Guitar For Dummies

by Mark Phillips and Jon Chappell V tc gi Arranger: (n) ngi son li (m nhc,...) Editor(n): ch bt (bo, tp san, ) Mark Phillips l mt ngi chi guitar, ngi son li v l ch bt vi hn 30 nm trong lnh vc xut bn m nhc. ng y ginh c bng c nhn v l lun m nhc H Case Westen Reserve University, ni y ng cng nhn gii thng Corolyn Neff Award v hc tp xut sc, v bng Thc s v l lun m nhc t H Northwestern University, ni y ng c bu vo hi Pi Kappa Lambda, y l hi danh d c uy tn nht nc M dnh cho cc sinh vin cao ng v H m nhc. Trong khi lm vic hng ti hc v tin s v l lun m nhc ti H Northwestern, Phillips dy cc lp v l lun m nhc, ear-training, sight-singing, i m (counterpoint), v guitar. Trong sut nhng nm 1970 v u nhng nm 80, Phillips l gim c v m Nhc i Chng ti Warner Bros. Publications, ni y ng lm ch bt v bin son li cc sch bi ht (songbook) ca cc ngh s nh Neil Young, James Taylor, The Eagles, v Lep Zepplin. T gia nhng nm 80 ng ng vai tr l Gim c m nhc v Gim c Xut bn ti Cherry Lane Music, ni y ng l ch bin hoc son li cc sch m nhc ca cc ngh s nh John Denver, Van Halen, Guns N Roses, v Metallica, v gi vai tr l ch bin m nhc ca cc t Guitar v Guitar One. Phillips l tc gi ca cc cun sch v cc ch m nhc, gm c Metallica by riff, Sight-Sing Any Melody Instantly, v Sight-Read Any Rhythm Instantly. V cuc sng ngoi m nhc, Phillips l tc gi/nh xut bn ca chui sch gio khoa Ting Anh trung hc (high school) vui, gm c The Wizard of Oz vocabulary Builder, The Pinocchio Intermediate Vocabulary Builder, v Tarzan v Janes Guide to Grammar. ghi nhn gi tr s lng ln nhng n phm ca ng, Phillips c ghi s lc tiu s trong sch Whos Who in America. Jon Chappell l mt guitar a phong cch, ngi chuyn bin, v son li. ng tham gia vo i hc Carnegie-Mellon University, ni y ng nghin cu vi Carlos BarboseLima, v sau tip tc ginh hc v tin s trong lnh vc sng tc t i hc DePaul University ni m ng cng dy l lun m nhc v ear-training. Trc y (formerly) ng l tng bin tp (editor-in-chief) ca tp ch Guitar, bin tp k thut ca Guitar Shop Magazine, v l nh m nhc hc cho Guitarra, mt tp ch c in. ng chi v thu m cng vi Pat Benatar, Judy Collins, Graham Nash, v Gunther Schuller, v ng ng gp (contribute) mt s lng ln cc on nhc cho phim v truyn hnh. Mt vi trong s gm c Northern Exposure, Walker, Texas Ranger, Guiding Light, v c bit (feature) phim Bleeding Hearts c o din bi din vin khiu v Gregory Hines. Trong nm 1990, ng tr thnh gim c m nhc cng cng tc ca Cherry Lane Music ni m ng chp li nhc(transcribe), ch bt, v son li (arrange) nhc ca Joe Satriani, Steve Vai, Steve Morse, Mike Stern, v Eddie Van Halen, trong s nhng ngi khc. ng c hn 12 cun sch v phng php mang tn ng, v l tc 1

gi ca Rock Guitar for Dummies v sch gio khoa The Recording Guitarist A Guide for Home v Studio, c xut bn bi Hal Leonard.

S LC V NI DUNG
Gii thiu ....................................................................................................................................

Phn 1: Bn mun chi guitar ....................................................................................... Chng 1: Guitar 101 ....................................................................................................... Chng 2: Turn On, Tune In ............................................................................................. Chng 3: Sn sng, Thit lpCha: pht trin cc cng c v cc k nng chi ..............................................................................................................................................

Phn 2: Hy bt u chi: Cc kin thc cn bn .............................................

Chng 4: Cch n gin nht chi: Cc hp m Major(trng) v Minor (th) cn bn........................................................................................................................................................... Chng 5: Chi cc giai iu(melodies) m khng cn c nhc ................................................ Chng 6: Thm vo mt cht hng v: Cc hp m 7th cn bn .............................................. Thm vo: - Tm thm cc bi c hp m cn bn trng v th c ting Vit v ting Anh. Cho hc vin t tm hp m: + Pop: Hello teacher, Ni vng tay ln, Hy thp sng ln, Bn phng tri, Ch ch con, careless Whisper, Mt tnh yu, I started to joke, Sound of Silence, Jingle Bell, m ng, sum hp (anh em ta v ), N ci hng (L Quc Thng), Ta ht to ht nh, Vui nh la tri, Con cua, Xch li y, Cng nhy ma, Bui hp mt, Kachiusa, Cho con, Tm bit trng mu gio, C nh thng nhau, bi phn, N ci hng, tm bit, vng trn, Chu chi, i xe la, Thi nhau i b, No v y, Ta ca ta ht, ng i khng kh, Quy qun, Cho ngi bn, Bi ca tm bit, Qu bng xanh, Khng ai l mt hn o, Nt p, G gh, ng n ngy mai, ng xa, Cu c, Ht to ht nh, i tay chc qu, Ta ca ht, Alybabba, ABC song, Baa Baa Black Sheep, Bingo, Brahms Lullaby, Clementine, Cuckoo Clock, Did you ever see a lassie, Ding Dong Bell, Do Re Mi, Donkey Donkey, Froggie Froggie, Hes Got the Whole World In His Hands, Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush, Head and Shoulder Kness and Toes, Auld Lang Syne, Hickory Dickory Dock, The Hockey Pokey, Home On The Range, How Much is that Doggie In The Window, Humpty Dumpty, Hush Little Baby, I have two hands, I went to School One Morning, If You are Happy. The Beatles: While my guitar Gently Weeps, Come Together, Let It Be, Hey Jude, Something, In My life, Yesterday, Strawberry Fields Forever, I Want To Hold Your Hand, A Day in a life

+ Rock: Rock xuyn mn m, Ngi n bn ha , Tm li, Sng m, Tr v, Git ng, Ch l gic m, Hoa li mu xanh, Tc ht, With or without you, the temple of the king, Its my life, Ni au, Knocking on Heavens door, Fast car, + Blues: Give me the reason, Wonderful tonight, Change the world. - Tm thm cc bi c giai iu t note n ti ti a mc i. Cho hc vin tp nghe note, th hin ln guitar v ghi ra guitar pro. - Tm thm cc bi c cc hp m 7th cn bn: + Pop: Because I love you, Happy birthday, Vo h, V con tim vui tr li, Hallelujar, Anh em ta v, Ra v, Bng my qua thm, H trng, Sealed with a kiss, Ba ngn nn lung linh, Yesterday, Yesterday once more, m nay ai a em v, River of Babilon, Jingle Bell Rock, Bi phn,

+ Rock: Sailing, Have you ever seen the rain, Goodbye to Romance, Forever, Hotel california, Tr v, Mama, Im coming home, Papa, The house of rising sun, - Cho hc vin tp chp hp m: + Mc 1: nh ri ngay u khun 1 ci. + Mc 2: nh ri 2 ci trong mt khun. Mt ci ln v mt ci xung xen k. + Mc 3: nh ri 4 ci trong mt khun. Mt ci ln v mt ci xung xen k. + Mc 4: nh ri 8 ci trong mt khun. Mt ci ln v mt ci xung xen k. - Hc cc iu cn bn: Valse, Boston, Disco, Soft chm, soft sincop, Rumba, Soul, Fox. - p dng cc iu cn bn vo cc bi hc. - T sng to cc mu khy ca ring mnh. - L thuyt v thang m. Bc trong thang m. - Hc cc mode ca mt thang m. - Tm cc bi tp kt ni cc mode ca mt thang m. - Dch ging: + Dch giai iu sang ging khc. + Dch hp m sang ging khc. 3

Phn 3: Vt trn cc iu cn bn: Bt u hng ti Sound Cool........................

Chng 7: Chi cc giai iu theo th (Position) v theo Double-Stops(chi cng lc trn hai dy) ............................................................................................................................................. Chng 8: M rng ra (Stretch out): Hp m chn (Barre Chords).............................................. Chng 9: Special Articulation (s khp li vi nhau, khp, cch c r rng): Making the Guitar Talk .........................................................................................................................................

Phn 4: S a dng phong cch ....................................................................................

Chng 10: Rock ......................................................................................................................... Chng 11: Blues ........................................................................................................................ Chng 12: Folk .......................................................................................................................... Chng 13: Classical ................................................................................................................... Chng 14: Jazz..........................................................................................................................

Phn 5: Vic mua v bo dng guitar ca bn ..........................................................

Chng 15: Cc cy guitar tt hon ho ...................................................................................... Chng 16: Cc ph tng(accesory) cho Guitar ......................................................................... Chng 17: Getting Strung Along(i cng vi, nh m u): Vic thay i cc dy................... Chng 18: Staying(chng, nn) Fit: C bn bo tr v sa cha ...............................................

Phn 6: Phn ca s mi ............................................................................................

Chng 19: Mi tay guitar bn nn bit..................................................................................... Chng 20: Mi Guitar bn nn bit..........................................................................................

Phn 7: Ph lc (appendixes).........................................................................................
Ph lc A: Cch c nhc ............................................................................................................ Ph lc B: 96 hp m(chord) thng thng ................................................................................. Ph lc C: Cch s dng CD ca gio trnh ny ..........................................................................

Ch mc ........................................................................................................................................

Mc Lc
Gii thiu ...................................................................................................................................... V cun sch ny ............................................................................................................. Tm mt cy guitar................................................................................................. Chi guitar ............................................................................................................ Bo dng guitar .................................................................................................. Not-So-Foolish Assumptions(s ngo mn, gi nh) ....................................................... What Youre Not to Read .................................................................................................. Cc Quy c (convention) s dng trong sch ny .......................................................... Cun sch c t chc nh th no .............................................................................. Phn 1: Bn mun chi guitar ............................................................................... Phn 2: Hy bt u chi: Cc kin thc cn bn ................................................. Phn 3: Vt trn cc iu cn bn: Bt u hng ti Sound Cool .................... Phn 4: S a dng phong cch ........................................................................... Phn 5: Vic mua v bo dng guitar ca bn.................................................... Phn 6: Phn ca s mi ................................................................................... Phn 7: Ph lc (appendixes)................................................................................ Cc biu tng s dng trong sch ny ........................................................................... Ni bt u t y ............................................................................................................

Phn 1: Bn mun chi guitar ....................................................................................... Chng 1: Guitar 101 ...........................................................................................

Gii phu mt cy guitar........................................................................................ Cc cy guitar lm vic th no ............................................................................. Rung ng dy v String length ................................................................. S dng c 2 tay to ra m thanh ......................................................... 5

Cc phm n v cc bn cung(half steps: bn/na cung)......................... Cc Pickup ................................................................................................

Chng 2: Turn On, Tune In ................................................................................

Vic m trn dy n v phm ............................................................................. Mi th lin quan: Tuning the Guitar to Itselt ......................................................... Phng php phm th 5........................................................................... Cch khc tham chiu: Tuning to a Fixed Source ............................................. Thc hin chnh dy vi piano ................................................................... Chnh guitar vi mt pitch pipe(ng so chnh m iu) ........................ Sinking (chm, h xung) your teeth into the tuning fork (tuning fork: m thoa thng l nt LA) ............................................................................................................ Tri nghim vi b chnh dy in t ......................................................... Vic s dng CD ca bn ..........................................................................

Chng 3: Sn sng, Thit lpCha: pht trin cc cng c v cc k nng chi ..........................................................................................................
V tr tay v t th .................................................................................................. Vic b tr v tr ngi ................................................................................... V tr ng .................................................................................................. T th tay tri: Fretting made easy ............................................................ T th tay phi........................................................................................... Bn Khng phi c nhc hiu cc k hiu Guitar ............................................ Getting by with a little help from a chord diagram....................................... Vic c cc vch xin (/) rhythm .............................................................. Xem tablature ............................................................................................ Chi hp m nh th no ..................................................................................... Ngn bm 1 hp m .................................................................................. Trnh ting d, nhiu.................................................................................

Phn 2. Hy bt u chi: Cc kin thc cn bn .......................................................

6

Chng 4: Cch n gin nht chi: Cc hp m Major(trng) v Minor (th) cn bn ..........................................................................................................

Chi cc hp m trong h A ............................................................................................. Ngn bm cc hp m h A .................................................................................. Gy(Strumming) cc hp m h A ........................................................................ Chi cc hp m trong h D ............................................................................................. Ngn bm cc hp m h D.................................................................................. Gy cc hp m h D ........................................................................................... Chi cc hp m trong h G............................................................................................. Ngn bm cc hp m h G ................................................................................. Gy cc hp m h G ........................................................................................... Chi cc hp m trong h C ............................................................................................. Ngn bm cc hp m h C.................................................................................. Gy cc hp m h C ...........................................................................................

Chi cc bi nhc vi cc hp m trng (Major) v th (minor) cn bn ....................... Vui mt cht vi cc hp m trng v th cn bn: S din tin (Progression) ..................................................................................................................

Oldies

Chng 5: Chi cc giai iu(melodies) m khng cn c nhc ..................

Vic c tablature trong khi nghe CD .................................................................... nh hay y .............................................................................................. Tri hay phi .............................................................................................. Nm vng v cc ngn bm tay tri ...................................................................... Dng k thut nh lun phin (alternate picking) ................................................. Chi cc bi nhc vi giai iu n gin ...............................................................

Chng 6: Thm vo mt cht hng v: Cc hp m 7th cn bn ................

Cc hp m 7th t (Dominant : t, tri)(Dominant 7th Chords) ............................... D7, G7 v C7 ............................................................................................. 7

E7 v A7 .................................................................................................... E7 (kiu-4 ngn) v B7 .............................................................................. Cc hp m 7th th (minor) Dm7, Em7, v Am7 ................................................. Cc hp m 7th trng (major) Cmaj7, Fmaj7, Amaj7, v Dmaj7 ....................... Chi cc bi nhc vi cc hp m 7th ................................................................... Vui vi cc hp m 7th: 12 Khung nhc Blues .................................................. Chi 12 khung nhc blues ....................................................................... Vit cc bi nhc Blues ca ring bn .......................................................

Phn 3: Vt trn cc iu cn bn: Bt u hng ti Sound Cool........................ Chng 7: Chi cc giai iu theo th (Position) v theo DoubleStops(chi cng lc trn hai dy) ............................................................................................
Chi theo th......................................................................................................... Chi theo th i li vi chi vi cc dy m ............................................ Chi cc bi tp theo th ........................................................................... Dch chuyn cc v tr ................................................................................. Xy dng bn (strength: sc mnh, bn) v s kho lo (dexterity) bng cch chi theo th .......................................................................................................... Double-Stops ........................................................................................................ Hiu v Double Stops ................................................................................ Chi cc bi tp theo Double-Stops........................................................... Chi cc bi nhc theo th v theo Double-Stops .................................................

Chng 8: M rng ra (Stretch out): Hp m chn (Barre Chords) .................

Chi cc hp m chn trng da trn c s E................................................... Tm phm ng........................................................................................... Chi cc din tin s dng cc hp m chn trng da trn E .............. Chi cc hp m chn th, 7th t, v 7th th da trn E........................................ Cc hp m th......................................................................................... Cc hp m 7th t ...................................................................................... 8

Cc hp m 7th th .................................................................................... Chi cc hp m chn trng (Major) da trn A................................................. Ngn bm hp m chn trng da trn A ............................................... Tm phm ng........................................................................................... Cc din tin s dng cc hp m chn trng da trn A ...................... Chi cc hp m chn th, 7th t, 7th th, v 7th trng da trn A ...................... Cc hp m th......................................................................................... Cc hp m 7th t ...................................................................................... Cc hp m 7th th .................................................................................... Cc hp m 7th trng .............................................................................. Wailing on Power Chords ...................................................................................... Ngn bm cc hp m power .................................................................... S dng cc hp m power nh th no................................................... Chi cc bi nhc vi cc hp m chn v cc hp m power.............................

