xLv08 ;f] 3/ jf 3/n] rr]{sf] hdLg bfg as; u/L lbO{ kfPsf] /x]5 / kfpg]n] cfkm"n]
kfPsf] jf lbg]n] cfkm"n ] lbPb]lv afFsL csf{nfO{ lbP eg] cl3 lbg] jf cl3af6 lbg]sf ;f] xL
7fpFd f a:g] xsjfnfn] / lbg]n] afFsL csf{nfO{ bfg as; ul/lbP eg] kfpg] jf ;f]xL 7fpFdf
a:g] p;sf xsjfnfn] lnvt /lhi6]zg ePsf] ldltn] 5 dxLgf ;Dddf yfxf kfPsf] k}+t L;
lbgleq df]n c+s b]lvg]df ;f] adf]lhd /c+s gb]lvg]d f kGrs[lt df]n lbO{ lng kfpF5g\ .
206

$ g+= .. .. Pp6fnfO{ bfg as; lbO;s]sf] rn crn csf{nfO{ bf]xf]/ f] kf/L bfgas;
ul/lbg]nfO{ d'2f x]/L kfFr;o ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf x'G5 .
% g+= .. .. cfkm"n] bfg as; kfPsf] s'/fdf cfgf] xs k'u]sf] ldltn] / lbg gx'g] bfg
as; lbPsf]df kfpg]sf] xs k'uL ef]u rng u/]sf] ldltn] b'O{ jif{leq gfln; glbP nfUg
;St}g .

207

dxn @)
bfdf;fxLsf]
! g+= .. .. cfgf] lhpn] nfPsf] C0fdf ;fx"sf] dGh"/ L lagf bfdf;fxL x' g ;St}g .
To:tfnfO{ ;fx"n] ls efvflbg' k5{ ls bfdf;fxL u/L lng'k5{ . efvf klg gbL jf bfdf;fxL klg
gu/L hf]/ h'n'd ug{ x'+b}g .
@ g+= .. .. cfgf] lhpn] nfPsf] afx]s c? c+lzof/ xsjfnfn] nfPsf] C0fdf p;sf
ck'tfnL vfg] c+lzof/ xsbf/n] bfdf;fxL u/fO{ dfUg]d f ;fx"n] dGh"/ gu/] klg bfdf;fxL x'G5 .
c;fdLsf] dGh"/L a]u/ efvf x'g ;St}g .
# g+= .. .. Jofkf/nfO{ cfgf] lhpn] nfPsf] C0fdf ;f] shf{ lng]n] / To;af6 sfd ubf{
;/Ls eO{ sfd sfh u/L cfPsf ;f]x| jif{ gf3]sf hfgsf/n] efvf dfUbf jf bfdf;fxL u/fpFbf
gf]S ;fgLsf] kmfF 6 lbg' k5{ . n]lvP afx]s c?n] cfgf xsbf/n] nufPsf] C0fdf / cfgf] lhpn]
nfPsf] C0f eP klg Jofkf/nfO{ afx]s c? C0fdf gf]S ;fgLsf] kmfF6 lbg' kb}{g . gf]S ;fgLsf] kmfF6
lbg' kg]{n] klg b'O{;o ?k}ofF;Ddsf] kmfF6 lbg g;s]sf]d f aft nfUb}g .
$ g+= .. .. c;fdLn] bfdf;fxL jf efvf u/fO{ dfUgnfO{ gfln; lbg'kg]{ ePdf o; jfktdf
cfg} lhpn] jf c+lzof/ xsbf/n] lnPsf] kmnfgf kmnfgf ;fx'nfO{ hDdf olt ltg'{ kg]{ o;
sf/0fn] ltg{ ;lsg xs k'Ug] hfohft hDdf olt dfq 5 egL eP;Ddsf] cfgf xs k'Ug]
hfohftsf] P]gn] / gf]S;fgLsf] kmfF 6 bL /xg' kg]{df o:tf] k/L olt gf]S;fgL kof] egL gf]S;fg
k/L lau|]sf] oyfy{ kmfF 6 ;d]t kl5 a'bf km/s gkg]{ u/L n]vL k|d f0f ;d]t bL bfdf;fxL u/fO{
jf efvf dfUg]df olt jif{;Ddsf] efvf kfpF ePsf] ;fx" hfohft bafO{ gePsf] ;fx" hfohft
b]vfPsf] jf gf]S;fgLsf] kmfF 6 b]vfpg' kg]{d f gf]S;fgL gk/]sf]nfO{ gf]S ;fg kof] egL 9fF6L km/s
kf/L n]lvlbPsf] 7x/] sfg" g adf]lhd ;hfo ;x"Fnf a'fpFnf egL :ki6 vf]n L /Lt k' ofO{
208

c;fdLn] P]gn] e/L kfpg] ;a} ;fx"sf] gfpFdf gfln; lbP nL k|ltjfbL ;fx"x?n] klg bfdf;fxL
u/fO{ lngfdf jf P] gn] efvf lbg kfpg]df efvf lbgfdf h' gdf dGh"/ 5 ;f] s'/f :ki6 vf]nL
efvf lbg kfpg]df efvf lbg dGh"/ eP c;fdLn] dfu] adf]lhdsf] jf olt jif{;Ddsf] efvf
lbG5' egL / efvf gbL bfdf;fxL g} u/L lng]df gf]S;fgL k/]sf] egL c;fdLn] n]lvlbPsf] kmfF6
b]vfPsf] hfohft ;fx" 7Ls geP o; sf/0fn] olt 7Ls 5}g of] of] gePsf] ;fx" b]vfPsf] /
ePsf] of] of] hfohft o; kl/aGbn] o; 7fpFd f bafO{ /fv]sf]5 egL :ki6 vf]nL To; s'/fsf]
;d]t k|df0f b] vfO{ gfln;df n]lvPsf] km/s k/]sf hlt s'/ fsf] k"/ f hjfkm n]vL k|ltpQ/ lbP
k|ltjfbL ;fx"x?sf] ph"/ ;d]t a' L sfg"g adf]lhd ug'{ k5{ .
% g+= .. .. bfdf;fxL u/fO{ kfpF eGg] gfln; k/]df bfdf;fxL u/fpgnfO{ cfPsf] s'/f
bfdf;fxL u/fpg kfpg] c;fdLn] gb]vfPsf c? ;fx"n fO{ yfxf lbgf lgldQ kmnfgfn] kmnfgf
kmnfgf ;fx"nfO{ bfdf;fxL u/fO{ lbgnfO{ cfPsf]5 ePsf] ;fx" bafO{ n]v]sf] /x]5 eg] c;fdLn]
gb]vfPsf] ;fx" x?n] c;fdLn] lbPsf] gfn]; sf] gSsn nL x]/L a'L cfgf] lng'kg]{ s'/fsf] ;a"b
sfuhkq nL of] ;"rgf 6fFl;Psf] ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s kGw|| lbgleq o;} dxnsf] $ gDa/
adf]lhd c;fdLn] b]vfPsf ;fx"n] vf]n L lbg'k g]{ hlts'/f ;a} vf]n L efvf dfu]sf]df dfu]
adf]lhdsf] efvf lbg] glbg] gf]S;fgLsf] sf/0f / hfohftsf] kmfF 6 n]lvPsf] 7Ls a]7 Ls s] /x]5
;f] ;d]t gfln;df n]lvPsf s'/fsf] hjfkm n]vL k|df0f lbg' kg]{d f b]vfO{ cfgf] ePsf] Joxf]/fsf]
;a} s'/f / lng' kg]{c+s b]vfO{ k|ltpQ/ ;/xsf] ;/sf/L td;'sL afFsL lng'kg]{ cfn] P]g
adf]lhdsf] n]vf]6 k7fpg' c? ;fx"x?n] cfkm} xflh/ eO{ jf P]g adf]lhdsf] /Lt k' ofO{
jfl/;f/f bfv]n ug{ cfpg' / a'L 7x/]sf ;fx"x?sf] y}nLdf ;d]t P]g adf]lhd bfdf;fxL
x'g]5 Dofbleq gk7fP gcfP kl5 xfd|f] y}nLdf bfdf;fxL u/fO{ kfpF eGg] ;d]t s'/fsf] ph"/
nfUg / c;fdL kqmL lng ;d]t kfpg] 5}gf} eGg] Joxf]/fsf] ;"rgf n] vL c;fdLn] b]vfPsf
209

;fx"nfO{ Otnfogfdf hf/L u/]sf lbg cfsf] 5fk nufO{ cfgf] cfsf] 9f]sfdf / cfgf]
lhNnfsf] ;a}n] b]Vg] zx/ ufpF ahf/df c;fdLn] b]vfPsf ;fx"x?sf gfpFd f Otnfogfdf hf/L
u/]s} lbg tfd]n ug{ k7fO{ / ;/sf/L t]hf/y ;/;fk6 lbg] cfx?nfO{ ;d]t hgfpF k7fO{ ;f]
6fFl;Psf] hgfp k7fPsf] lg:;f ;d]t ldl;n ;fd]n /fVg'k5{ . n]lvPsf Dofbleq n]lvP
adf]lhd n]vf]6 k7fP lnlvt ;a"b lgj]bgkq ;fy bflvn u/] To; ;fx"nfO{ c;fdLn] b]vfPsf
c? ;fx" ;/x /fvL c;fdLsf] klg sfuh u/fO{ hf] a' g' kg]{ k|d f0f ;d]t a'L P]g adf]lhd
ug'{ k5{ . Dofb leq n]vf] 6 lgj]b gkq gk7fpg]sf] xfdLx?sf] lng' kg]{ afFsLdf bfdf;fxL ePg
eGg] s'/fsf] kl5 ph"/ nfUg / cfaf6 e/L e/fp ;d]t x'g ;St}g .
^ g+= .. .. ;/sf/L lng'kg]{ td;'sL afFsLdf bfdf;fxLsf] gfln; k/]sf] hgfp k7fpFb f klg
Dofbleq hjfkm gk7fP To;sf] xsdf bfdf;fxL x' g ;St}g . c? ;fx"nfO{ bfdf;fxL u/L bL
;s]kl5 ;f] ;/sf/L afFsLdf P]g adf]lhd c;fdLaf6 pk/ geP pk/ geP hlt hgfp k7fpFbf
klg hjfkm glbP hjfkm glbg] xflsdaf6 / hgfp lbg'kg]{df hgfp gbL c? ;fx'x?nfO{ dfq
bfdf;fxL u/fO{ lbPsf] eP hgfp glbg] xflsdaf6 pk/ u/L lng'k5{ .
& g+= .. .. bfdf;fxL u/fO{ dfUg cfPdf P]gn] gfln; gnfUg] eO;s]sf rflx+ ;fx"nfO{
bfdf;fxL x'g ;St}g . P]gn] gfln; nfUg;Sg] hlt ;fx"x?nfO{ dfq bfdf;fxL u/L lbg'k5{ .
* g+= .. .. c;fdLn] b]vfO{ n]lvlbPsf] / kl5 k|df0faf6 b]lvPsf] hfohft bfdf;fxL jf
efvf gx'Fb} cl3af6 c;fdLn] lxgfldgf a]rlavg, lwtf]aGws, bfg as; ;d]t s]xL ul/sg
klg s;}nfO{ lbg / lnP lbPsf] ;b/ ;d]t x'+b}g .
( g+= .. .. c;fdLn] ;DklQ n'sfPsf] bjfPsf]d f ;DklQsf] kmfF6 lbP b] vfPsf] ldltn] bz
jif{leq kQf nufO{ ph"/ gu/] nfUg ;St}g .

210

!) g+= .. .. gf]S;fgLsf] kmfF6 lbg'kg]{d f n]lvPsf] gf]S;fgL k/]sf] k|df0f k' ofpg klg
;s]g cfkm"n] b]vfPsf] jf k|d f0faf6 b]lvPsf] ;DklQ lb+bf klg lbPg eg] Tof] c;fdLn] a] OdfgL
u/]sf] 7x5{ . a]OdfgL u/] jfkt hlt lauf]d f a]OdfgL u/]sf] 5 p;} lauf]sf] ;os8f kGw|
hl/jfgf u/L ePsf] ;DklQaf6 bfdf;fxL ul/lbg' k5{ . gk'u lauf]d f ;fx"n ] s}b u/fO{ kfpF
eg]df b'O{;o ?k} ofFb]lv a9L kf+r;o ?k}o fF;Ddsf]df Ps dxLgf;Dd / kf+r;oeGbf a9L lauf]df
5 dxLgf;Dd s}b ul/lbg'k5{ . shf{ lng]n] sfd ubf{ sfdsfh u/L cfPsf ;f]x| jif{ gf3]sfnfO{
eP dfly n]lvPsf] ;hfosf] cfwL ;hfo ug'{k5{ .
!! g+= .. .. a]OdfgL u/]sf]d f o;} dxnsf] !) gDa/ adf]lhd s}b eO{;s]kl5 ;f] s}b
e'Qmfg e} g;Sb} hfohftsf] kQf nufO{ NofO{ ;fx" egf{ k'Uof] eg] egf{ k'Ug] lalQs} 5f]l8lbg'
k5{ .
!@ g+= .. .. hfohft x' g] wgdfn n'sfpg nfg / n'sfpg NofPsf] hfgL hfgL gf;f] lng
jf n'sfO{ lbg ;d]t x'Fb}g . n'sfpg nu]sf] jf n'sfO{ lbPsf] eP lauf] a'L lnO{ n'sfpg nfg]
n'sfOlbg]n fO{ lauf]sf] ;os8f kfFrsf b/n] hl/jfgf x'G5 .
!# g+= .. .. bfdf;fxLsf] gfln; kg'{eGbf cufj} P]gsf] /Lt k' ofO{ rn crn lwtf] aGws
lbPsf]d f ;f] rn crnaf6 aGws lng] ;fx"sf] y}nL pk/ e} afFsL /xg cfPsf] hlt dfq c?
;fx"nfO{ bfdf;fxL ul/lbg' k5{ .
!$ g+= .. .. bfdf;fxL ubf{ P]gsf] /Lt k'ofO{ lwtf] aGws nL /fVg] ;fx"sf] y}nL / ;fx"sf]
jf c? s;}sf] bfdf;fxL u/fpg]n ] gf;f] w/f}6 nL /fv]s f] gf;f] w/f}6 dfn bfdf;fxLdf hfFb}g .
;f] / c? P]gn] k/ ;fg'{kg]{ hlt k/ ;f/L afFsL /x]sf] c;fdLsf] xssf] rn crn c;fdL ;d]t
u}x| bfdf;fxLdf hfG5 .

211

!% g+= .. .. bfdf;fxL u/L e/fO{ lb+bf bfdf;fxL u/fO{ dfUg]sf xssf] ;DklQdf o;}
dxnsf] !$ gDa/ adf]lhd k/ ;fg'{ kg]{ hlt k/ ;f/L aGwsL n]vL lb/fv]sf] / c? rn crn
;d]t u}x| lnnfd laqmL u/L cfPsf]af6 aGwsjfnf ;fx"sf] o;} dxnsf] !# gDa/ adf]lhd y}nL
e/fO{ afFsL /x]sf] c? P]gn] e/L kfpg] 7x/]sf hlt ;fx"nfO{ P] g adf]lhd bfdf;fxL e/L afF8L
bL ;fx"; Fu /x]sf] sfuhkq s]/fO{ km]/fO{ lbg' k5{ . bfdf;fxLaf6 gk'u ]sf]df c;fdL kqmL lng
kfpFb}g .
!^ g+= .. .. bfdf;fxL u/L e/fO{ lbg'kbf{ b08 ;hfosf] dxnsf] @^ gDa/ adf]lhd lauf]
jfkt hfohft ubf{ c;fdLx?nfO{ yfldlbg / k/;fg'{k g]{ hlt yfdL k/ ;f/L c? afFsL /x]s f]af6
P]g adf]lhd bfdf;fxL ul/lbg'k5{ .
!& g+= .. .. efvf u/fO{ lb+bf dfu] lbP adf]lhdsf] efvf lbg lngnfO{ ;fx' c;fdL
b'a}y /Lsf] dGh"/L ePsf]d f dGh"/L adf]lhdsf] efvf u/fO{ lbg'k5{ . ;fx" c;fdL b'a} y/Lsf] d'v
gldn]sf]df bz jif{b]lv a9\tfsf] efvf u/fO{lbg xF'b}g .
!* g+= .. .. sf]xL ;fx" efvf lbg] sf]xL ;fx" bfdf;fxLdf lng] eof] eg] bfdf;fxLdf sa"n
ug]{ hltnfO{ bfdf;fxL u/L u/fO{ lbO{ efvf lbg] hltsf] efu c;fdLnfO{ g} ;f}lklbO{ kNxfPdf
n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] dxnsf Dofbleq P] g adf]lhd u/L e/fO{lng' egL ;'g fO{ lbg' k5{ . ;f]
c;fdLnfO{ ;f}lklbPsf] efvf lbg] ;fx"sf] efu c;fdLn] a]rlavg ;d]t ug{ kfpF5 .
!( g+= ..

.. bafO{ /fv]sf] bfdf;fxL eO{ g;Sb} cl3af6 kQf nufO{ NofP kQf nufO{

Nofpg] / c? ;fx"x?nfO{ ;d]t P]g adf]lhd bfdf;fxL ul/lbg'k5{ . bfdf;fxL eO;s]kl5 dfq
Dofbleq c;fdLn] bafPsf] s;}n] kQf nufO{ Nofof] eg] kQf nufO{ Nofpg]nfO{ klxn] p;sf]
y}nLdf gk'u ]sf] egf{ lbO{ a9\tf eP c?nfO{ bfdf;fxL ul/lbg'k5{ .

212

@) g+= .. .. ;fx" b]vfpFbf P] gn] e/L kfpg ;Sg] ePsf] ;fx" gb]vfpg] jf gePsf] a9L
;fx" b]vfpg]nfO{ shf{ lng]n] g} jf xsbf/n] hfgL yfxf kfO{ 5'6fP a9L b]vfPsf] eP ;os8f
bz hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ . yfxf gkfO{ 5'6]sf] eP aft nfUb}g .
@! g+= .. .. ef]u b[li6aGwsjfnfsf] y}n L k/;f/L / gf;f] w/f} 6 lkmtf{ u/fO{ lbPsf]d f bzf}+b
nfUb}g .

213

dxn @!
/lhi6]zgsf]
! g+= .. .. wd{k'qsf] lnvt, crn ;DklQ ePsfsf] dfg' 5'lPsf] jf dfg' hf]l/Psf] lnvt
/ c? u}x| crn ;DklQsf] b]xfodf n]lvP adf]lhdsf] lnvt ubf{ u/fpFbf /lhi6]zg u/fpg' k5{
laqmL u/L jf c? s'g} lsl;dn] cfgf] xs 5f]l8lbPsf] lnvt ========================!
h'g;'s} lsl;dsf] aGwsL td;'s ==============================================================!
ef]u aGwssf] nv ;f/]sf] td;'s =============================================================!
z]if kl5sf] as;kq ===============================================================================!
;f kfsf] lnvt ==================================================================================!
c+za08fsf] lnvt =================================================================================!
@ g+= .. .. o;} dxnsf] ! gDa/ adf]lhd /lhi6]zg u/fpg'kg]{ lnvt ePklg al9df
Ps;o ?k}ofF; Ddsf] aGwsL, /fhLgfdf / hlt;'s} ?k}o fFsf] eP klg skfnL td;'s /lhi6]zg
gu/L 3/;f/ d} u/]sf] klg ;b/ x'G5 .
# g+= .. .. o;} dxnsf] ! gDa/ adf]lhd /lhi6]zg u/fO{/xg' gkg]{ lnvt klg /lhi6]z g
u/fpg x'G5 . ;f] adf]lhd s;}n] /lhi6]zg u/fpg cfPdf /lhi6]zg ug]{ cfn] klg o;} dxn
adf]lhdsf] /Lt k'ofO{ /lhi6]z g ul/lbg'k5{ .
$ g+= .. .. P] gn] /lhi6]zg ug'{ kg]{ lnvt ubf{ c}a f6 xf];\ egL c}df sfuh u/Llbg]
lng] b'a}y /L cfO{ n]vfpg' jf klxn] 3/fo;df P] g adf]lhd ;lx5fk ;d]t u/fO{ lnvt u/L ;f]
lnvt nL lnvt ePsf ldltn] 5 dlxgfleq /lhi6]zg u/L lbg] cfdf cfO{ /lhi6]z g u/fpg
jf /Lt adf]lhd 3/fo;df sfuh n]vL ;lx5fk u/fpg dfq afFsL /fvL ;f] sfuh nL
/lhi6]zg ul/lbg] cfdf cfO{ /lhi6]zg u/fpg klg x'G5 . c}af6 ul/kfpF eg]sf]df c}af6
214

n]vL bL / 3/fo;df ;lx5fk ;d]t u/fO{ NofPsf] / ;lx5fk ug{ afFsL /fvL NofPsf]df ;d]t
/Lt k'u] gk'u ]sf] hfF rL /Lt gk'u]sf]d f csf]{ n]vL lb /Lt k'u]sf]d f To;} sfuhdf c}sf] ;fd'Gg]
lng] lbg]sf] / ;gfvt ug]{ ;fIfL ;d]tsf] ;lx5fk u/fO{ /lhi6]zg ul/lbg' k5{ .
% g+= ..

.. /lhi6]zg u/fpg' kg]{ 3/;f/sf] lnvt P]gsf Dofbleq lng] lbg] b'a}y /L

cfdf u} /lhi6]zg u/fpg' k5{ . lnvt ul/lbg]n] Dofbleq cfdf u} /lhi6]zg ul/lbPg eg]
;f]Dofb gf3]sf k}+tL; lbgleq /lhi6]z g gul/lbg]sf gfp+d f gfnL; bL /lhi6]zg u/fO{ lng
kfp+5 . ;f] Dofbkl5 gfln; gfUg ;St}g .
^ g+= .. .. /lhi6]zg u/fpg' kg]{ 3/fo;sf] lnvt o;} dxnsf] % gDa/ adf]lhd
/lhi6]zg u/fO{ lng ;s]sf] /x]g5 eg] To:tf] lnvtaf6 s'g} crn ;DklQ kqmL bfjL u/]sf]
gfln; nfUg ;St}g . y}nL k/]sf]d f ;f] y}nL / lnvt adf]lhdsf] ;DklQ ef]u ug{ gkfPsf]df
ef]u ug{ gkfP hltsf] sfg"g adf]lhdsf] Jofh ;d]t ;fx"n] skfnL ;/x e/fO{ lng kfpF5 .
& g+= ..

.. /lhi6]zg x' g'kg]{ lnvt u/L lbg]n] Dofbleq /lhi6]zg ul/lbg vf]Hbf

lnvt u/L lng]n] /lhi6]zg u/fO{ lng grfx]df ;f] lnvt /lhi6]zg ul/kfpg lnvt u/L
lbg]n] klg lnvt u/L lng]sf] gfp+df o;} dxnsf] % gDa/ adf]lhdsf] Dofbleq gflnz lbg
kfp+5 . ;f] adf]lhd gflnz k/L /lhi6]zg x'g] 7x/L km};nf ePsf]d f klg lnvt u/L lng]n]
/lhi6]zg gu/fPdf lghn] skfnLdf ;d]t bfaL ug{ kfp+b}g .
* g+= .. .. /lhi6]zg u/fpg'kg]{ 3/;f/sf] lnvt ;f] lnvt u/L lbg] d/L Dofbleq
/lhi6]zg x'g g;s]sf]df pm d' gLsf xsbf/n] /lhi6]zg u/L lbg] Dofb k}+tL; lbgeGbf a9L
afFsL 5Fb} d/]sf]df afFsL Dofbleq / k}+t L; lbgeGbf 36L afFs L 5Fb} d/]d f d/]sf ldltn] k}+tL;
lbgleq} /lhi6]zg u/fO{ lng' lbg'k5{ . n]lvPsf Dofbleq dg]{ klsf d'Vo xsbf/ hf] xf] p;nfO{

215

NofO{ /lhi6]z g u/fpg cfPdf lnvt ;sf/L /lhi6]z g u/L lbg dGh"/ u/] ;f] lnvtsf] lz/df
Joxf]/f hgfO{ ;lx5fk u/fO{ P]g adf]lhdsf] /Lt k'ofO{ /lhi6]zg ul/lbg' k5{ .
( g+= .. .. /lhi6]zg u/fpg'kg]{ 3/;f/df ePsf] lnvt /lhi6]zg x' g gkfpFb} ;f] lnvt
ul/lbg] dflg; dof] To;sf] P]gn] ck'tfnL vfg] xsbf/ sf] xL 5}g /lhi6]zg u/L kfpF egL
lnvt u/fO{ lng]n] P]gsf Dofbleq b/vf:t lbg cfPdf o:tf] Joxf]/fsf] lnvt 3/fo;df
ul/lbO{ d/]sf] xf] xf]Og dg]{sf ck'tfnL vfg] xsbf/ sf]xL 5f} eg] af6fsf Dofb afx]s kGw|
lbgleq xflh/ e} hfx]/ ug{ cfpg' n]lvPsf Dofbleq dg]{sf] ck't fnL vfg kfpg] xsbf/ xflh/
x'g gcfP /lhi6]zg e} hfg]5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/ fsf] Dofb ;f] lnvt u/L bL dg]{sf] ufpF zx/
6f]ndf ! 3/df ! /lhi6]zg ul/lbg] cfsf] 9f]sfdf ! / ;a}n ] b]V g] 7fpFd f ! ;d]t 6fFl;lbg'
k5{ . ;f] Dofbleq dg]{sf ck'tfnL vfg] xsbf/sf] jf >L % sf] ;/sf/df cfpg] ck't fnL eP
hf];'s}sf] lnvt u/L lbPsf] jf d/]sf] 5}g eGg] ph"/ gk/] Dofb gf3]sf] ldltn] ;ft lbgleq
lnvt u/L bL d/]sf] hfGg] egL b/vf:tjfnfn] n]lvlbPsf] dflg; / ;f] lnvtdf n]lvPsf
;fIfLx? a'L a'lP;Ddsf k|d f0faf6 lnvt ul/lb;s]kl5 d/]sf] 7xof] / To;sf] ck't fnL
vfg] xsbf/ kQf nfu]g eg] ;f] xL Joxf]/ f hgfO{ sfg" g adf]lhdsf] /Lt k'ofO{ /lhi6]zg
ul/lbg'k5{ . lhpFbf]nfO{ dof] egL jf lnvt u/L glbPsf]df ul/lbPsf]5 egL jf ck'tfnL vfg]
xsbf/ ePsf] hfgL hfgL yfxf kfO{ 5}g egL 9fF6L b/vf:t bL /lhi6]zg u/fPsf] 7x/]
/lhi6]zg ab/ u/L P]g adf]lhd ;hfo ;d]t ug'{k5{ .
!) g+= .. .. /lhi6]zg x' g] lnvtdf lng] lbg] b'a}y /Lsf] b]xfodf n]lvP adf]lhdsf] Joxf]/ f
kf/L n]Vg'k5{ . ;f] lnvt 3/fo;df ePsf] / c8\8}df ePsf] h] 5 v'n fO{ ;f] lnvtsf] lz/df
n]vL xflsd, tx/L/ / kmfF6jfnfn] ;lx5fk ug'{k5{ . 8f]/ dfkm{t e} cfPsf]d f 8f]/df v6L
uPsfn] ;d]t ;lx5fk
216

ug'{k5{
lnvt u/L lbg] v"b dxh"b eO{ u/L lbPsf]df c? s;}sf] xs gnfUg] d]/f] xssf] s;}nfO{ cGt
aGwsL jf xs 5f]8L n]vL glbPsf] o:tf] lsl;dsf] d]/f] ;DklQ of] Joxf]/f;Fu n]vL lbPF eGg]
Joxf]/f n]vfpg' k5{ ==!
n]vL lbg] d/L To;sf] xsbf/n] /lhi6]zg u/L lbg]d f kmnfgfn] kmnfgf ldltdf o; Joxf]/ f;Fu
kmnfgfnfO{ n]vL lbO{ /fv]sf] x'g fn] ;f] adf]lhd /lhi6]zg u/L lbof}+ eGg] Joxf]/f n] vfpg' k5{
=============@
?k}o fF lng] lbg] lnvt ePsf]df eP ?k} ofF 3/;f/d} jf c8\8}d f lnO{ n]vL lbPsf] eGg] Joxf]/f
n]vfpg' k5{ ===============================================================#
n]gb]gdf cl3sf] td;'sL ?k}ofF g} jf To;df s]xL yk u/L jf Gx]l8s lt/L NofPsf] eP ;f]
Joxf]/f n]vfpg' k5{ ===============================================================================================$
lbg]sf] xssf] k|d f0f eP of] of] k|df0f 5 eGg] n]vfpg' k5{ ===============%
!! g+= ..