Chng 9: Special Articulation (s khp li vi nhau, khp, cch c r rng): Making the Guitar Talk ........................................................................................
Hiu r ngha( Getting the hang of sth) ca Hammer-Ons .................................. Chi k thut hammer-on .......................................................................... t c c tnh r rt vi k thut hammer-ons ..................................... Vui a vi Pull-Offs.............................................................................................. Chi k thut pull-offs ................................................................................ t c c tnh r rt vi k thut pull-offs ............................................ Trn vi k thut Slides......................................................................................... Chi k thut slides ................................................................................... Chi cc cu licks c c tnh r rt bng s dng k thut slide .............. Getting the Bends.................................................................................................. Chi k thut bends ................................................................................... t c c tnh r rt vi k thut bends ............................................... 9

a dng m thanh ca bn vi k thut rung(vibrato) ........................................... Lm du (mellow) vi k thut Muting(ting cm)................................................... To ra mt m thanh dy, chc bo nh mt hiu ng.............................. Vic ngn chn cc m nhiu dy khng mong mun ............................... Chi cc cu lick c c tnh r rt bng s dng k thut muting ............ Chi mt bn nhc vi vic kt hp nhiu k thut khc nhau ..............................

Phn 4: S a dng phong cch .................................................................................... Chng 10: Rock..................................................................................................

Classic Rock n Roll .............................................................................................. Rhythm guitar ............................................................................................ Lead guitar................................................................................................. Modern Rock ......................................................................................................... Cc hp m Sus v add ............................................................................ Cc hp m Slash ..................................................................................... Alternate tunings ........................................................................................ Country-rock v Southern-rock lead ........................................................... Chi cc bn nhc theo phong cch Rock ............................................................

Chng 11: Blues.................................................................................................

Electric Blues ........................................................................................................ Blues rhythm guitar .................................................................................... Blues lead guitar ........................................................................................ Acoustic Blues....................................................................................................... Cc khi nim thng thng(General concepts)........................................ Cc k thut ring bit (Specific Techniques) ............................................ Turnarounds .............................................................................................. Chi cc bn nhc Blues (Playing Blues Songs) ...................................................

Chng 12: Folk ...................................................................................................

10

Chi theo phong cch Fingerstyle (Playing Fingerstyle) ........................................ K thut Fingerstyle (Fingerstyle technique) .............................................. T th tay phi (Right-hand position) ......................................................... S dng thit b Capo (Using the Capo) ................................................................ Phong cch hp m ri (Arpeggio Style) ............................................................... Chi theo phong cch hp m ri (Playing arpeggio style) ........................ Mu Lullaby (bi ht ru con Lullaby pattern) ....................................... Phong cch Thumb-Brush (Thumb-brush Style) ................................................... Thumb-brush dng n gin (Simple thumb-brush) ................................... Thumb-brush-chiu ln (Thumb-brush-up)................................................. Phong cch Carter (Carter Style)........................................................................... Travis Picking ........................................................................................................ Chi cc mu (Playing the Pattern) ........................................................... Phong cch nhc m (Accompaniment style) .......................................... Phong cch solo (Solo style)...................................................................... Open tuning ............................................................................................... Chi cc bn nhc Folk (Playing Folk Songs) .......................................................

Chng 13: Classical ...........................................................................................

Guitar) Hy sn sng chi Classical Guitar (Getting Ready to Play Classical .................................................................................................................. Ngi th no (How to it) ............................................................................. Tay phi (The right hand) ........................................................................... T th tay tri (Left hand position) ............................................................. Free Strokes and Rest Strokes.............................................................................. Playing free Strokes ................................................................................... Playing rest strokes.................................................................................... Phong cch hp m ri(arpeggio) v phong cch i m(contrapuntal) ................ Kt hp free strokes v rest strokes trong cc hp m ri ......................... 11

Point/counterpoint(i m) ......................................................................... Chi cc on nhc c in ..................................................................................

Chng 14: Jazz ...................................................................................................

Gii thiu v ha m mi ton b (Introducing a Whole New Harmony) ............... Cc hp m m rng (Extended chords) ................................................... Cc hp m thay i(Altered chords)......................................................... Rhythm Comping................................................................................................... Cc hp m bn trong(inside chords) ........................................................ Cc hp m bn ngoi(outside chords) ..................................................... Cc hp m y (Full chords) .................................................................... Chi solo: Phong cch giai iu hp m (Playing Solo: Chord-Melody Style) Thc hin nhng thay th (Making Substitutions) ...................................... ng tu vi 3 hp m (Faking it with three chords) ................................... Thc hin Lead: giai iu Jazz (Taking the Lead: Jazz Melody)............................ Cc thang m(scales/gam) vi cc tone thay i lun phin .................................................................................................................. Tip cn nhng note ch (Approaching target notes) ............................... Thc hin/to giai iu t cc hp m dng ri (Making melodies ..................................................................................................................

(Scales with altered tones)

from arpeggiated chords)

Chi cc bn nhc Jazz (Playing Jazz Songs) ......................................................

Phn 5: Vic mua v bo dng guitar ca bn ..........................................................

Chng 15: Cc cy guitar tt mt cch hon ho ........................................................... Trc khi m v ca bn ra ................................................................................... Cc guitar mi bt u .......................................................................................... Cc mu(model) cho mt phong cch c bit ...................................................... Cc Guitar Sendcond (v third) .......................................................................... Cu to ......................................................................................................

12

Nguyn liu (materials) .............................................................................. S tinh xo(workmanship) ......................................................................... Cc trang b(Appointments/cosmetics) .................................................. Mua mt Ax to Grind.............................................................................................. Dn theo mt chuyn gia ........................................................................... Vic gp g ngi bn hng ..................................................................... Ngh thut ca s tha thun bun bn ....................................................

Chng 16: Cc ph tng(accesory) cho Guitar ...............................................

Amps .................................................................................................................. Hy bt u vi mt amp thc hnh .......................................................... Tng cng sut ln vi amp trnh din ....................................................... A Case for Cases .................................................................................................. Hard cases ................................................................................................ Soft cases .................................................................................................. Gig bags .................................................................................................... Capos .................................................................................................................. Effect Pedals v cc thit b................................................................................... Picks ..................................................................................................................

Strings .................................................................................................................. Straps(ai eo n) ............................................................................................... Electronic Tuners .................................................................................................. Some Other Helpful (Nhng khng cn thit) Goodies ..........................................

Chng 17: Getting Strung Along(i cng vi, nh m u): Vic thay i cc dy ..........................................................................................................
Cc chin lc Restringing ................................................................................... G b cc dy c .................................................................................................. Cng mt dy thp guitar mc............................................................................... Thay i cc dy n bc tng bc ...................................................... 13

Chnh dy(tuning up).................................................................................. Cng cc dy guitar dng nylon ............................................................................ Thay dy bc tng bc ......................................................................... Chnh dy .................................................................................................. Cng dy cho mt guitar in ................................................................................ Thay dy bc tng bc ......................................................................... Trng hp c bit ca bt nhng Floy Rose..........................................

Chng 18: Staying(chng, nn) Fit: C bn bo tr v sa cha ..................

Lau chi guitar ca bn ......................................................................................... Lm sch bi bn ...................................................................................... Chu o cho ti khi hon thnh ................................................................. Bo v guitar ca bn............................................................................................ On the road ................................................................................................ Trong ni ct gi ....................................................................................... Cung cp mt mi trng ph hp(healthy) .......................................................... Cc thit lp nhit ................................................................................. Humidity( m) ........................................................................................ T sa cha ......................................................................................................... Vic gn li cc ch ni khng kht nhau ................................................... Hiu chnh cn n v b nhng ................................................................ Thay nhng b phn h hoc c ............................................................... Cc cng c cn c ............................................................................................... Mi iu m bn khng th t lm......................................................................

Phn 6: Phn ca s mi ............................................................................................ Chng 19: Mi tay guitar bn nn bit ..........................................................

Andrs Segovia (1893-1987) ................................................................................. Charlie Christain (1916-42).................................................................................... 14

Chet Atkins(1924-2001)......................................................................................... Wes Montgomery (1925-68) .................................................................................. B.B. King (1925-) ................................................................................................... Chuck Berry (1926-) .............................................................................................. Chuck Berry (1926-) .............................................................................................. Jimi Hendrix (1942-70) .......................................................................................... Jimmy Page (1944-) .............................................................................................. Eric Clapton (1945-) .............................................................................................. Eddie Van Halen (1955-) ....................................................................................... Cc tay guitar m c th nm trong danh 10 guitar nh ca ngi khc ..............

Chng 20: Mi Guitar bn nn bit................................................................

DAngelico Archtop ................................................................................................ Fender Stratocaster............................................................................................... Fender Telecaster ................................................................................................. Gibson ES-335 ...................................................................................................... Gibson J-200 ......................................................................................................... Gibson Les Paul .................................................................................................... Gretsch 6120 ......................................................................................................... Martin D-28 ........................................................................................................... Ramirez Classical.................................................................................................. Ricken backer 360-12............................................................................................

Phn 7: Ph lc (appendixes)......................................................................................... Ph lc A: Cch c nhc....................................................................................

Cc thnh phn ca k hiu m nhc .................................................................... c cc k hiu cao thp ........................................................................... c cc khong thi gian .......................................................................... Biu cm, khp ni (articulation), v mt s cc khi nim linh tinh .................................................................................................................. 15

v cc k t

Tm cc note trn Guitar ........................................................................................

Ph lc B: 96 hp m(chord) thng thng ...................................................... Ph lc C: Cch s dng CD ca gio trnh ny ...............................................

Lin h gia ti liu v CD .................................................................................... Count-offs .................................................................................................. S phn bit m thanh ni ......................................................................... Cc i hi h thng.............................................................................................. Audio CD players ....................................................................................... Computer CD-ROM drive ........................................................................... S dng CD vi Microsoft Windows ...................................................................... S dng CD vi Mac OS ....................................................................................... Bn s tm kim g trn CD.................................................................................... Cc track m thanh CD.............................................................................. Nhc s ..................................................................................................... Gii quyt s c ....................................................................................................

Ch mc

..........................................................................................................

Gii thiu
Bn mun chi guitar, huh? V ti sao bn li khng? Bi v bn c th nh ng u tt vi n: Trong m nhc th gii, cc cy guitar thit lp nn b tiu chun for cool (v chng ti khng c thin lch y). T nhng nm 1950, nhiu ng bu ln trong nhc Rock n roll, Blues, v country chi guitar. Hy tng tng Chuck Berring nhy l c mt chn ngang qua sn khu (duck walk) trong khi belting out Johnny B. Goode, Jimi Hendrix th ku go vi cy guitar o ngc dy Stratocaster(v c lc th ht sc si ni), Bonnie Raitt chi guitar trt (slide guitar), Garth Brooks vi guitar mc v o s mi bng vi flannel, cch bending y uy lc v cch rung dy din cm ca B.B. King trn cy guitar Lucille ca ng, hoc cc cch to dng guitar Jazz m du ca George Bensons. (Thm ch vi Elvis Presley, k nng guitar ca ng khng vt qu 5 hp m, ng vn s dng mt cch hiu qu trn sn khu nh mt ngi tr ct). Danh sch ny vn cn na. Vic chi guitar in c th t bn ng trc mt band nhc, ni m bn t do i lang thang, ht, v giao tip bng mt vi cc fan tha thit ca bn. Chi guitar mc lm bn 16

tr thnh ngi sao ht cng vi cc k ngh cm tri. V vic chi bt k loi guitar no c biu hin m nhc trong tm hn ca bn v tr nn gi tr s thch ring cuc i bn.

V cun sch ny
Guitar For Dummies, phin bn 2, cung cp mi th t mt tay guitar mi bt u cho ti trung cp cn: T vic mua mt cy guitar ti vic chnh dy guitar, vic chi guitar, bo dng guitar, cun sch ny u cp ti.

Kim 1 cy guitar
Tin hoc khng, rt nhiu tay guitar s khng bao gi gi l thc s chi guitar bi v h c cy guitar b li. Hoc cc dy n qu kh y xung (gy ra au). Guitar For Dummies, phin bn 2, khng nh mt vi cun sch khc m chng ti c th cp, khng gi s rng bn c c cy guitar ng hoc thm ch bt k mt cy guitar no, v vn ny. Trong sch ny, bn s tm thy mi th bn cn phi bit (t vic hng dn dnh cho ngi mua n ti cc chin lc mua bn, ti cc cy guitar v cc ph tng cho cc phong cch c bit) bn c th chn la guitar v cc thit b ph hp vi nhu cu v ti tin ca bn.

Vic chi guitar

Hu ht cc cun sch guitar mun bn thc hnh guitar theo cng cch m bn thc hnh piano. Trc ht, bn hc ni cc note nhc nm trn khung nhc; sau bn hc v khong thi gian nm bt v note; sau bn tip tc thc hnh v cc thang m (gam/scales); v nh cao l thc hnh bi ht sau bn khng th nhn din c bi ht v bn c th khng quan tm v vic bn ang chi n mt cch ty tin. Nu bn ang tm kim loi sch guitar ho-hum ny, dt khot rng bn n sai ni ri. Nhng ng lo lng, bn s thy rng khng thiu cc loi sch ny. S tht l rt nhiu guitarist tuyt vi khng bit cch c nhc th no, v nhiu ngi c th c nhc ch sau khi h hc chi guitar. Hy lp li sau chng ti: Bn khng cn c nhc chi guitar. Hy c cu thn ch ny cho ti khi bn tin n, bi v nguyn tc cn bn ny l trung tm thit k cun Guitar For Dummies, phin bn 2. Mt trong nhng iu tuyt nht v guitar l, d l bn c th dnh ht thi gian ca bn hon thin k nng, bn c th bt u ng tu n nhanh hn nhiu. Chng ti gi s rng, thay cho vic tp trung vo nhp 3/4 ngha l g, bn mun chi nhc nhc tht s (hoc t ra nhn din m nhc). Chng ti cng mun bn chi nhc, bi v iu gip thc y bn hc nhc v vic thc hnh nhc. V th cun Guitar For Dummies, phin bn 2, s c phn b th no? Tht vui sng nu bn thc mc. Danh sch sau s ni cho bn bit cun sch ny s bt u th no v vic bn chi v pht trin cc k nng guitar thc th nhanh th no:

17

Nhn cc bc nh. Cc ngn bm m bn cn bit xut hin trong nh. Ch t tay ca bn theo cch m chng ti ch cho bn theo trong nhng bc nh. n gin. c guitar tablature. Guitar tablature l mt dng tc k c bit cho guitar i vi vic c nhc m thc s ch cho bn bit cc dy n nh(strike) v cc phm no bm xung to ra m thanh mong mun. Tab (bi v n c bit v s gn gi v admirers) i mt qung ng di hng ti cho php bn chi nhc m khng cn c nhc. ng th mn ny trn piano! Lng nghe CD. Bn c th lng nghe tt c bi ht v cc bi tp trn CD. Vic ny quan trng v i l do sau: bn c th mng tng ra c giai iu ca bi ht cng nh nm c cc note nhc c di bao lu bng cch lng nghe thay cho vic c nhc. Chng ti c th ni cho bn tt c nhng iu thc s tuyt vi v CD, chng hn nh lm cch no c c guitar c sc trn mt knh v cc phn nhc m trn knh khc ( bn c th chuyn ti lui bng cch s dng b iu khin cn bng trn my m thanh ni ca bn) hoc ti liu v CD c tch hp cht ch th no bn c th lun lun tm thy track nhc bn cn mt cch d dng, nhng, b i, chng ti khng mun khoe khoang v chng ti qu nhiu. Nhn k hiu m nhc khi bn tin b. To those who would charge that Guitar For Dummies, phin bn 2, doesnt give you diddley in terms of reading music, we respond: Not so, Fret Breath! m nhc i vi tt c cc bi tp v bi ht xut hin trn nhng phng php ng tt. bn t c iu tt nht ca c hai th gii: Bn c th kt hp k hiu m nhc vi m thanh bn to thnh sau khi bn bit bng cch no to ra n ri. iu tuyt vi, huh?

Bo dng guitar ca bn
Mt chui guitar l mt s u t khng nh, v, vi bt k s u t khng nh khc, bn cn phi bo dng n. Guitar For Dummies, phin bn 2, cung cp thng tin m bn cn lu gi ng n, bo tr, v bo dng cho b 6 dy n ca bn, bao gm vic thay dy th no v hn na gi an ton trong hp guitar ca bn.

Nhng gi thit kh ngu di

Chng ti thc s khng t nhng gi thit v bn. Chng ti khng gi s rng bn c mt cy guitar. Chng ti khng gi s rng bn c s thch c bit i vi cc guitar mc hoc guitar in hoc bn yu thch mt phong cch c bit no . i no, this is a pretty equal-opportunity book! 18

OK, chng ti lm mt vi iu gi s. Chng ti gi s rng bn mun chi guitar, ch khng phi banjo, Dobro, hoc mandolin, v chng ti tp trung vo s a dng ca 6 dy. Chng ti gi s bn l ngi kh mi trong th gii guitar. V chng ti gi s rng bn mun bt u chi guitar tht nhanh, m khng mun vng vo m hn n ca vic c note, cc kha, v phn ca bn nhc. Bn c th kim thy tt c vic c nhc trong sch ny, nhng khng phi l iu tp trung ca chng ti. iu tp trung chnh ca chng ti l gip bn to ra m nhc tuyt vi, ngt ngo trn cy 6 dy ca bn.

iu g bn khng cn c
Chng ti bt u vi mt cun sch y vi ch tuyt vi, cun ht, v cc mn hu dng, nhng ngi ch bin ca chng ti bo rng chng ta cn nm i mt vi th bun t, nhng ci v k thut t c s cn bng (ch a thi). S thc, hiu bit l lun ng sau m nhc i khi c th gip bn thc hin bc k tip sau khi lm ch c nhng iu cn bn ca mt k thut. Nhng vic din t nhng k thut khng thc s cn thit cho bn chi nhc cn bn. V l do ny, chng ti s dng biu tng Technical Stuff(mn k thut) nh du nhng gii thch ny rng bn c th mun b i trc v sau tr li sau ny, sau khi bn m rng hn thm v pht trin hn thm v cm nhn trc gic i vi nhc c. Chng ti cho php bn nhy qua cc thanh xm bng m bn s thy trong mt vi chng. ng ngh chng ti sai; thc s l mt vi thng tin tt. Nhng bn s khng b li nhp nu bn c b qua n.

Cc quy c chng ti s dung trong sch ny

Cun sch ny c mt lng cc quy c m chng ti s dng thc hin nhng iu ph hp v d dng hiu. y l danh sch cc quy c: - Tay phi v tay tri: Thay cho vic ni strumming hand (tay gi/ri n tay phi) v fretting hand (tay bm phm tay tri) ( cc cch ni ny thc s cng p vi chng ti), chng ti s ni right hand (tay phi) dnh cho tay picks(khy bng ming khy) hoc strums(gi/ri) cc dy n v left hand (tay tri) dnh cho tay m nhn cc dy n. Chng ti xin li ti nhng ngi c thun tay tri, v chng ti yu cu bn hiu rng right hand c ngha l left hand v ngc li. - K hiu m nhc sng i: Cc bi ht v cc bi tp trong sch ny c vit li vi k hiu m nhc chun nm trn v k hiu dng tablature nm bn di cho phn chng ti s dng. im ny rng bn c th s dng c 2 phng php ny, nhng bn khng cn nhn c hai ti cng mt thi im, bn phi lm nh vy trong khi bn chi piano. - Ln v xung, cao hn v thp hn (v vn vn): Nu chng ti ni vi bn hy di chuyn mt note hoc mt hp m ln pha cn n hoc chi n cao hn trn cn n, th chng ti l cao hn v cao (pitch), hoc hng v pha thn ca guitar. Nu chng ti ni hy di chuyn xung hoc thp hn trn cn n, th l hng v pha u cn, hoc thp hn v cao . Nu chng ti c khc vi cc iu cp ny, chng ti s ni cho bn bit.

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Cun sch c t chc nh th no

Chng ti phn bit cun sch thnh 2 loi chng ring bit: Cc chng thng tin v cc chng chi. Cc chng thng tin ni cho bn bit cc iu ct li v then cht ca guitar, chng hn nh chnh guitar nh th no, chn guitar tay phi, v bo dng guitar. Cc chng chi cung cp cho bn thng tin bn cn (bn hy on n xem) bn chi guitar. Mi chng chi bao gm cc bi tp m cho php bn thc hnh k nng chng ti cp trong mt on c th. V ti lc kt hoc gn kt ca mi chng chi, bn c th thy mt on nhc m bn c th chi m s dng nhng k thut trong chng. Ti on bt u ca mi on Playing Songs l mt on c gi l About the Songs, ni y bn c th thy danh sch cc k nng bn cn v nhng thng tin c bit v bi ht. Chng ti chia cc chng trong Guitar For Dummies, phin bn 2, vo trong 8 phn logic d dng truy cp. Cc phn c t chc nh sau:

Phn 1: Bn mun chi guitar

Phn 1 cung cp 3 chng thng tin v nhng iu c bn ca guitar m bn cn bit trc khi bn c th bt u chi. Chng 1 gip bn hiu nhng thnh phn khc nhau ca guitar, v chng lm g. Chng 2 cho bn bit cch ln dy n guitar, tham kho theo c 2 cch bi chnh bn thn n v t mt fixed source chng hn nh mt m thoa(thanh mu: fork) ln dy, piano, hoc b ln dy in t - bn c th ha vi cc nhc c khc. Chng 3 bao gm cc k nng c bn bn cn bit c th thnh cng vi cun sch ny, chng hn nh cch c guitar tablature nh th no, pick v strum nh th no, v cch sn sinh ra mt m thanh sch, r rng, v m khng b nhiu.

Phn 2: Hy bt u chi: Cc kin thc cn bn

Trong phn 2, bn bt u thc s chi guitar. Tt c cc chng trong phn ny phn phi vi vic chi guitar, tri buc bn ( and get used in bad puns). Chng 4, chng chi u tin, ch cho bn cch n gin nht bt u chi nhc thc th - vi cc hp m trng(major) v th(minor). Chng 5 i qua vic bng cch no chi cc giai iu n gin bng cch s dng cc note n, v Chng 6 cng thm mt cht gi tnh vi mt vi hp m 7th c bn. Hy nh cu chuyn a v ngi khch du lch hi ngi lp d chng li nhng quy c x hi New York, Bng cch no bn n c Carnegie Hall? Cu tr li: Thc hnh, anh ah, thc hnh. Oh, bn c th khng c ghi u vi Carnegie Hall (nhng sau , chng ta l ai c th ni?), nhng vic thc hnh nhng iu c bn s mi l iu quan trng nu bn mun tr thnh mt ngi chi guitar tt.

Phn 3: Vt trn cc iu cn bn: Bt u hng ti Sound Cool

Phn 3 vt trn cc iu n gin hng ti mt vi nhng iu cn thit cho trnh trung cp. Chng 7 cung cp cho bn vi cc k tht m bn s dng trong vic chi theo th(position), iu khng ch gip bn to ra m thanh 20

tuyt vi, m con gip bn trng tht tuyt. Chng 8 cho bn bit v vic chi cc hp m chn, da vo vic s dng mt ngn tay t ngang qua tt c cc dy n v to ra cc hp m trc ngn tay . Chng 9 i vo nhng k thut c bit to ra cc hiu ng guitar c bit, tt c vi nhng ci tn nghe rt tuyt chng hn nh hammerons, bends, v slides.

Phn 4: S a dng phong cch

Phn 4, tp hp cui cng ca cc chng chi, bao gm nhng phng php m bn s dng trong cc phong cch m nhc. Chng 10, ni v phong cch rock, ch cho bn v vic chi lead bng cch dng thang m th pentatonic, chi solo trong mt hp (box), v nhng kiu phong cch rock khc. (Chng ny cng cung cp cho bn vi thng tin v picking theo phong cch country vi thang m trng(major) pentatonic). Chng 11, v phong cch Blues, cung cp cho bn thm cc hp lead v cc s khp li vi nhau cc bn nhc blues c bit v ni cho bn bit how to get your mojo working. Chng 12, v nhc folk, cung cp cho bn vi cc mu picking c bit iu m lm cho nhc folk c m thanh ring bit (v thm mt vi k thut finger-picking nhc country). Chng 13, v guitar classical, gii thiu cho bn nhng k thut cn thit chi nhc ca Bach v Beethoven. Chng 14, chng v nhc Jazz, trnh by cc hp m Jazz, chi rhythm, v chi solo.

Phn 5: Vic mua v bo dng guitar ca bn

Phn 5 phn b 2 chng c thit k gip bn tm kim cc thit b m ph hp vi bn. Chng 15 bao gm vic tm kim khng ch cy guitar thc hnh u tin ca bn, m cn tm kim cc cy guitar th 2 v th 3 ( thng l kh gii quyt hn cy guitar u tin ca bn). Chng 16, v cc ph kin guitar, cung cp cho bn mt cun sch nhp mn v guitar amp, v i qua thm mt t v iu bn cn lm cho ph hp nhau mt cch y gia cc thit b. Cng bao gm trong 2 chng l cch bo dng guitar nh th no. Chng 17 bao gm tin trnh ca vic thay dy, vi iu bn cn bit nu bn d nh s chi guitar hn mt thng. Chng 18 bao gm kin thc bo tr c bn v sa cha c bn m bn c th tit kim tin khi em n ca hng guitar v gi cho bn chi tt vo bui din ti.

Phn 6: Phn ca s mi
Phn ca cc s mi l mt nhn hiu i vi For Dummies m y cung cp cc thng tin vui v th v di dng phong cch top-ten. Chng 19 s truyn cm hng cho bn vi mi tay guitar tuyt vi. And, Chng 20, v mi guitar c in, c th quyn r bn ti ca tim guitar a phng ginh c mt cy trong nhng em guitar ny cho bn.

Phn 7: Ph lc (appendixes)
Cc ph lc trong cun sch ny bao gm vi vn quan trng. Ph lc A din gii c ng xc tch tt c nhng k t l trn khung nhc v ni cho bn bit 21

 v vic c nhc bn hc thuc. Ph lc B cung cp mt bng thun tin v 96 hp m c s dng thng thng nht. V ph lc C ni cho bn v CD m i km theo sch ny.

Cc Icons c s dng trong sch ny

Trong cc phn l ca cun sch, bn s thy vi biu tng nh hu ch m c th lm cho bn lt qua mt cch d dng hn:

Nhy ti mt bi ht thc th hi lng vi guitar ngay lp tc.

Mt vi iu vit xung trn mt cocktail napkin v lu gi trong hp guitar ca bn

Cc l do ti sao v ti sao ng sau nhng ci bn chi. L thuyt v, ti thi im, th ti tm m bn c th b nu bn qu mong mun.

Chuyn gia khuyn rng c th y nhanh cuc do chi ca bn ti s tuyt ho ca guitar.

phng, hoc bn c th gy tn hi cho guitar ca bn hoc tai ca mt ngi no . 22

Where to go from here

Guitar For Dummies, phin bn 2, c craft mt cch cn thn bn c th tm thy iu bn mun hoc bn cn bit v guitar v khng g hn na. Bi v mi chng th t cha ng cng nh c th thc hin c, bn c th b qua thng tin m bn nm vng ri v khng b l nhp. Cn na, ti cng thi im, bn cng c th theo sau t trc ti sau v thc hnh guitar theo cch xy dng step-by-step theo s hiu bit trc ca bn. tm kim thng tin bn cn, bn c th n gin nhn qua Bng ni dung kim vng m bn c hng th, hoc bn c th tm kim mt thng tin c bit no trong phn ch mc ti phn cui ca cun sch. Nu bn l mt ngi mi bt u v sn sng bt u chi ngay tc th, bn c th b chng 1 v i thng ti Chng 2, ni bn s thc hin hiu chnh guitar. Sau duyt qua Chng 3 v vic pht trin cc k nng m bn cn chi v i thng su vo Chng 4 . Mc du bn c th b qua mt vi iu lng vng trong nhng chng chi, nu bn l ngi mi bt u, chng ti thc gic bn hy thc hin cc chng theo th t, mi chng ti mt thi im. Hn na, bn nn gn b vi Chng 4 cho ti khi bn bt u hnh thnh nhng vt chai trn nhng ngn tay ca bn, iu ny thc s gip bn thc hin cc hp m vi m thanh chnh xc m khng b nhiu/d. Nu bn cha c mt cy guitar, bn nn bt u Phn 4, hng dn ca ngi mua, v tm kim thng tin bn cn v mt guitar thc hnh cn bn. Tt nht bn khng nn ph trng vi mt cy guitar t tin cho ti khi bn chc rng nhc c ny l dnh cho bn.

Phn 1: Bn mun chi guitar

Trong phn ny.
Bui sng tt lnh, cc qu b v cc qu ng, v cho mng n vi Guitar For Dummies, phin bn 2. Trc khi ct cnh, xin bm m rng bn xem li Chng 1, phc tho cc thnh phn khc nhau v cc tn ca c cc cy guitar in v guitar mc, v ng qun kim tra li vic ln dy guitar ca bn, cng nh nhng phc tho trong chng 2. Cui cng, tham kho chng 3 (hoc t bn ghi ch trong mt ti t trc mt bn) xem li nhng thng tin vn hnh quan trong trc khi thc s thc hnh vi nhc c. Nhn ngi li. Thi gian chuyn phiu lu ca bn vi cy guitar c th ko di phn cn li cuc i ca bn, nhng bn c chc l bn thch th vi cuc i!

Chng 1: Guitar 101

Trong chng ny
- Nhn dng cc thnh phn khc nhau ca cy guitar. 23

- Hiu cch hot ng ca guitar. - Tng tc vi guitar Tt c cc cy guitar hoc l c sn ta vi cc u sn phun v lightning bolts hoc c hon thnh bng mt mu g t nhin vi mt nc sn mi tt ca Php nc sn ny c chung nhng c im vt l no lm cho chng ging vi cc cy guitar v khng phi l cc cy violin hoc tubas. Nu bn ang bi ri v s khc nhau gia mt u cn v mt pickup hoc bn ang t hi ci g l phn cui ca mt cy guitar gi bn di cm ca bn, th chng ny chnh l dnh cho bn. on sau y din t nhng s khc nhau gia cc thnh phn khc nhau ca mt cy guitar v ni cho bn cc b phn lm nhim v g. Chng ti cng ch cho bn cch cm nhc c nh th no v ti sao cy guitar li pht m ra nh vy. V, trong trng hp bn khng a vi chng ti, bn ng ni l bn gi cy guitar bn di cm ca bn tr khi, d nhin, khi bn l Jimi Hendrix.

Gii phu ca mt cy guitar

Cc cy guitar xut hin theo 2 dng hng v: mc v in. T quan im phn cng, cc cy guitar in c nhiu thnh phn hn v nhiu doohickeys hn cc cy guitar mc. Ngi lm guitar thng ng , tuy nhin, rng lm mt cy guitar mc th kh hn lm mt cy guitar in. l l do ti sao, pound for pound, cc cy guitar mc c gi tr ln hn cc bn sao in ca chng. (Khi bn sn sng mua guitar hoc sm cc ph tng guitar, bn c th kim tra li cc chng 15 v 16, tng ng). Nhng c hai loi guitar ny c chung cch tip cn c bn chng hn nhng nguyn tc c bn nh cu to cn v rung ng dy. l l do ti sao c guitar mc v in c nhng cu trc rt tng ng nhau, d thnh thong s khc bit c bn l vic sn sinh ra m sc (tr khi, d nhin, bn ngh rng Segovia v Metallica th khng th phn bit c). Bc nh 1-1 v 1-2 trnh by v cc phn khc nhau ca mt guitar mc v mt guitar in.

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Danh sch sau ni cho bn bit chc nng ca cc b phn khc nhau ca mt cy guitar: - Back (ch dnh cho n mc): phn ca thn n m s gi cc mt nm ti ch; phn ny c lm t 2 hoc 3 ming g. - Bar (cn rung- ch dnh cho n in): mt thanh kim loi c gn vo bridge(nhng) m s bin i rung ng ca dy n bng cch nghing bridge(nhng) v pha trc v v pha sau. N cng c gi l thanh rung/cn rung (tremolo bar), whammy bar, vibrato bar, v wang bar. - Body(thn n): l mt hp m c mt khp m neo gn cn n v cng vi nhng to ra mt chi cho tay phi. Trn n mc, thn n gm c khoang khuych i m thanh sn sinh v m sc(tone) ca guitar. Trn mt cy n in, n c mt khoang cho vic gn b nhng v cc thnh phn in (cc pickup cng nh cc iu khin tone (m sc) v m lng). - Bridge(nhng): L tm kim loi (vi n in) hoc g (vi n mc) m neo (gn) cc dy n vo thn n.

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- End pin/strap pin(cht ui, cht eo dy): mt tr kim loi ni y u di ca dy ai eo s c ci vo tr ny. Trn cy n mc-in (l cc guitar mc m c cc pickup gn cng v cc thnh phn in), cht ui thng ln gp i bi v c output jack bn cm jack vo.

End ping c l cm jack

- Fingerboard(bn phm): mt ming g mnh, vn c c t pha trn ca cn n, ni y bn t cc ngn tay tri ca bn hnh thnh nn note nhc v cc hp m. Bn phm cng c gi l fretboard, bi v cc phm c gn ln n.