.. /lhi6]zg u/fpg' kg]{ lnvt kf; u/fpg cfdf gcfO{ cfaf6 8f]/

v6fO{ 3/d} /lhi6]zg u/fO kfpg] s;}n] bvf{:t lbPdf ;f] /lhi6]zg ug]{ cfsf] Onfsfleqsf]
/x]5 eg] xflsd jf sfl/Gbf ;f] bvf{:t adf]lhd 3/}d f uO{ P]gsf] /Lt k'ofO{ /lhi6]zg kf;
ul/lbg'k5{ . lnvt u/L lbg] JolQm dfq cfdf xflh/ e} sfuh u/fO{ lng] JolQm xflh/
gePsf]d f lnvt u/L lng]n] cfgf] 5fk / cfjZos n]vf]6 ;d]t bL dflg; k7fPdf klg
/lhi6]zg ul/lbg'k5{ .
!@ g+= .. .. o;} dxnsf !! gDa/ adf]lhd 3/;f/df lnvt u/fpgnfO{ v6L hfg]]n] P]g
adf]lhdsf] /Lt k'ofO{ ;|]:tf ldnfpgf lgldQ lnvtx? lnO{ cfpFbf / b:t"/ a'L ln+bf e/kfO{
gbL To;} Nofpg x'+b}g. h;;Fu lnPsf]5 p;nfO{ cfgf] e/kfO{ bL a' L NofO{ cfdf ;|]:tf
217

ldnfO{ ;s]kl5 cfkm"n] a' L NofPsf] lnvt lkmtf{ / b:t"/ a'fPsf] cwsl ;d]t a'fO{ bL
cfkm"n] cl3 u/L lbPsf] e/kfO{ lvrL lng] ug'{k5{ .
!#= g+= .. .. o;} dxnsf] !! gDa/ adf]lhd 3/fo;df lnvt u/fpgnfO{ /lhi6]zg ug]{
cfsf xflsd sfl/Gbf af]nfpg hfFbf cfsf xflsd sfl/Gbf cfpgf ;fy lnvt ugf{nfO{ xhf{
gx' g] u/L dflg; sfuhkq ;d]t ;a} 7Ls u/fO{ dfq af]nfpg hfg] ug'{k5{ . n]lvP adf]lhd
gePsf]a f6 lnvt ugf{nfO{ c8\sfp k/]df kfFr ?k} ofF hl/jfgf u/L lnO{ cfsf] :ofxfdf
cfDbfgL afFWg' k5{ / /lhi6]zg ug]{ s'/ fsf] xsdf oyf;Dej rfF8 f] /lhi6]zg u/L kms{g'k5{ .
!$ g+= .. .. lng' lbg' ubf{ ?k} ofF c8\8}sf ;fd'Gg]d f ugfO{ lng lbg x'G5 . 3/;f/df
lng'lbg' ePsf]d f cfdf ?k}ofF gNofP klg x'G5 .
!% g+= .. .. crn ;DklQ ;DaGwL s' g} lnvt ubf{ u/fpFbf ;f] ;DklQsf] s'g} sfuh
;|]:tfdf lsNnf lsl6Psf] eP ;f]xL lsNnf / glsl6Psf] eP h'g lsNnf xf] km/s gkf/L 5'f 5'}
lsQfsf] 5'f5'} lsNnf n]Vg' n]vfO{ lng'k5{ .
!^ g+= .. .. lnvt ubf{ ;f] lnvt u/L lbg]n ] 3/ hUufsf] lsNnf n]vfPsf]df kl5 ;f]
lsNnf 7Ls 5}g eGg] ph"/ k/]df k|df0faf6 7x/] adf]lhd x'G5 . lnvtdf n]lvPsf]n] dfq
lsNnf sfod x'g ;St}g .
!& g+= .. .. hUuf hdLgsf] /lhi6]z g ubf{ h'g hUufsf] lnvt /lhi6]zg x'g] xf] ;f]
hUufdf lbg]sf] xs k'u]sf] k|df0f jf lt/f] lt/]sf] /;Lb a]u / /lhi6]zg ug{ u/fpg x'+b}g.
bflvn ePsf] k|df0f jf /;Lb ;d]t /fvL /lhi6]z g u/L bL k|df0f jf /;Lb lnvt u/fO{
lng]nfO{ ;f}+kL lbg' k5{ . w]/} hUufsf] Pp6} k|df0f jf /;Lb ePdf cfaf6} To;sf] /Ltk"j{ssf]
gSsn lnvt u/fO{ lng]nfO{ lbnfO{ ;Ssn h;sf] xf] p;}nfO{ lkmtf{ lbg'k5{ .

218

!* g+= .. .. lng' lbg' eO{ lnvt ubf{ u/fpFbf ;f] lbg]sf] xssf] k|d f0fsf] sfuh ;d]t
bflvn u/]sf] eP ;f] sfuh ;fx"nfO{ ;f}kg' kg]{d f ;f}kL lnvtdf ;d]t ;f] Joxf]/f kfg'{k5{ .
hUuf hdLgsf] xsdf o;} dxnsf] !& gDa/ adf]lhd x'G5 .
!( g+= .. .. ?k}ofF lng' lbg'eGbf cl3sf] td;'sL ?k} ofF g} jf s]xL ykL jf Gx]l8s lt/L
NofPsf] eP ;f]xL af]nL kf/L lnvt u/L lbg'k5{ .
@) g+= .. .. Gx]l8s lt/]sf]df lg:;f cfdf b]vfpg' k5{ . Gx]l8s ltl/;s]sf] geO{ ltg'{k g]{
afFsL eP ;f] ?k}ofF lt/]sf] Gx]l8ssf] kmf jf lg:;f NofPkl5 dfq /lhi6]zg ug]{ cfn] lnvt
u/fO{ lbg x'G5 .
@! g+= .. .. /lhi6]zg u/L lb+bf lng] lbg] dflg;nfO{ lrGg] hfGg] hxfF;'s}sf] eP klg
b'O{hgfdf g36fO{ ;fIfL /fvL lng] lbg] dflg; oL x'g logsf] gfpF jtg n]lvPsf] 7Ls 5 egL
n]vL ;lx5fk u/fpg' k5{ .
@@ g+= .. .. cfaf6 lnvtdf ;lx5fk u/fpFbf lng]lbg] b'a} y/nfO{ ;f] lnvt :ki6 u/L
k9L ;'g fO{ of] lnvtaf6 o:tf] x'G5 eGg] dtna ;d]t ;DfO{ dfq P] g adf]lhd ;lx5fk
u/fpg' k5{ .
@# g+= .. .. /lhi6]zg ul/lbg' kg]{ lnvtdf ?k}ofF lng' lbg' kg]{d f c8\8}df lng'lbg' u/]sf]
jf 3/fo;df ePsf]df lbg]sf xssf] k|d f0f bflvn u/]sf]df eP ;f] ;d]t vf]nL d]/} ;fd'Gg]df
of] of] sf/jfO{ ePsf] xf] eGg] Joxf]/f /lhi6]z g x' g] lnvtsf] lz/df n]vL cfsf] 5fk / xflsd
tx/L/ kmfF 6jfnfsf] ;d]t ;lx5fk u/L /lhi6]zgsf] lnvt /lhi6]zg u/fO{ dfUg]nfO{ bL P] gn]
bf]x/L lbg'k g]{df lnvt u/L lbg]nfO{ bf] x/L ;f}+lklbO{ cfdf /xg] rf+l x lnvtsf] lsgf/fdf bf] x/L
a' L lnPF egL n]vL bf]x/L kfpg]sf] ;lx5fk ;d]t u/fpg' k5{ .

219

@$ g+= .. .. s]xL sf/0f k/L cfdf xflsd gePdf tx/L/n] cfgf] / cfkm"dlgsf
kmfF6jfnfsf] / tx/L/ gePdf xflsdn] cfgf] / tx/L/b]lv d'lgsf kmfF 6jfnfsf] ;lx5fk ug'{
u/fpg' k5{ . ;f] ubf{ xflsd jf tx/L/ gePsf] sf/0f ;d]t n]Vg' k5{ .
@% g+= .. .. /lhi6]zg x'g] lnvt 3/fo;df jf cfdf n]Vbf ;d]t bf]x/L lbg'k g]{df
tLgk|lt / c?df b'O{k|lt ;d]t Ps} ldnfg;Fu n]vL ;f] ;a} k|ltdf sf/0fL / To;df a;]sf
;fIfLsf] ;d]t /Ltk"j{s ;lx5fk ug'{ u/fpg' k5{ 3/fo;df ePsf lnvtdf a:g] ;fIfLnfO{
cfdf Nofpg' kb}{ g . ;gfvt ug]{ ;fIfLnfO{ eg] c8\8}sf /f]xj/df ;a} k|ltdf ;lx5fk u/fO{
gDa/ r9fO{ o; dxnsf] /Lt k'ofO{ /lhi6]z g u/L Psk|lt cfdf /fvL Ps k|lt lnvt u/fO{
lng]nfO{ / bf] x/L lbg'kg]{df Psk|lt lnvt u/L lbg]n fO{ ;d]t lbg'k5{ . Dofbleq /lhi6]zg u/L
glb+bf gfn]z u/L km};nf adf]lhd /lhi6]zg ul/lbg' kg]{ ePdf gfln; k/L ;b/ e} cfPsf]
lnvtsf] lz/df ;f] Joxf]/f hgfO{ o;} dxnsf] @# gDa/ adf]lhd /lhi6]zg u/L dfly n]lvP
adf]lhd ;lx5fk u/fO{ ;f] lnvtsf] gSsn n]vL ;Ssn adf]lhd gSsn b'?:t 5 ;Ssn a'emL
lnP+ egL /lhi6]zg ug{ cfpg]sf] / gSsn b'?:t 5 egL /lhi6]zg kf; u/L lbg]sf] ;d]t
;lx5fk u/fO{ /fVg'k5{ .
@^ g+= .. .. /lhi6]zg ug{ cfpFbf jf cl3kl5 hf];'s}n] klg c?nfO{ n]lvPsf] 5 5}g egL
/lhi6]zg ePsf] lnvt x]g{ jf gSsn lngnfO{ cfPdf x]g{ jf gSsn lbg'k5{ .
@& g+= .. .. /lhi6]zg e}/x]sf] lnvt adf]lhd a' fpg' kg]{ gubL, lhG;L leGg e}
w]/ }hgfn] efu zflGt ltg'{kg]{ x'g cfPsf]d f ;a}n] Ps}rf]6L a'fpg gNofO{ s'g} s'g}n] dfq
cfkm"n] ltg'{kg]{ hlt a' fpg NofP ltg{ cfpg]sf] efusf] hlt a'L lnO{ lnvtsf kL7df
Joxf]/f hgfO{ b/kL7 u/L a' fpg Nofpg]n fO{ klg a' fPsf] lg:;f lgldQ olt dWo] o;n]
a' fpg'k g]{ olt a' L lnPF eGg] e/kfO{ u/fO{ lnO{ lbO{ cfkm"n] ltg'{kg]{ hlt ;a} a' fO;s]kl5
220

o;} dxnsf] #& gDa/ adf]lhd /lhi6]zg ug]{ cfdf /x]sf gSsndf b/kL7 u/fpg cfPdf jf
c8\8 }df a' fPdf ;d]t c;"n hgfO{ /fvL lnvt adf]lhd ltg'{k g]{ hlt ;a} a' fO{;s]kl5
lnvtsf] kL7df cfsf] 5fk nufO{ lkmtf{ lbg] lng] ug'{k5{ . a' fpg' kg]{ hDd} ga'fO{ a'L
lnGg b/kL7 u/L lbGg lwtf] 5f]8\lbg eGg kfpFb}g .
@* g+= .. .. sfg"g adf]lhdsf] lnvt /lhi6]zg u/fO{ dfUg cfPdf h'g;'s} Onfsfsf]
/lhi6]zg ug]{ cfaf6 u/L lbg'k5{ .
@( g+= .. .. cfsf{ Onfsfsf] crn ;DklQsf] lnvt /lhi6]zg ePsf]df /lhi6]zg ug]{
cfn] ;f] 3/ hUuf ePsf Onfsfsf] /lhi6]z g ug]{ cfdf Psk|lt gSsn k7fO{ lbg'k5{ . ;f]
cfn] klg l;nl;n]jf/ gDa/ r9fO{ gSsn lstfadf zfd]n /fVg'k5{ .
#) g+= .. .. /lhi6]zg ePsf] lnvtaf6 cfgf cfdf /x]sf] ;|]:tfdf bflvn vf/]h ug'{k g]{
s'/f eP bflvn vf/Lh ul/lbg' k5{ . cGoq /x]sf] ;|]:tfdf bflvn vf/]h ug'{k g]{ eP lnvt
u/fO{ lng] dflg;nfO{ kmnfgf 7fpFdf k}+t L; lbgleq bflvn vf/]h u/fpg hfg' egL ;'gfO{ lbO{
;f] bflnv vf/]h ug'{kg]{ 7fpFdf klg kmnfgfsf] of] olt 3/ jf hUuf kmnfgfsf gfpFd f bflvn
vf/]h ul/lbg' egL ;ft lbgleq n]vL k7fpg' k5{ . ;f] bflvn vf/]h u/L lbg]n ] klg sfg"g
adf]lhd bflvn vf/]h u/L lbg'k5{ .
#! g+= .. .. /lhi6]zg x'g] u}x| lnvtdf lnvt ug]{ u/fO{ lng] b'a}y/sf] cfgf] cfgf] afa'
/ afh]sf] gfd vf]nL n]lvPsf] x'g'k5{ . ;Fu l7t ;+:yfx?sf] xsdf eg] ;f] ;+:yfsf] gfd;Dd n]v]
k'U5 .
#@ g+= .. .. z]ifkl5 xs k'Ug] u/L lnvt u/L lbg] dflg; d/L lnvt u/fO{ kfpg]sf] xs
k'Ug cfPkl5 xs k'U g]n] xs k'u ]sf bflvn vf/]h ug'{kg]{ hlt snd cfgf gfpFdf bflvn
vf/]h u/fO{ dfUgnfO{ ;f] lnvt ul/lbg] dflg; d/]sf] ldltn] k}+t L; lbgleq /lhi6]zg ug]{
221

cfdf b/vf:t lbg'k5{ . ;f] adf]lhd b/vf:t k/]sf]df /lhi6]zg ug]{ cfn] klg cfkm"sxfF
/x]sf] lnvt x]/L ;f] lnvt ul/lbg] dflg; d/]sf] xf] xf]Og / lnvt u/L bL ;s]kl5 km]l/ ab/
u/fO{ ;s]sf] 5 5}g eGg] ;d]t hf] a'g'kg]{ a' L lnvt ul/lbg] d/L xs k'lu;s]sf] / n]vL
lbPsf] lnvt ab/ u/fO{ ;s]sf] ge} sfod} /x]s f] 7x/] o;} dxnsf] #) gDa/ adf]lhd bflvn
vf/Lh ug'{ ug{ nfpg' k5{ .
## g+= .. .. /lhi6]zg u/fpg' kg]{ lnvt klxn] 3/fo;df n]vL kl5 /lhi6]zg u/fPsf]d f
ph"/ ug]{ xbDofb sfod ubf{ /lhi6]zg ePs} ldlt sfod ug'{k5{ .
#$ g+= .. .. bf]xf]/f] lnvt ePsf]df klxn] /lhi6]zg ePs} lnvt h]7f] 7x5{ .
#% g+= .. .. n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] dxn adf]lhd crn ;DklQ lgvGbf b]xfo adf]lhd ug'{k5{
lgvGg kfpg] JolQmn] lgvGg rfx]sf] crn ;DklQ lng] ;fx"sf ;fydf /lhi6]zg ug]{ cfdf u}
lng' lbg' u/L e/kfO{ u/fO{ /lhi6]zg ePsf] lnvt ;fx" af6 b/kL7 u/fO{ jf lnvt geP
To;sf] sf/0f vf]nfO{ lng'k5{ . km};nf adf]lhd lgvGg' kbf{ b/vf:t ;fy km};nfsf] /Ltk"j{ssf]
gSsn k]z ug'{k5{ . o:tf] lgvGg kfpg] snddf c?sf gfpFd f bflvn vf/Lh e};s]sf] eP klg
lgvGg cfpg] xs k'u]sf] JolQmsf gfpFdf bflvn vf/Lh u/L lbg'k5{ / ;f] s'/f cfdf /x]sf]
td;'s / ;|]:tfdf ;d]t hgfO{ /fVg'k5{ =====================!
lgvGg kfpg] JolQmn] lgvGg vf]Hbf lgvGg lbg'k g]{ JolQmn] afwf c8\sfp pkl:yt u/]d f
lghnfO{ a' fpg' kg]{ y}nL lgvGg kfpg] JolQmn] lnvt /lhi6]zg ePsf] jf ;fx" /x]sf]
Onfsfsf] /lhi6]zg ug]{ cfdf w/f}6 /fvL lgvgfO{ kfpg b/vf:t lbg x'G5 / ;f] adf]lhd
b/vf:t k/]df lghnfO{ tf/Lvdf /fvL lgvGg lbg'kg]{ JolQmnfO{ chL{ gnfUg] u/L af6fsf Dofb
afx]s ;ft lbg leq ;Ssn} lnvt nL cfpg' egL Dofb k7fpg' k5{ . ;f] Dofbdf xflh/ e}
lgvGg lbg d~h"/ u/] dfly ! bkmf adf]lhd y}nL ;fx"nfO{ a'emfO{ ;fx"sf] e/kfO{ u/fO{ e/kfO{
222

/ /lhi6]zg ePsf] lnvt ;d]t c;fdLnfO{ a'emfO{ lbg'k5{ . xflh/ gePdf Dofb gf3]kl5 krf{
v8f u/L ;f] lgvgL kfpg] crn ;DklQ rng ug'{ egL lgvGg kfpg]nfO{ rng k"hL{ lbO{ ;f]
k"hL{ ePsf] Joxf]/f / w/f}6 /x]sf] ?k}ofF tLg jif{leq lng gcfP kl5 kfpg] 5}gf}+ eGg];d]t
s'/fsf] ;"rgf ;fx"nfO{ k7fO lbg' k5{ . xflh/ e} lgvGg lbg d~h"/ gu/] b/vf:tjfnfn] bfaL
lnPsf] ;DklQ /lhi6]zg ePsf] lnvt jf cfdf /x]sf ;|]:tfaf6} lgvGg lbg' kg]{ lgvGg lbg
OGsf/ u/]sf] b]lvg cfP /lhi6]zg ug]{ cfaf6} lgvgfO{ lbg] km};nf u/L ckLn nfUg] cj:yf
gf3]kl5 lgvGg kfpg]nfO{ rng k" hL{ u/L lbg'k5{ . lgvGg lbg'k g]{n] lgvGg lbg' gkg]{ sf/0f
b]vfPsf]d f k|d f0f a'e mL OG;fkm lbg'k g]{ s'/ f b]lvg cfP k}+tL; lbgleq gfln; ug'{ egL ;'gfO{
lbg'k5{ . Dofbdf gflnz gk/] jf k/] klg lgvGg gkfpg] 7x/L km}; nf ePsf]df w/f}6 /x]sf]
y}nL sfg"g adf]lhd Dofbleq lng cfP b/vf:tfjfnfnfO{ lbg' k5{ . ;fx" jf c;fdLn] w/f}6
/x]sf] y}nL lkmtf{ lng'kg]{df Dofbleq glnPdf ;f] y}nL >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] x'g]5 =========@
dfly @ bkmf adf]lhd lgvGg w/f}6 /fvL b/vf:t u/]sf] JolQmn] kl5 s'g} sf/0fn] lgvGg
grfx]d f jf tf/]v 5f]8]d f jf Dofbleq gfln; gu/]df lghnfO{ y}nLsf] ;os8f c9fO{ ?k} ofF
hl/jfgf u/L ;f] hl/jfgfsf] /sd sf u/L afFsL y}nL lkmtf{ lbg'k5{ ===============================#
lgvGg kfpg] / lgvGg lbg]n ] ldnfkq ug{ rfx]df /lhi6]zg ug]{ c} af6 ldnfkq u/fO{
lbg'x'G5 . ;f] ldnfkq afkt aS;f}+gL ln+bf y}nLsf] ;os8f Ps ?k}ofFsf] b/n] lng'k5{ =====$
#^ g+= .. .. Dofbleq /lhi6]zg u/L glbPsf]n] gfln; k/L /lhi6]zg x'g]u /L km}; nf ePsf]df
b08 ;hfosf] dxnsf] $$ gDa/ adf]lhd km};nf ug]{ cfaf6 /lhi6]zg ug]{ cfsf gfpFdf
k"hL{ u/fO{ lng'k5{ . ;f] k"hL{ kfPsf ldltn] k}+tL; lbgleq cfkm"n] kfPsf] k"hL{{, km};nfsf] gSsn
/ /lhi6]zg ug'{kg]{ lnvt ;d]t nL /lhi6]zg ug]{ cfdf b/vf:t lbg cfkm} hfg jf jfl/;
k7fpg k5{ . n]lvP adf]lhd b/vf:t lbg cfPdf /lhi6]zg u/L lbg] cfaf6 klg Dofbleq
223

b/vf:t lbg cfPsf] /x]5 eg] km};nf k"hL{ adf]lhd sfgg"sf] /Lt k'ofO{ /lhi6]zg u/L lbO{
km};nfsf] gSsnsf] lz/df kmnfgf ldltdf /lhi6]zg eof] egL n]vL cfsf] / xflsdsf] ;d]t
5fk nufO{ lkmtf{ lbg'k5{ . n]lvPsf] Dofbleq b/vf:t gu/] Dofb gf3]kl5 /lhi6]zg x'g
;St}g .
#& g+ = .. .. /lhi6]zg ePsf] lnvtsf] ?k}ofF wgLnfO{ a'fpFbf 3/;f/}df a' fO{ sfuh
kmf u/L lng lbg klg x'G5 . c8\8 }df cfO{ a'fP klg x'G5 . 3/;f/}df lng' lbg' u/]sf]d f
a' fpg]n ] sfuhsf] kL7df o; ldltdf olt ?k}ofF a' L lnP eGg] Joxf]/ f n]vL a' L lng]
wgLsf] P]g adf]lhdsf] /Lt k' ofO{ ;lx5fk u/fO{ kmf lnO{ ;f] lnPsf] ldltn] kGw|| lbgleq cfkm}
xflh/ eO{ jf jfl/; u/L jf n]vf]6;fy 5fk k7fO{ cfdf /x]s f] sfuh ;|]:tfdf hgfO{ dfUg
cfPdf jf c8\8 }sf /f]xj/df a' L lnPdf ;d]t cfdf /x]sf] lnvtsf kL7df / klGhsfdf
;d]t ;f] Joxf]/ f hgfO{ n]vL kmfsf kL7df ;d]t cfsf] 5fk nufO{ lkmtf{ lbg'k5{ .
#* g+= .. .. /lhi6]zg ePsf] lnvt adf]lhd ltg'{ kg]{ gub lhG;L wgLn] ;fIfL /fvL
n]vL k7fPsf] OR5fkq lnO{ cfpg] OR5fkqjfnfnfO{ a' fP klg x'G5 . n]lvP adf]lhd 3/;f/df
OR5fkqjfnfnfO{ a' fO{ b/kL7 u/fO{ kmf lnvt / OR5fkq lnO{ o;} dxnsf] #& gDa/
adf]lhd Dofbleq cfdf /x]sf gSsn klGhsfdf hgfO{ dfUg jf c8\8}d f OR5fkqjfnfnfO{
a' fpg cfPdf a'e mfO{ lbO{ OR5fkqjfnfnfO{ a' fPsf] Joxf]/f ;d]t vf]nL cfdf /x]sf gSsn
klGhsfdf hgfO{ lkmtf{ lbg] ug'{k5{ .
#( g+= .. .. s;}n] cfdf /x]sf] /lhi6]zg ePsf] s'g} lnvtsf] gSsn lng jf x] g{
cfPdf lbg'k5{ . ;f] adf]lhd gSsn lnPsf]d f kmL yfg b'O{ ?k}o fF / x]/]sf]d f kmL yfg Ps ?k} ofF
b:t"/ nfU5 .

224

$) g+= .. .. sfg" gn] tf]s]sf] /lhi6]zg b:t"/ b]xfosf cj:yfdf b]xfosf JolQmaf6
lng'k5{===
/fhLgfdf aGwsL ;d]t n]gb]gsf] lnvt ePsf]df wgLaf6 =================!
a08fkq jf dfg' 5'lPsf] jf dfg' hf]l/Psf] lnvtdf bfdf;fxLn] ;a} c+lzof/af6 =========!
c? lnvt ePsf]d f lng] kfpg]af6 ======================================!
$! g+= .. .. /flhi6]zg ePsf] lnvtdf ;f] /lhi6]z g u/L lng] lbg] ;fx"n] g} jf
pgLx?sf xsbf/n] yk nL bL u/] ePsf] lnvt /lhi6]zg u/fpFbf cl3 lnP lbPsf] b:t'/
nfUb}g . yk n]gb]g u/] hltc+s sf] dfq sfg"g adf]lhdsf] b:t"/ nfU5 .
$@ g+= .. .. hUuf 3/sf] n]gb]gdf ;f] 3/ hUufsf] df]nc+s b]lvP klg ?k}ofF lng' lbg'
u/L lnvt ePsf]df lng' lbg' u/]sf] ?k}ofFs} lauf] sfod u/L /lhi6]zg b:t"/ lng'k5{ .
$# g+= .. .. lnvtsf] /lhi6]zg u/fpg' kg]{ Dofb u'h|]d f yfldg ;St}g .
$$ g+= .. .. o;} dxnsf #& gDa/df n]lvPsf] sfd ;f]xL gDa/df n]lvPsf] Dofbleq
gu/L ;f] Dofb gf3]sf] Ps jif{;Dddf ug{ cfPsf] eP Dofb g3fO{ cfP jfkt ;f] cfpg]nfO{
Ps;o ?k}ofFd f kRrL; k};f / Ps jif{eGbf a9L Dofb g3fO{ cfPsf] eP Ps;o ?k} ofFd f krf;
k};f hl/jfgf u/L ;f] gDa/df n]lvP adf]lhd sfd u/L lbg'k5{ .

225

dxn @@
af+s L gltg]
gltg]{s f]
! g+= .. .. b08 ;hfo afx]s ;/sf/L af+sL ltg'{k g]{ 7x/]sfn] ;f] 7x/]sf] af+sL ltg{ ;s]g
/ dfyj/ wghdfgL lbof] eg] Ps jif{sf] efvf lbg' k5{ . ;f] adf]lhd hdfgL lbg g;s] sfg"g
adf]lhd c;"n ug'{k5{ .
@ g+= .. .. cfgf lhDdfsf] ;/sf/L gubL lhG;L u}x| sfg" g adf]lhd afx]s jf
/Ltk"j{ssf] cfb]z lgsf;f a]u/ lbg, lng, lbnfpg jf df:g x'+b}g.
# g+= .. .. ;/sf/L gubL lhG;L /x]sf] txaLn hfFRbf h:sf] lhDdfsf] txaLn xf] ;f]
JolQm /f] xj/df eP p;nfO{ / /f]xj/df ePsf tx/L/ txaLnbf/ e08f/] ;d]t /fvL hf+R g' k5{ .
;f] ad] flhd hf+Rbf cs0f{ / >]:tf adf]lhdsf] txaLn df}Hbft geP d;f}6 u/]sf] 7x5{ . ;f]
df;]sf] lauf] df:g] af6 pk/ u/L lnO{ lghnfO{ lauf] adf]lhd hl/jfgf jf tLg jif{;Dd s}b jf
b'j} x'G5 .
$ g+= .. .. ;/sf/L cfsf] txaLnbf/ e08f/]n ] txaLn df;]sf]d f ;f] txaLnbf/ e08f/]
xflsdn] kTofPsf] dflg; egL egf{ ePsf] /x]5 eg] df:g] af6 pk/ gePsf] hlt afFsL lauf]
xflsdn] a'fpg' k5{ .
% g+= .. .. txaLn dfl;Psf lbgb]lvsf] bzf}+bsf lx;fan] ;"b ;d]t lng'k5{ .
^ g+= .. .. ;/sf/L ;"b nfUg] afFsLdf hfohft /f]Ssf ePsf]df hfohft /f]Ssf ePsf]
ldltb]lv / hfohft /f]Ssf gx'Fb} y'lgPsf]d f y'lgPsf] ldltb]lv ;"b nfUb}g . ;f] /f]Ssf ePsf]
hfohft lnnfd laqmL e} lauf] pk/ gePsf]d f hfohft /f]S sf ubf{ hfohft bafP 5kfPsf]
kl5 7xg{ cfof] eg] gk'u]sf] afFsL dWo] bafPsf] 7x/L pk/ eP hltsf] /f]Ssf ePs} ldltb]lvsf]

226

;"b klg lnOg]5 . ;f] hfohft /f]Ssf eO/x]sf]d f lnnfd laqmL u/L c;"n ug{ x'g] cj:yf
k'u]kl5 k}+tL; lbgleq lnnfd laqmL ug'{k5{ .
& g+= .. .. s;}n] rn jf crn s'g} ls;dsf] ;DklQ >L % sf] ;/sf/df a' fpg' kg]{
egL s'g} cfdf a'fpg NofPdf ;f] cfn] a' g'kg]{ /x]5 eg] ;a} Joxf]/f / sf/0f v'nfO{
a'llng'k5{ . c8a8 k/]sf]df eg] ;f]xL Joxf]/f hgfO{ w/f} 6Ldf cfDbfgL afFw L sfg" g adf]lhd
sf/jfO{ u/L lg0f{o ug'{ u/fpg' k5{ .
* g+= .. .. sfd ug]{ afFsLjfnfsf] ck'tfnL vfg] xsbf/ kqmfp ePsf]df pk/ ug'{k g]{
7x/]sf] lauf]df ;f] xsbf/sf] hfohft u/L pk/ ug'{k5{ . hfohftaf6 gk'u ]sf] afFsLdf kqmfp
ug{ x'+b}g. ;f] hfohft x'Fbf bjfO{ 5kfO{ /fv]sf] /x]5 / a'bf 7xof] eg] ;f] bafpg] xsbf/nfO{
bjfPsf] lauf] adf]lhd hl/jfgf u/L hl/jfgf afkt s}b ug'{k5{ .
( g+= ..