- Frets(Cc phm n): 1) L nhng dy hoc nhng thanh kim loi mng c gn vung gc vi cc dy n, chng c tc dng lm ngn i chiu di rung ng ca mt dy n, cho php giy n sn sinh ra cc cao khc nhau. 2) L mt ng 26

t din t s lo lng, Anh y bn khoan v vic c bao nhiu b phn nh trn cy guitar ca anh y. - Headstock(u cn): L phn m gi b kha(tuning machines) ca n v l ni nh sn xut in logo ca h ln. Bn ng nhm ln vi t Woodstock, l phn thuc New York, ni y cung cp mt ni trnh din m nhc ca n trong vng 60s. - Neck (cn n): l ming lm bng g dng chy, di. N kt ni u cn(headstock) vi thn n. - Nut: L mt ming nha nylon cng c kha rnh hoc bng cht liu tng hp khc. Ni y l im dng ca rung ng dy n. Cc dy n chy xuyn qua cc rnh ca Nut trn ng i ca chng ti cc kha n nm trn u cn. Nut l mt trong 2 im m ti vng rung ng ca dy n kt thc. (im th 2 l ti nhng). - Ng ra (Output Jack- dnh cho guitar in): im dng cm dy tn hiu c tc dng kt ni guitar ti mt b khuych i(amplifier) hoc thit b in khc. - B chn la Pickup (pickup selector ch dnh cho guitar in): l mt cng tc xc nh cc pickup no ang trong trng thi hot ng im hin ti. - Pickups (ch dnh cho guitar in): Cc thanh nam chm to ra dng in. Dng ny s c amplifier chuyn i thnh m thanh. - Cc cnh (sides dnh cho guitar mc): L cc ming g c un cong ring bit trn thn n ni mt trc mt sau(the top to the back). - Strap pin(cht eo dy): tng t nh end pin nhng khng c l cm jack. (Khng phi tt c cc cy guitar mc u c mt strap pin. Nu guitar khng c cht eo th bn hy gn nh ca dy eo vng quanh u cn). - Dy n: L 6 dy kim loi ( i vi cc guitar in v cc dy thp vi cc cy guitar mc) hoc nylon (cho cc cy guitar c in), c cng ln, sinh ra cc note nhc ca guitar. Mc du hon ton khng phi l thnh phn ca cy guitar ( you attach and remove them at will on top of the guitar), cc dy n l mt b phn khng th thiu ca c h thng, v thit k tng th ca mt mt cy guitar v cu trc quay trn xung quanh ca n lm cho cc dy n vang ln vi mt ting vui (joyful noise). (Xem chng 17 bit thm thng tin v vic thay dy). - Top(mt trn): Mt trn ca n. Trn mt cy guitar mc, mt ny cng gi l mt pht m(sounding board), n sinh ra hu ht cc c tnh mc ca mt cy guitar. Trn mt cy guitar in, mt trn th him khi l mt m trang im che y phn cn li cc b phn ca thn n. - Tuning machines (b kha n): Cc b phn c bnh rng nng cao v gim thp rung ng ca dy n, ko theo s khc bit v cao . Cc vng cun dy n c thc hin quanh mt tr li ra t top hoc mt ca u cn(headstock). Tr i xuyn qua lng ca u cn, ni m cc bnh rng kt ni n(tr) ti mt kha n. Kha n cn c gi l tuners, tuning pegs, tuning keys, v tuning gears. 27

- Cc b iu khin m lng v m sc (ch cho guitar in): cc nm thay i cng ca m guitar v cc tn s bass v treble ca n.

Guiar lm vic nh th no
Sau khi bn c th nhn ra cc b phn c bn ca mt cy guitar, c th bn cng mun hiu cc b phn lm vic vi nhau nh th no to ra m thanh (Trong trng hp bn tnh c chn la loi ca cc b phn ca mt cy guitar trong Jeopardy! Hoc tranh lun ln vi mt tay guitar khc v rung ng ca dy n v chiu di dy n). Chng ti trnh by cc thng tin ny bn bit ti sao m thanh cy guitar ca bn ku nh vy, thay v ku nh mt ng so kazoo hoc mt n accordion. iu quan trng cn nh l cy guitar pht ra m thanh, nhng bn l ngi lm ra m nhc.

Rung ng dy n v chiu di dy
Bt k nhc c no cng phi c vi b phn ca n di chuyn theo mt s u n, v c lp li sn sinh ra m thanh ca m nhc( mt m sc c duy tr, hoc cao ). Trong mt cy guitar, phn ny l rung ng dy. Mt dy n khi bn cng ti mt no v sau lm rung n (bng cch gy chng hn) s sinh ra mt m thanh c th d on c v d, note A. Nu bn hiu chnh dy n ca guitar ti cc cng khc nhau, bn s c c cc m sc khc nhau. cng ca dy n cng tng, th cao cng tng.

Tuy nhin, bn khng th lm thay i cng ca dy qu nhiu vi guitar, c phi cch duy nht thay i cao l hiu chnh cng mt cch in cung trn cc dy n mi khi bn gy mt dy chng. V th cc tay guitar phi dng cch khc thay i cao dy n bng cch lm ngn chiu di rung ng hiu nghim ca n. H lm iu bng cch gm phm (fretting) i tng bc ra sau v v trc v t ni lm bm. Ch a t thi; cc guitar s khng bao gi lm vy tr khi h khng m cy n guitar trong vi ngy. Trong ngn ng guitar, t fretting ch vic nhn dy n p vo bn phm n ch rung ng gia phm c nhn (giy kim loi) v nhng. Bng cch ny, hy di chuyn tay tri ln v xung trn cn n (hng nhng v nut, tng ng), bn c th thay i cao thoi mi v d dng.

Tht s cc nhc c nh hn chng hn nh mandolins v violin th cao hn v cao so vi cc cy cello v bass (v guitar) th khng c bt thng g c. Cao ca chng cao hn bi v dy ca chng ngn hn. cng dy ca tt c cc nhc c ny c th c h hng gn vi nhau, lm cho chng ging nh mt cht g ph hp vi i tay v cc ngn tay, nhng s khc bit ln v chiu di dy n dn n s khc bit ln v cao gia chng. Nguyn tc ny cng ng cho cc ng vt. Mt con ch nh chihuahua c ting 28

sa vi cao cao hn mt con ch St. Bernard bi v dy thanh m ca n string y mang ngha l dy thanh m th ngn hn nhiu.

S dng c 2 tay to ra m thanh

Guitar thng i hi 2 tay lm vic cng nhau to ra m nhc. Nu bn mun chi, ni rng, C gia trn cy piano, mi iu bn cn lm l dng ngn tr ca bn, hy t n trn phm trng thch hp nm bn di logo ca cy piano, v nhn n xung: donnnng. Mt cy preschooler c th pht m nh Horowitz nu ch chi C gia, bi v ch c mt ngn tay ca mt tay, nhn mt phm, to ra m thanh. Guitar c mt cht khc bit. chi C gia trn guitar, bn phi dng ngn tr tay tri v nhn(fret) vo phm u tin trn dy s 2 ( l, nhn dy n st vo bn phm). Tuy nhin, hnh ng ny bn thn n khng sinh ra m thanh. M sau bn phi strike hoc pluck dy s 2 vi tay phi ca bn tht s sn sinh ra note C gia mt cch r rng. Ngi c nhc hy ch : Guitar pht m thp hn 1 octave so vi note ca n c ghi. V d, khi chi mt bn nhc vit, C th 3 trn guitar th thc th sn sinh ra mt m C gia.

Phm v na cung
Khong nh nht (n v khong cch m trong cao ) ca thang m m nhc l na cung. Trn n piano, cc phm trng v en nm lun phin i din cho kiu qung ny (ngoi tr cc ni m bn thy 2 phm trng gn k m khng c phm en gia). thc hin na cung trn mt cu trc bn phm, bn hy di chuyn ngn tay ca bn ln hoc xung phm k , trng hoc en. Trn guitar, cc phm(fret) cc dy kim loi nm ngang (hoc thanh) m bn thy c gn vo bn phm, chy vung gc vi cc dy n i din cho cc na cung ny. Vic i ln hoc xung na cung trn guitar c ngha l vic di chuyn tay tri ca bn vi mt phm (fret) ti mt thi im, ln cao hn hoc thp hn trn cn n.

Cc Pickups
Vic rung ng cc dy n s sn sinh ra cc m(tone) khc nhau trn guitar. Nhng bn phi c th nghe cc m , hoc bn face one of those if-a-tree-falls-in-aforest questions. i vi mt cy guitar mc, th khng c vn g, bi v mt nhc c mc c b khuych i ring ca n dng mt hp m rng lm tng m thanh ca n ln, oh, m thanh mc vang ngn. Nhng mt cy guitar in thc s khng to ra m thanh mc hu ht. (Oh, mt m thanh rt nh, nh ting mt con mui vo ve, nhng nh th khng lp y mt sn khu hoc chc tc nhng ngi hng xm cnh bn. ) Mt nhc c in to ra cc m thanh ca n thng qua in mt cch hon ton. Rung ng dy n vn l ngun ca m thanh, nhng mt hp g rng khng cn l vt lm cho cc rung ng ny c th nghe c. Thay vo , cc rung ng s lm no lon, hoc iu chnh, t trng m cc pickup nhng nam chm c cun dy c t bn di cc dy n guitar sinh ra. Bi v cc cc rung ng ca dy iu chnh t trng ca pickup, cc pickup sinh ra mt dng in nh m phn nh s iu chnh . 29

Nu bn nh khoa hc t lp 8, vic cun dy dn quanh mt nam chm s to ra mt dng in nh trong vng dy. Nu sau ta dng bt k cht t no v gy nhiu t trng quanh dy dn , bn s tao ra dao ng trong chnh bn thn dng . Dao ng ca mt dy n thp (c cht t, t ha) cng tc l 440 ln trn 1 giy s to ra mt dng m dao ng 440 ln trn giy. Chuyn dng dao ng c to ra ny ti mt b khuych i v tip theo l mt loa v bn s nghe c note A. c bit hn, bn s nghe A cao hn C gia, l chun tham kho trong vic hiu chnh tuyt i trong nhc hin i t the New York Philharmonic ti the Rolling Stones ti Metallica (mc du chng ta nghe rng Metallica thnh thong dng mt tham kho tuning ca 666 ch a cht thi, Metallica fans!). Thm hn na v tuning, cc bn hy xem chng 2.

Cc cy guitar, v th, sn sinh ra m thanh hoc l bng vic khuych i cc rung ng dy mt cch mc mc (bng cch chuyn sng m thanh thng qua mt hp rng), hoc mt cch in t (bng cch khuych i v a ra mt dng in thng qua mt loa). i khi l mt tin trnh vt l. Mt cy guitar sn sinh ra cc m thanh khc nhau nh th no v m thanh m bn mun n to ra l ty thuc vo bn v cch bn iu khin nh th no cc cao m cc dy n sinh ra. Vic nhn tay tri l cch thay i cc cao ny. Cc di chuyn tay phi ca bn khng ch gip sn sinh ra m thanh bng cch t cc dy n trong chuyn ng, nhng chng cng nh ra giai iu (rhythm/beat:nhp, nhp nh/pulse: nhp iu), tc (tc ca nhc), v cm xc (s th hin, phong cch, s quay, sc li cun(magic), mojo, je ne sais uoi, mi th) ca cc cao . Hy t cc chuyn ng ca c 2 tay cng nhau, v chng pht ra m nhc lm ra m nhc guitar.

Chng 2: Turn On, Tune In

Trong chng ny - Hiu chnh guitar mt cch tng i (i vi chnh n) - Hiu chnh theo mt fixed source (ngun c nh) Vic hiu chnh i vi cc tay guitar ging nh vic cc ti x u xe song song trong thnh ph: mt hot ng thng ngy v cn thit c th kh lm kh c cu. V nhim v ny th khng bao gi vui c. Khng ging nh piano, cn mt chuyn gia hiu chnh v bn khng bao gi cn hiu chnh cho ti ln tip theo chuyn gia v chnh n ti thm, guitar thng c hiu chnh bi chnh ch nhn ca n v n cn vic hiu chnh kin tr. Mt s bt cng ln ca cuc sng l, trc khi bn c th chi nhc ng trn cy guitar, bn phi cam chu qu trnh cn thn ca vic lm cho nhc c ca bn pht m ng. 30

May thay cho cc tay guitar, bn ch c 6 dy n i vi vi trm dy ca mt cy piano. Cng khuyn khch l s thc bn c th s dng vi phng php khc nhau lm cho cy guitar ca bn pht m ng, nh c trnh by trong chng ny.

Vic m trn dy n v phm

Chng ta s bt u t gc vung 1, hoc trong trng hp ny, dy 1. Trc khi bn c th hiu chnh guitar ca bn, bn cn bit bng cch no tham kho ti 2 din vin chnh cc dy n v cc phm n. - Cc dy n: Cc dy n c nh s lin tip 1 n 6. Dy s 1 th mnh nht, c t gn y nht (khi bn cm cy guitar trong t th chi). nh s theo chiu ln, dy n s 6 l ln nht, gn trn nht. - Chng ti ngh rng bn hy ghi nh tn cc k t ca cc dy n bung (open string) (E, A, D, G, B, E t 6 n 1) bn khng b hn ch phi quy chng v dng s. Mt cch n gin nh cc dy bung theo th t l nh chui Eddie Ate Dynamite; Good Bye, Eddie. - Cc phm n: Phm n c th quy v hoc l khong trng ni m bn t ngn tay tri ca bn hoc quy v l thanh kim loi mnh chy ngang bn phm. Bt k khi no bn i mt vi ngn bm guitar, fret c ngha l khng gian gia cc thanh kim loi ni m bn c th t mt ngn tay tri ca bn vo mt cch thoi mi. Phm u tin l vng gia Nut (thanh c rnh, mnh ngn cch u cn vi cn n) v thanh kim loi u tin. Sau , phm th 5, l gc vung th 5 trn t nut ni mt cch nghim tc, l vng gia cc thanh phm kim loi th 4 v th 5. (hu ht cc cy guitar c mt du mc trn phm th 5, du ny hoc l mt thit k trang tr c t lm vo trong bn phm hoc l mt vt chm trn trn cnh ca cn n, hoc c hai.) Bn c th lun lun kim ra s trn the Cheat Sheet ti phn trc ca cun sch trong khi bn cm thy thoi mi vi quy c t tn ny.

Thm mt iu na cng vic c thun bum xui gi. Bn s i qua cc khi nim v Dy bung(open strings) v cc dy c nhn(fretted strings) t y trong cun sch ny. - Open string(dy bung): mt dy n m khi chi bn khng cn nhn xung vi mt ngn tay tri. - Fretted string(dy nhn): mt dy n m trong khi chi bn nhn n xung ti mt phm no .

Mi th tng i: Tuning the Guitar to Itselt

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Relative tuning (hiu chnh tng i) c gi nh th bi v bn khng cn phi tham chiu ti bt k ngun no bn ngoi hiu chnh nhc c ca bn. Ch cn cc dy n c ln ng theo mt mi lin quan no vi nhau, bn c th to ra cc m thanh vang v m tai. Those same tones may turn into sounds resembling those of a catfight if you try to play along with another instrument, however; nhng ch cn bn hiu chnh cc dy n cn i/so snh(relative) vi mt nhc c khc, th guitar t n s t ng tng. hiu chnh mt cy guitar s dng phng php so snh/cn i, hy chn 1 dy n l dy bt u c th, l dy th 6. Hy cao ca dy ny nh vy; sau hiu chnh tt c nhng dy khc cn i vi dy 6 . Phng php phm th 5 Phng php phm th 5 bt ngun t tn ca n t thc t l bn hu ht lun chi 1 dy phm th 5 v sau so snh m thanh ca note vi dy m k tip. Bn cn cn thn, tuy nhin, bi v phm th 4 (the fifth frets jealous understudy) s puts in a cameo appearance toward the end of the process. y th bng cch no bn chnh guitar ng theo phng php phm th 5 (kim tra trong s hnh 2-1 phc tho 5 bc tt c): 1. Hy chi phm th 5 ca dy 6 (E thp) (dy to nht, gn trn cn n nht) v sau chi dy bung 5 (A) (dy kt cn dy 6). Hy c 2 note ku ln cng nhau. Cao ca chng phi bng vi nhau mt cch chnh xc. Nu chng dng nh khng bng nhau, hy xc nh dy s 5 cao hn hay thp hn dy s 6 c bm phm 5. Nu dy s 5 thp hn, hoc flat(ging), hy vn kha n ca n bng tay tri ca bn nng cao ln. Nu dy s 5 c v sharp (thng), hoc m thanh cao hn, hy s dng kha n ca n h thp cao . Bn c th s b lch qu xa vi kha n nu bn khng cn thn; nu b nh vy, bn cn o ngc chuyn ng tay ca bn li. S thc, nu bn khng th bit dy s 5 th cao hn hay thp hn, hy chnh n ging xung mt cch c v sau tr li cao cn c. 2. Hy chi phm th 5 ca dy 5 (A) v sau chi dy bung s 4 (D). Hy c hai note ny vang ln cng nhau. Nu dy s 4 dng nh ging hoc thng so snh vi dy 5 c bm phm 5, hy s dng kha n ca dy s 4 hiu chnh cao ca n tng ng. Mt ln na, nu bn khng chc rng dy s 4 cao hn hay thp hn, hy chnh qu n theo mt hng ging, hoc thp hn, l tt nht v sau tr li. 3. Chi phm th 5 ca dy 4(D) v sau chi dy m th 3 (G). Mt ln na hy c 2 note cng vang ln. Nu dy s 3 dng nh ging hoc thng so vi dy s 4 c bm phm 5, hy s dng kha n ca dy s 3 hiu chnh cao tng ng.

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4. Chi phm s 4( ch khng phi phm s 5) ca dy 3(G) v sau chi dy bung 2(B). Hy c 2 dy vang ln cng nhau. Nu dy s 2 dng nh ging hoc thng, hy s dng kha n ca n hiu chnh cao tng ng. 5. Chi phm s 5 (tr li phm th 5 i vi dy ny) ca dy 2(B) v sau chi dy m s 1 (E cao). Hy c 2 note vang ln. Nu dy 1 dng nh ging hoc thng, hy s dng kha n ca n hiu chnh cao tng ng. Nu bn hi lng vi c 2 dy rng c cng cao , th by gi bn hiu chnh 5 dy n cao ca guitar cn i vi dy c nh 6. Guitar ca bn by gi c chnh ng vi chnh n.

C th bn mun tr li v lp li qu trnh trn, bi v mt vi dy c th trt khi v tr ng.

Khi bn hiu chnh theo cch thng thng, bn s dng tay tri vn kha n. Nhng sau khi bn nhc ngn tay khi dy n m bn ang nhn, n s ngng ku; v th, bn khng th nghe c dy na youre trying to tune to (the fretted string) as you adjust the open string. Tuy nhin, c mt cch hiu chnh dy bung trong khi bn vn gi ngn tay tri ca bn trn dy c nhn. n gin hy s dng tay phi ca bn! Sau bn strike(nh) 2 dy n lin tip (dy c nhn v dy bung), dng tay phi ca bn v reach over tay tri ca bn (vn gi nguyn v tr khi bn nhn dy) v vn kha n ca dy tng ng cho ti khi cc dy n pht m ging nhau mt cch chnh xc. Cch khc tham chiu: Tuning to a Fixed Source

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Chnh guitar ng theo chnh bn thn n thng qua phng php cn i(relative)/so snh th tt cho tai ca bn nhng n khng thit thc nu bn cn chi vi cc nhc c khc hoc cc ging m quen vi vic tham chiu ti s hiu chnh chun (hy xem phn Sinking your teeth into the tuning fork, sau y mt t trong chng ny). Nu bn mun mang cy guitar ca bn vo th gii ca ngi khc, bn cn bit cch chnh theo mt ngun c nh, chng hn nh piano, pitch pine, m thoa (tuning fork), b chnh in. Vic s dng cc ngun nh vy bo m rng mi ngi ang chi theo cng mt lut ln dy. Bn cnh , guitar v cc dy n ca bn c sn xut sinh ra m thanh tt nht nu bn hiu chnh ti cao chun. on sau din t mt vi cch c bit hiu chnh guitar ca bn bng cch tham chiu n ngun c nh. Nhng phng php ny khng ch cho php bn ln dy ng, m cn ha hp vi cc nhc c khc na. Thc hin chnh dy vi piano Bi v n gi c cao tt (ch cn vic hiu chnh mt hoc 2 ln trong nm, ph thuc vo cc iu kin), mt cy piano l mt cng c tt m bn c th s dng hiu chnh mt cy guitar. Gi s rng bn c mt bn phm in t hoc mt cy piano c chnh t gn y, tt c iu bn cn lm l chnh cho cc dy bung ca guitar bng vi cc phm n thch hp trn piano. Hnh 2-2 ch cho bit bn phm ca piano v cc dy guitar m tng ng.

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Chnh guitar vi mt pitch pipe(ng so chnh m iu) R rng, nu youre off to the beach vi cy guitar ca bn, bn s khng mun t piano ng sau xe hi ca bn, ngay c nu bn thc s cu k v vic ln dy. V th bn cn mt thit b nh v thc tin hn m cung cp cc cao tham chiu ln dy chun. Hy th pitch pipe. Pitch pipe gi ln nhng hnh nh ca ui tu, nhng ngi nhc trng hp ca ng n who purse their prunelike lips around a circular harmonica to deliver an anemic squeak that instantly marshals together the reluctant voices of the choir. Yet pitch pipes server their purpose. i vi cc tay guitar, cc pitch pipe c bit hin c cc ng m ch pht ra cc note ca dy bung trn guitar (nhng pht m dy cao hn) v khng c thm cc note gia cc note ny. Li im ca mt pitch pipe l bn c th gi n vng chc trong ming ca bn trong khi thi, gi cho tay bn rnh cho vic hiu chnh. Bt li ca pitch pipe l i khi bn mt mt lc quen vi vic nghe mt cao c sinh ra t gi so vi mt cao 35

 sinh ra t gy dy. Nhng vi vic thc hnh, bn c th hiu chnh vi pitch pipe d dng nh bn lm vi piano. V mt ci pitch pipe th d dng hn b vo ti o ca bn hn l mt cy piano. Kim tra chng 16 bit hnh dng ca mt pitch pipe. Sinking (chm, h xung) your teeth into the tuning fork (tuning fork: m thoa thng l nt LA) Sau khi bn kh nng cm nhn cc cao , bn ch cn mt tham chiu hiu chnh cao n hiu chnh tt c cc dy guitar ng. m thoa thng ch c mt cao , v n thng ch c 1 hng v: A (note nm trn C gia, m rung ng khong 440 vng trn dy, thng l A-440). Nhng note thc s l tt c nhng g bn cn. Nu bn hiu chnh dy m th 5 (A) ti A ca m thoa ( mc du A ca guitar nm trong vng thp hn), bn c th hiu chnh mi dy khc t dy ny bng cch s dng phng php tng i/so snh(relative) m chng ta tho lun on trn ca chng Mi th tng i: Tuning the Guitar to Itselt. S dng mt m thoa i hi mt cht kho lo. Bn phi nh m thoa bng mt ci g chc, chng hn nh mt mt hn hoc kneecap, v sau gi n gn tai ca bn hoc place the stem (hoc gi) and not the tines (or fork prongs) da vo cc vt m cng hng m. Vt cng hng m ny c th l mt hn hoc thm ch l mt trn ca guitar. (Bn c th thm ch gi n gi rng ca bn, tay ca bn c rnh ri! N cng thc s lm vic!) Cng thi im, bng cch no bn phi chi note A v hiu chnh n so vi m ca m thoa. Tin trnh phn no ging vi vic y cc cha kha nh ca bn ra khi ti ca bn trong khi youre loaded down with an armful of groceries. Nhim v c th l khng d dng, nhng nu bn thc hnh , bn thm ch tr thnh mt chuyn gia. Tri nghim vi b chnh dy in t Cch nhanh nht v chnh xc nht chnh dy n l s dng mt b chnh dy in t. Thit b cm tay ny dng nh s hu kh nng y quyn r. Cc b chnh dy in t mi c lm c bit cho cc cy guitar thng c th cm nht dy n m bn ang chi, v ch cho bn cao no bn gn nht, v ch cho bit bn c ging hoc thng ln hay khng. Ch iu duy nht m cc thit b ny khng lm l vn kha n cho bn (although we hear theyre working on that). Cc loi c hn, cc b hiu chnh graph-type c mt cng tc chn la dy n m bn mun hiu chnh. Hnh 2-3 trnh by mt b hiu chnh in t c trng.

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Bn c th hoc l gn guitar ca bn vo b hiu chnh (nu bn s dng mt nhc c in t) hoc bn c th s dng microphone c gn lin ca b hiu chnh hiu chnh mt guitar mc. Trong c 2 loi b hiu chnh mt loi bn phi chn la dy n chnh v loi kia cm nhn dy n mt cch t ng mn hnh ch ra 2 iu: note no bn ang gn nht (E,A,D,G,B,E) v vi note bn phi ging xung hoc thng ln. Cc b hiu chnh in t thng c cp ngun bi cc cc pin 9V hoc hai cc pin AA m c th ko di 1 nm trong iu kin s dng thng xuyn (c th ln ti 2 hoc 3 nm nu ch thnh thong s dng ). Nhiu b hiu chnh in t th khng t (thp khong $20 hoc tng t) v cng ng ng tin. (Thm thng tin v b hiu chnh(tuners), hy xem chng 16). Vic s dng CD ca bn chng ti khi qun, bn c th ty s dng (mc du bn s khng bao gi vt n ba bi) thm mt ngun khng i nh ngun tham chiu hiu chnh:Guitar For Dummies CD ca bn.

thun tin cho vic ln dy ca bn, chng ti s chi cc dy bung trn Track 1 ca CD. Hy lng nghe m thanh ca mi dy bi v chng pht m chm, ti mt thi im (t dy 1 ti dy 6, hoc dy mnh nht ti dy to nht) v hiu chnh cc dy bung trn guitar ca bn theo cc note vang ln trong CD. S dng nt nhn skip track trn b iu khin t xa ca CD player hoc bng iu khin trc tr li im u ca Track 1 v lp li cc note hiu chnh m cn thit hiu chnh cc dy n mt cch chnh xc so vi cc dy n c pht trn CD.

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Khng ging nh bng cassette- hoc bt k h thng bng t analog no, v vn mt CD lun lun chi li chnh xc cao m n thu c v khng bao gi thng ln hoc ging xung, thm ch khng mt cht no. V th bn c th s dung For Dummies CD ca bn trn bt k CD player no ti bt k thi im no hiu chnh cc note mt cch hon ho.

Chng 3: Sn sng, Thit lpCha: pht trin cc cng c v cc k nng chi

Trong chng ny - Vic ng v ngi vi cy guitar - T th/v tr cc tay - Vic c cc s hp m v tablature - Vic chi cc hp m Cc cy guitar l cc nhc c thn thin ngi dng. Chng va vn mt cch thoi mi trong cnh tay ca hu ht con ngi, v cch m 2 tay ca bn t ln cc dy n mt cch t nhin th p t nhiu v tr m bn s chi. Trong chng ny, chng ti s trnh by cho bn tt c nhng k thut t th tt v bng cch no gi tay ca bn just as if you were a young socialite at a finishing school. Chng ti ni gin bi v chng ti quan tm. Nhng bn thc s cn nh dng iu v v tr tt , t nht, ngn chn s cng thng v mt mi v, tt hn, gip pht trin thi quen tp trung tt v m thanh tt. Sau khi chng ti ni cho bn v v tr ng vi cy guitar, chng ti s i qua mt vi cc k nng m nhc c bn v ch cho bn cch chi mt hp m.

V tr tay v t th
Bn c th hoc l ngi hoc l ng trong khi chi guitar, v v tr bn chn lm sao khng nh hng ti m thanh hoc k thut ca bn. Hu ht mi ngi thch thc hnh trong khi ngi nhng trnh din cng cng li phi ng. Mt ngoi l cho s chn la ngi hoc ng l guitar c in, bn thng chi n trong t th ngi. Thc hnh chnh thng l ch chi trong mt v tr ngi. Thc tin ny khng c ngha rng bn khng th chi guitar theo phong cch c in hoc nhc c in trong khi ng, nhng s theo ui ng n guitar c in i hi bn ngi trong khi chi. Vic b tr v tr ngi gi guitar trong t th ngi, hy t phn eo ca guitar trn i phi ca bn. (Eo ca guitar l phn lm gia phn trn ca guitar v phn thp hn, m chng nh ra l nhng phn c un cong trng nh ci vai v hng. ) Hy t bn chn ca bn hi xa ra mt cht. cn bng guitar hy t nh cng tay phi ca bn ln bass bout, nh hnh 3-1. ng s dng tay tri cn n. Bn c th tay tri hon ton xa bn phm khng hng guitar h xung nn nh. 38

K thut guitar c in, mt khc, i hi bn gi nhc c trn i tri ca bn, m khng phi l trn i phi. T th ny t trung tm ca guitar gn vi trung tm thn ngi bn, lm cho nhc c d dng chi hn, c bit vi tay tri, bi v bn c th thc hin tt hn cc ngn bm kho ca nhc guitar c in trong t th ny. Chng 13, trnh by v t th ngi ca guitar c in. Bn cng phi nng guitar c in ln, bn c th lm hoc bng cch nng chn tri ln vi mt gh u c bit (cch truyn thng) hoc bng cch s dng mt tay nng, n i gia i tri ca bn v cnh thp hn ca guitar (cch hin i). Thit b ny cho php bn bn chn tri vn nm trn sn v thay vo nng guitar ln trong khng kh. V tr ng

ng v chi guitar, bn cn mt ai eo c gn chc chn ti c 2 cht dy eo (strap pin) trn n. Sau bn c th ng theo cch thng thng v kim tra bn trng tuyt th no trong gng vi cy guitar eo qua vai ca bn. Bn c th cn hiu chnh ai eo lm cho guitar mt cao m bn chi thoi mi.

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Nu dy eo ca bn trt khi cht eo n trong khi bn ang chi trong t th ng, bn c khong 50-50 c hi chp c cy guitar ca bn trc khi n va xung sn (v l nu bn nhanh v kinh nghim vi vic b trt guitar). V th ng liu tn hi cy guitar ca bn bng cch s dng dy eo c hoc mn hoc dy eo c l qu to i vi cc cht eo gi an ton. Cc guitar khng c to ra ny ln, bi v Pete Townhend gii thch qu nhiu ln. C th ca bn s thc hin hiu chnh t nhin t t th ngi ti v tr ng. V th ng c gng phn tch ni t cc cnh tay ca bn, lin quan ti v tr ngi ca bn. Ch cn thoi mi v, tt c nhng iu trn, nhn tuyt. (by gi bn l mt ngi chi guitar! Nhn tuyt cng quan trng nh chi nh th no oh, hu ht) Hinh 3-2 trnh by mt v tr ng c trng.

T th tay tri: Fretting made easy c c khi nim v t th ng ca tay tri trn guitar, bn hy dui thng tay tri, lng bn tay cong ln, t ngn tay ci i th nm gia ngn tay tr v ngn tay gia. Tt c cc khp t ngn tay phi cong. Tay ca bn phi t th nh vy sau khi bn t cn n vo tay. Ngn tay ci s trt sau lng ca cn n, hy gi ngn ci thng hn nu nm tay ca bn khng cht. Cc khp ngn tay vn 40

phi cong khi chng ta ang bm hoc ang thoi mi. Mt ln na, tay tri phi nm tht t nhin trn cn n as if you were picking up a specially made tool that youve been using all your life. nhn mt note, bn hy nhn u ngn tay xung trn dy n, vn gi cho cc khp ngn tay cong. C gng gi cho u ngn tay thng ng trn dy n hn l to ra mt gc. T th ny s dng nhiu lc nhn nht ln dy n v cng ngn chn cc cnh ca ngn tay khi chm vo cc dy n gn k - v iu ny c th gy ra ting nhiu hoc s cm ting (lm tt m ca dy n, hoc l chn s rung ng ca n). Hy s dng ngn tay ci ca bn t n mt lng cn n gip cho vic m bn phm c cht.

Khi chi mt phm no , hy nh rng bn ng nn t ngn tay ca bn trc tip ln thanh phm kim loi, nhng l gia hai phm (hoc gia Nut v phm u tin). Chng hn, nu bn ang chi phm th 5, hy t ngn tay ca bn vung gia phm th 4 v phm th 5. ng t n v tr trung tm ca vung (midway between the fret wires), nhng hy gn hn vi phm cao hn. K thut ny gip bn to ra m thanh r rng nht v ngn chn ting nhiu. Tay tri nhn i hi sc bn, nhng bn ng c tng tc trong tin trnh lm tng bn/ mnh ca cc ngn tay ca bn theo cc cch khng t nhin. Vic xy dng bn/ mnh cho tay tri ca bn cn c thi gian. Bn c th nhn thy cc qung co v cc thit b tng bn/ mnh tay v tin rng cc sn phm c th gii quyt vn v bn b/ mnh ca tay tri ca bn. Mc du chng ti khng th tuyn b cc thit b ny khng bao gi lm vic (v iu ny tng t nh vic phng php th cng/phng php ti nh lm cc tri banh vt hoc banh tennis), nhng mt iu chc chn l: Khng c g gip bn xy dng bn b/sc mnh cho tay tri ca bn tt hn hoc nhanh hn bng cch n gin l chi guitar.