.. ;/sf/L afx]s c?s]f sfd ug]{ sfdbf/n] cfgf lhDdfsf] gubL lhG;L

txaLn df;]df wgLsf] ph"/ k/L 7xof] eg] lauf]sf] ;os8f kRrL; hl/jfgf u/L lauf] e/fpg'
kg]{d f lauf] ;d]t e/fO{ lbg'k5{ . ;f] afx]s c? lbg' kg]{ lbPg jf kqmfp ug{ gkfpg]df kqmfp
uof]{ lnof] eGg] ;d]t OToflb a]xf]/fsf] sfd ug]{ u/fpg]sf] gflnz k/]df ;fx" c;fdL ;/x
x'G5 .
!) g+= .. .. o;} dxnsf] ( gDa/ adf]lhdsf] gk'u lauf]df s}b u/fpg' kbf{ b'O{ ;o
krf; ?k}o fF;Dd gk'u]sf]d f k}+t fnL; lbg, ;f] eGbf dfly kf+r ;o ?k} ofF; Dd gk'u ]sf]df tLg
dxLgf, ;f] eGbf dfly Ps xhf/;Dd gk'u]sf]d f 5 dlxgf, ;f] eGbf dfyL b'O{ xhf/;Dd
gk'u ]sf]df Ps jif{, ;f] eGbf dfyL rf/ xhf/;Dd gk'u]sf]d f b'O{ jif{ / ;f] eGbf dfly hlt;'s}
gk'u ]sf]df tLg jif{ s}b u/fpg kfpF5 .

227

!! g+= .. .. o;} dxnsf] ( gDa/ adf]lhdsf] s;"/df ;f] s;"/ eP u/]sf ldltn] b'O{ jif{
leq gfln; glbP nfUg ;St}g .
!@ g+= .. .. ;/sf/L txaLn df;]df sfg"g adf]lhd ePsf] ;hfo / ;/sf/L lauf] jfkt
;d]t df s}b ug'{ kbf{ bz jif{eGbf a9L s}b x'g ;Sg] 5}g .

228

efu $
dxn !
sLt]{ sfuhsf]
! g+= .. .. x:tfIf/ jf cf}+nfsf] NofKr] ;xL lgzfgf / 5fk OToflb ' f agfO{ u/L jf P] g
adf]lhd ' f /Ltk"j{ssf] ;lx5fk eO{/x]sf] cs}{ ljifosf] ;Rrf lnvtdf n]lvPsf] Joxf]/f s'g }
t/sLj;Fu p8fO{ cs}{ dtna lg:sg] Joxf]/f kf/L ldnfO{ n]Vg] / Pp6f sfdnfO{ egL ;lx5fk
u/]sf] lnkmf sfuh jf 5fk lnP lbPsf]df ;f] sfddf gnufO{ cs}{ Joxf]/fsf] lnvtdf nufO{ jf
cs}{ Joxf]/fsf] lnvt n]Vg] OToflb sfd u/]sf]a f6 csf{sf] hLp, wg jf xs hfg] gf]S;fg x'g ]
jf ;f] s]xL geP klg 'f sfd ug]{ dflg; cfkm}nfO{ jf c? s;}n fO{ kmfObf k|d f0f x' g] u/L
sfd u/]sf] /x]5 eg] To:tf 'f sfuhaf6 sfd u/L eO{;s]sf] xj;\ jf gxj;\ sLt]{ u/]sf]
7x5{ . To:tf] sLt]{ ug]{ u/fpg]n fO{ / hfgL a'L sLt]{ sfuhdf a:g] ;fIfL dltof/ ;d]t nfO{
aft nfU5 .
@ g+= .. .. ;d"rf lnvt eg] sLt]{ gu/]sf] sf/0fLsf hfgsf/L dGh"/Ln] e}/x]s f] ;Rrf
lnvtdfc+s ldlt jf s]xL Joxf]/ f 36L a9L kf/L ;RofO{ agfPsf];Dd /x]5 eg] h] hlt s'/f
36L a9L kf/L agfPsf]5 plt s'/fsf] sLt]{ ug]{ 7x/L aft nfU5 .
# g+= .. .. n]lvP afx]s csf{sf] xs d]6\g], xbDofb tfl/v hfg] jf s'g} t/x;Fu gf]S;fg
kfg]{ OToflb h' g;'s} dtnan] xj;\ gu/] gePsf] 'f s'/f u/] ePsf] xf] egL jf ldlt c+s
a]xf]/f km/s kf/L ;lx5fk u/L lbg] lng] b'a} y/ ldln sfuh n]vL ;lx5fk ul/lbg] lng]
hfn;fhL ug]{ 7x5{ .
$ g+= .. .. gu/] gePsf] sfd s'/ f d'vsf] kl/kGr ldnfO{ k|ltt kg]{ lx;fa;Fu egL sfd
u/L ;Sg] klg d'vsf kl/kGrn] sLt]{ ug]{ 7x5{ .
229

% g+ .. .. Hofg lngfsf] dtnan] sLt]{ u/L Hofg u};s]sf] /x]5 eg] sLt]{ ug]{ ug{
nfpg]nfO{ ;j{:j ;lxt hGds}b / c? dltof/nfO{ bz jif{ s}b x'G5 . Hofg dl/;s]sf] /x]g5
eg] sLt]{ ug]{ ug{ npg]n fO{ bz jif{ / c? dltof/nfO{ kfFr jif{ s}b x'G5 .
^ g+= .. .. ;j{:j ;lxt hGds}b jf hGds}b x'g] s'/f sLt]{ u/] bz jif{ / ;j{:j x' g] s'/f
sLt]{ u/]sf] /x]5 eg] tLg jif{ s}b ug'{k5{ . sfd e};s]sf] /x]g5 eg] n]lvPsf ;hfosf] cfwf
;hfo ug'{k5{ .
& g+= .. .. ;DklQsf ;DaGwdf sLt]{ u/L lnO{ vfO;s]sf] eP lauf] e/fO{ lauf] adf]lhd
hl/jfgf x'G5 . sfd e};s]sf] /x]g5 eg] lauf]sf] cfwL hl/jfgf x'G5 .
* g+= .. .. nfndf] x/ jf nfndf] x/ nfu]sf] sfuh sLt]{ u/]df ;f] ug]{ af6 lauf] e/fpg' kg]{
eP lauf] e/fO{ bz jif{s}b ug'{ k5{ .
( g+= .. .. lnvt hDd} sLt]{ gu/Lc+s jf Joxf]/ f;Dd 36L a9L kf/L sLt]{ u/]df hlt
s'/f 36L a9L u/]sf]5 plt s'/fdf dfq ;hfo ug'{k5{ . ldlt;Dd cl3 kl5 kf/]sf] /x]5 eg] ;f]
ubf{ lauf] v'n]sf]df h] hlt a] xs x' g] jf gf]S;fg x' g] u/L cl3 kl5 kf/]sf] xf] ;f]xL lauf]sf]
;os8f kRrL;n] hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ . lauf] gv'n ]sf] d'2fdf krf; ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ .
!) g+= .. .. hfn;fhL sfuh ug]{ u/fpg]nfO{ lauf] vf]lnPsf] /x]5 eg] To;} lauf]sf]
;os8f kRrL; ?k}ofF hl/jfgf x'G5 . lauf] vf]]lnPsf] /x]g5 eg] b' O{ ;o ?k}o fF;Dd hl/jfgf
x'G5 .
!! g+= .. .. Hofg lngfsf dtnan] afx]s c? s'/fdf sLt]{ ug]{ ug{ nufpg]nfO{ sLt]{ ug]{
7x/]sf dflg;nfO{ x' g] adf]lhd / c? dltof/nfO{ To;}sf] cfwL ;hfo ug'{k5{ .

230

!@ g+= .. .. ;/sf/L cfsf] 5fk jf ;/sf/L sfddf ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] 5fk b:tvt jf
;f] 5fk b:tvt ePsf] ;/sf/L sfuh sLt]{ ug]{nfO{ o;} dxnsf] c? gDa/n] x' g] ;hfodf Ps
jif{ / p;} cfsf] sd{rf/Ln] sLt]{ u/]df b'O{ jif{ yk s}b x'G5 .
!# g+= .. .. Pp6fsf gfpFd f csf{n] ;lx5fk ug]{nfO{ gfpF n]lvg]s f] dGh"/L eP klg d'2 f
x]/L aL; ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ .
!$ g+= .. .. sLt]{ sfuh xf] egL hfgL hfgL ;fIfL x' g]nfO{ sfd e};s]sf] eP d'V o sLt]{
ug]{ sf/0fLnfO{ ;j{:j ;lxt hGd s}bsf] ;hfo x'g] /]x5 eg] kGw|| lbgb]lv b'O{ jif{;Dd s}b /
hl/jfgf x' g]df /x]5 eg] Ps;o ?k} ofF;Dd hl/jfgf x'G5 . sfd e} g;s]sf]d f n]lvPsf
;hfosf] cfwf ;hfo ug'{k5{ .
!% g+= .. .. d'vsf kl/kGrn] sLt]{ sfd s'/ f u/]sf]d f ;f] ug]{nfO{ lauf] v'n]sf]d f lauf]sf]
cfwL / lauf] gv'n]sf]d f Ps;o ?k} ofF;Dd hl/jfgf x'G5 . sfd e} g;s]sf]d f ;f] ;hfosf]
cfwL ;hfo x'G5 .
!^ g+= .. .. >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] :jLs[ltn] lbg] kfpg] JolQmn] lbPsf]df jfx]s cfgf
dgfl;an] s;}n] s;}nfO{ s'g} bhf{ lbg jf d kmnfgf] bhf{sf] x'F eGg n]Vg x'+b}g. clwsf/
ePsfn] lbP kfPsf] bhf{ axfn 6'6]kl5 klg n]Vg eGg x''G5 ;f] afx]s c?n] gkfPsf] bhf{ kfPF
eGg] jf n]vfk9L ug]{ / b]xfodf n]lvP adf]lhdsf] sfd ug]{nfO{ ;d]t b]xfodf n]]lvP adf]lhd
;hfo x'G5
gkfPsf] bhf{sf] wfsn] sfdsfh ;d]t ug]{nfO{ s]xL lnP vfPsf] eP ;f] lauf] lkmtf{ u/fO{ rf/
aif{;Dd s}b jf kfF r xhf/ ?k} ofF;Dd hl/jfgf jf b'a} x' G5 . c? s] xL s;"/ ;d]t u/]sf] eP
h'g s;"/ u/]sf]5 ;f] s;"/ df P]g adf]lhd x' g] ;hfo 5'6\g ;St}g ===============!

231

o:tf dflg; x' g\ eGg] yfxf gkfO{ To:tf JolQm;Fu nfuL sfd u/]sf]d f afx]s hfgL hfgL ;f]
JolQm;Fu nfuL sfd ug]{ JolQm dltof/ 7x5{ . dfly ! bkmfdf n]lvPsf ;hfosf] cfwf ;hfo
x'G5 ==================@
!& g+= .. .. ;j{:j ;lxt hGd s}b x'g]d f afx]s o; dxnsf c? s'/ fdf s}b ug'{ kbf{ afx|
aif{b]lv a9\tf s}b ug'{ x'+b}g.
!* g+= .. .. ;/sf/L 5fk nfu]sf sfuhx? / ;/sf/L cfdf /x]sf] sfuhkqx? afx]s
c? sLt]{ jf hfn;fhL uof] eGg] jf d' vsf kl/kGrn] sLt]{ s'/f uof]] jf gkfPsf] bhf{ kfP
egL eGof] jf ;f] egL k/khgL ;d]t uof] eGg] s'/fdf ;f] sfd eP u/]sf] ldltn] b'O{ jif{ leq
gflnz glbP nfUg ;St}g .

232

dxn @
n'6kL6sf]
! g+= .. .. jf/bftsf ?kaf6 rf]/Lsf] dxn adf]lhdsf] ck/fw 7xg]{ afx]s c? o;}
dxnsf gDa/ gDa/df n]lvPsf ?kaf6 p7fg eO{ ;f] xL hl/ofaf6 u8f s'6kL6;Dd eO{ jf
;f] s]xL geO{ csf{sf xssf] jf lhDdfsf] gubL lhG;L wgdfn bf]k fof rf} kfof hUufsf] afnL
;d]t xft xfnL hj/h:tL;Fu vf];L n}hfg jf s'g} lsl;d;Fu gf]S;fg u/fO{ lbg ;d]t x'Fb}g,
u/] n'6kL6 7x5{ .
@ g+= .. .. cfgf] klg gf]S ;fg kof] jf kg]{ eof] egL jf cfgf] ;d]t xs nfUg] xf] egL
hUuf hdLg ;fFw ;Ldfgf ;fx" c;fdL c+za08f bfg aS; lahfO{ ljB't /sd snd ;GwL ;k{g
s'nf kfgL afnL r/fO{ gf;f] w/f}6 ;d]t OToflb / c? s'g} s'/fdf w/ks8 jf egfeg u8f
n5f/ k5f/;Dd eO{ ;f]xL 7fpF p;} avtdf ;fydf eP /x]s f] wgdfn gubL lhG;L vf];L lnP
nu] gf]S;fg u/]sf] ;d]t n'6kL6 7x5{ .
# g+= .. .. ef]u b[li6 jf gf;f] w/f} 6df ;d]t lnvt adf]lhd lng kfpg] eO{ lnPdf
afx]s c? cfg} xs k'Ug] wgdfn ePklg csf{sf lhDdf /x] ePsf]d f ;f] lhDdf lng] dflg;sf]
dGh"/L lnO{ jf gfln; lbO{ cfgf] xs sfod u/fPkl5 dfq n}hfg' k5{ . ;f] adf]lhd gu/L
To;} nu]sf] eP p;n] lng' kg]{ lauf] eGbf a9Lsf]] wgdfn nu]sf] eP ;os8f kRrL; / lng'
kg]{ htL jf ;f] eGbf 36L nu]sf] eP ;os8f kGw|| ?k} ofF hl/jfgf u/L p;n] lnPsf] wgdfn
lkmtf{ u/fO{ lbg'k5{ .
$ g+= .. .. csf{n] nfPsf] kfs]sf] afnL gsf6\b} n'6kL6 ug]{ u/fpg]nfO{ ;f] n'6 kL6 u/]
u/fPsf] lauf]sf] cfgf] xs k'Ug] n'6kL6 u/] u/fPsf]df ;os8f bz / cfgf] xs gk'Ug] n'6kL6
u/] u/fPsf]df ;os8f aL; hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ . gkfs]sf] sfFrf] afnL n'6kL6 u/] u/fPsf]d f ;f]
233

n'6kL6 u/] u/fPsf] lauf]sf] cfgf] xs k'Ug] n'6kL6 u/] u/fPsf] eP ;os8f ;f9] afx| / cfgf]
xs gk' Ug] n'6kL6 u/] u/fPsf] eP ;os8f kRrL; hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ . cfgf] xs k'U g] n'6kL6
u/] u/fPsf]df cfgf] gf]S ;fg ePsf] lauf] kfpFb}g . cfgf] xs gk'U g] n'6kL6 u/] u/fPsf] eP
gf]S ;fgL lauf] ;f] n'6kL6 ug]{ u/fpg] af6 xs k'Ug]nfO{ e/fO{ lbg'k5{ . n'6kL6 ug{ ;/Ls e}
hfg] d'Vo afx]s c? d2tuf/nfO{ hgxL d'VonfO{ x'g] ;hfosf] d'Vosf] xs k'Ug] n'6kL6
u/]sf]d f rf}yfO{ / d'V osf] xs gk'Ug] n'6kL6 u/]sf]df cfwf ;hfo x'G5 .
% g+= .. .. cfaf6 /f]Ssf ePsf] afnL jf rn crn u}x|, km's'jf geO{ s;}n] lng vfg
x'+b}g. s;}n] n'6kL6 u/L lnP vfP5 eg] To; s'/ fsf] ph"/ k/]d f /f]Ssf ug]{ cfn] h;n] lnO{
vfPsf]5 To;nfO{ t'?Gt kqmL /f]Ssf eP u/]sf] afnL rn crn hf] hlt xf] To;af6 pk/ u/L
cf jf dfyj/ dflg;sf] lhDdf /fvL lbg'k5{ . lbPg eg] ;f] glbP;Dd cfdf y'Gg' k5{ . kGw||
lbg;Dd y'Gbf klg lkmtf{ a'fPg eg] n'6kL6 u/]sf] rn crn} ;fa"b km]nf k/] ;f]xL / gk/]
To;sf] lauf] To;sf hfohft ;d]taf6 pk/ u/L /fVg' k5{ . kl5 d'2f km};nf ubf{ xs gk'U g]n]
lnP vfPsf] 7x/] ;f] lauf]sf] ;os8f kRrL; ?k}ofFsf b/n] / xs k'Ug]n] lnP vfPsf] 7x/] klg
;os8f ;f9]a fx| ?k}ofFsf b/n] hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ . lauf] xs k'Ug]nfO{ lbg'k5{ .
^ g+= .. .. o;} dxnsf] #.$.% gDa/df n]lvPb]lv afx]s c? t/x;Fu n'6kL6 u/]df lng]
vfg] gf]S;fg kf/L lbg] af6 lauf] e/fO{ lghnfO{ ;f]xL lauf]sf] ;os8f kRrL; hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ .
n]lvPsf s'/fdf d2t ug]{ d2tuf/nfO{ hgxL d'VonfO{ x' g] ;hfosf] cfwL ;hfo ug'{k5{ .
& g+= .. .. n'6kL6 ePsf] tLg dxLgfleq gfln; glbP nfUg ;St}g .

234

dxn #
7uLsf]
! g+= .. .. s;}n] cfgf] xs gk'U g] csf{sf] xssf] rncrn wgdfn xs k'Ug] dflg;nfO{
jf h;sf lhDdf /x]sf]5 p;nfO{ nnfO{kmsfO{ jf c? h'g;'s} a]xf]/f;Fu wf]sf lbO{ jf em'SofO{
ukmntdf kf/L a]OdfgLsf lgotn] lnP lbP lbnfP jf csf{sf] dfn d]/f] xf] jf d]/f] ePsf] 5
egL lnP lbP laqmL Jojxf/ u/]d f 7uL u/]sf] 7x{5 .
@ g+= .. .. s;}n] cfgf] gfpF 9fF6L ;f] gfpF d]/ f] xf] Og, cs}{sf] xf] egL jf ;f] dflg; d
xf] Og cs}{ xf] egL / csf]{ dflg;sf] gfpFnfO{ d]/ f] xf] ;f] dflg; d} x'F egL eGg' jf To:tf] s'/f
csf{af6 hfgL a' L egfpg' egL lbg' OToflb h'g;'s} s'/f] u/L xf];\ s;"/ ;hfoaf6 aRgfsf
nflu jf a]OdfgLsf] lgot;Fu c? s;}nfO{ wf]sf, ukmnt jf 'Sofgdf kf/L csf{sf] gf]S;fg jf
cfgf] kmfObf x'g] sfd u/]d f 7uL u/]sf] 7x5{ .
# g+= .. .. 7lug]n] 7uL ug]{n fO{ kqmL efvf td;'s u/fO{ /fv]sf] /x]5 eg] ;fx" c;fdL
;/x x'G5 .
$ g+= .. .. 7uL ug]{nfO{ kfFr ;o ?k}o fF;Dd hl/jfgf jf 5 dxLgf;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo
x'g]5 . 7uL u/L lnPsf] lauf] 7uL ug]{af6 xs k'U g]nfO{ e/fO{ lbg'k5{ .
% g+= .. .. 7uL ug]{;Fu ldln 7uL u/]sf] wgdfn afF8L lng] jf 7uL ug]{nfO{ d2t lbg] jf
7uL ug{sf] lgldQ u/]sf] s'g} lnvtdf hfgL hfgL ;fIfL x'g] JolQm dltof/ 7x5{ To:tfnfO{
7uL ug]{ ;/x ;hfo x'G5 .
^ g+= .. .. 7uL NofPsf] xf] egL hfgL hfgL 7uL NofPsf] wgdfn lng] jf lsGg]a f6 ;f]
lnP lsg]sf] wgdfnsf] lauf] xs k'Ug]nfO{ e/fO{ To:tf] lng] lsGg]nfO{ b'O{ ;o krf; ?k} ofF;Dd
hl/jfgf jf tLg dxLgf;Dd s}b jf b'a} ;hfo x' g]5 .
235

& g+= .. .. 7uL u/]sf] wgdfn lbP lnPsf]df kfpg] jf lng]sf] ;b/ x'Fb}g . hf]l;t 5
p;af6 dfn eP dfn, geP lauf] ;f] wgdfndf xs k'Ug]nfO{ e/fO{ lbg' k5{ . 7uL u/L NofPsf]
xf] egL hfgL hfgL lng]sf] y}nL e/fO{ lbg' kb}{g . ghfgL lnPsf] eP y}n L skfnL ;/x x'G5 .
* g+= . .. o; dxndf n]lvPsf] s'/fdf ;f] s'/ f u/] ePsf] ldltn] b'O{ jif{ leq gflnz
glbP nfUg ;St}g .

236

dxn $
rf]/Lsf]
! g+= .. .. cfgf] xs gk'Ug] crn e} /x]sf]nfO{ rnsf] lx;fa u/fO{ jf rn wgdfn ;d]t
xs k'Ug] wgLnfO{ yfxf glbO{ jf p;sf] dGh"/L gnL wgLsf] xs d]6fO{ cfkm"n] lngf vfgfsf
nflu h'g;'s} s'/f] u/L a]OdfgLsf lgotn] s;}n] nUof] eg] rf]/L u/]sf] 7x5{ .
@ g+= .. .. ;uf]n kl/jf/df gfjfnsnfO{ yfxf lbPsf] jf gfjfnssf] dGh"/L lnPsf]d f o;}
dxnsf] ! gDa/sf] k|o f]hgsf] lgldQ wgLnfO{ yfxf lbPsf] jf wgLsf] dGh"/L lnPsf] 7xb}{g .
pd]/ k'u]sf c? hfgsf/nfO{ yfxf lbPsf] jf To:tf] hfgsf/sf] dGh"/L lnPsf]df rf]/ L ge}
n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] dxn adf]lhd x'G5 .
# g+= .. .. v'nf 9f]sfaf6 afx]s ;]g jf ;'? vgL jf leQf ofn 9f]sfx? kmf]/ L jf vf]nL
jf 5fgf sf}zL ofn k/vfn OToflb u}x| caf6f] af6 s'g} t/xn] leq k;L rf]/L u/]sf] jf leq
k:bf af6} af6 k;]sf] ePklg lg:sbf ;f] n]lvPsf lsl;daf6 aflx/ lg:s]sf] eP gsahgL
u/]sf] 7x5{ .
$ g+= .. .. rf]/ L ubf{ s'6kL6 xftkft u/L jf afFwL lyrL jf plQv]/} Hofg lng] jf lhp
hvd c e ug]{ 8/ qf; u/fO{ jf leq a;]sf] dflg; lg:sg gx'g] u/L 9f]sf aGb u/L rf]/L
u/]d f jf rf]/ L u/]sf] yfxf kfO{ df}s}df jf bk] 6\b} uO{ dfn lng jf rf]/ kqmg vf]Hbf rf]/ n] dfly
n]lvP adf]lhd hf]/h'n'd u/]df jf ;f] adf]lhd s]xL gu/] klg gfafnssf] lhpsf] wgdfn
vf];L rf]/ L u/]sf]d f hah{:tL rf]/L u/]sf] 7x5{ .
% g+= .. .. af6f] 3f6f] jf hndf 9'sL hah{:tL rf]/L u/]sf] /xhgL 7x5{ .
^ g+= .. .. rf/hgf eGbf a9\t fsf] hdft eO{ hah{:tL rf]/L jf /xhgLdf n]lvPsf
/Lt;Fu jf xftxltof/ lnO{ p7fO{ 5f8L jf x'nx'Hht u/L rf]/L u/]sf] 8fFsf u/]sf] 7x5{ .
237

& g+= .. .. s;}n] s'g} k|sf/sf] rf]/ L ePsf] s'/f yfxf kfPdf ;f] yfxf kfPsf] ;ft lbgleq
ghLssf] k'ln; 7fgf rf}sLdf u} of] olt o:tf] wgdfn olt df]n lauf]sf] rf]/L eof] egL
rf]l/Psf] dfn 36La9L gkf/L b/vf:t lbO{ To;sf] lg:;f lng'k5{ . To:tf] b/vf:t kg{ cfPdf
k'ln; clkm;n] To;sf] Psk|lt cfgf] dflyNnf] clkm;df k7fO{ cfkm"n] klg sfg"gL sf/jfO{ /
vf]htnf; ug'{k5{ .
* g+= .. .. s;}n] s'g} dfn a]R g /fVg NofPsf]d f ;f] dfn rf]/Lsf] xf] eGg] zf kg]{
dgfl;a dflkmssf] sf/0f /x]5 eg] ;f] dfn / ;f] a]Rg /fVg Nofpg] dflg;nfO{ ghLssf] k'ln;
clkm;df a'fO{ lbg'k5{ .
( g+= .. .. k'ln;df ;"rgf glbFb} hjh{:tL rf]/L, /xhgL jf 8fFsf ug]{ jf cl3 rf]/ Ldf
;hfo kfPsf] rf]/ afx]s c? rf]/nfO{ 5f8]d f wgLnfO{ aft nfUb}g . h'g;'s} cj:yfdf klg
wgLn] cfgf] lng' kg]{ lauf] rf]/nfO{ dfkm lbG5 eg] dfkmLsf] sfuh n]vfO{ ;hfosf] xsdf P]g
adf]lhd x'G5 . rf]/nfO{ kqmL cfgf] lauf]df lnvt u/fPsf] /x]5 eg] skfnL ;/x x'G5 .
!) g+= .. .. rf]/L d'2fdf b]xfo adf]lhd u/L d'2f km};nf ug'{k5{

8fFsf afx]s c? k|s f/sf rf]/L d'2fdf d' v ;flat x' g] cleo'Q mn] rf]/ L ubf{sf] ;fyL jf dltof/
egL kf]n]sf JolQm Dofb u'hf/L km]/f/ ePdf lghx? xflh/ jf kqmfp ePsf avt sf/jfO{ u/L
km};nf ug]{ u/L lghx?sf xsdf d'ntaL /fvL ;f] d'2fsf c? k|ltjfbLsf xsdf Dofb leq 7x/]
adf]lhd km};nf ug"{ k5{ o:tf] cj:yfsf] d'2 fdf ;a} k|ltjfbL Ps}k 6s xflh/ jf kqmfp geO{
k6s k6s aofg e} ;a}sf xsdf Ps} rf]6 L d'2f km};nf ug{ c+u gk'Ug] ePdf h;sf] xsdf c+u
k'U5 p:sf] xsdf Dofbleq km};nf ug]{ ug'{k5{ ================!