Bi v bn tay tri ca bn s dng trong lc nhn, cc b phn khc trn c th ca bn c th b cng thng lm cn bng li. Trong mt khong thi gian tun hon, hy chc rng bn s cho vai tri ca bn c thoi mi, iu ny c xu hng lm pht trin khi bn thc hin vic nhn phm. Take frequent drop-shoulder breaks. Cng phi m bo rng khuu tay tri ca bn khng n ra, ging nh kiu nhng v khch n ti lo xc. Bn mun gi cho cnh tay trn v cng tay song song vi thn ngi ca bn. Hy thoi mi khuu tay n nm theo pha ca bn.

41

iu quan trng phi nh trong vic duy tr v tr tt ca tay tri l bn cn gi n thoi mi v t nhin. Nu tay ca bn bt u au hoc nhc, hy ngng chi v gii lao cht. Cng nh bt k hot ng no khc m i hi pht trin c bp, vic ngh ngi cho php thn th ca bn theo kp tin . Cc s n lc vi guitar in Cc cn n in va hp(t dy 1 ti dy 6) v va mng (t bn phm ti lng ca cn n) hn cc cy n guitar thng. Cc cy guitar in, v th, d nhn hn. Nhng khong cch gia mi dy n th nh hn, v th m bn c th d ng chm v gim i ting n ca 1 dy k cn vi ngn bm ca bn. S khc bit ln nht, tuy nhin, gia vic bm trn mt dy ca guitar in v trn mt dy nylon hoc dy thp ca guitar mc l Action. Action ca mt guitar m ch ti cc dy n cch cc phm n bao xa v, ti phm vi nh hn, cc dy n c nhn d dng nh th no. Trn mt cy guitar in, vic nhn cc phm n ging nh a mt con dao nng qua ming b. Mt action d dng ca mt guitar in cho php bn c c t th tay tri thoi mi hn so vi trn mt guitar mc thng thng, lng bn tay tri s hi hng ra pha ngoi. Hnh 3-3 trnh by mt bc nh ca tay tri t ngh trn bn phm ca mt guitar in, trong vic nhn mt dy.

Cc iu kin c in Bi v cc cy guitar dng dy nylon c bn phm rng v l kiu mu cho s chn la i vi nhc c in, cn n ca chng i hi mt cch tip cn ca tay tri hi hnh thc mt cht. C gng lng bn tay ch phn khp cc ngn tay gn v song song vi cnh cn n cc ngn tay chy thng ng vi cc dy n v tt c cc ngn tay c cng khong cch vi cn n. ( D l tay ca bn khng song song hon ton, do ngn tay t nm xa hoc xa cn n hn ngn tr). Hnh 3-4 trnh by t th ng ca tay tri i vi cc cy guitar dy nylon. 42

T th tay phi

Nu bn m guitar trong lng v xp cnh tay phi ca bn nm trn the upper bout, tay phi ca bn, c dui ra mt cch lng lo, ngang qua cc dy n mt gc khong 60 . T th ny tt cho vic chi vi ming khy. i vi phong cch fingerstyle, bn s mun hng tay phi ca bn thng ng hn so vi cc dy n. i vi guitar c in, bn s mun gi tay phi ca bn mt gc gn 90 . Nu bn s dng ming khy Bn chi hu ht cc cy guitar in ca bn vi mt ming khy, d bn ang chi rock n roll, blues, jazz, country, hoc pop. Trn guitar mc, bn c th chi hoc bng ming khy hoc bng ngn tay. Trn c guitar in v guitar mc, bn s chi hu ht cc giai iu (rhythm: giai iu, iu nhc) (chord-based accompaniment:m) v thc s tt c cc cu lead (cc giai iu note n) bng ming khy. Hnh 3-5 trnh by cch ng cm ming khy hy u ming khy li ra ngoi, thng ng so vi ngn ci.

43

Nu bn gy rhythm (strumming), bn s nh nhng dy n vi ming khy bng cch s dng chuyn ng ca c tay v khuu tay. Khi bn strum si ni hn, th chuyn ng khuu tay phi s dng nhiu hn. i vi vic chi cu lead, bn s tit kim ch dng cc chuyn ng ca c tay. ng cm ming khy qu cht khi bn chi v hy ln k hoch dropping it a lot i vi vi tun u s dng ming khy.

Cc ming khy c nhiu kch c khc nhau. Kch c ca mt ming khy biu th n cng, hoc dy th no. Cc ming khy mng th d s dng hn cho ngi mi bt u chi. Cc ming c trung bnh l ph dng nht, bi v chng do chi rhythm thoi mi, li cn cng chi lead. Cc ming khy c nng (heavy) xem ra kh s dng nhng chng l s chn la ca cc tay nh ngh, v ni cho cng tt cc nhc cng kho lo tin dn ln s dng chng (mc du hin c nhng tay nh ngh vn cha s dng n Neil Young l mt v d tiu biu). Nu bn ang s dng ngn tay Nu bn king s dng vt dng nh cc ming khy v mun mt cch t nhn vi tay phi ca bn, bn hy thc hin khy bng tay(fingerpicking) (mc d bn c th fingerpick vi cc ming khy c bit c cun quanh gn vi cc ngn tay cch ny c gi l fingerpicks). Fingerpicking c ngha rng bn chi guitar bng cch khy cc dy n vi cc ngn tay phi c bit no . Ngn ci s chi cc dy trm, hoc thp, 44

v cc ngn cn li chi cc dy treble, hoc dy cao. Trong kiu fingerpicking, bn s dng cc u ngn tay khy cc dy, trong t th t tay trn l cng hng (nu bn ang chi guitar mc) v gi c tay dng li nhng khng cng ngc. Vic gi cho c tay hi vng mt cht gip cho cc ngn cc ngn tay hng xung thng ng hn trn cc dy n. Chng 12 c thm nhiu thng tin v phong cch fingerpicking, gm cc hnh v trnh by t th tay thch hp.

Bi v cc kiu nh c bit ca tay phi m bn s dng trong vic chi guitar c in (free stroke v rest stroke), bn phi gi cc ngn tay hu nh thng ng mt cch hon ton so vi cc dy n cho php cc ngn tay ca bn mc cc dy n vi lc ti a. Hy xem chng 13 c thm thng tin v phong cch rest stroke v free stroke.

Bn Khng phi c nhc hiu cc k hiu Guitar

Mc du bn khng cn phi c nhc chi guitar, cc nhc s pht trin mt vi cc mu mo nh qua nhiu nm gip cho vic truyn t cc tng n gin nh cu trc bi ht, s xy dng hp m (chord), chui hp m (chord progressions), v cc hnh minh ha nhp iu quan trng. a ra cc cch vit tc k cho biu hp m, cc vch cho cho hp m, v tablature (m chng ta s din t trong cc on sau), v bn chc chn bt u nm c cc cu lick nhanh hn picking ca Roy Clark sau ba tch coffee.

Chng ti ha rng bn khng cn c nhc chi guitar. Vi s gip ca cc biu hp m, cc gch cho ca hp m, v tablature m chng ti s din gii trong on ny, cng thm vic nghe tt c cc m thanh ny thng qua s ma thut ca cng ngh CD, bn c th a ra mi th m bn cn hiu v chi guitar. Bt u trong chng 4, bn hy lng nghe k CD v theo cc v d tng ng bo m rng bn hiu s lin quan gia 2 ci . Getting by with a little help from a chord diagram

ng lo lng vic c mt s hp m th khng ging nh vic c nhc; N th n gin hn nhiu. Tt c bn cn lm l hiu c ch no t cc ngn tay hnh thnh nn mt hp m. Mt hp m c nh ngha l s vang ln ng thi ca ba note hoc nhiu hn. Hnh 3-6 trnh by ch thch ca mt s hp m, v danh sch sau din t ngn gn cc thnh phn khc nhau v ngha ca s : 45

- Li ca 6 ng thng ng v 5 ng nm ngang i din cho bn phm guitar, nh khi bn t ng cy guitar trn sn hoc gh v nhn thng vo phn trn ca cn n t mt trc. - Cc ng thng ng i din cho cc dy n. ng nm ngang nm xa v pha tri l dy thp s 6, v ng nm thng ng bn phi nht l dy cao s 1. - Cc ng nm ngang i din cho cc phm n. ng nm ngang dy ti nh l Nut ca guitar, ni m bn phm kt thc. V th phm u tin trn thc t l vch nm ngang th hai so vi nh. (ng cc ngn t y lm bn bi ri; hy nhn vo cy guitar.) - Cc chm m xut hin trn cc dy n thng ng gia cc ng phm nm ngang i din cho cc note nhc m bn n. - Cc ch s ghi trc tip bn di mi ng dy n ( bn di ca ng phm cui cng) ch rng ngn tay no ca tay tri bn s dng nhn note. Trn tay tri, 1 = ngn tr; 2= ngn gia; 3= ngn nhn, ngn k; 4= ngn t. Bn ng s dng ngn ci nhn, ngoi tr trong cc trng hp c bit no . - Cc k t X hoc O nm trc tip trn mt vi ng dy n ch rng cc dy n m bn bung (khng nhn) hoc bn khng chi. K t X (khng trnh by trong Hnh 3-6) trn mt dy c ngha rng bn ng khy (pick) hoc strike vi tay phi ca bn. Mt k t O ch rng mt dy m m bn s chi.

46

Nu mt hp m bt u trn mt phm m khng phi l phm u (hp m m bn s thy trong chng 10 v 11), th mt con s xut hin bn phi ca s , cnh vi nh ca ng phm n, ch rng phm thc s bt u l u. (Trong cc trng hp ny, ng trn nh khng phi l Nut.) Trong hu ht cc trng hp, tuy nhin, bn i mt hu ht vi cc hp m m ch nm trong 4 phm u ca guitar. Cc hp m m nm trong 4 phm u c bit s dng cc dy m, v th chng c gi l cc hp m m( open chord). Vic c cc vch xin (/) rhythm Cc nhc s s dng nhiu cc mu mo tc k trnh by cc ch dn m nhc no . H s dng dng tc k bi v, mc du mt khi nim m nhc bn thn n th n gin, ch rng k hiu dng m nhc chun c th ha ra l phc tp mt cch qu mc v cng knh. V th h s dng mt cheat sheet hoc mt road map t c im ct li v hn na trnh i vn ca vic c (hoc vit) nhc. Cc vch sc cho Rhythm l cc gch cho (/) n gin ni cho bn bit bng cch no chi cho ra cc giai iu m khng phi l chi ci g. Hp m trong tay tri ca bn xc nh bn s chi ci g. Ly v d, khi bn nhn vo s trnh by trong hnh 3-7.

Nu bn nhn thy mt k hiu hp m nh vy vi 4 gch sc bn di n, nh trnh by trong hnh, bn bit l hy nhn hp m E v nh n (strike) 4 ln. iu bn khng thy, tuy nhin, l mt nhm cc note khc nhau v cao nm trn cc ng k ca khung nhc, including several hole-in-the-center half notes and a slew of solid quarter notes ni tm li, bt k th ph thi m bn cn ghi nh trong lp ny ch l chi Mary Had a Little Lamb trn my ghi m. Tt c bn cn nh trong s ny l chi hp m E 4 ln. iu ny n gin, c ng khng? Xem tablature

Tablature (hoc tab, dng tt) l h thng k hiu m trnh by mt cch sinh ng cc phm v cc dy n ca guitar. Nhng ngc li cc biu hp m dng tnh, tablature ch cho bn chi nhc nh th no thng qua mt khong thi gian. i vi tt c cc v d m nhc xut hin trong sch ny, bn s nhn thy khung tablature (hoc tab, dng tt) bn di khung nhc chun. Khung nhc th 2 ny phn nh chnh xc iu g 47

din ra trong khung nhc u n bn trn n nhng theo ngn ng guitar. Tab l c trng ca guitar S tht, nhiu cch gi n n gin guitar tab. Tab khng cho bn bit note chi (chng hn nh C hoc F# hoc Eb). N, tuy nhin, ni cho bn bit dy n no nhn v chnh xc ni no trn bn phm nhn dy . Hnh 3-8 ch cho bn khung tab v mt vi note v d v mt hp m. Dng trn u ca khung tab i din cho dy s 1 ca guitar E cao. Dng cui y ca tab tng ng vi dy 6 trn guitar, E thp. Cc dng khc i din cho 4 dy khc gia dng th 2 t y ln l dy s 5, v vn vn. Mt con s xut hin trn mt dng no ni cho bn bit nhn dy theo phm c nh s. V d, nu bn nhn thy s 2 trn dng 2 so vi dy u, th bn cn nhn dy s 2 ti phm s 2 so vi Nut (thc t, khong cch gia cc phm kim loi th nht v th 2). Mt k hiu O trn mt ng c ngha l bn hy chi dy bung.

Chi hp m nh th no
Cc hp m l nhng khi xy dng nn tng ca cc bi ht. Bn c th chi mt hp m (s pht m ng thi ca 3 note hoc hn) theo nhiu cch trn guitar bng cch strumming (ko ming khy hoc mt lng ca cc mng tay ca bng ngang qua cc dy n mt cch n l, di chuyn nhanh: ri), plucking (vi cc ngn tay phi ring bit: bng), hoc thm ch v (smacking) cc dy n vi bn tay m hoc nm. (OK, ci ny th him, tr khi bn trong mt band heavy metal). Nhng bn c khng th nh (strike) bt k nhm note no; bn phi chi mt nhm note c t chc theo sp xp c ngha m nhc. i vi cc tay guitar, c ngha l vic hc cc dng hp m tay tri. Ngn bm 1 hp m Sau khi bn ngh rng bn hiu (mt cht) v k hiu guitar m chng ti din gii trong cc on trc, li tuyn on tt nht ca bn l hy di chuyn ng ch v chi hp m u tin ca bn. Chng ti ngh rng bn hy bng vi hp m E trng, bi v n l mt hp m guitar thn thuc c bit v l hp m m bn s s dng nhiu. Sau khi bn bit c ngha ca vic chi cc hp m, cui cng bn thy rng bn c th duy chuyn vi ngn tay vo v tr mt cch ng thi. Cn by gi, tuy nhin, hy t cc ngn tay ca bn mt ln trn cc phm n v dy n nh cu trc ch dn sau y ( bn cng c th tham kho hnh 3-6): 1. Hy t ngn tay tr trn dy s 3, nhn phm u (thc t l gia Nut v thanh phm u nhng gn thanh phm hn )

48

ng nhn cng cho ti khi bn t cc ngn tay khc vo ch. Ch t lc gi ngn tay ca bn khng ri khi dy n. 2. Hy t ngn tay gia ca bn ln dy s 5( nhy qua dy s 4), phm th 2. Mt ln na, ch t lc nhn gi cc ngn tay ca bn vo ch. By gi bn c 2 ngn tay trn guitar, trn dy s 3 v dy s 5, cho n by gi vi mt dy khng c nhn (s 4) nm gia. 3. Hy t ngn tay th 3 ca bn trn dy s 4, phm th 2. Bn c th cn lch ngn nhn (k) mt cht t n ng vo ch gia ngn tr v ngn gia v bn di thanh phm. Hnh 3-9 trnh by mt bc nh v cch hp m E ca bn nhn nh th no sau khi tt c cc ngn tay ca bn t vo ng v tr. By gi bn th cc ngn tay ca bn ng v tr, hy nh(strike) c 6 dy vi tay phi ca bn nghe hp m u tin ca bn, E.

Trnh ting d, nhiu

Mt trong nhng iu kh trong vic chi cc hp m l phi trnh ting d, nhiu. Ting d gy ra khi bn nhn khng mnh ln phm. Mt ting d cng c th gy ra khi mt ngn nhn tnh c tip xc vi mt dy n k cn, vic ngn chn dy khi vang ln mt cch t do. ng c b cc ngn tay ca bn khi cc phm n, hy c rocking v rolling cc ngn tay ca bn quanh ch u ngn kh i bt k ting d no khi bn khy(strum) mt hp m.

Phn 2. Hy bt u chi:
49

Cc kin thc cn bn
Trong phn ny
y l phn m mi iu thc s bt u xy ra, theo con ng Woodstock din ra (s tht, nu bn mun t tn ring phn ny l Woodstock, d nhin l hon ton ok vi chng ti). y l phn m bn thc s bt u chi guitar. Chng 4 trnh by cho bn vi mt vi cng c m s l nhng ngi bn u tin v lu di nht: cc hp m th v trng v tr m. Nhng cng c ny l nhng cch nhanh nht, d nht bt u vic nhn ra m nhc trn cy guitar, hn na chng cng l thnh phn khng thay i ca nhc guitar. Nu bn ch lm vic chm ch mt chng trong cun sch ny, th n s l Chng 4. Chng 5 cung cp cho bn kin thc c bn ca cc giai iu note n, bn c th thm vo mt vi giai iu trong vic chi ca bn. Cui cng, phn ny kt li vi mt cht hng v, khi chng ti thm vo cc hp m 7th cho hn hp.