238

;a} k|sf/sf] rf]/ L d'2 fdf lauf] h;n] hlt hlt vfPsf] 7x5{ p;af6 plt plt c;"n u/L
lng'k5{ . lauf] e/fpFbf rf]/L ePsf] dfn kQf nfu]d f ;f] dfn g} e/fO{ lbg'k5{ . bflvn ePsf]
jf pk/ ePsf] lauf]a f6 e/fO{ gk'u]sf]d f wgLn] ;f] lauf] vfg] ck/fwLsf] hfohft b]vfO{
b/vf:t lbPdf ;f] lauf] ;f]xL hfohftaf6 e/fO{ lbg'k5{ . ;/sf/L rf]/Lsf] lauf] afx]s c?df
hfohftaf6 pk/ gePsf] lauf]df s}b u/fO{ kfpF egL b08 ;hfosf] dxnsf] $@ gDa/
adf]lhd wgLn] b/vf:t lbPdf ;f] lauf] Ps;o ?k}o fF;Dd gk'u]sf]df b' O{ dxLgf;Dd, Ps;o
?k}o fFeGbf dfly kf+r;o ?k} ofF; Dd gk'u]sf]df 5 dxLgf;Dd, kf+r;o ?k}ofFeGbf dfly Psxhf/
?k}o fF;Dd gk'u]sf]df Ps jif{;Dd / ;f]eGbf dfly hlt;'s} gk'u]sf] ePklg b'O jif{;Dd s}b u/L
lbg'k5{ ======================================================================================== @
!! g+= .. .. h'g;'s} k|sf/sf] rf]/Ldf kqmfp ePsf]d f Ps} k6s klqmPsf] ePklg hlt
k6s hlt 7fpFdf rf]/ L u/]sf] 7x5{ plt k6ssf] ;hfo x'G5 . 8fFsf / c? k|sf/sf] rf]/L Ps}
hgfn] u/]df 8fFsf / c? k|sf/sf] rf]/Lsf] a] Unf a]Un} k6s u/L ;hfo ug'{ k5{ . ;f] ubf{
ljb]zdf ;hfo kfPsf] k6s eg] vfkL ;hfo ug{ x'Fb}g .
!@ g+= .. .. 8fFsf, /xhgL, hah{:tL rf]/L / gsahgL afx]s c? ;fwf/0f rf]/ Ldf
s;"/bf/nfO{ hgxL ;f] rf]/Lsf] hDdf lauf] adf]lhd hl/jfgf / klxnf k6ssf]]nfO{ Ps dxLgf,
bf]>f] k6ssf]nfO{ tLg dxLgf, t]>f] k6ssf]nfO{ 5 dxLgf, rf}yf] k6ssf]nfO{ Ps jif{, kfFrf}
k6ssf]n fO{ b'O{ jif{, 5}7f}+ k6ssf]nfO{ rf/ jif{ / ;f]e Gbf a9L hlt;'s} k6s ePklg 5 jif{ s}b
;d]t ug'{k5{ .
!# g+= .. .. o;} dxnsf] !@ gDa/ adf]lhd ;hfo x' g] cj:yfdf rf]/Lsf] lauf] krf;
?k}o fFeGbf sd /x]5 eg] klxnf] k6ssf]nfO{ ;f] gDa/df n]lvPsf] hl/jfgfsf] / bf];|f]
k6sb]lvsf]n fO{ hl/jfgf s}b b'a}sf] cfwf ;hfo ug'{k5{ . k6s sfod ubf{ hlt;'s} k6sdf
239

;flat eP klg cfaf6 s;"/bf/ 7x/fO{ km};nf ePsf] k|T o]s k6snfO{ Ps k6ssf] lx;fa u/L
sfod ug'{k5{ .
!$ g+= .. .. b]xfosf k|sf/sf] rf]/ L ug]{nfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd ;hfo ug'{k5{
gsahgL ug]{nfO{ o;} dxnsf] !@ gDa/ adf]lhd x'g] ;hfosf] 8]9f] a9fO{ ;hfo ug'{k5{ =====!
hjh{:tL rf]/L ug]{nfO{ o;} dxnsf] !@ gDa/ adf]lhd x' g] ;hfosf] 8]9f] a9fO{ ;hfo u/L
hl/jfgf jfkt ;d]t s}b ug'{k5{ / ;f] adf]lhd ubf{ rf/ dxLgfb]lv 36L s}b x' g] ePdf rf/
dxLgf s}b ug'{k5{ =========@
/xhgL ug]{nfO{ o;} dxnsf] !@ gDa/ adf]lhd x' g] ;hfosf] bf] Aa/ a9fO{ ;hfo u/L hl/jfgf
jfkt ;d]t s}b ug'{k5{ / ;f] adf]lhd ubf{ 5 dxLgfb]lv 36L s}b x'g] ePdf 5 dxLgf s}b
ug'{k5{ =============#
8fFsf ug]{nfO{ lauf]sf] 8]9f] a9fO{ hl/jfgf u/L klxnf] k6ssf]nfO{ 5 jif{, bf];|f] k6ssf]nfO{ gf}
jif{ / t];|f] k6sb]lvsf]n fO{ hlt;'s} k6ssf] eP klg afx| jif{ s}b ;d]t ug'{k5{ ==================$
!% g+= .. .. o;} dxnsf] !@.!#.!$ gDa/ adf]lhd s;"/ bf/nfO{ ;hfo ubf{ ;/sf/L
sd{rf/L jf dfn wgLn] kqmfp u/L jf kQf nufO{ a/fdb ePsf] afx]s d'2f km};nf gx'Fb} ;f]
s;"/bf/n] lauf] bflvn uof] jf pk/ u/fO{ lbof] eg] ;f] adf]lhd bflvn jf pk/ eP hlt
lauf]sf] xsdf ;f] gDa/x?df n]lvP adf]lhd hl/jfgf gu/L ;f] lauf]sf] bzf}+bdfq hl/jfgf
ug'{k5{ .
!^ g+= .. .. !^ jif{ gk'u]sf gfafnsn] rf]/L NofPsf] dfn c? hfgsf/n] a]r]sf] /x]5 eg]
;f] a]Rg]af6 lsGg]sf] y}nL e/fO{ a]Rg]nfO{ lauf] adf]lhd hl/jfgf ;d]t ug'{k5{ .

240

!& g+= .. .. o;} dxnsf] !@.!$ gDa/ adf]lhd ;hfo x' g] s;"/ ug]{ pBf]u;Dd u/]sf]
s;"/ eg] u/L g;s]sf]d f ;f] pBf]u ug]{n fO{ h'g s;"/sf] pBf]u u/]sf] xf] ;f] s;"/ df x'g] s}bsf]
;hfosf] cfwf ;hfo ug'{k5{ .
!* g+= .. . nfu" v'jfO{ a]xf];\ u/fO{ o;} dxnsf] !@.!$ gDa/ adf]lhd ;hfo x' g] s;"/
u/]d f ;f] ;f] s;"/df gDa/x? adf]lhd x'g] ;hfodf Ps jif{ ykL s}b ug'{k5{ .
!( g+= .. .. Psf3/;Fu /x]sf s;}n] rf]/ L u/L NofPsf] s'g} s'/f ;f] rf]/L NofPsf] yfxf
kfO{ vfO/x]sf] ;f] x| jif{ gf3]sf ;f] 3/sf c? hxfgsf c+z af6 ;d]t ;f] rf]/Lsf] lauf] e/fO{
lbg'k5{ . ;f] adf]lhd ubf{ lauf] gk'u ]sf]df rf]/ afx]s c? hxfgnfO{ c? ;hfo x'+b}g.
@) g+= .. .. rf]g{ hfFbf ;Fu guPsf] eP klg rf]/L NofPsf] dfn afF8 L lng] dltof/nfO{
hlt k6s hlt afF8L lnPsf]5 ;f] lauf] e/fO{ lauf] adf]lhd hl/jfgf u/L rf]/ Lsf] k6ssf] s}b
adf]lhd s}b ;d]t ug'{k5{ .
@! g+= .. .. rf]/af6 lauf] e/fpFbf a/fdb e} cfPsf] dfndWo] lrGxn] jf k|df0faf6 o;sf]
eGg] 7x/]sf] hlt h;sf] xf] p;}n fO{ e/fO{ lbO{ c? wgL kQf gnfu]sf] dfn w/f}6 /fvL tLg
dxLgfsf] Dofb 6fF;L lbg' k5{ . ;f] Dofbleq s;}n] lng cfof] / rf]/ Lsf] bvf{:tdf n]lvPsf]
dfn;Fu ldNg cfof] eg] lbg' k5{ . lng cfPg jf bvf{:tsf] dfndf ldn]g eg] klxn] kqmL
Nofpg] wgLnfO{ ;fa"t e/fO{ a9\t f eP c? sfod u/fO{ ;s]sf] wgLnfO{ bfdf;fxLsf lx;fan]
e/fO{{ lbO{ a9L eP lnnfd u/L >L % sf] ;/sf/ bflvn ug'{k5{ . wgL kQf gnfu]sf] lauf]d f
hl/jfgf x'Fb}g . gk'u ]df rf]/sf] hfohftaf6 e/fO{ lbg'k5{ .
@@ g+= .. .. s'g} k|sf/sf] rf]/ L ug{ uP dWo]sf s/0fL ug{ jf Hofg dfg{df ;/Ls gePsf
jf ;f] s;"/ gu/]sfnfO{ ;f] rf]/Lsf] dfq ;hfo ug'{k5{ . To:tf rf]/n] cfkm" gkf]ln+b} jf kqmfp
gx'Fb} df}s}d f Hofg d/]sf] jf s/0fL ePsf] s'/f hfx]/ u/]df jf s'g} rf]/n] cfkm" ;d]t ldnL
241

rf]/L ug{ uP dWo]sf c? rf]/nfO{ cfkm" gkf]lnb} jf kqmfp gx'Fb} df}s}df kqmL NofP jf ;'/fs
kQf nufO{ kqmfO{ lbPdf ;f] adf]lhd hfx]/ ug]{ jf kqmL Nofpg] jf kqmfO{ lbg] rf]/ s;"/df
;flat eP jf k|df0faf6 s;"/ bf/ 7x/] klg lghnfO{ rf]/L u/] jfktsf] ;hfo gu/L p;n]
vfPsf] lauf];Dd pk/ u/L 5f8L lbg'k5{ .
@# g+= .. .. dfn lsGbf ;f] dfnsf] df]ndf ;os8f kGw||;Dd jf aGwsdf ;os8f
aL;;Dd gfkmf x' g] u/L sfuh gu/L jf ;f]eGbf a9\t f k/] klg sfuh u/L lnPsf]d f rf]/Lsf]
eGg] ghfgL lnPsf] eP aft nfUb}g . n]lvPb]lv a9\t f gfkmf x'g] u/L lnPsf]df sfuh gu/L
lnPsf] /x]5 jf rf]/Lsf] xf] egL hfgL a' L lnPsf] /x]5 eg] o;} dxnsf] @$ gDa/ adf]lhd
ug'{k5{ . o:tf dfnsf] df]n sfod ubf{ ;f] lnPsf] cj:yfdf ;f] dfnsf] kg]{ df]naf6 lauf]
sfod ug'{k5{ .
@$ g+= .. .. rf]/ Lsf] dfn egL hfgL hfgL lng] jf /fVg]nfO{ jf lsGg]n fO{ klxnf k6s eP
lauf] adf]lhd hl/jfgf ug'{ k5{ . bf];|f] k6sb]lvnfO{ lauf] adf]lhd hl/jfgf u/L ;f] hl/jfgf
jfkt s}b ug'{k5{ . ghfgL lnPsf] eP hl/jfgf s}b x'+b}g. ghfgL lng] x?n] cfgf] lauf] rf]/
;d]t h;af6 lnPsf] xf] p;af6 skfnL ;/x lng kfpF5 . gfafns;Fu lnPsf]df y}n L e/fO{
lng kfpFb}g .
@% g+= .. .. h];'s} wgdfn h' g;'s} Joxf]/fn] lnPsf] eP klg rf]/ Lsf] dfn egL hfgL
hfgL lnPsf] xf];\ ghfgL lnPsf] xf];\ ;f] dfn rf]/ Ls} 7xg{ cfof] eg] hlt 7fpFd f k'u ]sf] eP
klg p;af6 lsL wgLnfO{ e/fO{ lbg'k5{ . rf]/Lsf] egL ghfgL gf] 6 gubL ;6xL u/]sf] jf ;f]
lbO{ lnO{ dfn v/Lb laqmL u/]sf]d f kl5 rf]/ Lsf] 7x/] klg ;f] lnPsf] lng]a f6 lkmtf{ x'+b}g.
@^ g+= .. .. rf]/ xf] ;dflt b]pm egL Ujfxf/ dfUbf ;'gL ghfg] ;f]x|jif{ dfly k};L jif{
d'lgsf hfgsf/ nf]Ug] dflg;nfO{ kGw|| ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ .
242

@& g+ = .. .. o;df lauf] hl/jfgf s}b jf tLg} yf]sdf ;d]t ubf{ klg rf]/Ldf cf7 jif{,
gsahgL jf hah{:tL rf]/ Ldf bz jif{, /xhgLdf afx| jif{ / 8fFsfdf c7f/ jif{b]lv a9L s}b
ug{ x'+b}g.
@* g+= .. .. o;} dxn adf]lhd ePsf] hl/jfgf afkt s}b ug'{kbf{ Ps jif{b]lv 36L hlt
s}b ug'{kg]{ x' g cfp+5 plt g} s}b 7]S g] ug'{k5{ . Ps jif{b]lv a9L s}b x'g] hl/jfgfdf eg]
kf+r;o ?k}ofF ;Ddsf]d f Ps jif{, kf+r;ob]lv dfly Ps xhf/ ?k}o fF;Ddsf]df b'Ojif{,
Psxhf/b]lv dfly kGw|;o ?k}o fF ;Ddsf]d f tLg jif{ / kGw|;o ?k} ofFb]lv a9L hlt;'s} ePklg
rf/ jif{ s}b ug'{k5{ .
@( g+= .. .. s'g} k|sf/sf] rf]/ Ldf k|df0f k'Ug] bzL b]vfO{ gfln; u/] hlxn];'s} klg
nfU5 . c? cj:yfdf ;f] eP u/]sf Ps jif{leq ph"/ glbP nfUg ;St}g .

243

dxn %
cfuf] nufpg]sf]
! g+= .. .. s;}sf] gf]S;fg u/fpgsf nflu hfgL hfgL cfuf] nufpg, nufpg nfpg /
cfuf] nfpg] pBf]u ug{ u/fpg ;d]t x'+b}g. s;}n ] n]lvPsf sfd uof] eg]] hlt hgf dflg;
eO{ ;f] sfd ePsf]5 plt hgfnfO{ / dtnaLnfO{ ;d]t aft nfU5 .
@ g+= .. .. s;}n] csf{sf] 3/df ;f] 3/leq dflg; ePsf] hfgL hfgL cfuf] nufPsf] eP
dflg; ;d]t dfgf{sf lgotn] cfuf] nufPsf] 7x5{ . Hofg ;DaGwLsf] dxn adf]lhd ug'{k5{ .
# g+= .. .. s;}n] csf{sf] 3/df cfuf] nufpFbf ufO{ uf]? k/L uf}aw ePdf jf hvd 3fp
ePdf rf}kfofsf] dxn adf]lhd ug'{k5{ .
$ g+= .. .. 3/df cfuf] nufO{ lbPsf] geO{ 3/ aflx/ /x]sf] csf{sf] xssf] lhG;L dfn
cfuf] nufO{ lbg], cfuf] nfpg pBf]u ug]{ / arg lbg]nfO{ 3/ rf}kfof dflg; k/]sf] geP
gf]S ;fg ePsf] lauf] e/fO{ cfuf] nufO;s]sf] eP 7fpF Pssf] 5 dxLgf, cfuf]] nfpg pBf]u
u/]sf]d f cfuf] nufpg gkfPsf] eP tLg dxLgfsf] b/n] s}b x'G5 . dltof/nfO{ d'VonfO{ x'g ]
;hfosf] cfwL ;hfo ug'{k5{ .
% g+= .. .. csf{sf] 3/df cfuf] nufPdf o;} dxnsf] @ gDa/ jf # gDa/n] ;hfo x' g]
cj:yfsf]d f afx]s c?df cfuf] nufpg] / ;f] sfddf d'Vo eO{ jrg lbg] hltnfO{ Ps3/sf]
rf/ jif{ / To;b]lv a9L 3/ Pssf] Ps jif{sf b/n] a9fO{ s}b ug'{k5{ .
^ g+= .. .. ;/sf/L sfuhkq jf txaLn /x]sf] 3/ jf 7fpFdf cfuf] nufpg] / d'Vo e}
arg lbg]n fO{ rf/ jif{b]lv afx| jif{; Dd s}b ug'{k5{ . hL vhfgf /x]sf] 3/ jf 7fpFdf cfuf]
nfpg]nfO{ / d'V o e} arg lbg]nfO{ ;j{:j ;lxt hGd s}b ug'{k5{ . n]lvPb]lv afx]s c?
;/sf/L 3/df cfuf] nfpg]nfO{ o;} dxnsf] $ gDa/ adf]lhd x'G5 .
244

& g+= .. .. d'Vo e} arg lbg] jf 3/df cfuf] nufpg] afx]s ;f] sfdsf] dtnaL
dltof/nfO{ d'Vo sf/0fLnfO{ x'g] ;hfosf] cfwf ;hfo ug'{k5{ .
* g+= .. .. cfuf] nufO{ g;s]sf] ;f] s'/fsf] pBf]u;Dd u/]sf] /x]5 eg] cfuf] nufpg] /
d'Vo e} arg lbg]nfO{ hgxL b'O{ jif{ / ;f] s'/fsf] dtnaL dltof/nfO{ Ps jif{ s}b ug'{k5{ .
;/sf/L sfuhkq jf txaLn /x]sf] 3/ jf 7fpFdf eP ;f] ;hfosf] bf]a/ ug'{k5{ .
( g+=.. .. cfuf] nufO{ gf]S;fg kf/]sf] lauf] hfohftaf6 pk/ geO{ afFsL lauf]d f s}b u/L
kfpF egL wgLn] eGof] eg] rf]/Lsf] dxnsf] !) gDa/ adf]lhd x'G5 .
!) g+= .. .. 3/df cfuf] nfpFbf rf}kfof / wgdfn k/L gf]S ;fg ePsf]d f df]n lauf] v'n]d f
;f]xL adf]lhd / gv'n]sf]df kGrs[lt df]n u/fO{ cfuf] nufO{ lbg] sfd ug]{ u/fpg]sf
hfohftaf6 e/fO{ lbg'k5{ .
!! g+= .. .. ;j{:j ;lxt hGd s}b x'g]df afx]s o; dxnsf c? s'/fdf afx| jif{b]lv
a9\t f s}b ug{ x'+b}g.
!@ g+= .. .. ufO{, uf]? jf dflg; d/]d f gfln; ug]{ xb Dofbsf] xsdf ;f]xL s'/fsf] dxn
adf]lhd xbDofb sfod ug'{ k5{ . ;f] afx]s o; dxndf n]lvPsf cGo s'/fdf ;f] eP u/]sf
ldltn] Ps jif{leq gfln; glbP nfUg ;St}g .

245

dxn ^
vf]6 f rngsf]
! g+= .. .. ;/sf/L 6s nfu]sf] l;Ssf gf]6, l6s6, 5fk nfu]sf] lnkmf, dfgf, kfyL /
lgzfgf gDa/ nfu]sf] 9s, uh OToflb l:ylt rngsf s'/f s;}n] jflx8f 6s df/L 5fk, gDa/,
lgzfgf OToflb 9fnL vf]bL agfpg, agfpg nufpg, agfpg pBf]u ug{ / To:tf dfn s;}n]
hfgL hfgL v/Lb laqmL ug{ cf} ;/sf/L 6s 5fk gnfu]sf n]lvPsf dfnaf6 eg{ gfk hf]v
tf}n ug'{ OToflb u/L rnfpg / Ps km]/f sfd nufO{ /2L e};s]sf] l6s6 lnkmf OToflb 6fF;L
km]/L sfddf nufpg ;d]t x'+b}g. u/] vf]6f rng u/]sf] 7x5{ .
@ g+= .. .. ;/sf/L 6s nfu]sf l;Ssfdf b}jL k/L a]sDdf ePsf] / cfaf6 sf6L lkmtf{
lbPsf] bfuL jf dfnf afx]s c? >L % sf] ;/sf/ g;fwL ufNg x'Fb}g .
# g+= .. .. wft', h'xf/ft jf vfg] rLh aLh OToflb u}x| dfn 'fnfO{ ;2] xf] egL 'S ofO{
jf sk6 ldnfO{ laqmL ug{ / gfKg], tf}Ng], eg]{ sfddf gfk k|df0f l:ylt eGbf 36L a9L kf/L
gfKg, tf}n g, eg{ / ;f] ugf{ lgldQ To:tf sk6L dfn k;ndf /fVg ;d]t x'Fb}g .
$ g+= .. .. ;/sf/L 6s, 5fk, gDa/, lgzfgf OToflb jflx8f nufpg]nfO{ lghaf6 lauf]
pk/ u/L b]xfodf n]lvP adf]lhd ug'{k5{ ================================
l;Ssf jflx8f 6s dfg]{ jf gf]6 jflx8f 5fKg]nfO{ lauf] adf]lhd hl/jfgf u/L bz jif{ s}b
ug'{k5{ ======!
laqmL x'g] l6s6 jf lnkmf OToflb jflx8f 5fKg]nfO{ lauf] adf]lhd hl/jfgf u/L 5 jif{ s}b
ug'{k5{ ======@

246

9s, dfgf, kfyL, uh OToflbdf jflx8f 5fk, gDa/ lgzfgf nufpg]nfO{ lauf] adf]lhd hl/jfgf
u/L Ps jif{ s}b ug'{k5{ =======================================================#
dfly n]lvPsf sfddf nufOPsf] / nfUg] dfn ;fdfg hkmt ug'{k5{ ======================$
% g+= .. .. ;/sf/L 6s dfg]{ 6S;f/ / l6s6, lnkmf, dfgf, kfyL, uh, 9s OToflb 5fKg],
gDa/ lgzfgf nufpg] cfsf ;f] sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Ln] >L % sf] ;/sf/ sf] cfb]z k"hL{ sfg"g
s]xL ge} 9s, 5fk, uh, gDa/ lgzfgf OToflb dfof], 5fKof], 9fNof], gDa/ lgzfgf nufO{
agfof], agfpg nufof] jf ;f] s'/fsf] pBf]u uof] jf >L % sf] ;/sf/sf cfb]z k"hL{ sfg" gn]
6s dfg]{, 5fKg], 9fNg], gfKg], gDa/ lgzfgf vf]b\ g] ubf{ klg hfgL hfgL tf}n, gfk k|df0faf6
36L a9L kf/L sfd uof] eg] o;} dxnsf] $.^.&.!* gDa/ adf]lhd x' g] ;hfodf ;jfO{ a9fO{
;hfo ug'{k5{ .
^ g+= .. .. jflx8f 6s dfg]{ / gf]6, l6s6, lnkmf, 9s, dfgf, kfyL, uh OToflbdf ;/sf/L
5fk, gDa/ lgzfgf 5fKg, vf]b\g, 9fNg, agfpg nfu] nufPsf] /x]5 jf ;f] lgotn] agfpg],
5fKg], 9fNg] 5fk, ;fFrf], ;/hfdx? cfgf ;fy jf 8]/f, 3/, k;ndf /fv]sf] /x]5 eg] o;}
dxnsf] $ gDa/df n]lvPsf] ;hfosf] cfwf ;hfo ug'{k5{ .
& g+= .. .. o;} dxnsf] $ gDa/sf] ck/fw ug]{ ;Nnfxdf k;]sf dtnaLnfO{ ;f]xL
gDa/df n]lvPsf] s}bsf] cfwf s}b ug'{k5{ . To; sfdaf6 s]xL lnP vfPsf] eP ;f] lauf] pk/
u/L lauf] adf]lhd hl/jfgf ;d]t ug'{k5{ .
* g+= .. .. ljb]zsf ;/sf/sf] l;Ssf jf gf]6 6s df/] agfPsf], ;f] sfdsf] pBf]u u/]s]f
jf dtnadf k;]sf]nfO{ o;} dxns]f $.^.& gDa/df n]lvPsf ;hfosf] cfwf ;hfo ug'{k5{ .
( g+ = .. .. bz Ro'+ 6Lsf] Ps d' 7L, bz d'7Lsf] Ps dfgf, cf7 dfgfsf] Ps kfyL / aL;
kfyLsf] Ps d'/L x'G5 .
247

!) g+= .. . cf7j6f k]6 ldn]sf] hf}sf] Ps c+u'n, afx| c+u'nsf] Ps laQf, b'O{ laQfsf] Ps
xft, b'O{ xftsf] Ps uh cyjf 5QL; OGrsf] Ps uh x'G5 .
!! g+= .. .. wfgL{u t tf}n df cf7 nfnsf] Ps df;f, afx| df;fsf] Ps tf]nf, ;f9] kfF r
tf]nfsf] Ps sg'jf, rf/ sg'jfsf] Ps kfp, rf/ kfpsf] Ps ;]/, 8]9 ;]/sf] Ps ljzf}nL, b'O{
lazf}n Lsf] Ps wfgL{ / dgut tf}ndf bz nfnsf] Ps df;f, bz df;fsf] Ps tf]nf, kfFr
tf]nfsf] Ps 56fs, rf/ 56fssf] Ps kfp, rf/ kfpsf] Ps ;]/ / rfnL; ;]/sf] Ps dg
x'G5 .
!@ g+= .. .. rf;gL / tf}n df 36fO{ s;/ gfkmf vfg]nfO{ 36fPsf] lauf] a' L lauf]
adf]lhd hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ .
!# g+= .. .. eg]{, gfKg], tf}Ng], dfgf, kfyL, 9s, uh OToflbdf 36fO{ a9fO{ rng ug]{nfO{ /
;f] 36] a9]sf] j:t' rng ugf{ lgldQ ablgotn] k;ndf /fVg]n fO{ ;f] gf]S;fgL lauf] e/fpg'
kg]{d f e/fO{ k6s} lkR5] krf; ?k}ofFsf b/n] hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ .
!$ g+= .. .. 5fk, gDa/, lgzfgf gnfu]sf dfgf, kfyL, 9s, uh OToflb km]nf k/]d f /
tf}n ug]{ sfF6 f / 5fk gDa/ nfu]sf dfgf, kfyL, 9s, uh, OToflbdf klg s]xL a] xf]/fn] tf}n
k|df0fsf] s}lkmot u/L 36L a9L kg]{ u/] u/fPsf] To:tf dfn km]nf k/] hkmt u/L rng
gfnfossf] t'NofO{ a]sDdf u/fO{ lnnfd laqmL u/L >L % sf] ;/sf/ bflvn ug'{k5{ .
!% g+= .. .. u}x| dfn 'fnfO{ ;2] xf] egL jf sk6 ldnfO{ a]r]d f ;f] a]Rbf a9L cfPsf]
s;/sf] df]nsf] lauf] gf]S;fg kg]{ wgLnfO{ e/fO{ a]Rg]nfO{ k6s} lkR5] krf; ?k}ofFsf b/n]
hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ .
!^ g+= .. .. s;}n] klg vf]6f, dfnf, Kjfn k/]sf] jf kf]lnO{ jf c? s] xL e} 6s ga'Lg]
ePsf] bfuL l;Ssf rng Jojxf/ ug'{ x'+b} g. n]lvP afx]s c? dn]bf jf 5]p5fpdf 3]/f /]sf]
248

jf km'6]sf] cf nufot ;a}n] lng] lbg] ug'{k5{ . km'6] /]sf] egL glng]nfO{ ;f] glnPsf lauf]
adf]lhd hl/jfgf x'G5 rng Jojxf/ ug{ gx'g] l;Ssf cfdf a'fpg NofPsf]df eg] sf6L b'O{
6'qmf kf/L lkmtf{ lbg' k5{ . sf6\ g gkg]{ l;Ssf sf6L lkmtf{ lbPsf] 7x/] ;f] sf6\g] ;/sf/L
sd{rf/LnfO{ sf6]sf] lauf] adf]lhd hl/jfgf u/L gf]S;fgL lauf] ;d]t e/fO{ lbg'k5{ .
!& g+= .. .. >L % sf] ;/sf/ n] sf6L lbPsf bfuL dfnf / b}jL k/L a]sDdf ePsf] afx]s
;/sf/L 6s nfu]sf] c? l;Ssf >L % sf] ;/sf/ g;fwL ufNg]nfO{ ufn]sf] lauf] adf]lhd
hl/afgf ug'{k5{ .
!* g+= .. .. vf]6f] 6s, 5fk, gDa/, lgzfgf nfu]sf gub lhG;Ldfn hfgL hfgL k"/ f
df]ndf rnfO{ kmfObf p7fpg] lgotn] lsGg] a]Rg] rng Jojxf/ ug]{nfO{ lauf] hkmt u/L Ps;o
?k}o fF;Dd hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ .
!( g+= .. .. Ps km]/f sfd nfuL /2L e} ;s]sf] l6s6, lnkmf 'Sofgdf kf/L rnfpg]
lgotn] hfgL hfgL km]l/ sfddf nfpg] jf sfddf nufpg pBf]u ug]{n fO{ l6s6 jf lnkmf yfg
Pssf] lauf] krf; ?k}ofFeGbf 36L eP kmL yfg krf; ?k} ofFsf b/n] / a9L eP lauf] adf]lhd
hl/jfgf ug'{ k5{ .
@) g+= .. .. ;/sf/L gf]6 l;Ssf ;f] gf]6 l;Ssfd} n]lvP adf]lhdsf] b/df lng' lbg'k5{ .
36L a9L kf/L lnP lbP jf rng u/] u/fPdf lauf] hkmt u/L kfFr;o ?k} ofF;Dd hl/jfgf
x'G5 .
@! g+= .. .. ;/sf/L gf]6 l;Ssf dWo] of] o:tf] gf] 6 l;Ssf rng rNtL gug'{ egL jf
o:tf] 7fpFd f gn}hfg' egL >L % sf] ;/sf/n] g]kfn uh]6df k|sflzt cfb]zf/f dgfxL ug{
;Sg]5 . ;f] adf]lhd dgfxL ul/Psf] gf] 6 l;Ssf >L % sf] ;/sf/n] g]kfn uh]6df ;"rgf
k|sflzt u/L ;f]xL ;"rgfdf tf]lsPsf] ;doleq tf]lsPsf] 7fpFd f bflvn ug{ cfb]z lbg
249

;Sg]5 . ;f] adf]lhd bflvn x'g cfPsf] gf] 6 l;Ssfsf] ;f ;f] bflvn ug]{nfO{ rng rNtLdf
/x]sf] plQs} df]nsf] csf]{ gf]6 l;Ssf lbOg]5 . n]lvP adf]lhd dgfxL ePsf] gf] 6 l;Ssf
cfb]zsf] jlv{nfk s;}n] rng rNtLdf NofP jf dgfxL ePsf] 7fpFd f nu]d f jf bflvn ug'{kg]{
7fpFd f Dofbleq bflvn gu/]d f To:tf] gf]6 l;Ssf >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] cfb]zaf6 hkmt x'g
;Sg]5 / To:tf] gf]6 l;Ssf s;}n ] rng rNtL ul//x]sf] jf rf]/L lgsf;L u/]sf] jf n'sfO{ bjfO{
/fv]sf] kqmfp u/L ;fljt u/fO{ lbg]nfO{ ;f] kqmfp ePsf] JolQmaf6 hkmt ul/Psf] gf]6
l;Ssfsf] ;os8f bz rng rNtLdf /x]sf] gf]6 l;Ssfaf6 k'/:sf/ lbOg]5 .
@@ g+= .. .. o; dxndf ;/sf/L eGgfn] >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t ePsf] ;d]t nfO{
;Dg' k5{ .
@# g+= .. .. vf]6 f 6s df/] agfPsf] sfd u/]sf]5 eGg] s'/ fdf ;f] ug]{sf] hLp;Dd / ;f]
afx]s c? s'/fdf ;f] sfd eP u/]sf ldltn] tLg dxLgfleq ph"/ glbP nfUg ;Sb}g .
@$ g+= .. .. o; dxnsf s'/fdf s}b ug'{ kbf{ afx| jif{b]lv a9\tf ug{ x'+b}g .

250

dxn &
rf}k fofsf]
! g+= .. .. df/f}+ eGg] lgot lnO{ ufO{, uf]? dfg{, dfg{ nufpg, dfgf{sf] pBf]u ug{, ;f]
lgotn] ljb]zdf n}hfg jf nuL laqmL ug{ ;d]t x'+b}g. n]lvP afx]s P] gn] dgfxL ePsf] /
cfgf] xs gk'Ug] c? rf}kfof hgfj/, kz' k+I fL ;d]t df/L gf]S;fg ul/lbg ;d]t x'+b}g.
@ g+= .. .. df/f}+ eGg] lgot gu/L pksf/sf lgldQ jf c? s]xL s'/f ubf{ cs:dft nfUg
uO{ jf s] xL eO{ ufO{ uf]? dg{ uPsf] eP eljtJo 7x5{ . hLpdf k/]sf] kL8f lgsf] u/fpgsf
nflu pksf/sf lgldQ hLpdf 3fp nufpg, 8fDg jf s]xL caf6 /ut lSg x'G5 .
# g+= .. .. cl3b]lv rnL cfPsf] b]jtfsf] k"hfdf ufO{ afx]s c? :qL hflt rf}kfof anL
bL dfg{ x'G5 . n]lvPsf cj:yfdf afx]s s'g} :qL hflt rf}kfof s;}n ] dfg{ x'+b}g.
$ g+ .. .. hfgL hfgL ufO{, uf]? dfg{ egL s;}n] xltof/ p7fO{ jf c? s'g} lsl;d;Fu
dfg{ tof/ ePsf] b]lvof] eg] dfg{ x'+b} gegL dgfxL ug'{k5{ . gdfgL dgfxL ug]{ dflg;nfO{
;d]t xltof/ rnfof] eg] To;} 7fpFd f sf6L xfgL dfg]{nfO{ vtaft nfUb}g . ;f] afx]ssf]
cj:yfdf eg] dfg{ x'+b}g. kqmL cfdf ;k'b{ u/L lbg'k5{ .
% g+= .. .. s;}n] ufO{, uf]?nfO{ xltof/ jf nf7f 9'f OToflbn] xfg]sf]d f ;f] ufO{, uf]?
;f]xL kL/n] p7\g g;sL ynf k/L PSsfO; lbgleq dof] eg] ;f]xL xfGg]sf] rf]6n] d/]sf] 7x5{ .
Dofb gf3L d/]d f jf lx8\g 8'N g nfu] kl5 c? Joyf nfuL d/]sf]d f ;f] xfGg]nfO{ To;n] nufPsf]
3f vtsf] dfq ;hfo x'G5 .
^ g+ .. .. P]gn] dfg{ dgfxL ePsf rf} kfof hgfj/ afx]s c? kfnL /fv]sf rf} kfofn]
cfgf] afnL gf]S ;fg ul/lbPdf tL rf}k fof klg dfg{, v'gL ul/lbg x'Fb}g . k'ln; sfof{nodf

251

nuL a'fO{ gf]S;fg ePsf] lauf] wgLaf6 lng kfpF5 . v" gL u/fO{ lbPsf] eP afnLsf] lauf]
kfpFb}g . ufO{ uf]? afx]s c? hgfj/ v" gL u/]df ;hfo x'+b}g. df/]df wgLsf] lauf] e/fO{ ;hfo
klg ug'{ k5{ .
& g+= .. .. kfnL /fv]sf] hgfj/ dflQO{ af}nfO{ jf c? yf]s s]xL eO{ gf]S ;fg ug]{ b]lvPdf
;d]t To;af6 x'g ;Sg] hf]lvdL gf]S;fgLsf] x/ t/xaf6 arfp /fvL x]/rfx k' ofO{ s;}nfO{
gf]S ;fg ug{ gkfpg] u/L kfNg' /fVg' k5{ . ;f] adf]lhd u/]af6 xfgL, 6f]sL jf c? s]xL s'/f u/L
s;}sf] Hofg dg{ uof] eg] To;sf] wgLnfO{ eljtJosf P]g adf]lhd ug'{k5{ . dflg; dfg]{
rf}k fofsf xsdf hkmt u/L df/L df;' vfg x' g] hftsf] hgfj/ /x]5 eg] sf6L df;' lnnfd
ul/lbg' k5{, df;' vfg gx' g] eP kmfnL ufl8lbg' k5{ . ufO{ uf]]? / c? P] gn] dfg{ gx' g]nfO{ eg]
glhsdf ;/sf/L uf]7, ta]nf, xfQL;f/ h] 5 pxL k7fO{ gf]S;fg ug{ gkfpg]] lx;fa;Fu arfp
u/L /fVg] s'/fsf] ;d]t hgfp lbg' k5{ . 3/sf dflg;df hxfg jf To;sf] x]/rf/ ug]{ dflg;nfO{
df/]sf] eP aft nfUb}g . hgfj/sf xsdf hkmt u/L n]lvP adf]lhd ug'{ k5{ . dflg; afx]s
c? csf{sf] rf}kfof dfl/lbPdf eP To;sf] lauf] e/fO{ P] g adf]lhd ;hfo ug'{k5{ . ;jf/
rl9/x]sf] a]nfdf xfQL, 3f]8f OToflb ;jf/Lsf hgfjf/n] s]xL Joxf]/f;Fu gf]S;fg u/]d f
tT;DaGwL sfg"g adf]lhd x'G5 .
* g+= .. .. ;fF 9] jf a" 9f vf8f ufO{, uf]? jf gJofpg] j}nf ufO{ ljb]zdf nfg, k7fpg /
nuL laqmL ug{ ;d]t x'+b}g. s;}n] uof] eg] laqmL ePsf]df lauf] hkmt u/L hLp Pssf]
Ps;o ?k}ofFs f b/n] hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ ljb]zL d'n 'sdf nfg egL lx+8fPsf] k' ofpg gkfpFb}
aLr}d f kqmfp ePsf] eP hLp Pssf] krf; ?k}ofFs f b/n] hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ .

252

( g+= .. .. a;fxf jf 8fdL 5f8]sf ;fF9] s;}n] a]Rg lsGg x'+b}g. lsg] a]r] a]R g]sf] y}nL
hkmt u/L a]Rg]n fO{ ;hfo ug'{k5{ . 8fd]sf] lrGx ePsf] yfxf gkfO{ lsGg]nfO{ aft nfUb}g .
a]R g] af6 y}nL lkmtf{ lnO{ lsGg]nfO{ lbnfO{ a]Rg]nfO{ ;hfo ug'{k5{ .
!) g+= .. .. g]kfn ;/xbaf6 s'g} k|sf/sf ufO{, uf]?, ;fF9], a;fxf ljb]zdf nuL dfg]{
d/fpg]nfO{ 5 jif{;Dd s}b ug'{ k5{ .
!! g+= .. .. hfgL hfgL ufO{ uf]? dfg]{nfO{ afx| jif{ / arg lbg]nfO{ 5 jif{ s}b ug'{k5{ .
rf}+/L ufO{ dfg]{nfO{ hLp Pssf] rfnL; ?k}ofFsf b/n] hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ .
!@ g+= .. .. dfgf{sf] dtnan] ufO{ uf]?nfO{ laif v'jfPsf]df gd/] ;f] v'jfpg]nfO{ 5 jif{,
arg lbg]nfO{ tLgjif{ / v'jfpg] pBf]u;Dd u/]sf] v'jfO{ g;s]sf] eP b'O{jif{ s}b ug'{k5{ .
!# g+= .. .. dfgf{sf dtnan] ufO{ uf]?nfO{ ;dftL lbO{ jf afFw 5fFb ul/lbO{ c?sf
xftaf6 d/fpg]nfO{ 5 jif{ s}b ug'{k5{ .
!$ g+= .. .. ufO{ uf]?nfO{ s'6kL6 u/L c+ue+u ug]{n fO{ b'O{jif{ s}b / 3fp /utkR5]
ug]{nfO{ b'O{; o ?k}o fF;Dd hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ . rf}+/L ufO{n fO{ c+u e+u jf 3fp /utkR5] ug]{nfO{
aL; ?k}o fF;Dd hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ .
!% g+= .. .. s;}sf] ufO{ uf]?nfO{ s'6\bf eljtJo eO{ ufO{ uf]? dg{ uPdf lauf] e/fO{ lauf]
adf]lhd hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ .
!^ g+= .. .. ufO{ afx]s o;} dxnsf] # gDa/ alv{n fk :qL hflt rf}kfof dfg]{nfO{ lauf]
adf]lhd / ule{0fL df/]sf] /x]5 eg] lauf]sf] bf]Aa/ hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ .
!& g+= .. .. 5f8f u/L kfn]sf] rf}kfofn] jf uf]7fnf nfPsfn] uf]7fnfn] x]/ rfx gk' ofO{
lb+bf dflg; rf}k fofnfO{ hLp dg]{ u/L rf]6 k6s hLp hvd kfof] eg] 5f8f /fv]sf] rf}k fofn]
df/]d f rf}kfofsf wgLnfO{ / ;f]x| jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf] xf];\ b'?:t ePsf] uf]7fnfsf] lhDdfsf]n] eP
253

uf]7fnfnfO{ / ;f]x| jif{ pd]/ gk'u]sf] uf]7 fnf] lhDdfsfn] eP dfn wgLnfO{ g} aL; ?k} ofF;Dd
hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ .
!* g+= .. .. a;fxf, 8fdL 5f8]sf] ;fF9] / ufO{ s;}n] hf]Tg x'+b}g. hf]T gdf k| o f]u u/]sf]
rf}k fonfO{ km';{b ul/lbO{ hf]Tg] dflg;nfO{ aL; ?k}ofF; Dd hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ .
!( g+= .. .. uf}aw ePsf s'/fdf 5 dxLgfleq / c?df eP u/]sf ldltn] k}+t L; lbgleq
gfln; glbP nfUg ;St}g .

254

dxn *
j]/ Lt;F
Lt;Fu y'G bfsf]
! g+= .. .. P]gn] y'Gg' kg]{ d'2fdf kqmfp ePsf dflg;nfO{ y'Gbf cGg kfgL ;d]t sf]
vfg]s'/ f vfgkLg lbO{ jf P] g adf]lhd l;wf nufO{ vfg lbO{ dfq y'Gg' k5{ . ;f] adf]lhd gu/L
jf P]gn] y'Gg gx' g] dflg;nfO{ vfgkLg lbO{ jf glbO{ y'g]d f ;d]t aft nfU5 .
@ g+= .. .. cGgkfgL vfg glbO{ y'g]sf]df c;v la/fdL jf afx| jif{ gk'u]sf jf ;f7L jif{
gf3]sf dflg;nfO{ tLg lbg tLg /ft y'Gbf dg{ uPdf / n]lvP afx]s c? cj:yfsf dflg;nfO{
;ft lbgb]lv a9L y'Gbf ;f]xL s'/fn] dg{ uof] eg] Hofgdf/f 7x5{ . Hofg ;DaGwLsf dxn
adf]lhd ;hfo x'G5 . vfg lbO{ y'g]sf]d f c? Joyf nfuL dg{ uPdf / vfgkLg lbPsf]df gvfO{
dg{ uPdf eg] aft nfUb}g .
# g+= .. .. cGgkfgL aGb u/L y'Gg]nfO{ Hofg d/]sf] geP Ps lbg Ps /ftsf] kfF r ?k} ofF,
b'O{ lbgsf] kGw|| ?k} ofF, tLg lbgsf] tL; ?k}ofF, rf/ lbgsf] ;f7L ?k} ofF, kfF r lbgsf] Ps;o aL;
?k}o fF, 5 lbgsf] b'O{;o rfnL; ?k}ofF, ;ft lbgsf] rf/;o c:;L ?k}ofF, cf7 lbgsf] gf};o ;f7L
?k}o fF, gf} lbgsf] Psxhf/ gf};o aL; ?k} ofF, bz lbgsf] tLgxhf/ ?k}o fF, P3f/ lbgb]lv k|To]s
lbgsf] tLg ;o ?k}ofFsf b/n] ykL PSsfO; lbg;Ddsf] 5 xhf/ tLg;o ?k}ofFsf b/n]
hl/jfgf / hlt lbg y'g]sf] xf] plt lbg ;Dd s}b ug'{k5{ . ;f] y'Gbf g]n rdf]6 xfnL jf l7+u '/f
7f]sL y'g]sf] eP n]lvPsf ;hfosf] ;jfO{ / xts8L jf unkmGbL ;d]t xfnL y'g]sf] eP 8]9L
a9fO{ ;hfo ug'{k5{ . n]lvP adf]lhd u/L hf];'s}n] gfafnsnfO{ / nf]Ug] dflg;n] :jf:gL
dflg;nfO{ y'g]sf]d f dfly n]lvPsf] hl/jfgfsf] bf]Aa/ a9fO{ ;hfo ug'{k5{ .

255

$ g+= .. .. P]gn] y'gfdf /fVg x'g]d f afx]s s;}n] s;}nfO{ vfgkLg lbO{ y'g]d f hlt lbg
y'g]sf]5 plt lbgsf] dxLgf Pssf] Ps ;o krf; ?k}ofFsf b/n], g]n rdf]6 xfnL jf l7+u '/f
7f]sL y'g]sf]df tLg ;o ?k}ofFsf b/n] / xts8L unkmGbL xfnL y'g]sf]d f rf/ ;o krf;
?k}o fFsf b/n] hl/jfgf / hlt lbg y'g]sf] 5 plt lbg;Dd s}b ug'{k5{ . nf]Ug] dflg;n] :jf:gL
dflg;nfO{ jf hf];'s}n] gfafns jf ;/sf/L sd{rf/LnfO{ y'g]sf]d f eg] dfly n]lvPsf] ;hfosf]
bf]Aa/ ;hfo ug'{k5{ .
% g+= .. .. d'2f k/L sf/jfO{sf] l;nl;nfdf P]gn] y'Gg' kg]{ b]lv c;n lgotn] y'g]sf]d f
kl5 y'Gg gx'g] 7x/] klg ;DalGwt ;/sf/L sd{rf/LnfO{ o; dxn adf]lhd ;hfo x'+b}g.
^ g+= .. .. y'Gg]af6 c;"n ePsf] hl/jfgfsf] cGgkfgL vfg lbO{ y'g]s f] eP tLg v08sf]
Ps v08 / cGgkfgL vfg glbO{ y'g]sf] eP cfwf y'gfO{ dfUg]nfO{ e/fO{ lbg'k5{ .
& g+ .. .. y'g]sf] s'/fdf y'gfaf6 5'6]sf] ldltn] k}+tL; lbgleq gfln; glbP nfUg ;St}g .

256

dxn (
s'6lk6sf]
! g+= .. .. s;}n] s;}nfO{ xft xltof/ p7fO{ jf c? s'g} k|sf/n] /utkR5] 3f rf] 6
c+ue+u kf/]d f jf hLpdf c? kL8f gf]S;fg x'g] sfd u/]df s'6kL6 u/]sf] 7x5{ .
@ g+= .. .. s'6kL6 ubf{ b]xfo adf]lhd ePdf c+ue+usf] vt 7x5{
cfFvfsf] x] g]{ zlQm xLg u/L jf cfFvf kmf]/L cGwf] ul/lbPdf ====================!
gfssf] ;'+g] zlQm x/0f ul/lbPdf =====================================================!
sfgsf] ;'Gg] zlQm x/0f u/L alx/f] ul/lbPdf =======================================!
lha|f]sf] af]N g] zlQm x/0f ul/lbPdf =====================================================!
:jf:gLdflg;sf] b"w sf6L a]sDdf ul/lbPdf ===========================================!
gn kmnsf] k'?ifTj zlQm xLg u/L gk'+;s ul/lbPdf=================== ===============!
d]?b08

8F8 fNg',

xft,

v'f

jf

log}sf]

hf]g L{

efFrL

kmf]/ L

km'sfnL

a]sDdf

kfl/lbPdf=====================!
# g+= .. .. OjL cbfjt / s'6kL6 u?F eGg] OR5f gu/L s]xL sfd ubf{ To;} sfdsf
;DaGwaf6 s;}nfO{ s'g} lsl;dsf] rf]6 nfUg u} c+ue+u 3f vt OToflb s]xL x' g uP5 jf
n]lvPsf lx;fa;Fu Ps lrQ eO{ sfd ul//x]sf avt jf 7fpFdf sfd ug]{n] arfp ug{ gkfpg]
lsl;d;Fu dfq yfxf kfO{ cyjf yfx} gkfO{ cs:dftdf dflg; kg{ cfpFbf To;nfO{ rf] 6 nfUg
u} c+u e+u 3f rf]6 OToflb x'g uP5 eg] eljtJoaf6 ePsf] 7x5{ . To:tf]d f b]xfodf n]lvP
adf]lhd ug'{k5{
n]lvPsf] sfd xf]lzof/L / ;fjwfgL;Fu ubf{ub}{ rf]6 nfuL c+ue+u ePdf Ps c+ue+usf] Ps;o
?k}o fFsf] b/n] c+ue+u x'g]nfO{ 3f vr{ e/fO{ ;f] ug]{nfO{ aL; ?k}ofF hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ . ;f] afx]s
257

c? rf]6 k6s gLn kg{ uPdf 3f rf]6 x]/ L krf; ?k}o fF;Dd 3f vr{ e/fO{ bz ?k} ofF;Dd
hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ =======================!
n]lvPsf sfd xf]z gk' ofO{ jf x]n rqm\ ofO{ u/L kjf{x g/fvL sfd u/]sfaf6 rf]6 nfuL c+u e+u
x'g uPdf Ps c+u e+usf] b'O{; o ?k} ofFsf] b/n] c+u e+u x'g]nfO{ 3f vr{ e/fO{ ;f] ug]{nfO{ Ps;o
?k}o fF hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ . ;f] afx]s c? rf] 6k6s gLn k/]d f 3f rf] 6 x]/L Ps;o ?k} ofF;Dd 3f
vr{ e/fO{ krf; ?k}ofF; Dd hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ ====================================================== @
$ g+= .. .. cl3sf] OaL cbfjt jf s'g} s'/fsf] nfnrn] jf n'sL rf]/Lsg klg xfg]s f]
/x]g5 s]xL s'/fdf u8f x'Fbf cfgf] lj/fd s]xL geO{ csf{n] klxn] xft xltof/sf] rf]6 5f]8\g
cfF6]sf] jf rf]6 5f]l8;s]kl5 ;f] rf]6sf] hf]l vdL arfpgsf lgldQ / csf{n] cfgf] wgdfn
rf]g{ nflu/x]sf] jf c? ck/fw x'g] lsl;dsf] s]xL sfd ul//x]sf] b]vL kqmg vf]Hbf xft xltof/
p7fof] jf ;f] dflg; h'n'dL /x]5 / To;nfO{ p;} avt kqmfp ug{n fO{ s'6 kL6 gu/L kqmg
g;lsg] e} xft 5f8g' kbf{ 3f rf]6 c+ue+u s]xL x' g uP5 eg] ;f] ug]{nfO{ / /Iff lzIff ug]{n]
s'6fO{ dfUg]sf] lxtsf] lgldQ dgfl;a dflkmssf] ;fdfGo an k|of]u u/L s'6]d f ;f] s'6\ g]nfO{
klg s'6kL6sf] aft nfUb}g .
% g+= .. .. csf{dfly xft xltof/ p7fO{ jf c? s]xL k|sf/ u/L d}n] of] sfd u/] eg]
kl/0ffd c+ue+u jf rf]6 kL8f o:tf] k'Ug ;S5 jf ;+ej 5 eGg] s'/f hfgL a' L xf];\ jf OaL
k/]sfnfO{ OaL ;3fpgsf nflu xf];\ jf s] xL s'/fsf nfnrn] xf];\ jf n'sL rf]/Lsg xf];\ OToflb
s'/f u/L s;}nfO{ s' g} k|sf/n] klxn] xftxltof/ p7fO{ jf c? s]xL s'/f u/L rf]6 k6s c+ue+u
OToflb ug]{nfO{ o;} dxnsf] tn gDa/ gDa/df n]lvP adf]lhd ;hfo ug'{k5{ .
^ g+= ..

.. c+ue+usf] vtdWo] cGwf] / gk'\;s oL b'O{ vtdf h'g;'s} Ps vt u/] klg

;f] ug]{nfO{ Psxhf/ ?k} ofF hl/jfgf u/L cf7 jif{ s}b ug'{k5{ . ;f] b'O{ vt afx]s c+ue+Usf] c?
258

vtdWo] h' g;'s} Ps vt u/] klg ;f] ug]{n fO{ kf+r;o ?k} ofF hl/jfgf u/L cf7 jif{ s}b ug'{k5{ .
Pp6} lsl;dsf] sfd lng] Pp6feGbf a9L c+u x'g]d f ;f] dWo] Pp6f c+u dfq a]sDaf kf/L
lbPsf] eP dfly n]lvPsf] ;hfosf] cfwf ;hfo ug'{k5{ . ;f] vt lgsf] eO{ sfd nfUg] ePdf
eg] b'O jif{ dfq s}b ug'{k5{ . hl/jfgfsf] ?k}ofF ltof] eg] ;f] hDd} ?k}ofF / lt/]g eg]
s;"/bf/sf c+zsf] dfq ;DklQ hfohft lnnfd laqmL u/L pk/ eP hlt ?k}ofF 3f vr{ afkt
3f vt nfUg] dflg;nfO{ e/fO{ lbg'k5{ . pk/ gePsf] hl/jfgfsf] ?k} ofFhltdf Psxhf/ ?k} ofFsf]
Ps jif{ s}b ug]{ xb sfod u/L ;f]xL bfdf;fxLn] s}b ug'{k5{ .
& g+= ..

.. c+u e+usf] vt x'g] afx]s c? c+u kmf] g]{ l5gfNg] km'sfNg]nfO{ ;f] c+u lgsf] e}

sfd nfUg] ePdf b'O{;o ?k} ofF hl/jfgf / 5 dxLgf s}b / lgsf] eO{s g klg sfd gnfUg] ePdf
jf lgs} gx'g] ePdf kf+ r;o ?k}o fF hl/jfgf / Ps jif{ s}b ug'{k5{ .
* g+= ..

.. c+ue+u sf] vt x'g] afx]s 3fF6 Lb]lv dfly b]lvg] 7fpF; Ddsf cg'xf/df

h'g;'s} Joxf]/f;Fu sf6L l5gfnL lbO{ vt 8fd nufO{ lhGbuL e/ h:tfsf] t:tf] gx'g] u/L s'?k
kfl/lbg]nfO{ vt x]/L kf+r;o ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf / Ps jif{b]lv tLgjif{;Dd s}b / h:tfsf]
To:tf] u/L lgsf] eP klg s'?k b]lvg] u/L vt 6f6f] jf 8fd /xg] ePdf vt cg';f/ tLg;o
?k}o fF;Dd hl/jfgf / Ps jif{;Dd s}b ug'{k5{ .
( g+= ..

.. ;fwf/0f xltof/ jf nf7f 9+'ufn] xflg 3f] rL sf6L c+ue+u x'g] afx]s c?

rf]6 k6s kf/L lbPdf 3f] r]sf] 3fpsf] ulx/fO{ gfkL / xfg]sf 3fpdf ndfO{ jf ulx/fO{ h'g
tkm{sf gfkaf6 a9L vt x' g] b]lvG5 p;}tkm{sf] gfkaf6 Ps O~rsf] Ps;o ?k}ofFsf b/n]
hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ . aGb"s, v's'/L, t/jf/, sf+9, RofK;f, efnf, s6f/L, v'+8f, a~r/f, u8f+;f c?
o:t} lsl;dsf] u}x| hf]l vdL xltof/n] sf6L xfgL 3f] rL 3fp rf] 6 kf/]d f n]lvP adf]lhd O~rLsf]

259

gfkaf6 k|To]s O~rsf] krf;?k}o fF hl/jfgf / Ps dxLgf s}bsf b/n] b'O{ jif{ gk'u];Dd s}b
;d]t ug'{k5{ .
!) g+= ..

.. nf7f 9'+uf jf xltof/n] xfgL /f]kL 3f]rL Ps O~rLb]lv d'lgsf] 3fp kf/]d f

hf]lvdL ;fwf/0f xltof/sf] / k/]sf] 3fpsf] ljrf/ u/L Ps;o ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ .
!! g+= ..

.. s'6lk6 u/L gLn kf/]df Ps gLnsf] tL; ?k}ofFs f] b/n] tLg;o ;f7L ?k}o fF

gk'u ];Dd hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ .

!@ g+= ..

.. csf{sf] bfFt k' msfNg] efFRg]nfO{ bf+t Pssf];f7L ?k}ofFsf b/n] hl/jfgf

ug'{k5{ .
!# g+= .. .. gn] bfFtn] jf c? yf]s u}x|n ] /utkR5] u/fpg], n'5 \g], 5fnf v'ONofOlbg],
/ftf] 8fd kfg]{ jf afF w 5fFb s6s lah'n L OToflb u}x| s'/f u/L To;af6 hLpdf b'Mv kL8f
k'ofpg]nfO{ kL8fsf] ljrf/ u/L krf; ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ .
!$ g+= .. .. cfuf], cfuf] ;dfg kf]Ng] u/fOPsf a:t' jf t]hfa OToflbn] kf]nL 8fdL bnL
3;L OToflb u}x| s'/ f u/L hLpdf kL8f u/fpg]nfO{ c+ue+u s'?k ePsf] /x]g5 eg] cf, d'v,
sfgdf kf]n ]sf] eP krf; ?k}ofF hl/jfgf / b'O{ dxLgf s}b, gfs, cf+vfdf eP Ps;o hl/jfgf
/ rf/ dxLgf s}b, u'bf/df eP b'O{;o ?k} ofF hl/jfgf / cf7 dxLgf s}b, ln+udf eP rf/;o
?k}o fF hl/jfgf / Ps jif{ rf/dxLgf s}b, eudf eP cf7;o ?k}ofF hl/jfgf / b'O{jif{ cf7
dxLgf s}b ug'{k5{ . n]lvP b]lv afx]s c? kf]N g] a:t' u}x|n] kL8f kg]{ u/L kf]nL, 8fdL bnL,
3;L lbg]n fO{ n]lvPsf ;hfosf] cfwf ;hfo ug'{k5{ . ljifosf] w"jf+ lbg] jf a] xf]z x'g] s'/f
;'+3fpg]nfO{ Ps;o ?k}ofF hl/jfgf / b'O{ dxLgf s}b ug'{k5{ . c+u e+u / s'?k ePsf] /x]5 eg]
o;} dxnsf ^.* gDa/ adf]lhd ;hfo ug'{k5{ .