Chng 4: Cch n gin nht chi: Cc hp m Major(trng) v Minor (th) cn bn

Trong chng ny
- Chi cc hp m trong h A - Chi cc hp m trong h D - Chi cc hp m trong h G - Chi cc hp m trong h C - Chi cc bi nhc vi cc hp m trng (Major) v th (minor) cn bn - Sweatin to the oldies Vic m nhc cho chnh bn khi bn ht cc bi ht yu thch ca bn hoc khi mt ngi no ht chng nu ging ht ca bn km s du dng l mt trong nhng cch tt nht thc hnh cc hp m guitar c bn. Nu bn bit cch chi cc hp m c bn, bn c th chi nhiu bi ht ph bin ng cch t Skip to My Lou ti Louie Louie. Trong chng ny, chng ti t chc cc hp m trng v th thnh h. Mt h hp m n gin l mt nhm cc hp m c lin h vi nhau. Chng ta ni chng c lin h bi v bn s thng s dng cc hp m ny cng nhau chi cc bi ht. Khi nim ny phn no ging nh vic phi mu trn qun o ca bn hoc kt hp mt nhm cc thc phm to ra mt ba n cn bng. Cc hp m trong cng h s i cng nhau ging nh b lc v chocolate (Ngoi tr nhng hp m trong cng h th l s hn n). Song song, chng ti s gip bn m rng vn t v k hiu guitar khi bn bt u pht trin cc k nng chi hp m v cc k nng strumming.

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Hy ngh mt h hp m nh mt ci cy. Nu mt trong nhng hp m ca mt h - hp m m ging nh c s trong mt bi ht (thng l hp m bn khi u v kt thc trong mt bi ht) l gc ca mt ci cy, th cc hp m khc trong h l cc cnh mc ln t cng ci gc . Cng nhau, gc v cc cnh lm thnh mt gia nh/h. Hy t tt c chng cng nhau v bn c mt vn sum ser, lm thnh mt bi ht. Nhn tin, khi nim k thut ch mt h l key (kha). V th bn c th ni vi iu nh l Bi ht ny s dng cc hp m h A hoc Bi ht ny theo kha ca A(the key of A).

Chi cc hp m trong h A
H A l mt h ph bin trong vic chi cc bi ht trn guitar bi v, nh cc h khc chng ti trnh by trong chng ny, cc hp m ca h ny th d dng chi. l bi v cc hp m h A bao gm cc dy m (cc dy n m bn chi m khng cn phi nhn cc note xung). Cc hp m m c nhng dy m c gi l cc hp m m, hoc cc hp m v tr m. Hy lng ngh bi Fire and Rain, bi James Taylor, thy m thanh ca mt bi ht m s dng cc hp m h A. Cc hp m c bn trong h A l A, D, v E. Mi hp m ny c bit n l mt hp m trng. Mt hp m c tn c t bi mt k t ng mt mnh n, chng hn nh (A, D, v E), th lun lun l trng. (Xem phn bn l Cc tnh cht ca hp m trong chng ny s gii thch v s khc nhau ca cc loi hp m).

Ngn bm cc hp m h A
Hy nh rng khi bm cc hp m, bn s dng cc u ngn tay, t chng ng sau phm (trn mt hng v kha n). Hy un cong cc ngn tay ca bn cc u ngn tay nm thng ng vi cn n. V m bo rng cc mng tay tri ca bn c ct ngn chng khng ngn chn bn khi vic nhn cc dy n st xung bn phm. Hnh 4-1 trnh by cc ngn bm cho cc hp m A, D v E Cc hp m cn bn trong h A. (Nu bn cha r v vic c cc s hp m, hy kim tra li thng tin trong chng 3 v cc s hp m).

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Playing callusly(chai, sn)

Vic chi cc hp m c th b au mt cht lc u. (Chng ti ni iu ny vi bn, ch khng phi cho ngi trong tm nghe; no cc bn, chng ti khng c rng n au mt cch d tn.) Chng l vn g, nu bn cha bao gi chi guitar trc , cc u ngn tay tri ca bn th mm. Vic nhn mt dy n guitar, v th, s hu ht cm thy trn cc u ngn tay ca bn nh ang ng mt ci gai st vo tay chn ca bn. (Ouch!) Ni tm li, vic nhn xung dy n gy ra au. Trng thi ny l khng k l thc t, l iu rt bnh thng i vi nhng tay guitar mi bt u. (Oh, s l iu k l nu bn khoi ci au .) Bn phi pht trin tt, dy nhng vt chai trn cc u ngn tay ca bn trc khi vic chi guitar c th cm thy thoi mi hon bo bao gi ht. C th bn phi mt vi tun hoc thm ch vi thng hnh thnh cc lp da cht bo v , iu ny ph thuc vo vic chi nhiu v chi thng xuyn hay khng ca bn. Nhng sau khi bn c c cc vt sn, bn s khng bao gi mt chng (hon ton, d th no i na). Nh mt thm phn ta n ti cao, bn l mt ngi chi guitar cho i. Bn c th pht trin cc cc chai bng vic chi cc hp m cn bn trong chng ny lp i lp li nhiu ln. Khi bn thc hin iu ny, bn cng t c khe, bn cho hai tay v cc ngn tay ca bn v tr nn thoi mi hn ni chung trong vic chi guitar. Trc khi bn bit n ang xy ra, vic nhn guitar s tr nn t nhin vi bn nh vic bt tay vi bn thn ca bn. Vi bt k iu kin vt l thng thng no, hy chc rng bn s ngng li v ngh ngi nu bn bt u cm thy mm yu hoc nghim trong trn cc ngn tay ca bn hoc tay ca bn. Vic hnh thnh cc cc chai cn c thi gian, v bn khng th vi vng (hoc yu, i vi vn , nh Diana Ross chng nhn). 52

ng chi bt k dy no c nh du vi bng k t X (dy th 6 trong hp m A v dy th 5 v th 6 trong hm m D). Ch nh(strike) 5 dy cao (t dy 5 xung dy 1) trong hp m A v 4 dy cao (t 4 ti 1) trong hp m D. Vic khy(strike) cc dy n c chn la c th l vng v lc u, nhng c tip tc v bn s bit cch lm iu . Nu bn chi mt dy n c nh du X v chng ti bt gp bn, th chng ti s thu hi c quyn picking ca bn mt cht.

Gy(Strumming) cc hp m h A
Hy s dng tay phi ca bn gy (strum) cc hp m h A vi mt trong cc cch sau: - Ming khy - Ngn tay ci - Mt lng ca cc mng tay (theo chuyn ng qut (ri) hng v pha sn). Bt u vic gy(strumming) t dy c cao thp nht ca hp m (pha ca hp m hng ln trn nh khi bn cm guitar) v gy (strum) hng xung nn.

Cc tnh cht hp m
Cc hp m c cc tnh cht khc nhau, cc tnh cht ny tuyt nhin khng quyt nh chng l nhng hp m tt hoc xu. Bn c th nh ngha tnh cht nh mi lin h gia cc note khc nhau m thnh lp nn hp m hoc n gin, hp m pht ra nh mt iu g . Bn cnh tnh cht ca hp m trng, cc tnh hp m khc bao gm th, 7th, 7th th, v 7 trng. Danh sch sau din t v cc tnh cht hp m ca cc loi ny:
th

- Cc hp m trng: Cc hp m n gin ny c m thanh vng chc, n nh, bnh tnh. - Cc hp m th: Cc hp m n gin ny c m thanh mm(soft), i khi l bun. - Cc hp m 7th: Cc hp m l bluesy(iu nhy blue, nhc blues), m thanh si ni. - Cc hp m 7th th: Cc hp m ny du dng, m du v jazzy(vui nhn, tc ci).

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- Cc hp m 7th trng: Cc hp m ny nghe ti sng v jazzy (vui nhn, tc ci). Mi loi hp m, hoc tnh cht hp m, c mt loi m thanh khc nhau, v bn thng c th nhn ra loi hp m ch bng cch nghe n. Hy lng nghe, v d, m thanh ca mt hp m trng bng cch gy (strumming) A, D, v E. ( thm thng tin v cc hp m 7th, 7th th, v 7th trng, hy kim tra chng 6). Mt chui (progression) n gin l mt chui cc hp m m bn chi t hp m ny sau hp m khc. Hnh 4-2 trnh by mt chui n gin trong kha ca A v ch dn cho bn gy (strum: gy di, gy nhiu dy) mi hp m theo th t trnh by (c t tri sang phi) bn ln. Tt c s dng downstroke(nh ging xung) (keo ming khy ca bn ngang qua cc dy n hng xung nn ) khi bn chi. Hy lng nghe v d ny trn CD nghe giai iu ca chui ny v c gng chi cng vi n.

Sau khi gy(strumming: gy di, gy nhiu dy) mi hp m 4 ln, bn ti mt vch ng trong on nhc m theo sau 4 k t gy (strum). Vch ny l mt gch/vch nhp. y khng phi l mt note nhc no m bn phi chi. Cc vch nhp v th gic phn chia on nhc thnh cc on nh hn c gi l cc nhp (measures), hoc bars. (Bn c th s dng cc khi nim ny thay cho nhau; c 2 khi nim ny cng mt ngha). Cc nhp lm cho nhc c vit n gin hn c th hiu, bi v chng chia on nhc ra nhng phn on nh, d tiu ha hn. Hy xem ph lc A bit thm thng tin v cc vch nhp v nhp. ng lng l hoc ngng li ti vch nhp. Hy gi tc gy (strumming) u sut, thm ch khi bn chi gia cc nhp l, trong khng gian tng tng t im kt ca mt nhp ti im u ca nhp k m vch nhp trnh by. Bt u vic chi cng chm theo mc cn thit gip bn gi nhp mt cch u n. Bn lun lun c th tng tc khi bn tr nn t tin v thnh tho trong vic bm hp m v chuyn hp m ca bn. Bng vic chi mt chui hp m lp i lp li, bn bt u pht trn bn ca tay tri v v cc chai trn cc u ngn tay ca bn. C gng (v c gng v c gng). 54

Nu bn mun chi mt bi ht ngay tc th, bn c th. Hy nhy ti on (skip to the section) Chi cc bi nhc vi cc hp m trng (Major) v th (minor) cn bn, ti phn cui ca chng ny. Bi v bn by gi bit cc hp m m c bn trong h A, bn c th chi Kumbaya. Rock on!

Chi cc hp m trong h D
Hp m cn bn m lm thnh h D l D, Em (c l E th), G, v A. H D, v th, chia s 2 hp m m c bn vi h A (D v A) v gii thiu 2 hp m mi: Em v G. Bi v bn bit cch chi 2 hp m D v A t on trc ri (Chi cc hp m trong h A), bn ch cn tip tc thm 2 hp m na thm vo tng th h D ti danh mc ca bn:Em v G. Hy nghe bi Here Comes the Sun, bi the Beatles, nghe m thanh ca mt bi ht m s dng cc hp m h D. (Phn ny c th cha chnh xc). Minor (th) din t tnh cht ca mt loi hp m. Mt hp m th c m thanh khc r rt so vi mt hp m trng. Bn c th nh r c im m thanh ca mt hp m th nh l bun(sad), m m(mournful), s hi(scary), hoc thm ch g (ominous). Hy nh rng s lin h ca cc note m cu thnh hp m s xc nh tnh cht ca hp m. Mt hp m c t tn bng mt k t hoa v c theo sau bi mt ch m nh th lun lun l th.

Ngn bm cc hp m h D
Hnh 4-3 ch cho bn cch bm 2 hp m c bn trong h D m khng nm trong h A. Bn c th ch rng khng dy no trong c hai s hp m c hin th k t X, v th bn hy thc hin gy tt c cc dy bt k khi no bn chi hp m G hoc Em. Nu bn cm thy thch ni, hy tin ln v tn dng bng cch ko ming khy hoc cc ngn tay phi ca bn ngang qua cc dy in a big keraang.

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Hy th mo sau nhanh chng t c cch chi hp m Em v nghe s khc bit gia tnh cht trng v th: Hy chi E, l hp m trng, v sau nhc ngn tay tr ca bn ra khi dy s 3. By gi th bn ang chi hp m Em, l kiu hp m th ca E. Bng cch lun phin 2 hp m, bn c th d dng nghe thy s khc nhau v tnh cht gia mt hp m trng v th. Cng vy, ch vic n lun phin i vi G (2-3-4 thay cho 1-2-3). Khi tay ca bn t c bn v tr nn linh hot hn, bn mun chuyn vic bm 2-3-4 thay cho cch bm 1-2-3 d hn lc u (Phin bn trnh by trong hnh 4-3). Bn c th chuyn cc hp m khc d hn v hiu qu hn bng cch dng ngn bm 2-3-4 cho hp m G.

Gy cc hp m h D
Trong hnh 4-4, bn s chi mt chui hp m n gin s dng cc hp m h D. Ch s khc nhau trong vic gy(strum) trong hnh ny vi hnh 4-2. Trong hnh 42, bn gy (strum: gy di) mi hp m bn ln trn 1 nhp. Mi gy(strum) l mt nhp p, hoc nhp. Hnh 4-4 chia gy th 2 ca mi nhp (hoc nhp th 2) thnh 2 gy ln v xung c 2 (ln v xung) cng nhau chim thi gian ca mt nhp, ngha l bn phi chi mi gy trong nhp th 2 nhanh hn 2 ln so vi bn gy u n nh trn. K t thm vo vi k t gy c ngha rng bn hy gy (strum) xung pha sn, v V ngha l bn hy gy(strum) ln hng ln pha trn. (Nu bn chi guitar trong khi eo cc i giy ng trng lc, tuy nhin, bn phi o ngc 2 li ch dn cui ny li.) Khi nim sim, l mt cch vit tt ca ting simile, ch cho bn hy c chi theo li tng t - trong trng hp ny hy tip tc gy (strumming) theo mu xung, xungln, xung, xung.

Nu bn ch s dng cc ngn tay gy(strum), th hy gy ln vi lng ca mng ngn tay ci bt k khi no bn nhn thy k t V.

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Vic hiu bit cc hp m m c bn trong h D (D, Em, G, v A) cho php bn chi mt bi ht trong kha ca D ngay by gi. Nu bn nhy ti on Chi cc bi nhc vi cc hp m trng (Major) v th (minor) cn bn,cui trong chng ny, bn c th chi bi ht Swing Low, Sweet Chariot ngay by gi. Hy lm iu !

Chi cc hp m trong h G
Bng cch x tr cc h hp m lin quan ti nhau (nh A, D v G), bn hy p dng kin thc ca bn t h ti h trong dng ca cc hp m m bn bit t cc h sm hn. Cc hp m c bn m cu thnh h G l G, Am, C, D, v Em. Nu bn bit G, D v Em ri ( din gii cc phn trc trong h A v D), by gi bn c th th hp m Am v C. Hy lng nghe bi Youve Got a Friend, c chi bi James Taylor, nghe m thanh ca mt bi ht m s dng cc hp m h G.

Ngn bm cc hp m h G
Trong hnh 4-5, bn nhn thy cc ngn bm cho cc hp m Am v C, cc hp m mi ny m bn cn chi trong h G. Ch rng ngn bm ca 2 hp m ny l tng t: mi hp m u c ngn 1 trn dy s 2, phm u tin, v ngn 2 trn dy 4, phm 2. (ch c ngn 3 phi thay i vic thm vo hoc b n ra trong vic chuyn gia 2 hp m ny.) Trong vic di chuyn gia cc hp m ny, hy gi hai ngn tay u ti ch trn cc dy. Vic chuyn hp m th lun d hn nu bn khng cn phi di chuyn tt c cc ngn tay ca bn ti cc v tr mi. Nhng note m cc hp m khc nhau chia s c gi l cc m chung. Ch k t X nm trn dy s 6 trong mi hp m ny. ng chi dy trong khi gy hp m C hoc Am. (We mean it!)

Gy cc hp m h G
Hnh 4-6 trnh by chui hp m n gin m bn c th chi bng cch s dng cc hp m h G. Chi chui hp m ny lp i lp li cho quen vic chuyn hp m v hnh thnh nn cc cc chai trn tay tri ca bn. Vic ny s tr nn d dng hn sau khi bn tp c 1 lc. Chng ti ha!