260

!% g+= .. .. Ps} lbg Ps} jf/bftdf Ps} hgfnfO{ s'6kL6 c+ue+u /utkR5] ;d]t u}x
u/]d f 7"nf] vtsf] dfq ;hfo ug'{k5{ . c? vt vfKg x'Fb}g .
!^ g+= .. .. csf{nfO{ cx|fO{ s'6kL6 u/fpg]nfO{ ;hfo ubf{ cx|fp dfgL s'6kL6 ug]{
;a}nfO{ ePsf] hDdf ;hfo adf]lhd ;hfo ug'{k5{ .
!& g+= .. .. s'6kL6 ug{ nfu]sf] a]nfdf 5'6\o fO{lbg x'G5 . 5'6\ofPsf s'/fdf 5'6\ ofpg]n]
xft xfNof] egL aft nfpg kfpFb}g .
!* g+= .. .. w]/}hgf e} s'6kL6 u/]df h;n] h:tf] /Lt;Fu h] s'/ f u/]sf] 5 p;nfO{ p;}
s;"/sf] ;hfo u/L x'n u/] jfkt hgxL b]xfodf n]lvP adf]lhd yk ;hfo ;d]t x'G5
o; dxn adf]lhd s}b x' g] s;"/ tLghgf;Ddsf] x"n eO{ u/]df aL; ?k} ofF, tLghgfb]lv a9L
kf+rhgf;Ddsf] x"n eO{ u/]d f rfnL; ?k} ofF, kf+ rhgfb]lv a9L bzhgf;Dds]f x"n eO{ u/]d f
;f7L ?k} ofF, bzhgfb]lv a9L aL;hgf;Ddsf] x"n eO{ u/]df c:;L ?k} ofF / aL;hgfb]lv a9L
hlt;'s}hgfsf] x'n eO{ u/]df Ps;o ?k}o fFsf b/n] hl/jfgf x'G5 ================================== !
o; dxn ad]flhd hl/jfgf dfq x'g] s;"/ x"ne} u/]d f ;f] hl/jfgfsf] tLghgf;Ddsf] x"n e}
u/]d f ;os8f bz ?k}ofF, tLghgfb]lv a9L kf+rhgf;Ddsf] x"n eO{ u/]df ;os8f kGw ?k}o fF,
kf+rhgfb]lv a9L bzhgf;Dds]f x"n eO{ u/]d f ;os8f aL; ?k}ofF, bzhgfb]lv a9L
aL;hgf;Ddsf] x'n eO{ u/]df ;os8f kRrL; ?k}ofF / To;b]lv a9L hlt;'s} hgfsf] x"n e}
u/]d f

klg

;os8f

krf;

?k}ofFsf

b/n]

hl/jfgf

x'G5=========================================================================================================== @
!( g+= .. . s'6kL6sf s'/fdf gfln; lb+bf s'6fOsf kL/n] a] xf]; ePsfaf6 o; o;sf
rf]6n] 3f rf]6 ePsf] egL vf]nL n]lvlbg g;s]sf] jf jfbLdf ;f] s'/f vf]n L n]lvlbPdf klg
;fIfL k|d f0faf6 ;f] 3f rf] 6 o; o;n] kf/]sf] eGg] s'/f v'Ng g;s]df Pshgfb]lv a9Lsf] x"n
261

eO{ s'6 kL6 u/]sf] /x]5 eg] k/]sf 3f rf]6sf] ;hfodf x"n e} s'6 kL6 u/]df / w]/} vt kf/]df
o;} dxnsf !%.!* gDa/ adf]lhd a9fpFbf x' g] ;hfo hDdfsf] bfdf;fxL u/L s'6kL6 ug]{
;a}nfO{ a/fa/ kf/L ;hfo ug'{k5{ .
@) g+= .. .. s'6kL6 ubf{ gLn 3f rf] 6 u}x| ePsf]d f gLn 3f rf]6 lgsf] gx'Fb}df ;s]; Dd rfF8 f]
;f] s'6kL6 ePsf Onfsfsf] ghLssf] k'ln; clkm;, k~rfot jf ;DalGwt d'2f x] g]{ cfdf u}
hFrfpg' k5{ . ;f] adf]lhd 3f gLn b]vfpg / hFrfpg cfpgf;fy ghLs c:ktfn jf ;/sf/L
l8:k]G;/Ldf k7fO{ hFrfO{ p;sf] n]vf]6 adf]lhd / glhsdf c:ktfn jf ;/sf/L l8:k]G;/L
geP To; 7fpFd f b'j}y/sf] gft]bf/ xsjfnf eP ltgLx? / ;/hdLgsf hflgkmsf/ enfb\dL
sDtLdf rf/hgfnfO{ ;d]t /fvL x] g{ nufO{ hfFrL 7x/fO{ ;f] 7x/fP adf]lhd kmnfgfsf] olt;Dd
ePsf]5 eGg] 3f hfFrsf] d'r'Nsf u/fO{ lng'k5{ . k~rfotn] hfFr]sf]df eg] p;sf] clwsf/
If]qsf] aflx/ eP d'2f x]g]{ cfdf a' fO{ lbg'k5{ .
@! g+= .. .. o;} dxnsf @) gDa/ adf]lhd 3f hfFr ubf{ u/fpFbf ;f] hfFr gx'Fb} o;lbg
o; 6foddf o;sf/0f o; o;n] 3f rf]6 kf/L lbof] eGg] s'/ f k'ln;n] kqmfp u/L NofPsf]df
bflvn x' gf;fy df}sfdf cfaf6 u/fpg] sfuh}df / k[ln;n] kqmfp u/L NofPsf] ge} 3f
hFrfpg s'6 fO{ dfUg] cfkm} cfO{ jf p;sf dflg;n] hFrfpg NofPdf s'6fO{ dfUg]s f] xf]; 7]ufgdf
/x]sf] eP p;}sf] / xf]; 7]ufgfdf geP p;nfO{ Nofpg] dflg;sf] b/vf:t lbO{ jf cfaf6}
;f]wL n]vL ;lx5fk u/fO{ lnO{ dfq 3f hfF r u/L u/fO{ a]xf];\ ePsfsf] klg xf];\ 7]ufg x' gf;fy
;f]wL sfuh u/fO{ lnO{ ;f] b/vf:t, sfuh / 3f hfFrsf] sfuh ;a} zfd]n /fVg] ug'{k5{ .
@@ g+= .. .. s'6kL6 d'2fdf 3f hfF r ubf{ ;hfodf 36La9L kg]{ u/L hLpdf k/]sf] 3f
eGbf gfkdf jf lsl;ddf 36La9L kf/L jf gePsf] 3f rf]6 k6s 5 egL jf ePsf] 3f rf]6

262

bafO{ 5'6fO{ 3f hfFrsf] sfuhdf hfgL hfgL n]lvlbPsf] /x]5 eg] To;af6 ;hfodf hlt 36L
a9L kg{ hfg] x'g cfpF5 To;sf] cGhfd u/L krf; ?k}ofF;Ddhl/jfgf ug'{k5{ .
@# g+= .. .. 3f hFrfpg cfpFbf ' f 3f vt gLn 8fd agfO{ hFrfpg cfPdf ;flat
ePsfnfO{ aL; ?k}ofF hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ .
@$ g+= .. .. cfdf a;L jf 8f]/df v6L uPsf] jf pbL{ k" hL{ u/L kqmg tfd]n ug{
k7fPsf] ;/sf/L sd{rf/Ln] cfgf lhDdfsf] ug'{kg]{ sfg" g adf]lhd ;/sf/L sfd tfd]n ug{
kqmg vf]h]sf cj:yfdf ;f] sfddf afwf u/fpg jf c? s'g} s'/fsf] lgotn] x"n x'Hht u/L
s'6kL6 u/L xft xltof/ 5f]8]5 eg] To;nfO{ P] gn] x'g] ;hfodf r"s cg';f/ 5 dxLgf;Dd s}b
yk x'G5 xft g5f]8L x'n x'Hht dfq u/]df

krf; ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf dfq yk x'G5 .

@% g+= .. .. s'6fO{d fUg]nfO{ lbnfpg] e/fpg] s'/fsf ;DaGwdf o; dxnsf] #.^ gDa/df
n]lvPsf] s'/fdf ;f]xL adf]lhd / c?df s'6kL6 ug]{ af6 c;"n ePsf] hl/jfgfsf] o; dxnsf]
&.* gDa/df n]lvP adf]lhdsf] s'6kL6sf] xsdf cfwf / c?df tLg v08sf] Ps v08
s'6fOdfUg]nfO{ 3f vr{ jfkt lbg'k5{ .
@^ g+= .. .. o; dxndf n]lvPsf s'/ fdf ;hfo ubf{ s'6kL6 dfq ePsf]df eP tLg jif{,
xltof/n] xfgL 3f]rL 3fp kf/]sf] jf cfuf]n] kf]n] 8fd]sf]df eP 5 jif{ / c+u e+u kf/]sf]d f eP
bz jif{eGbf a9L s}b ug{ x'+b}g.
@& g+= .. .. o; dxndf n]lvPsf] vtdf gfln; ug{ cfpFbf s'6kL6 u/]sf ldltn] c+u e+u
ePsf]df tLg dxLgfleq / ;f] afx]s c? u}x| s'/ fdf eP ;f] ePsf k}tL; lbgleq gfln; glbP
nfUg ;Sb}g .

263

dxn !)
Hofg ;DaGwLsf]
! g+= .. .. sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s s;}n] s'g} dflg;sf] Hofg dfg{, dfg{ nufpg jf
dfgf{s f] pBf]u ug{ x'+b}g.
@ g+= .. .. ckxTof jf csf{sf st{Jon] s'g} dflg;sf] Hofg d/]df xsjfnf / c? b]Vg]
;'Gg]n] ;d]t ;f] s'/fsf] ;"rgf lhdLbf/, tfn'sbf/ jf :yfgLo k~rfotsf k~r / k'ln;
clkm;nfO{ ;d]t lbg'k5{ / To:tf] ;"rgf kfPdf jf c? s'g} Joxf]/fn] yfxf ePdf lhdLbf/,
tfn'sbf/ / k~rn] ;d]t b]xfo adf]lhd ug'{k5{
lhldbf/, tfn'sbf/ jf k~rn] cfkm"n] kfPsf] ;"rgf jf va/ oyfzSo rfF8 f] :yfgLo
k~rfotnfO{ lbg'k5{ / k'nL; df}sfdf cfO{ gk'u]sf]d f k~rfotn] lhldbf/ tfn'sbf/ ;d]t
/fvL o;} dxnsf] # gDa/ adf]lhd nfz hfF r d'r'Nsf u/fO{ k'ln; cfO{g;s'GHofn nfz
lxkmfhft;fy /fVg'k5{ =========================!
csf{sf st{Jon] Hofg d/]sf] b]lvPdf k~rfot, lhldbf/, tfn'sbf/ ;d]tn] st{Jojfnf
s;"/bf/sf] klg e/;s ;'/fs kQf nufO{ klqmP k'ln;sf] lhDdf nufO{ lbg'k5{ ====================@
k~rfotn] dfly ! bkmf adf]lhd u/]sf] d'r'Nsf k'ln; cfpgf;fy k'ln;nfO{ ;'DkL lbg' k5{ /
k'ln;n] klg sfg"g adf]lhd nfz hfFr ;/hdLg txsLsft ;d]tsf] sf/jfO{ ug'{ u/fpg' k5{
===========#
nfz hfFr ubf{ l8:k]G;/L jf c:ktfn ghLs ePsf 7fpFdf c:ktfn eP;Dd c:ktfnsf
8fS6/ / ;f] ge} l8:k]G;/L eP ;f] l8:k]G;/Ldf /x]sf] d'Vo lrlsT;saf6 ;d]t hFrfpg nufO{
l/kf]6{ lng'k5{ =====$

264

# g+= .. .. ckxTof jf st{Jo k/L d/]sf] ph"/ jf zf b]lvPsf]d f dg]{sf] nfz hfFr /
df}sf txsLsft ubf{ ug{ hfFbf df}sfdf k'Ugf;fy klxn] ;f] nfz eP /x]sf 7fpFeGbf s]xL j/}
v8f e} jf a;L nfz /x]sf] 7fpF j/k/ eP k/]sf] xft v'f jf c? s]xL lsl;dsf] lrGx jf
hdLg 3li6P dfl8Psf] jf sxL+ af6 l3;f/L NofPsf] lrGx lgzfgf OToflb s]xL eP k/]sf] / c?
bzL k|d f0f x'g] s]xL dfn 5'6] /x]sf] b]lvof]] e]l6of] eg] ;f] Joxf]/ f ;d]t vf]nL l6kL n]vL ;f]
b]lvP e]l6Psf] b;L lrGx lgzfgf ;d]t e/;s gdfl;g] u/L h:tfsf] t:tf] /xg] lx;fa;Fu
cflv/L hfFr u/L nfz ;but ug]{ k"hL{ gx'GHofn;Dd ;f] ;a} s'/f lxkmfht;fy ;fa"b /fvL
c? tn b]xfodf n]lvP adf]lhd s] s] s'/ f eP k/]sf] 5 v" a Wofg lbO{ x]/ L nfzsf] xfnt, ;f]
nfz /x]sf 7fpF hUufsf] cj:yf / rf/ lsNnf ;d]t b]vfO{ ug{ ;Sg] eP gS;f ;d]t v8f u/L
/Ltk"j{s nfz hfFrsf] sfuh v8f ug'{k5{
3f, rf]6k6s, gLn 8fd k/L d/]sf]df dg]{sf] nfzdf o; o; 7fpFdf olt olt nDjfO{ rf}8fO{
ulx/fO{ ePsf] olt uf]6f o:tf] o:tf] 3fp rf]6 k6s c+u e+u gLn 8fd, ;'Dnf k/]sf], efFlrPsf],
km't]sf] eGg] / 5fnf v'O{lnPsf], 3l;|Psf], kmf6] km' 6]sf], 3f]r]sf] eGg] ;d]t ;a} s'/f :ki6 v'nfO{
hfFr ug'{k5{ ===============!
'08L d/]sf] dflg;sf] nfzsf] cj:yf b]xfodf n]lvP adf]lhd 5 5}g hfF rL kf;f] nufPsf]
8f]/L cfdf Nofpg' k7fpg' k5{ ==============================================================@
cf]7 km';|f] / cfFvfsf] gfgL 7"nf] 5 5}g ===========================================================!
cfFvf s]xL jflx/ lg:s]sf] jf lgSn]sf] 5 5}g ===================================================@
lhe|f] aflx/ lg:s]sf] jf cf]7n] Rofk]sf] 5 5}g =================================================#
d'v, gfs, u'bf/ jf OlGb|osf] Kjfnaf6 /ut jf /fn OToflb ;d]t n:;fbf/ kfgL / dn lao{
lg:s]sf] 5 5}g =====================================================================================================$
265

3fF6Ldf 8f]/ Lsf] 8fd 'l08Plt/ 5 5}g ;f] 8fd uf]n jf gfua]nL s:tf] 5 s}nf] 8fd k/]sf] /
;f] 7fpFsf] 5fnf ;fx|f] 5 5}g ==================================================================================%
xft d'7L kf/]sf] 5 5}g, xft v'fn] hdLg 5f]P ;dft]sf] 5 5}g ====================^
s'jf, kf]v/L, vf]nf, gfnfdf k/]sf nfzsf] cj:yf b]xfodf n]lvP adf]lhd 5 5}g hfFr ug'{ k5{
===========#
kfgLaf6 p7fpg] lalQs} xftsf] 5fnf rfpl/Psf] / k]6 9fl8Psf] 5 5}g ==============!
nfz /x]sf] 7fpFsf] j/k/ s'jf kf]v/Lsf lsgf/f 5]p5fpdf / nfzsf] d' vdf /utsf] l56f 5
5}g ==@
nfzsf] 6fpsf], uw{g jf cfdf ;d]t sxfF sxfF rf]6 k6s jf /ut nfu]sf]5 ========#
d'7L v'nf 5 5}g, xftdf s]xL rLh nL /fv]sf] eP of] of] rLh nL /fv]sf] lyof] egL / d'v
cfsf] 5fnf g/d jf v;|f] h:tf] 5 p:tf] b'?:t u/L n]Vg' k5{ =====================$
k]6df kfgL /x] g/x]sf] hfFRgnfO{ jfl/z ePsf]df jfl/; / jfl/; gePsf]df c? dflg; ;d]t
nufO{ nfznfO{ 3f]K6f] kf/L lk7\ o"+ lyRg nufpFbf kfgL lg:sG5 lg:sb}g ===================%
ln v'lDrP/ ;fgf] ePsf] 5 5}g===============================================^
xftsf] cf}+n fdf 5fnf v'OlnPsf] 5 5}g===================================&
euleq df6f] k;]sf] 5 5}g ===================================================*
;k{n] 6f]s]sf]df b]xfodf n]lvP adf]lhd ePsf] 5 5}g hfFr ug'{k5{ =================$
6f]s]sf] 7fpFd f ;'lgPsf] / skfnsf] /f} n'5\bf ;lhn};Fu pv]lng] ePsf] 5 5}g =========!
dg'{ cufl8 ;f] 6f]s]sf] 7fpFdf 7"nf] kL/ kg]{ u/L b'Vg] / d'vaf6 lkm+h cfpg] cf}+nf klg v'D rL
cfFvLeO{ ;fg' ;fg' vf]N g klg g;Sg] eO{ d'v kx]+nf] lgnf] / /ut klg gLnf] kftnf] rfF8} ghDg]
ePsf] lyof] lyPg===========================================================@
266

s'/f ug{ g;Sg] n eP/ lx+8\g klg g;Sg] ePsf] lyof] lyPg ==========================================#
ljif vfP v'jfPdf b]xfodf n]lvP adf]lhd ePsf] 5 5}g hfFr ug'{ k5{ =============%
dg'{ cufl8 cfFvf v'DrL cfFvfsf] gfgL ;fg' / d/L ;s]kl5 7"nf] x'g], dg{ cufl8 a]xf]z / lgGb|f
nfUg], kl;gf w]/} cfpg], d'v ;'Sg] ePsf] lyof] lyPg ==========================!
dg'{ cufl8 pGdQ, 3fF6L d'v ;'Sg] / r]x/f /ftf] x'g], lgb|f nfUg], cfFvf 6f]nfpg] eO{ cfF vfsf]
gfgL 7"nf] 7"nf] b]lvg] / a/fa/ a] xf];\ eO{ n/a/fO{ af]Ng] ePsf] lyof] lyPg ==========@
dg'{ cufl8 f8f afGtf x'g] / k]6df 8fxf x'g], Hofbf Kof; nfUg] d'v ;'lgP h:tf], gf8L rfF8f]
rfF8f] rNg], gftfstL x'g] / a]xf]; ePsf] lyof] lyPg ================================#
dg]{ j]nfdf lztf x'g], vf+bf v]/L d'v 3f+6L k]6 kf]N g], lk8f}nf kms{g] ePsf] lyof] lyPg ===$
$ g+= .. .. ckxTof jf st{Jo k/L dg]{ dflg;sf] nfz sfg" g adf]lhd hfF r e} ;s]kl5
;f] nfz hnfpg' uf8\g' kmfNg' hf] ug'{ k5{ ug{sf] lgldQ nfz hfFr ug]{ k'nL; sd{rf/Ln] /
klAns k|f]l;So'6/ eP lghn] ;d]t ;lx5fk u/L k"hL{ ul/lbg' k5{ . ;f] k"hL{ glnO{ To;} nfz
hnfpg, uf8\g, kmfNg x'+b}g. ;f] adf]lhd k"hL{ u/L glbg] jf k"hL{ glnO{ nfz hnfpg], uf8\g],
kmfNg]n fO{ bz ?k}ofF hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ . nfz hfF r e} g;Sb} bafpgsf dtnan] nfz hnfpg],
uf8\g], kmfNg] jf ;f] s'/f ug{ nfpg]nfO{ c? sfg"gn] x'g] ;hfodf ;f] u/] jfkt 5 dxLgf ykL
s}b ug'{ k5{ .
% g+= .. .. Hofg lng] Olanfu jf dg;fo ge} s;}n] cfkm"n] u/]sf] st{Jon] dflg; dnf{
eGg] h:tf] gb]lvPsf] s'g} sfd s'/f ubf{ To;}f/f s]xL eO{ s'g} dflg; dg{ uPsf] eljtJo
7x5{ .

267

^ g+= .. .. eljtJo e} dflg;sf] Hofg d/]sf]df b]xfo adf]lhd ;hfo x'G5

Pp6f sfdsf] lgldQ ;fjwfgL;Fu xft xltof/ p7fPsf]d f s]xL Joxf]/ fn] c?nfO nfUg u}
eljtJo k/]sf]df tLg ;o ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf x'G5 =========================================!
xf];\ gk'ofO{ jf x]nrqmofO{ u/L s'g} sfd ubf{ eljtJo k/]sf]d f kfFr;o ?k} ofF; Dd hl/jfgf jf
b'O{ jif{;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'G5 ======================================================@
/Iff lzIff ug]{n] dg]{sf] lxtsf] lgldQ s'6 kL6 jf c? s'g} sfd s'/f ubf{ eljtJo k/]sf]df
krf; ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf x'G5 ==================================================================#
/Iff lzIff ug]{ afx]s c? s;}n] s;}nfO{ s'6kL6 ubf{ eljtJo k/]sf]df kfFr;o ?k} ofF;Dd
hl/jfgf jf b'O{ jif{;Dd s}b jf b'a} ;hfo x'G5 ============================================================$
n]lvPb]lv afx]s c? s'/f e} eljtJo k/]sf]df b'O{;o ?k} ofF;Dd hl/jfgf x'G5 =================%
& g+= .. .. b]xfosf] cj:yfdf Hofg d/]sf]d f Hofgdf/fsf] aft nfUb}g
s;}n] xft xltof/ lnO{ jf glnO{ cfgf] Hofg lngf;Ddsf] hf]/h'n "d ug{ nfu]sf]df To:tfnfO{
kqmfp ug{ jf u'xf/ d2t dfUg g;lsg] jf dfu] klg avtdf d2t k'Ug g;Sg] jf To:tfsf]
kGhfaf6 efuL pDsL cfgf] Hofg arfpg ;d]t km";{t gkfpg] cj:yfdf cfkm"n] s]xL gu/]
cfgf] Hofg /xFb}g eGg] k"/f laZjf; e} Hofg arfpgsf vflt/ p;} df}sfdf s] xL ubf{ ;f]
h'n"dLsf] Hofg d/]sf] =====================!
af/L jf au}+rfsf] cGg ;fukft kmnkm"n rf]/]df afx]s c? rf]/ L ug{ af6f] caf6f]d f 9'sL a;L
jf af6f] caf6f]a f6 csf{sf] 3/leq k;L s' g} k|sf/sf] rf]/ L ug{ nfu]sf avt jf rf] g{sf lgldQ
;]g vgL leq k:g nfu]sf avt kqmg e/dUb"/ ubf{ klg d2t gk'u L rf]/ 8fFsfnfO{ kqmfp ug{
g;lsg] / s]xL gu/] cfgf] wg aRg g;Sg] eof] eg] p;} avt rf]/ 8fFs'nfO s]xL ubf{ dg{
uPsf] ===========================================@
268

;/sf/L txaLn sfuhkq s}bL y'g'j f OToflb u}x| /x]sf cfvfgf vf]/ h]nvfgf ;d]t u}x|df
rkf] 6 kfnf] kx/f /x]s f rkf]6 kfn]n] cfkm"nfO{ ePsf sfg" g adf]lhdsf] sfd ubf{ ;f] sfddf
afwf kg]{ jf gf]S;fg ug]{, rf] g]{ efUg], eufpg] ;d]t u}x lgotn] pbL{ alv{n fksf] sfd ugf{nfO{
kfn] rkf]6 pk/ xdnf u/L xft xltof/ p7fO{ jf gp7fO{ cfO{ nfu]df cfgf] hLp jf lhDdfdf
/x]sf] ;/sf/L dfnsf] arfp lgldQ p;} df}sfdf s]xL ubf{ dg{ uPsf] ======================#
* g+= .. .. o;} dxnsf] % gDa/n] eljtJo 7xg]{ afx]s s'g} c efFRg] l5Gg] u/L xfg]
s'6]df Tof] ynfk/L lgsf] geP hlt;'s} ;do kl5 d/] klg Hofgdf/fsf] aft nfU5 .
( g+= .. .. Hofg} dfg{sf nflu s'g} c efFRg] l5Gg] u/L xfg] s'6]df afx]s df/f}+ egL u}x
dg]{ s'/f ubf{ p;} avt Hofg gd/L ToxL df/f}+ egL u/]sf rf]6 kL/n] p7\ g g;sL ynf k/L
PSsfO{; lbgleq, c? ;f:tL ;f;gf hf]/h'n"d u/]df tLg lbgleq / ljif u}x v'jfPdf ;ft
lbgleqdf dof] eg] Hofgdf/f 7x5{ .
!) g+= .. .. o;} dxnsf] % gDa/n] eljtJo 7xg]{ afx]s ;GwL s'7fpFd f xftn] xfGbf To;}
kL/n] p7\g g;sL ynf k/L ;ft lbgleq dof] jf kL8f kg]{ u/L afF w 5fFb ubf{ To;} kL8fn]
p7\g g;sL ynf k/L kfFr lbgleq dof] jf h];'s} s'/f ubf{ ;f]xL rf]6 kL/sf] 3fp 8fd kfsL
To;} kL/n] p7\g g;sL ynf k/L PSsfO{ lbgleq dof] eg] To;}sf] st{Jon] Hofg d/]sf] 7x5{ .
;f] Dofb gf3L d/]df s'6kL6sf] dxn adf]lhd x'G5 .
!! g+= .. .. cl3af6 csf{n] s'6kL6 u}x ubf{ jf s'g} c? Joyf nflu jf c? s]xL s'/f e}
lx+88'n sfdsfh ug{ g;Sg] u/L ylnPsf dflg;nfO{ s'6 kL6 u}x u/]d f ;f] u/]sf PsfO{;
lbgleqdf dof] eg] kl5af6 s'6\ g]sf rf]6 lk/n] d/]sf] 7x5{ . cl3af6 s'6\g]nfO{ Hofgdf/f}+
egL s'6]s f] 7x/]df o;} dxnsf] !% gDa/ adf]lhd / Hofg df/f}+ eGg] lgot glnO{ s'6kL6
u/]d f s'6kL6sf] dxn adf]lhd ;hfo ug'{k5{ .
269

!@ g+= .. .. Dofbleq lx8\g 8'Ng c? sfd ug{ nfu]kl5 c? s'g} Joyf nfuL jf c?
s'6kL6 u}x u/L Dofbleqdf dof] eg] klg cl3af6 s'6\g]s f rf]6 kL/n] d/]sf] 7xb}{g . dfg]{
lgotn] s'6]df o;} dxnsf !% gDa/ adf]lhd / ;f] lgot gb]lvPdf s'6kL6sf] dxn adf]lhd
;hfo dfq ug'{k5{ .
!# g+= .. .. o;} dxnsf c? gDa/ adf]lhd Hofgdf/fsf] aft gnfUg] cj:yfdf afx]s
s;}n] c?sf] Hofg dg]{ u}x| s'/ f ubf{ p;} avt jf P]gsf Dofbleq Hofg d/]df ;f] Hofg
dfg]{nfO{ / d'Vo e} arg lbg]nfO{ / jf/bft e}/x]sf 7fpFdf u} csf{sf] hLpdf xft xfnL
dfgf{nfO{ ;+of]u kfl/lbg] lgotn] kqmL ;dftL /fVg] ;d]tnfO{ b]xfodf n]lvP adf]lhd ;hfo
ug'{k5{ . 5'6\ofpgsf lgotn] xft xfNg] jf 5'6\o fO{lbg]nfO{ eg] aft nfUb}g
wf/ ePsf] jf gePsf] hf] vdL xltof/ u}x|n] xfgL /f]k L 3f]rL Hofg df/]df hlthgf e} xltof/
5f8]sf] 5 ptL hgf Hofgdf/f 7x5{ g\ . ;j{:j ;lxt hGd s}bsf] ;hfy ug'{k5{ ============= !
laif v'jfO{ Hofg df/]d f v'jfpg] Hofgdf/f 7x5{ . To:tfnfO{ ;j{:j ;lxt hGds}b ug'{k5{ .
dflg;nfO{ ljif v'j fpg nufpg]nfO{ hGds}b ug'{k5{ ==================================@
nf7f 9' f / ;fwf/0f ;fgfltgf xftxltof/n] s'6L xfgL /f]k L 3f]rL jf c? Hofg dg]{ u}x s'/f
u/L Hofg d/]df Ps} hgfn] dfq ;f] sfd u/L Hofg df/]df ;f] xL Ps hgf / w]/} hgfsf] x"n e}
df/]]d f o;}n] df/]sf] jf o;sf] rf] 6\n] d/]sf] eGg] k|df0faf6 b]lvg 7xg{ cfPdf ;f] xL dflg;
d'Vo Hofgdf/f 7x5{ . To:tfnfO{ ;j{:j ;lxt hGd s}b ug'{k5{ . ;f] afx]s c?nfO{ / o;}n]
df/]sf] jf o;}sf] rf]6n] d/]sf] eGg] s'/f ;f] xft xltof/ 5f8\g] s;} pk/ s'g} k|d f0faf6 b]lvg
7xg{ gcfPdf ;a}nfO{ hGd s}b ug'{k5{ =================#

270

h'g;'s} s'/f ul/sg klg Hofg dfgf{d f arg lbg]n fO{ jf jf/bft e}/x]sf] 7fpFd f u} dfgf{nfO{
;+of]u kfl/lbgf lgldQ dg]{ dflg;sf] Ho"d f xft xfnL kqmL ;dftL lbg]n fO{ hGds}b ug'{k5{
=======$
!$ g+= .. .. Hofg dfgf{sf] dg;fo /x]g5, Hofg lng'kg]{;Ddsf] OjL klg /x]g5, n'sL
rf]l/sg xfg]sf] klg /x] g5 p;} df}sfdf p7]sf] s'g} s'/fdf /L; yfDg g;sL hf]lvdL xltof/n]
xfg]sf] jf ljif v'jfPsf]df afx]s ;fwf/0f nf7f, 9' f, nft, d'S sf OToflb xfGbf ;f] xL rf]6 kL/n]
P]gsf Dofbleq Hofg d/]df bz jif{ s}b ug'{k5{ .
!% g+= ..

.. Hofg dfgf{sf nflu pBf]u u/L dg]{;Ddsf] h'g;'s} sfd ul/;s]sf] ;f]

sfd ubf{ klg Hofg eg] dg{ kfPsf] /x] g5 eg] To:tf] sfd ug]{ / To:tf] d'Vo e} arg lbg]nfO{
bz jif{ s}b ug'{k5{ .
!^ g+= ..

.. Hofg dfg{d f d'Vo e} if8\oGq u/]sf] /x]5 eg] To:tfnfO{ kf+r jif{ / ;f]

if8\oGqdf k;]sf c?nfO{ 5 dxLgfb]lv b'O{ jif{;Dd s}b ug'{k5{ .

!& g+= .. .. Hofg dfgf{nfO{ dtnadf eg] k;]sf] t/ d'Vo e} arg klg glbg], xft
xltof/ klg g5f]8 \g] hLpdf klg g5'g] b] xfosf cj:yfsf c? dtnaLx?nfO{ Hofg d/]sf] /x]5
eg] b]xfo adf]lhd / Hofg d/]sf] /x]g5 eg] b]xfodf n]lvPsf] ;hfosf] cfwf ;hfo ug'{k5{
Hofg dfgf{nfO{ egL xltof/ ljif dfu]df hfgL hfgL xftxltof/ uf]n L af?b ljif lbg] jf Hofg
dfgf{ lgldQ jf/bft ul//x]sf 7fpFdf xltof/ ;fydf lnO{ dxh"b /xg]n fO{ bz jif{ s}b ug'{k5{
====================!
dfly ! bkmfdf n]lvP afx]s 3]/ f lbg], af6f], uf}8 f 5]Sg] jf efUg pDsg gkfpg] ;d]t u}x sfd
u/L dfg]{ ;+of]u kfl/lbg]nfO{ kfFr jif{ s}b ug'{k5{ ================================@

271

c? lsl;d;Fu dt ;Nnfxdf k;]sf]df dfg]{ 7fpFdf uO{ c? s'/f s] xL gu/L x]/ L /xg]nfO{ /
n]lvPb]lv afx]s c? lsl;dsf dtnaLnfO{ 5 dxLgfb]lv tLg jif{;Dd s}b ug'{k5{
=====================#
!* g+= .. .. hGd]sf] lhpFbf] afns aflnsf kmfNg]n fO{ rf/ jif{ s}b ug'{k5{ . ;f] afns
aflnsf d/]sf] eP Hofgdf/f ;/x ;hfo ug'{k5{ .
!( g+= .. . csf{n ] a] xsdf dflg; dfg{ nfu]df Ujfxf/ dfUbf ;'gL ghfg] ;f]x| jif{ dfly
k}+;L jif{d'lgsf hfgsf/ nf]Ug]d flg;nfO{ hgxL tL; ?k}ofF; Dd hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ .
@) g+= .. .. st{Jo k/L Hofg d/]sf] d'2 fdf s;"/bf/ cfkm} ;fljt e} kf]n]sf]d f afx]s
st{Josf] ph"/ k/]sf]d f txsLsftaf6 st{Jojfnf oxL xf] eGg] kQf gnfu]sf]df aL; jif{kl5 /
st{Josf] ph"/ gk/sf]d f ;f] jf/bft ePsf b'O{ jif{kl5 s;} pk/ d'2f rNg ;St}g .
@! g+= .. .. nfz hfFr ubf{ h'g lx;fa;Fu hfFRg' kg]{ b]lvG5 ;f] adf]lhd hfFr u/L
nfzdf eP b]lvP;Ddsf] 3fp, vt, rf]6, lgzfgf ;a} oyfy{ vf]nL nfz hfFrsf] sfuhdf n]Vg'
k5{ . hfgLhfgL km/s kf/L n]v]sf] 7xof] eg] To:tfnfO{ kfFr;o ?k}ofF; Dd hl/jfgf x'G5 .
@@ g+= .. .. Hofg dfgf{s f dtnadf gk;]sf] csf{sf] a]xsdf s;}n] Hofg df5{ eGg] s'/f
cfkm"n] rfn kfO{ jf Hofg dl/;s]sf] 5 eGg] rfn kfO{ p;nfO{ gkqmL jf hfx]/ gu/L bjfpg
eufpg x'+b}g.
@# g+= .. .. Hofg dfg]{ dtnadf k;]sf] /x]g5 eg] klg dfg' g5'L Ps} 3/;Fu a;]sfn]
cfgf hxfg rfs/nfO{ df/]sf] Hofg dfl/;s]sf] 5 eGg] s'/ f rfn kfO{ p;nfO{ gkqmL jf hfx]/
gu/L bjfpg eufpg x'+b}g.
@$ g+= .. .. Hofg dfgf{sf dtnadf gk;]sf] eP klg Hofg df/L NofPsf] s'/f yfxf kfO{
afF8 L vfg]n fO{ aft nfU5 ;f] gvfPsf] eP / o;} dxnsf] @# gDa/df n]lvPb]lv afx]s c?nfO{
272

Hofg dfl/;s]sf] rfn kfO{ cfdf hfx]/ gu/L bafP eufPsf] eP klg cfgf afa', afh], aHo},
:jf:gL, 5f]/f, 5f]/L, Ps} afa'af6 hGd]sf lbbL, alxgL, Ps} afh]a f6 hGd]sf h]7f sfG5f afa',
km'k', bfh', efO, elthf, gflt, gfltgL, h] 7L sfG5L cfdf, efpHo", a' xf/L, ;f;', ;;'/f, dfdf,
eflgh, cfkm'n] hGdfPsf] 5f]/ L jf Ps} afa'af6 hGd]sf lbbL alxgL lbPsf] legfh" h'jfO{ olt
gftfsf / Ps} 3/df dfg' g5' L ;Fu a;]sf hxfgn] eufP bafPsf] eP vt aft nfUb}g .
@% g+= .. .. Hofg dfl/;s]sf] s'/f rfn kfO{ hfx]/ gu/L s;"/bf/nfO{ bafpg] eufpg]
;/sf/L sd{rf/L eP b'O{jif{, To; hUufsf lhldbf/ tfns'bf/ k~rfotsf ;b:o eP 8]9 jif{,
y/L u'd:tf d'lvof ldf/ h] 7f a'9f uf]?d s6'jfn] gfOs] dxfg] ufpFsf rf}s Lbf/ uf]8 fot eP
5 dlxgf s}b / c? eP 3/df yfxf kfpg] d'Vo hf] xf] p;nfO{ aL; ?k}ofF hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ .
@^ g+= .. .. Hofg df5{ eGg] s'/f rfn kfO{ hfx]/ gu/L Hofg dfl/;s]kl5 hfx]/ eof] eg]
To:tf] rfn kfO{ hfx]/ gug]{n fO{ Ps jif{;Dd s}b ug'{k5{ .
@& g+= .. .. Hofg df5{ eGg] s'/f rfn kfO{ hfx]/ gu/L bjfO{ Hofg dfg{ gkfpFb} c?af6
hfx]/ eof] eg] To:tf] rfn kfO{ hfx]/ gu/L bafpg]nfO{ 5 dxLgf;Dd s}b ug'{k5{ .
@* g+=.. .. pksf/sf nflu s]xL ubf{ ue{t'lxg uPsf]df afx]s s;}n] ue{ t'xfP, t'xfpg
nfP jf t'xfpgsf nflu d2t u/] aft nfU5 .
@( g+= ..

.. s] xL /L; OaLn] ue{jtL :jf:gLdflg;nfO{ s]xL s'/f ubf{ ue{ t'lxg uof]

eg] ue{ t'xfpg] dg;fon] u/]sf] /x]g5 eg] klg aft nfU5 .
#) g+= .. .. hGd]sf lhpFbf] afns aflnsf kmflnPsf] b]lvof] eg] ;f] s'/f ghLssf] k|x/L
clkm;df hfx]/ ug'{k5{ .
#! g+= .. .. h;sf] ue{ t'lxPsf] 5 ;f] :jf:gLdflg;sf] d~h"/L lagf ue{ t'xfpg]nfO{ 5
dxLgf;Ddsf] ue{ eP b'O{ jif{ / 5 dxLgfb]lv dflysf] eP tLg jif{ s}b ug'{k5{ . To:tL
273

:jf:gLdflg;sf] d~h"/L ePsf]d f ;f] :jf:gLdflg; / t'xfpg]nfO{ ;d]t 5 dxLgf;Ddsf] ue{ eP

Ps jif{ / ;f]eGbf dflysf] eP 8]9 jif{ s}b ug'{k5{ . ;f] sfd ubf{ ug{ nfp+b f klg t'x]g lbp+b}
hGDof] eg] n]lvPsf] ;hfosf] cfwf ;hfo ug'{k5{ .
#@ g+= .. .. o;} dxnsf] @( gDa/ adf]lhdsf] s;"/ :jf:gLdflg; ue{jtL 5 eGg] s'/f
hfgL yfxf kfO{ u/]sf] /x]5 eg] 5 dlxgf;Ddsf] ue{ t'lxsf]df tLg dlxgf / 5 dlxgf gf3]sf]
ue{ t'lxPdf 5 dlxgf s}b ug'{ k5{ . ue{jtL 5 eGg] s'/f ghfgL u/]sf] /x]5 eg] 5
dlxgf;Ddsf] ue{ eP klRr; ?k}ofF / 5 dlxgf gf3]sf] ue{ eP krf; ?k} ofF hl/afgf ug'{
k5{ .
## g+= .. .. s;"/bf/ cfkm} d' v ;fljt e} To;} af6 p7]sf] d'2fdf afx]s ue{ t'xfof] eGg]
s'/fdf ;f] t'xfPsf] tLg dxLgfleq gfln; glbP nfUg ;St}g .

274

dxn !!
hLp df:g] a]Rg]sf]
! g+= .. .. s;}n] s'g} dflg;nfO{ laqmL ug]{ p2]Z on] nnfO{ kmsfO{ g]kfn ;/xb aflx/
n}hfg jf nuL laqmL ug{

x'+b}g. lab]zdf a]Rg nu]sf]d f a]Rg gkfpFb} kqmfp eP a]Rg

n}hfg]nfO{ tLg jif{b]lv ;ft jif{;Dd / a]lr;s]sf] eP ;ft jif{ s}b x'G5 . lsGg] dflg; g]kfn
;/xbleq km]nf k/] lghnfO{ ;d]t a]Rg]n fO{ x'g] ;/xsf] ;hfo x'G5 .
@ g+= .. .. s;}n] ;f]x| jif{ gk'u]sf gfafnsnfO{ jf s'g} pd]/sf] eP klg duh lau]|sf
dflg;nfO{ sfg" gL ;+/ Ifssf] dGh"/ L a]u/ p;sf] ;+/IfsTjaf6 5'6fpg jf 5'6fpgsf] lgldQ
nnfpg kmsfpg x'+b} g. ;f] adf]lhd 5'6fP jf nnfP kmsfPdf ;f] ug]{nfO{ kfFr;o ?k} ofF;Dd
hl/jfgf jf tLg jif{;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'G5 .
# g+= .. .. s;}n] s;}n fO{ sdf/f sdf/L agfpg, jf ;f] egL a]Rg lsGg x'+b}g. agfP jf
a]r] lsg]d f ;f] agfpg] jf a]R g] lsGg]nfO{ hgxL kf+r jif{b]lv ;ft jif{;Dd s}b x'G5 .
$ g+= .. .. o;} dxnsf] !.@.# gDa/df n]lvPsf] s;"/ ug{df hfgL hfgL d2t lbg]nfO{
d'VonfO{ x'g] ;hfosf] cfwf ;hfo x'G5 .
% g+= .. .. o;} dxnsf] !.# gDa/df n]lvP adf]lhd dflg; a]r] lsg]sf]df lsGg]s f] y}n L
e"; u/fO{ a]Rg]nfO{ ;f] gDa/x?df n]lvPsf] ;hfodf yk ;f] y}nLsf] lauf] adf]lhd hl/jfgf
;d]t ug'{k5{ .

275

dxn !@
Onfh ug]{s f]
! g+= .. .. hf]lvdL 7"nf] lr/kmf/ cf}ifwL ubf{ / Joyf hfFrL v'jfpg' kg]{ cf}ifwLsf] lnvt
u/L lb+bf ;d]t ;f] s'/ fsf] Ond k9L kf; bL To;sf] lg:;f kfPsf kf;jfnf 8fS6/ j}B n]
lr/kmf/ ug{, cf}ifwL nufpg / v'jfpg] cf}ifwLsf] lnvt ug{ x'G5 . Joyfsf] k/LIff ug{ jf
cf}ifwL ug{ hfGg] jf cg'ejn] ul/cfPsf dflg;n] ;d]t ;fgf] ltgf] 3fp vl6/f lrg'{ kmf] g'{ dnd
kL cf}ifwL nufpg] sfd ugf{nfO{ eg] kf; geP klg ug{ u/fpg x'G5 .
@ g+= .. .. hLpdf s]xL ePsf] lrg'{ kmf] g'{ lSg' sf6\g' gu/L gx'g] ePdf a]/fdL hfgsf/
/ xf];xjfzdf eP To;;Fu ;d]t / afns jf xf]zxjfzdf gePsf] /x]5 eg] p;sf] ;+/If0f ug]{
jfl/;jfnfsf] dGh"/L lnO{ / jfl/;jfnf sf] xL gePsf] j]jfl/;L dflg;sf] lrg'{ kmf] g'{ cfjZos
b]lvof] eg] c:ktfnaf6 /f]uLsf] kmfObfsf] lgldQ dGh"/ L glnsg klg kf;jfnf 8fS6/ a}B
cfkm}n] ;f] sfd ug'{x'G5 .
# g+= .. .. lqmof k'uL ;f]lwPsf ljifox? / ljiffbL cf} ifwLx? kf;jfnf 8fS6/ / j}B x?n]
Joyfg';f/ v'jfpg' kg]{ e} lnvt u/L lbPdf / 7Ls dfqf;Fu v'jfPdf dg{ uP aft nfUb}g .
lqmof gk'uL ;f]lwPsf] ljiffbL / vf+bf dl/g] egL sxlnPsf c? ljiffbL s] xL j:t' v'jfpg
gx' g]nfO{ v'j fP lnvt u/L lbPsf] eP / v'jfpg x'g]nfO{ v'jfpFb f klg lbg x'g] dfqfeGbf a9L
dfqf u/L lnvtdf n]vL lb+bf jf v'jfpFbf jf a]sfObf;Fu /f]uLnfO{ lr/kmf/ ubf{ s]xL x' g uof]
eg] To:tf 8fS6/ a}BnfO{ / 8fS6/ a}B n] lnvt u/L lb+bf dfqf ldnfO{ /f]uLnfO{ lbg'k g]{ cf} ifwL
n]vL lbPsf]df cf}ifwL ldnfpg]n ] dfqfdf 36L a9L kf/L jf Psyf]s cf}ifwL ldnfpg' kg]{d f csf]{
cf}ifwL ldnfO{ v'jfpFb f s]xL ePdf ;f] ldnfO{ lbg]nfO{ ;d]t aft nfU5 .

276

$ g+= .. .. o;} dxnsf] ! gDa/ adf]lhd cf}ifwL ug{ jf lr/kmf/ ug{ kfpg]n] cf}ifwL ubf{
jf lr/kmf/ ubf{ ;d]t ;f] cf}ifwL jf lr/kmf/ u/fO{ dfUg] a]/ fdLsf] Joyf a9\g uPdf jf lghsf]
d[To' ePdf jf hLpdf xfgL kL8f x'g uPdf vfg lbPsf] cf} ifwL afFsL eP ;f]xL cf} ifwL ;d]t /
;f] gePdf 8fS6/ a}Bn] n]lvlbPsf] lnvt lr/kmf/ u/]sf] sfObf / xltof/ To;df u/] nufPsf]
cf}ifwLdWo] ljifflbdf lqmof k'u ]sf jf gk'u ]sf / c? klg k|d f0f adf]lhdsf] efu k'u] gk'u ]sf]
;d]t s] /x]5 To;df cf}ifwL Joyf cg';f/ lbg} kg]{ eO{ lbPsf] / lbg gx'g] lbPsf] ;d]t s] xf]
OToflb ;a} s'/f /fd|f] u/L hfFRg ;Sg] 8fS6/ j}B x?af6 hFrfO{ / vfO{ dg]{ ljifflb s'/f eP
k/]sf] cf}iflw eP ;f] cf} ifwL s's'/ v;L af]sfnfO{ v'jfO{ k/LIff ug'{k5{ . To:tf] k/LIff ubf{
cf}ifwL vfg] s's'/ v;L af]sf dg{ uof] jf hfFRbf a]/fdLnfO{ Joyf cg';f/ lbg gx' g] cf} ifwLsf]
lnvt u/L lbPsf] jf cf}ifwL ldnfpg] jf agfpg]n] k|df0feGbf 36L a9L dfqf kf/L ldnfPsf],
lqmof efu gk'u]sf] cf}ifwL v'jfPsf], a]sfObf;Fu lr/kmf/ u/]sf], sd;n aLpaf6 lakm/ vf]k]sf]
7x/fP eg] ;f] sfd dfgf{sf lgotn] gu/]sf] a'l4 gk'u L jf e"n r"saf6 dfq x'g uPsf] 7x/]df
o;} dxnsf] * gDa/ adf]lhd ;hfo x'G5 .
% g+= .. .. 8fS6/ jf a}Bsf] lnvt ge} s;}n] g;f nfUg] rLh / s'g} lsl;dsf] ljiffbL
j:t' jf ljifsf] efu k/]sf] cf}ifwLx? lbg laqmL ug{ x'+b}g. lbP laqmL u/] aft nfU5 .
^ g+= .. .. ax'nfPsf dflg;nfO{ cf} iflw lgldQ lgsf] gx' GHofn;Dd g]n 7f]sL vf]/ jf
em]nvfgfdf /fvL c:ktfn eP ;f] 7fpFaf6 To; s'/fsf] cf}ifwL u/fpg' k5{ . p;sf]
jfl/;jfnfn] nuL lxkmfht;Fu /fV5f}+ eg] jfl/;jfnfsf] lhDdf ul/lbg' k5{ .
& g+= .. .. gf]s/x? jf cfgf 3/df af; lbO/fv]sf la/fdL dflg;nfO{ :ofx/ ;+ef/ ug]{
s'?jf dflg; g/fvL a]lxkmfht;Fu To;} cnkq u/L jflx/ af6f3f6f kf6L kf}j f ;d]t sxL+ nuL
kmfNg x'+b} g. ;f] adf]lhd gu/L a]lxkmfht;Fu kmfNg]nfO{ kfFr;o ?k}ofF; Dd hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ .
277

k'ln; jf k~rfotn] To:tf] la/fdLnfO{ c:ktfn jf cf}ifwfno ePsf 7fpFdf c:ktfn jf

cf}ifwfnodf / ;f] gePsf 7fpFd f oyf;Dej la/fdL s'?jf /fvL cf}ifwL u/fpg' k5{ .
* g+= .. .. o;} dxnsf] ! gDa/n] cf}iflw lr/kmf/ ug]{ cf}iflw ldnfO{ v'jfpg kfpg] x?n]
/f]uLsf] kmfObfsf] lgldQ ;f] sfd ubf{ xf]; gk' ofO{ ukmnt a]kjf{ xL u/L a]sfObf;Fu sfd
u/]sf]af6 /f]uL dg{ uPsf] jf hLpdf hvd xfgL kL8f ePsf] 7x/]df To:tfnfO{ kfFr;o
?k}o fF;Dd hl/jfgf jf b'O{ jif{;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'G5 .
( g+ = .. .. o;} dxnsf] ! gDa/n] cf}ifwL lr/kmf/ ug{ kfpg] afx]s c?n] /f]u Lsf]
kmfObfsf lgldQ cf}ifwL lr/kmf/ ubf{ vf]Kbf /f]u L dg{ uPdf jf hLpdf xfgL ePdf o;} dxnsf]
* gDa/n] x' g] ;hfodf yk Ps;o ?k} ofF; Dd hl/jfgf jf 5 dxLgf;Dd s}b x'G5 . a]/ fdLsf]
hLpdf xfgL s]xL ePsf] /x]g5 eGg] kfFr ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf x'G5 .
!) g+= .. .. o;df cf} ifwL ubf{ dg{ uPdf buf u/] afx]s c?df tLg dxLgfleq gfln;
glbP nfUg ;St}g .

278

dxn !#
cf;o s/0fLsf]
! g+= .. .. h'g;'s} dflg;n] cfgL :jf:gL afx]s P3f/ jif{ gf3]sf h'g;'s}
:jf:gLdflg;nfO{ s/0fLsf cf;on] lz/b]lv k}tfnf;Ddsf c+u df ;dft]df kf+r;o ?k} ofF;Dd
hl/jfgf jf Ps jif{;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 .
@ g+ .. .. P3f/ jif{ gf3]sf :jf:gLdflg;;Fu 3'/ vfkL ;'t]sf] 7x/] s/0fL ePsf] 7x5{ .
# g+= .. .. sGof, ljwjf, csf{sL ;wjfsf] s/0fL gu/L d}n] s/0fL u/]sf] 5 eGg] nfO{
kf+r;o ?k} oFf;Dd hl/jfgf jf Ps jif{;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 .
$ g+= .. .. :jf:gLdflg;sf] /fhLv'zL lagf s/0fLsf] cf;on] 9'sg]nfO{ kf+ r;o ?k}o fF;Dd
hl/jfgf jf Ps jif{;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 .
% g+= .. .. cg'lrt ;DaGw u/fOlbg] p2]Zon] :jf:gLdflg;nfO{ kmsfO lbg]n fO{ Ps;o
?k}o fF;Dd hl/jfgf jf tLg dxLgf;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 .
^ g+= .. .. o; dxndf n]lvPsf] s'/fdf ;f] s'/f k|sfz ePsf ldltn] k}+tL; lbgleq
gfln; glbP nfUg ;St}g .

279

dxn !$
hjh{:tL s/0fLsf]
! g+= ..

.. sGof, ljwjf jf csf{sL ;wjf :jf:gLdflg;df rf}w jif{ dlgsLnfO{ p;sf]

d~h"/ L lnO{ jf glnO{ h'g;'s} Joxf]/ f;Fu s/0fL u/] klg / rf}w jif{ gf3]sLsf] /fhLv'zL lagf
a]d ~h"/Ln] h' g;'s} t/x;Fu eP klg hf]/h'n'd u/L jf 8/ wfs b]vfO{ jf cg'lrt k|efjdf kf/L
s/0fL u/]sL ;d]t hjh{:tL s/0fL 7x5{ .
@ g+= .. .. xf8gftfsL :jf:gLdflg;sf] hah{:tL s/0fL u/]df o; dxn adf]lhdsf]
;hfodf xf8gftfdf s/0fL ug]{sf] dxndf n]lvPsf] ;hfo;d]t ykL ;hfo x'G5 . hGds}bsf]
;hfo kfpg]df eg] hah{:tL s/0fL jfktsf] ;hfo yk x'+b}g .
# g+= ..

.. hjh{:tL s/0fL ug]{nfO{ rf}w jif{d'lgsf] :jf:gLdflg;sf] eP 5 jif{b]lv bz

jif{;Dd / rf} w jif{ jf ;f] eGbf dflysf] :jf:gLdflg;sf] eP tLg jif{b]lv kf+r jif{;Dd s}b
ug'{k5{ .
$ g+= .. .. hah{:tL s/0fL ug]{ ePsf] s'/ f hfgL yfxf kfO{ x"n u/L ;Fu nflu hfg],
;dfpg] / ;f] sfddf d2t lbg]nfO{

hgxL Ps jif{;Dd s}b ug'{k5{ . rf}w jif{d'lgsL

:jf:gLdflg;sf ;DaGwdf eg] bf]Aa/ ;hfo x'G5 .

% g+= .. .. hah{:tL s/0fL ug]{ pBf]u u/]sf] s/0fL ug{ eg] kfPsf] /x]g5 eg] hah:tL
s/0fL ug]{n fO{ x'g] ;hfosf] cfwf ;hfo x'G5 .
^ g+= .. .. cx|fO{ hah{:tL s/0fL ug{ nufPsf] eP ;f] cx|fpg]n fO{ s/0fL e};s]sf]d f
s/0fL ug]{nfO{{ x' g] ;hfosf] / s/0fL x' g gkfPsf] pBf]u;Dd u/]]sf] eP pBf]u ug]{nfO{ x'g ]
;hfosf] cfwf ;hfo ug'{k5{ .

280

& g+= .. .. j]Z of :jf:gLdflg;nfO{ p;sf] /fhLv'zL lagf a]d~h"/Ln] h' g;'s} t/x;Fu eP
klg hf]/h'n'd u/L s/0fL u/]df kfFr;y ?k}+of;Dd hl/jfgf jf Ps jif{;Dd s}b x'g]5 .
* g+= .. .. cfkm"nfO{ hah{:tL s/0fL ug]{ dg;fo lnO{ pBf]u u/L xftkft, 5]sy'g, afF w
5fFb OToflb hf]/h'n'd ug{n fUof] / To;avt s/fO{ u'xf/ dfuL jf c? s]xL pBf]u u/L To:tf]
h'NdLsf] kGhfaf6 pDsL efuL cfgf] wd{ arfpg g;Sg] cj:yf k/L To:tf h'N dLnfO{ cfgf
cSsn js{t n] ;Sg]; Ddsf s'/f s]xL gu/] cfgf] wd{ gi6 x' g] ;Ddsf] 7"nf] 8/ qf; k/L s/0fL
lng gkfpFb} jf p;} avt cfgf] hf]8 an k'U g g;Sg]df s/0fL nL;s]kl5 klg ;f]xL s'/fsf] /L;
yfDg g;sL p;} avt s/0fL lnPs} ynfdf jf ToxL+b]lv nk] 6\b} uO{ Ps 306fleq xltof/,
nf7f], 9' f OToflb s]xL rnfO{ Hofg dg{ uPsf] 7x/] aft nfUb}g . Ps 306f pk|fGt df/]d f
kfFrxhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf jf bz jif{; Dd s}b x'G5 .
( g+ = .. .. ck't fnL vfgfsf nflu s;}n] s'g} :jf:gLdflg;sf] hah{:tL s/0fL u/]df jf
ug{ nufPdf To:tf] hah{:tL s/0fL ug]{ jf ug{ nfpg]n ] ;f] :jf:gLdflg;sf] ck'tfnL vfg
kfpFb}g .
!) g+= ..

.. s;}n] s'g} :jf:gLdflg;sf] hjh{:tL s/0fL u/]d f To:tf] s/0fL ug]{sf]

cfwf c+z ;j{:j u/L To:tL :jf:gLdflg;nfO{ lbnfO{ lbg'k5{ . To:tf]df bzf}+b nfUb}g . To:tL
:jf:gLdflg;n] cl3Nnf nf]Ug]klsf] P] g adf]lhd kfpg] c+z klg lhptf e/ ef]u ug{ kfp+5] .
!! g+= .. .. hah{:tL s/0fLsf] s'/fdf ;f] eP u/]sf] ldltn] k}+tL; lbgleq gfln; glbP
nfUg ;St}g .

281

dxn !%
xf8gftfdf
xf8gftfdf s/0fL ug]{sf]
! g+= .. .. cfkm"nfO{ hGdfpg] cfdfsf] s/0fL ug]{nfO{ hGds}b x'G5 . cfgf Ps} afa'af6
hGd]sf lbbL alxgL jf cfkm"n] hGdfPsf 5f]/Lsf] s/0fL ug]{n fO{ bzjif{ s}b x'G5 . To:tf lbbL
alxgL jf 5f]/L cfgf nf]U g]sf] ;To 5f]8L lau|sL /lx5 eg] To:tLsf] s/0fL ug]{n fO{ ;f]
;hfosf] cfwf ;hfo x'G5 .
@ g+= .. .. b]xfodf n]lvPsf] gftfsL :jf:gL dflg;sf] s/0fL ug]{n fO{ tLg jif{b]lv 5
jif{;Dd s}b x'G5
cfgf xf8sf] gftfdf cfgL ;f}t]gL cfdf, xfFu f gkmf6]sf]d f hlt;'s} dflysf] k':tf eP klg /
xf+uf kmf6]sf]d f tLg k':tf;Ddsf aHo", cfgf 5f]/fsL :jf:gL 5f]/f a' xf/L, cfgf] xf+u fdf
hlt;'s} k':tfsf] 5f]/f ;Gtfg ePklg To:tf 5f]/f ;GtfgsL :jf:gL jf 5f]/L, cfgf Ps}
afa' af6 hGd]sf efOsL :jf:gL efO a'xf/L, cfgf Ps} afa' af6 hGd]sf bfh' jf efOsL 5f]/L jf
5f]/f a'xf/L, cfgf] Ps} afa' af6 hGd]sf bfh' jf efOsf 5f]/ fsL 5f]/ L jf 5f]/f a'xf/L, cfgf Ps}
afh]a f6 hGd]sL lbbL jf alxgL jf cfgf Ps} afh]af6 hGd]s f bfh' jf efOsL 5f]/f jf To:tf]
efOsL :jf:gL ======================================================!
cfkm"n] hGdfPsL 5f]/Lsf] 5f]/L jf 5f]/ f a'xf/L, cfkm"nfO{ hGdfpg] cfdfnfO{ hGdfpg]
aHo", cfkm"nfO{ hGdfpg] cfdfsf afa' jf cfdfnfO{ hGdfpg] aHo", afa'sf cfdfnfO{ hGdfpg]
aHo", cfgL :jf:gLnfO{ hGdfpg] ;f;", To:tL ;f;", jf cfgf ;;"/fnfO{ hGdfpg] a' 9L ;f;",
cfgL cfdfsf Ps cfFtsf lbbL jf alxgL, cfgf Ps} afa' af6 hGd]sf lbbL jf alxgLsL 5f]/L
jf To:tL lbbL jf alxgLsL 5f]/ f a' xf/L, cfkm"n fO{ hGdfpg] cfdfsf Ps} cfFt sf bfh" jf efOsL
:jf:gL cfgL dfOHo", =================@
282

# g+= .. .. b]xfodf n]lvPsf] gftfsL :jf:gLdflg;sf] hfgL hfgL s/0fL ug]{nfO{ gftf /
k':tfsf] ljrf/ u/L a9Ldf b' O{ jif{;Dd s}b x' g]5
cfgf xf8df ;ft k':tf;Ddsf o;} dxnsf ! gDa/df / @ gDa/sf] b]xfo bkmf ! df
n]lvPb]lv afx]ssf aHo', efO{ a' xf/L, 5f]/f a' xf/L, gfltgL a' xf/L, lbbL, alxgL, 5f]/L, gfltgL,
km"k", h]7f jf sfG5f afa's L :jf:gL ==============================================================================!
cfgf Ps} afh] af6 hGd]sf h] 7f jf sfG5f afa'sL 5f]/LsL 5f]/ L jf cfgf Ps} afa' af6 hGd]sf
bfh' jf efOsL 5f]/LsL 5f]/L, cfgf Ps afa'af6 hGd]sf lbbL jf alxgLsf 5f]/ fsL 5f]/ L jf
5f]/f a'xf/L jf To:tf lbbL jf alxgLsL 5f]/LsL 5f]/L jf 5f]/ f a'xf/L, cfgL ;f}t ]gL ;f;" jf
;f}t]gL a' 9L ;f;" ===========@
$ g+= .. .. cfgf hft jf s'nsf] rng adf]lhd rn]sf]df afx]s c? s;}n] efpHo"sf]
s/0fL u/]df cfgf Ps} afa'a f6 hGd]sf bfh"sL :jf:gL eP tLg jif{b]lv 5 jif{;Dd / c?df
cfgf xf8df ;ft k':tf;Ddsf bfh'sL :jf:gLsf] hfgL hfgL s/0fL u/]sf] eP gftf / k':tfsf]
ljrf/ u/L a9Ldf Ps jif{;Dd s}b x'g]5 .
% g+= .. .. Psf nf]Ug] af6 hGd]sf 5f]/fsf] / p;} :jf:gLn] csf]{ nf]Ug] af6 hGdfPsL
5f]/Lsf] hfgL hfgL s/0fL ePdf ;f] s/0fL ug]{ nf]Ug] dflg;nfO{ a9Ldf Ps jif{;Dd s}b x'g]5 .
^ g+= .. .. s;}n] cfgf] wd{k'q 5f]/ fsf :jf:gL jf ;Gtfgdf jf wd{ k' q /fVg] afa's f
gftfdf s/0fL u/]d f o; dxn adf]lhd ;hfo x'g] xf8gftfsf] /x]5 eg] ;f]xL adf]lhd / c?df
wd{k'qn] wd{k' q /fVg] afa'sL :jf:gLsf] jf To;} afa' af6 hGd]sL 5f]/ Lsf] jf wd{k'q /fVg]n]
wd{k'qsL :jf:gLsf] jf wd{k' qsL 5f]/Lsf] s/0fL u/]df a9Ldf Ps jif{;Dd s}b x'g]5 .

283

& g+= ..

.. o;} dxnsf] @ gDa/df h' g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;f] gDa/df

n]lvPsf] gftfsL :jf:gLdflg; cfgf nf] Ug]sf] ;To 5f]8 L csf{l;t lau|]sL /lx5 eg] To:tLsf]
s/0fL ug]{n fO{ a9Ldf Ps jif{Dd s}b x'g]5 .
* g+= ..

.. o;} dxns]f # gDa/df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;f] gDa/df

n]lvPsf] gftfsL :jf:gLdflg; cfgf] nf] Ug]sf] ;To 5f]8 L csf{l;t lau|]sL /lx5 eg] To:tLsf]
hfgL hfgL s/0fL ug]{nfO{ a9Ldf 5 dxLgf;Dd s}b x'g]5 .
( g+= .. .. o; dxn adf]lhd ;hfo x' g] s' g} :jf:gLdflg;sf] s/0fL u/] jfkt ;hfo
e};s]kl5 km]/L ;f] xL :jf:gLdflg;sf] s/0fL u/]d f lghnfO{ krf; ?k} ofF hl/jfgf x'G5 / ;f]
adf]lhd hl/jfgf ul/;s]kl5 lghn] ;f]xL :jf:gLdflg;sf] s/0fL u/]df t];|f] k6sb]lv lghnfO{
k|To]s k6snfO{ a9Ldf tLg dxLgf;Dd s}b x'G5 .
!) g+= .. .. o; dxndf n]lvP adf]lhd nf]Ug]d flg;nfO{ ;hfo x'g] s;"/df /fhLv'zLn]
s/0fL u/fpg] :jf:gLdflg;nfO{ nf]U g]d flg;nfO{ x' g] ;hfosf] rf/ v08sf] Ps v08 ;hfo
x'G5 . To:tf] ;hfo ubf{ tLg jif{eGbf a9L s}b x'g] ePdf tLg jif{; Ddsf] dfq s}b ug'{k5{ .
!! g+= .. .. o; dxnsf cGo gDa/x?df h'g;'s} s'/ f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s;}n] o;
dxn adf]lhd ;hfo x' g] gftfsf s'g} ;wjf :jf:gLsf] s/0fL u/]sf] /x]5 / ;fw'n] hf/Lsf]
dxn adf]lhd s}bsf] ;hfo ;d]t u/fpg rfxG5 eg] o; dxn adf]lhd x'g] ;hfodf ;f]
s}bsf] ;hfo ;d]t ykL s}b ul/lbg' k5{ . t/ ;f] adf]lhd ykL s}b ubf{ 5 jif{eGbf a9L s}b
x'ghfg] /x]5 eg] Ps jif{ dfq yk s}b ug'{k5{ .
!@ g+= .. .. o; dxndf n]lvPsf s;"/ ;DaGwL s'/fdf s;"/ ug]{sf] Ho";Dd gfln; gk/]
nfUg ;St}g .

284

dxn !^
kz' s/0fLsf]
! g+= .. .. s;}n ] :qL hflt rf}k fofsf] s/0fL ug{ jf s' g} rf}k fofl;t s/0fL u/fpg jf c?
s'g} ck|fs[lts d}y'g ug{ u/fpg x'+b}g.
@ g+= .. .. s;}n] :qL hflt rf}kfofdWo] ufO{sf] s/0fL u/]df lghnfO{ Ps jif{ s}b / ufO{
afx]s c? rf}kfofsf] s/0fL u/]df 5 dxLgf;Dd s}b jf b'O{ ;o ?k}ofF;Dd hl/afgf x'G5 .
# g+= .. .. s'g} :jf:gLdflg;n] rf}k fofaf6 s/0fL u/fPdf lghnfO{ Ps jif{;Dd s}b jf
kfFr;o ?k} ofF;Dd hl/jfgf x'G5 .
$ g+= .. .. o; dxnsf c? gDa/x?df n]]lvPb]lv afx]s c? s'g} lsl;dsf] ck|fs[lts
d}y'g ug]{ u/fpg]nfO{ tLg dxLgf;Dd s}b jf Ps;o ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf x'G5 .
% g+= .. .. o; dxndf n]lvPsf] s'/fdf ;f] eP u/]sf ldltn] Ps jif{leq gfln; glbP
nfUg ;St}g .

285

dxn !&
ljxfj/Lsf]
! g+= .. .. xf8gftf s/0fLsf] dxnn] ;hfo x' g] gftfdf afx]s o; dxnsf gDa/ gDa/df
n]lvPsf s'/fsf cwLgdf /xL cfgf] OR5fg'; f/ /fhLv'zLn] ljxfj/L ug{ x'G5 . ljxfj/L
ePsf]df xf8gftfdf kg{ uPsf] /x]5 eg] tL nf] Ug] :jf:gLnfO{ 5'6\ofO{ lbg'k5{ . hfgL hfgL
To:tf] ljxfj/L u/]sf]df xf8gftf s/0fLsf] dxndf n]lvP adf]lhd ;hfo ;d]t x'G5 .
@ g+= .. .. ljxfj/L ubf{ :jf:gLdflg;sf] pd]/ rf}w jif{ / nf]Ug]d flg;sf] pd]/ c7f/
jif{sf] gk'u L jf :jf:gLdflg; / nf]Ug]dflg;sf] pd]/ aL; jif{eGbf a9L km/s kg]{ u/L ljjfx
ug{ u/fpg x'+b}g. u/] u/fPdf b]xfo adf]lhd x'G5
;ft jif{ gk'u]sL :jf:gLdflg;sf] ljjfx u/] u/fPsf] /x]5 eg] ljjfx ug]{ u/fpg] d'VodWo]
pd]/ k'u]sfnfO{ Ps dxLgfb]lv tLg dxLgf;Dd s}b / kf+r;o ?k}ofFb]lv kf+rxhf/;Dd hl/jfgf
ug'{k5{ ======= !
;ft jif{dfly P3f/ jif{ gk'u]sL :jf:gLdflg;sf] ljjfx u/] u/fPs]f /x]5 eg] ;f] ug]{ u/fpg]
d'VodWo] pd]/ k'u ]sfnfO{ kGw| lbgb]lv Ps dxLgf;Dd s}b / b'O{;o ?k}ofFb]lv b'O{xhf/
?k}o fF;Dd hl/jfgf ug'{k5{===========================================================@
P3f/ jif{b]lv dfly rf}w jif{ gk'u]sL :jf:gLdflg;sf] ljjfx u/] u/fPsf] /x]5 eg] ;f] ug]{
u/fpg] d'VodWo] pd]/ k'u]sfnfO{ kf+ rlbgb]lv kGw|lbg;Dd s}b / Ps;o ?k}ofFb]lv Psxhf/
?k}o fF;Dd hl/jfgf ug'{k5{===================================================================================#
o;} gDa/sf dflysf bkmfx?df n]lvPb]lv afx]s o; gDa/df lgif] w ul/Ps]f c? s'g} sfd s'/f
ug]{ u/fpg] d'VodWo] pd]/ k'u]sfnfO{ kGw| lbgb]lv Ps dxLgf;Dd s}b / tLg;o ;f7L
?k}o fF;Dd hl/jfgf ug'{k5{ ===============================================================================$
286

P]gn] ljjfx ug{ kfpg] xbleqsf] xf] egL 9f+ 6L ljjfx u/L lbPsf] eP ghfgL ljjfx ug]{
u/fpg]nfO{ ;hfo x'+b}g . 9f+6\g]nfO{ g} dfly n]lvP adf]lhd ;hfo x'G5 ========================== %
o; gDa/ adf]lhd ljjfx ug{ u/fpg gx'g] hfgL hfgL ljjfxsf] sfd ug]{ k'/f]lxt, ndL / c?
d2tLx? dWo] pd]/ k'u]sfnfO{ hgxL ;ft lbg;Dd s}b / Ps ;o ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf ug'{ k5{
===================== ^
o;} gDa/sf] dflysf bkmfx?df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ljjfx eg] eO{ g;s]sf] /Lt
b:t'/ k'ofO{ l5gL;Dd ;s]sf] /x]5 eg] ;f] s'/f l5Gg] d'VonfO{ tLg ;o ?k} ofF;Dd hl/afgf
u/L ;f] l5gL ;s]sf] s'/f ab/ ul/lbg' k5{ ==================================================&
dfly !, @, # / $ bkmf adf]lhd ePsf] hl/afgf lt/] lnO{ ;f] To;} :jf:gL dflg;nfO{ lbg'
k5{ . glt/]d f ;f] hl/afgf x' g] JolQmsf] c+z dfq hfohft u/L pk/ ePsf]af6 ;f] nfu]sf]
hl/afgfsf]c+s hlt ;f] :jf:gL dflg;nfO{ lbg' k5{ . hfohftaf6 ;f] hl/jfgf pk/ x' g g;s]
pk/ gePsf] hl/jfgfsf] ?k}ofF hltdf a9Ldf tLg dlxgf;Dd s}b ug'{ k5{ ==================*
# g+= .. .. ljjfx lgldQ cfgf s'nsf] /Lt b:t"/ lbP lnP kl5 klg ljjfx ug{ grfx]
s/ nfUb}g .
$ g+= .. .. jSs nf6f], dxf/f]uL, n'nf], s"+hf], b'a} cfFvfsf] cGwf], ln gePsf] gk'+;s, xft
uf]8f efFrL a]sDdf ePsf], af}nfxf jf 5f/]/f]u ePsf] nf]Ug] dflg;nfO{ ;2] 5 egL 9fF 6L ljjfx
ePsf]df :jf:gL dflg;n] dGh"/ gu/] ;f] ljjfx ab/ x'G5 . To:tf] 9fF6 L ljjfx ug]{ u/L lbg]nfO{
kfFr;o ?k} ofF;Dd hl/jfgf x'G5 .
% g+= .. .. jSs nf6L, dxf/f]uL, n'nL, s'+hL, b'a} cfF vfsL cGwL, of] gLxLg ePsL, xft
uf]8f efFrL a]sDdf ePsL, af}nfPsL jf 5f/] /f]u ePsL :jf:gL dflg;nfO{ ;2] 5 egL 9f+ 6L

287

ljjfx ePsf]df nf]Ug] dflg;n] dGh"/ gu/] ljjfx ab/ x'G5 . To:tf] 9f+ 6L ljjfx ug]{ u/L
lbg]nfO{ kfFr;o ?k} ofF;Dd hl/jfgf x'G5 .
^= g+= ..

.. cl3b]lv cfgf s'ndf rnL cfPsf] /Llt l:ylt adf]lhd b} b:t"/ lnP

lbPsf]d f afx]s nf]Ug]dflg;tkm{a f6 c? ?k}ofF k};f ;d]t s]xL lng' lbg' u/L :jf:gLdflg;sf]
ljjfx ul/lbg' x'+b}g. lnP lbPdf ;f] lnP lbPsf] lauf] hkmt u/L lng]n fO{ ;f] lnPsf] lauf]
adf]lhd hl/jfgf ;d]t x'G5 .
& g+= ..

.. :jf:gLdflg;nfO{ p;sf] d~h"/ L lagf ljjfx ug{ jf ul/lbg x'+b}g . s;}n]

hah{:tL ljjfx u/] jf u/L lbPdf ;f] ljjfx ab/ x'G5 . To:tf] ljjfx ug]{ u/Llbg]n fO{ b'O jif{
s}b x'G5 .
* g+= ..

.. ;wjf ljwjf :jf:gLdflg;nfO{ sGof xf] egL 9f+6L c?;Fu ljjfx u/L lbPdf

;f] u/L lbg] d'VonfO{ / To:tf] ljjfx ug]{ rf} w jif{sf] pd]/ k'u ]sf :jf:gLdflg;fnO{ Ps
jif{;Dd s}b jf kf+ro; ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'G5 .
( g+= .. .. b]xfosf cj:yfdf afx]s s'g} nf]Ug] dflg;n] cfgL :jf:gL hLljt 5+b} jf
sfg"g adf]lhd nf]Ug] :jf:gLsf] ;DaGw ljR5]b gx'Fb} csL{ :jf:gL dflg;;Fu ljjfx ug{ jf csL{
:jf:gL /fVg x'Fb}g=====================================================================================
:jf:gL dxf/f]u L ePdf ====================================================================================!
:jf:gLnfO{ of}g ;DaGwL s'g} ;?jf /f]u e} lgsf] gx'g] ePdf =====================================!
:jf:gL lgsf] gx' g] u/L af}nfPdf ===========================================================================!
ljjfx ePsf] bz jif{leq ;Gtfg ePdf jf g/x]df ================================================== !
:jf:gL lx+88'n ug{ g;Sg] u/L s'+hL ePdf ==============================================================!
:jf:gL b'j} cf+vf gb]Vg] cGwL ePdf ======================================================================!
288

!) g+= ..

.. s;}n] o; dxnsf] ( gDa/df n]lvPsf] s'/fs]f ljkl/t csf]{ ljjfx u/]

jf :jf:gL /fv]d f lghnfO{ Ps dxLgf;Dd s}b jf Ps xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo
x'g]5 . hfgLhfgL To:tf] ljjfx ug]{ jf :jf:gL e} a:g] :jf:gL dflg;nfO{ & lbg;Dd s}b jf
%) ?k}ofF; Dd hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 .
!! g+= ..

.. o; dxndf n]lvPsf] s'/fdf ;f] eP u/]sf] ldltn] k}+t L; lbgleq gfln;

glbP nfUg ;St}g .

289

dxn !*
hf/Lsf]
! g+= .. .. csf{sL ;wjf :jf:gL xf] eGg] s'/f hfgL hfgL jf ;f] yfxf kfpg dgfl;a
dflkmssf] sf/0f e} s;}n] To:tL :jf:gLdflg;sf] s/0fL u/]df hah{:tL s/0fL 7xg]{ /x] g5 eg]
hf/L u/]s]f 7x5{ .
@ g+= .. .. s;}n] hf/Ls]f s;"/ u/]df ;fw'n] hf/af6 ljjfx vr{ e/fO{ dfUg rfx]d f
Psxhf/ ?k}ofFd f ga9fO{ ljjfx vr{ e/fO{ lbg' k5{ . ;fw'n] ljjfx vr{ e/fO{ dfUg grfxL
hf/nfO{ s}b u/fpg rfx]df kf+ r jif{;Dd s}b u/fpg kfp+5 . gfln; k/]df ;f] adf]lhd u/L
lbg'k5{ .
# g+= .. .. cl3 hf/L vtsf] ;hfo kfP/ jf ljjfx vr{ lt/]/ NofPsL :jf:gLsf] s;}n]
s/0fL uof] eg] To:tfaf6 ;fw'n] rfx]df cfkm"n] Nofp+bf lt/]sf] ljjfx vr{sf] cfwf;Dd e/fO{
lng jf To:tfnfO{ cfkm"n] kfPsf] ;hfosf] cfwf;Dd ;hfo u/fpg kfp+5 . gfln; k/]d f ;f]
adf]lhd u/L lbg'k5{ .
$ g+= .. .. o; dxn adf]lhd hf/nfO{ s}bsf] ;hfo x'g] ePdf s/0fL u/fpg]
:jf:gLdflg;nfO{ ;f] hf/nfO{ x'g] ;hfosf] rf/ v08sf] Ps v08 ;hfo x'G5 .
% g+= .. .. hf/Lvtdf hf/nfO{ ;hfo e} g;Sb} ;fw'sf] d[To' ePdf b]xfo ad]flhd x'G5

ljjfx vr{ e/fO{ dfUg gfln; lbO{ ljjfx vr{ kfpg] 7x/L km};nf ePkl5 km};nf adf]lhd
e/fO{ dfUg hkfpFb} d/]d f e/fO{ dfUg b/vf:t;Dd lbO;s]sf] /x]5 eg] ;f] xL b/vf:taf6 /
b/vf:t lbg gkfp+b} d/]sf] eP lauf] e/fO{ dfUg P]gsf Dofbleq b/vf:t lbO{ hf/;Fu P]g
adf]lhd u/L ug]{ ;fw'sf] ck'tfnL vfg]n] e/fO{ lng kfp+5====================================!
290

ljjfx vr{ afx]s s}bsf] ;hfo ug{ gfln; lbPsf]d f jf gfln; lbg gkfp+b} d/]sf]d f hf/nfO{
s'g} ;hfo x'+b}g. y'lgPsf] eP klg 5f8L lbg'k5{ ====================================@
^ g+= .. .. nf]Ug] k/b]z uPsf] cj:yfdf :jf:gLsf] hf/L u/L wgdfn jf 5f]/f 5f]/ L ;d]t
s;}n] nu]d f lghnfO{ wgdfnsf ;DaGwdf rf]/ Lsf] dxn adf]lhd ;hfo x'G5 . ;f] k/b]z
uPsf] dflg; kmsL{ cfPdf P]gsf Dofbleq lghn] hf/Lvtsf] ;hfo ;d]t u/fpg kfp+5 .
wgdfn e/fp+b f :jf:gLn] nufO{ uPsf] sk8f afx]s c? wgdfn hf] p7\5 ;f] k/b]z uPs]f
dflg; kmsL{ ;s]sf] eP lghnfO{ / geP lghsf] jfl/;nfO{ e/fO{ lbg'k5{ .
& g+= ..

.. o; dxndf n]lvPsf] s'/fdf ;f] s'/f k|sfz ePsf] ldltn] Ps jif{leqPs

gk/] nfUg gfln; ;St}g .

291

dxn !(
cbnsf]
! g+= .. .. g]kfnleq lxGb" hfltdf rnL cfPsf] wd{df vnn x'g]u/L O;fO{, O:nfd OToflb
dtx? s;}n] k|rf/ ug{ jf ;f] dtx?df lxGb" wd{sf s;}sf] wd{ kl/jt{g u/fO{ n}hfg x'+b} g. ;f]
s'/fsf] pBf]u ;Dd u/]df tLg jif{ s}b / sfd u/L ;s]sf]df 5 jif{ s}b u/L ljb]zL gful/s
/x]5 eg] g]kfn aflx/ lgsfnf ;d]t ul/lbg'k5{ . lxGb" wd{sf s;}n] cfgf] dt kl/jt{g u/L
dfly n]lvPsf] s' g} wd{ lnPdf lghnfO{ Ps jif{;Dd s}b u/L ljb]zL gful/s /x]5 eg] g]k fn
aflx/ lgsfnf ;d]t u/L lbg'k5{ . wd{kl/jt{g ug]{ pBf]u;Dd u/]sf]d f Ps;o ?k}ofF hl/jfgf
x'G5 . wd{ kl/jt{g ePsf]df ;f] ab/ e} To:tf] JolQm cfgf] lxGb"wd{d} /xG5 .
@ g+= .. .. ljb]zL gful/s, ljb]zL ;Ful7t ;+:yf jf ljb]zL /fi6nfO{ >L % sf] ;/sf/sf]
k"j{ :jLs[lt a]u/ s'g} crn ;DklQ laqmL jf bfg as; u/L jf c? s'g} k|sf/n] xs 5f8L jf
aGws lbg x'+b}g. lbPlnPsf] eP ;f] ;DklQ hkmt e} >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] x' G5 . ;fx"sf] y}nL
k/]sf] eP ;f] y}nL skfnL ;/x x'G5 .
# g+= .. .. g] kfnleqsf] s'g} crn ;DklQdf s'g} ljb]zL gful/snfO{ ck'tfnL kof] jf
c+z k|fKt eof] eg] sfg" g adf]lhd g]kfnsf] gful/stf k|fKt u/L g]kfndf cfO{ a;]sf]df afx]s
;f] ;DklQ lghsf] gfddf btf{ ug{ jf ;f] ;DklQsf] cfo:tf vfg kfpFb}g . s'g} g] kfnL
gful/sx?nfO{ ;f] ;DklQ laqmL u/L jf c? s'g} Joxf]/fn] xs 5f]8L lbg kfpF5 . ;f] adf]lhd
gu/L lbP lnPsf] ab/ eO{ ;DklQdf >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] clwsf/ x'g]5 .
$ g+= .. .. ;/sf/L sd{rf/Ln] cfkm" axfn /x]sf] cfdf k/L /x]sf] jf kg{ cfPsf] crn
;DklQ ;DaGwL d'2 fdf cfkm"n] sf/jfO{ u/L l5g]sf] hlt dWo] s'g} klg cfkm" ;f]xL cfdf jf
292

;f]xL lhNnfsf] c? s'g} cfdf axfn 5pGh]n / cfkm" cGt c? lhNnfdf ;?jf eO{ jf jvf{:t
eO{ ;f] cf jf lhNnf jf ;/sf/L ;]jfaf6 axfn 6'6]sf] b'O{ jif{;Dd cfgf] jf cfgf kl/jf/sf]
s'g} JolQmsf gfddf >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] k"j{ :jLs[lt a]u/ s'g} Joxf]/f;Fu lng x'Fb} g . lnPsf]
eP klg ab/ x'G5 . xs 5'6fO{ lnPsf] /x]5 eg] lghsf] y}nL k/]sf] eP ;f] y}nL e"; u/fO{ ;f]
lnPsf] crn ;DklQ lghaf6 hkmt u/L hUuf eP sfg"gsf] /Lt k'ofO{ khgL ul/lbg' k5{ .
xs g5'6fO{ lwtf] aGws;Dd n]vfO{ lnPsf]df lghsf] k/]sf] y}nL >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] x'G5 .
c;fdLn] ;f] y}nL a'fpFb f >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ a' fpg' k5{ . cfaf6 ;"rgf kfPsf] ldltn] ^
dxLgfleqdf lkmtf{ y}nL lbO{ lgvgL lng c;fdLn] ;s]g jf dGh"/ u/]g eg] ;f] xL hUuf lnnfd
laqmL u/L cfPsf] ?k}o fFdf y}nL;Dd hkmt u/L a9L eP a9L hlt ;f] ;DklQsf] wgLnfO{ lkmtf{
u/fO{ lnnfddf sa"n ug]{sf gfddf ;f] ;DklQsf] axfnL ul/lbg'k5{ .
% g+= ..

.. s}b jf y'gfdf /x]sL :jf:gLdflg;sf] s}b jf y'gfdf /fVg] cfsf sd{rf/Ln]

s/0fL u/]5 eg] lghnfO{ Ps jif{ s}b x'G5 . c? P]gn] ;hfo x'g] /x]5 eg] ;f] ;d]t x'G5 .
^ g+= .. .. s' g} e] ifwf/Ln] xsjfnfn] /fhL v'zL u/L lbP eg] klg jf p;}nfO{ /fhL
u/fPsf] eP klg c7f/ jif{ gk'u ]sf dflg;nfO{ d'8 \g x'+b} g . c7f/ jif{ gf3]sfnfO{ s/sfk u/L
d'8L lbof] egL d'l8Psf k}+tL; lbgleq ph"/ lbP ;'Gg' k5{ . glbPdf v'zL/fhL 7x5{ . c7f/ jif{
d'lgsfnfO{ d'8 ]sf] s'/fdf tLg jif{leq gfln; glbP nfUg ;Sb}g .
& g+= .. .. o;} dxnsf] ^ gDa/sf] s;"/ ug]{nfO{ Ps jif{; Dd s}b x'G5 .
* g+= .. .. u2Lg;Lg >L % dxf/fhflw/fh, df};"kmsf k6aGwf dxf/fgL, >L %
o'j/fhflw/fh, >L % o'j/fgL jf u2Lg;Lg >L dxf/fhflw/fhsf ;fIfft\ d'df :ju]{ x'Fbf u}x|
k|hfn] tLglbg;Dd cfgf s'n wd{ cg'; f/ cfzf}r afg'{ k5{ .

293

( g+= .. .. cfgf afa', cfdf, bfh', efO{ OToflbsf] h'7 f] ;"ts afg]{ u/L cfPsfn] cfgf
s"nwd{ cg';f/ afg'{k5{ .
!) g+= .. .. s;}n] csf{sf] ;fdflhs /Llt l:yltdf vnn kg]{ jf x'g] u/L 'SofO{ jf
hjh{:tL u/L s'g} sfd s'/ f ug{ u/fpg x'+b}g. s;}n] u/] jf u/fPdf lghnfO{ a9Ldf Ps
jif{;Dd s}b jf Ps xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf x'G5 .
!! g+= .. .. o; dxndf ;hfo n]lvPsf] s'/fdf ;f] xL adf]lhd / c?df aL; ?k}o fF;Dd
hl/jfgf x'G5 .
!@ g+= .. .. o; dxnsf] !.@.#. gDa/df n]lvPsf] s'/fdf hlxn];'s} klg / c?df xb Dofb
n]lvPsf] s'/fdf ;f]xL adf]lhd / gn]lvPsf] s'/fdf eP u/]sf] ldltn] k}+t L; lbgleq gfln;
glbP nfUg ;St}g .

294

efu %
vf/]hLsf]
! g+= .. .. of] d'n'sL P]g k|f/De x'g'eGbf cl3sf] d'n'sL P]g vf/]h ul/Psf] 5 .
@ g+= .. .. ;Dat\ @))& ;fn kmfNu'0f & ut] cl3 agL of] d'n'sL P] g k| f/De x'Fbfsf avt
sfod /x]s f ;jfn ;gbx?df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg of] d'n'sL P]gdf n]lvPsf]
s'/fdf o;} adf]lhd ug'{k5{ .

nfndf]x/ ;b/ ldlt @)!(.!@.#).^

@)!(.!@.#).^
;fef/M d'n 'sL P] g, sfg" g tyf Gofo dGqfno,
klxnf] ;+:s/0f, la=;+= @)@)
uf]/ vfkq 5fkvfgfdf d'lb|t .

295