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Ch rng, trong mi nhp, bn chi nhp 2 v nhp 3 bng cc gy xung ln. Hy lng nghe CD nghe m thanh ny.

Vic hiu cc hp m m c bn trong h G (G, Am, C,D v Em) cho php bn chi mt bi ht kha ca G ngay by gi. Hy nhy ti on Chi cc bi nhc vi cc hp m trng (Major) v th (minor) cn bn, phn cui trong chng ny, v bn c th chi bi Auld Lang Syne. Bi v ngi chn cu c yn lng sau khi cu m tr v n ni, Happy, Ewe Near.

Chi cc hp m trong h C
H hp m cui cng m chng ti cn tho lun l C. Mi ngi ni rng kha C l kha d nht chi. l bi v kha C ch s dng cc note kha trng (white-key) ca n piano trong thang m ca n v, kiu ny, l mt kiu sp xp ca l thuyt m nhc the point at which everything (and, usually, everyone) begins in music. Chng ti t h C cui cng trong chng ny bi v, heck ( qu tha ma bt), n rt d v n c nhiu hp m trong h ca n qu nhiu hp m c th lm ch tt c trong 1 ln.

Cc hp m cn bn m cu thnh h C l C, Dm, Em, F, G v Am. Nu bn thc hnh cc on trc v cc hp m h A-, D-, v G, th bn bit cc hp m C, Em, G v Am. (Nu cha, hy kim tra li.) V th trong on ny, bn ch cn t c 2 hp m na: Dm v F. Sau khi bn bit thm 2 hp m ny na, bn bit tt c cc hp m trng v th cn bn m chng ti trnh by trong chng ny down pat. Hy lng nghe bi Dust in the Wind, bi Kansas hoc The Boxer, bi Simon and Garfunkel nghe m thanh ca mt bi ht m s dng cc hp m h C.

Ngn bm cc hp m h C

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Trong hnh 4-7, bn nhn thy cc hp m mi m bn cn chi trong h C. Ch rng c hp m Dm v F c cng ngn th 2 trn dy 3, phm th 2. Hy gi m chung ny khi bn chuyn i gia 2 hp m ny.

Nhiu ngi thy l hp m F l hp m kh nht chi trong tt c cc hp m trng v th cn bn. l bi v F khng s dng cc dy m, v n cng i hi phi chn. Chn c ngha l bn phi nhn 2 dy hoc hn khi chi vi ch mt ngn tay tri. chi hp m F, chng hn, bn phi dng ngn tay tr nhn xung c 2 dy s 1 v s 2 ti phm u tin mt cch ng thi. Bn phi s dng lc nhn ngn tay mnh chi cc note chn. Lc u, bn c th thy rng, khi bn gy hp m (ch gy 4 dy cao, nh cc du X trn s hp m c ch), bn s nghe cc ting d hoc cc dy n b cm. Hy th nghim vi vic t ngn tay tr ca bn nhiu kiu khc nhau. Th hiu chnh gc ca ngn tay ca bn hoc th xoay ngn tay ca bn nh theo cnh ca n. Tip tc th cho ti khi bn tm ra v tr cho ngn tr m cho php tt c 4 dy n ku mt cch sch khi bn gy chng.

Gy cc hp m h C
Hnh 4-8 trnh by mt chui hp m n gin m bn c th chi bng cch s dng cc hp m h C. Hy chi chui hp m lp i lp li quen vi vic chuyn i gia cc hp m trong h ny v, d nhin, gip xy dng cc cc chai nh kh chu .

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Hy nhn hnh 4-8. Ch rng ng un cong ni na nhp ln ca nhp th 2 ti nhp th 3. ng un cong ny c gi l du ni (tie). Mt du ni ni cho bn bit ng gy note th 2 trong cp 2 note c ni (trong trng hp ny, note l nhp th 3). Thay vo , hy gi hp m trn nhp (hy n vang) m khng gy li n vi tay phi ca bn. Hy lng nghe CD nghe m thanh ca mu gy(strum) ny. Hiu ng giai iu hi nghch tai ny l v d v s nhn lch (syncopation: s nhn lch, s rt b m gia t). Trong s nhn lch, nhc s hoc l gy mt note (hoc hp m ) ti ni m bn khng mong i nghe n hoc l khng nh gy mt note (hoc hp m) ni m bn mong i nghe n.

Bn c th thng mong i gy cc note trn cc nhp (1,2,3,4). Trong v d hnh 4-8, tuy nhin, bn khng gy hp m trong nhp 3. S bin i trong mu gy(strumming) lm cho hp m trn nhp 2 cm gic nh n c nhn mnh(accentuated) (hoc, nh cc nhc s ni, trng m accented). S nhn ny lm ngt qung nhp iu thng thng ca on nhc, kt qu ca s nhn lch trong on nhc. S nhn lch lm thay i mu u u ca cc nhp v to ra mt s ngc nhin trong m nhc. S cn bng gia mong i v ngc nhin trong m nhc l iu gi s hng th cho ngi nghe. (Well, that and the promise of free hors doeuvres at the intermission.)

chi mt bi ht m s dng cc hp m h C ngay by gi, hy nhy ti bi ht Micheal, Row the Boat Ashore, trong phn Chi cc bi nhc vi cc hp m trng (Major) v th (minor) cn bn cui trong chng ny, Chc may mn (Bon voyage)!

Chi cc bi nhc vi cc hp m trng (Major) v th (minor) cn bn

on ny l ni m m nhc thc s din ra bn bit, nhng bi ht. Nu nhng ta y nghe nh li vo nhng ngy cm tri qu kh in the distant recesses of your youth, fear not, young-at-heart campers. Nhng bi ht ny, mc du nh n gin, nhng minh ha cho ton b cc im chnh m p dng vo chng ti s ni v n? cc th loi nhc hipper. Hy t c cc bi ht ny trc, v bn chc chn s chi nhc theo s chn la ca bn in no time Chng ti ha!

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Bn c th ch rng tt c cc v d v gy(strumming) m chng ti cung cp trong chng ny ch l di 4 nhp. Tt c cc bi tp ca bn c gii hn theo cch ny, bn c th thc mc phi khng? Khng, nhng nhng nhc s rt thng vit nhc theo chui 4 nhp. V th di ca cc bi tp ny chun b cho bn cc on thc t trong cc bi nhc thc th. Bn cng c th ch rng mi v d v gy (strumming) l theo thi gian 4/4, c ngha l mi nhp c 4 nhp. C l do no khc na khng? Hu ht cc bi ht ph dng cha 4 nhp trn mt nhp, v th thi k s thi gian 4/4 trong cc bi tp cng chun b cho bn chi cc bi ht thc th. (Hy xem ph lc A thm thng tin v k s thi gian.) Trong nhng v d m bn thy trong cc on trn ca chng ny, bn chi mi hp m cho nguyn mt nhp. Nhng trong on ny ca nhng bi ht thc th, bn i khi chi mt hp m n cho hn mt nhp, v thnh thong bn thay i nhiu hp m trong mt nhp. Hy lng nghe CD nghe giai iu ca s thay i hp m khi bn nhm theo nhp (1,2,3,4) m xut hin bn di khung nhc guitar.

Sau khi bn c th chi mt cch thoi mi theo cch ca bn sut nhng bi ht ny, hy c gng nh chng. Cch , bn khng cn phi nhn vo cun sch ny khi bn c gng pht trin giai iu(rhythm) ca bn. Nu bn cm thy chn vi nhng bi ht ny hoc vi cch bn chi nhng bi ht ny hy trnh by m nhc vi mt ngi bn cng chi guitar v hi anh ta chi cc bi ht tng t bng cch s dng cc mu strumming v cc v tr hp m m chng ti ch dn. Vic lng nghe mt ngi khc chi gip bn nghe bi ht mt cch khch quan, v nu bn ca bn c mt cht tinh t, bn c th t c mt hoc 2 meo nh tuyt vi. Tip tc lm vic truyn mt cht c tnh vo nhng khi chi, thm ch nu bn ch gy(strumming) 1 bi nhc folk(dn gian) n gin. y l vi thng tin c bit gip bn chi nhng bi nhc trong on ny: - Kumbaya: chi Kumbaya (bi ht cm tri c bn), bn cn bit cch chi cc hp m A, D, v E (xem on Ngn bm cc hp m h A, trn trong chng ny); cch gy (strum) tt c dng k thut gy xung; v cch mi la bng cch s dng ch 2 cy ci v vi t giy kh.

nhp u tin trong bi ht ny c gi l pickup, l mt khng hon ho( thiu); ny khi u bi ht vi vic thiu 1 nhp hoc hn Trong trng hp 61

ny, thiu 2 nhp u. Trong sut pickup, phn guitar trng thi ngh, hoc phn nhc im lng. ng chi trong sut thi gian ngh; hy bt u chi trn m tit ya trn nhp u. Ch , cng, rng nhp cui th thiu 2 nhp nhp 3 v nhp 4. Cc nhp thiu trong cui cho php bn lp li pickup trong vic chi lp li bi ht, v lm cho nhp , c kt hp vi nhp khng hon ho u, tng th to ra 4 nhp cn c. - Swing Low, Sweet Chariot: chi Swing Low, Sweet Chariot, bn cn bit cch chi cc hp m D, Em, G v A (hy xem on Ngn bm cc hp m h D, on trc trong chng ny); cch gy xung v xung-ln; v cch ht nh James Earl Jones. Bi ht ny bt u vi mt nhp pickup(nhp thiu), v guitar ngh trong nhp ny. Ch rng nhp 2 ca 2, 4, v 6 c 2 gy thay v 1 gy. Hy gy (strum) cc nhp xung v sau ln ( v V) vi mi gy (strum) thc hin nhanh hn 2 ln so vi mt gy bnh thng khc. - Auld Lang Syne: chi bi Auld Lang Syne, bn cn bit cch chi cc hp m G, Am, C, D v Em (hy xem on Ngn bm cc hp m h G, phn trc trong chng ny); cch gy xung v xung-ln; v what Auld Lang Syne means in the first place. nhp 8 l mt mo nh, bi v bn s chi 3 hp m khc nhau trong cng mt nhp (Em, Am v D). Trong na nhp sau, bn thay i cc hp m trn mi nhp hy thc hin 1 gy trn mi hp m. Hy thc hnh chi 8 chm ri, v lp i lp li. Sau chi c bi ht. Ch : trong s thay i gia G v C (cc vch nhp 4-6 v 12-19), hy bm hp m G vi cc ngn 2, 3, v 4 thay v 1,2, v 3 lm cho vic chuyn hp m c d dng hn. Nu bn n hp theo cch ny, th ngn tay th 2 v th 3 hnh thnh nn 1 hnh dng m d dng di chuyn trn mt dy. - Micheal, Row the Boat Ashore: chi Micheal, Row the Boat Ashore, bn cn bit cch chi cc hp m C, Dm, Em, F v G (xem on Ngn bm cc hp m h C, phn trc trong chng ny); cch gy mt note-chia tm (eighth-note) nhn lch/o phch (hy xem on Gy cc hp m h C, phn trc trong chng ny); v hiu ngha ca t hootenanny. Mu gy y c o phch (nhn lch). ng tc gy m thng thng xut hin nhp 3 c nhn lch, ngha l n thc t n t na nhp ca nhp trc . Loi o phch(nhn lch) ny lm cho bi ht ging kiu Latin. Hy lng nghe CD thy iu gy. Hy nh, trn cc hp m Dm v F, bn ng gy hai dy thp nht (6 v 5). i vi hp m C, ng gy dy thp nht (6).

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Vui mt cht vi cc hp m trng v th cn bn: S din tin/Chui hp m (Progression) Oldies

Nh chng ti ha trong phn gii thiu ca chng ny, bn c th chi nhiu bi ht ph bin ng cch nu bn bit cc hp m trng v th cn bn. Mt iu tuyt rng bn c th chi ngay lp tc l cc bi ht xa t nhng nm 50 v 60 chng hn nh Earth Angel v Duke of Earl. Cc bi ht ny c t nn tng mt vi iu i khi c gi l chui hp m c. Chui hp m c l mt chui ca 4 hp m; chng lp i lp li hnh thnh nn nhc m cho mt bn nhc.

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Bn c th chi chui hp m c bt k kha no, nhng cc kha guitar tt nht cho chui hp m c l C v G. Trong kha ca C, 4 hp m m cu thnh chui hp m l C-Am-F-G. V trong kha ca G, cc hp m l G-Em-C-D. Hy th gy chui hp m trong mi kha bng cch chi 4 gy xung trn mi hp m. Chi 4 hp m lp i lp li, theo chui c cng cp. Nu bn cn gip vi cc ngn bm ca cc hp m ny, hy coi li on Chi cc hp trong h C v Chi cc hp m trong h G, phn trc trong chng ny. S vui thch bt u khi bn ht nhng bi ht c trong khi chnh bn m vi cc chui hp m c. Khi bn ht mt bi ht no , bn s thy rng mt kha tt(C hoc G) tt hn ph hp vi m vc ging ca bn, v th hy dng kha . Vic chi cc bi nhc c c th tr nn say m, nhng tn hiu tt l , nu bn khng th dng li, bn s hnh thnh nn cc cc chai ca bn rt nhanh.

i vi mt vi bi ht, bn hy chi 4 gy mi gy mt nhp cho mt hp m; cc bi khc, bn chi 8 gy hoc 2. Bn di, chng ti lit k mt s bi ht m bn c th chi vi chui hp m c ngay by gi. Bn cnh , chng ti cng ch bn cn phi gy bao nhiu ln cho mi hp m. ng qun ht nh. Chc vui! - All I Have to Do Is Dream. 2 gy cho mt hp m. - Blue Moon. 2 gy cho mt hp m. - Breaking Up Is Hard to Do. 2 gy cho mt hp m. - Come Go with Me. 2 gy cho mt hp m. - Duke of Earl. 4 gy cho mt hp m. - Earth Angle. 2 gy cho mt hp m. - Heart and Soul. 2 gy cho mt hp m. - Hey Paula. 2 gy cho mt hp m. - In the Still of the Night. (mt bn bi Five, Satins, ch khng phi bn ca Cole Porter.) 4 gy cho mt hp m. - Little Darlin. 8 gy cho mt hp m. - Poor Little Fool. 4 gy cho mt hp m. - Runaround Sue. 8 gy cho mt hp m. - Sherry. 2 gy cho mt hp m.

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- Silhouettes. 2 gy cho mt hp m. - Stay. 2 gy cho mt hp m. - Take Good Care of My Baby. 4 gy cho mt hp m. - Tears on My Pillow. 2 gy cho mt hp m. - Teenager in Love. 4 gy cho mt hp m. - Whats Your Name. 2 gy cho mt hp m. - Why Do Fools Fall in Love? 2 gy cho mt hp m. - You Send Me. 2 gy cho mt hp m.

Chng 5: Chi cc giai iu(melodies) m khng cn c nhc

Trong chng ny
- c tablature(tab) - S dng ngn bm tay tri ng. - S dng phong cch picking(gy n, gy ngn) lun phin - Vic chi cc bi ht vi cc note n. Hu ht cc sch v guitar trnh by cc giai iu theo cch dy cho bn cch c nhc. Thc t, mc ch chnh ca hu ht cc sch guitar khng dy bn chi guitar trong th gii thc nhng dy bn c nhc thng qua guitar. S khc nhau ny th y ngha. Nu bn cm cy guitar v chi thng qua mt cun sch, suy cho cng bn c th chi cc bi ht ngn vn iu bi bn theo ng cc note mt phn t v cc note mt phn hai. Nhng nu bn hc chi nhc nh hu ht nhng ngi chi guitar hc thng qua nhng ngi bn ch bn cc cu lick hoc bng cch s dng tai ca bn bn c th tin xa hn chi Smoke on the Water, Sunshine of Your Love, Blackbird, v danh mc tng th ca Neil Young. Tt c mun ni rng bn khng cn phi c nhc chi guitar. Okey, v th c th vic c nhc l mt k nng c gi tr. Nhng mc ch ca chng ny s khng dy bn c nhc; n dy bn chi nhc. Nu chng ti cn trnh by cho bn mt cu lick, chng ti s dng tablature mt h thng k hiu c bit c thit k c bit cho vic trnh by cch m bn chi guitar. Hoc chng ti chuyn bn n CD bn c th nghe cu lick. Hoc c 2. Chng ti dnh cc giai iu trong chng ny ch yu bn c th tp cho quen hai tay ca bn trong vic chi cc note n. Theo cch , bt k khi no bn quyt nh

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mun chi nh mt guitar thc th - mt ngi kt hp cc hp m, cc giai iu, cc cu riffs, v cc cu lick vo s kt hp tng th - lc bn sn sng rock. Theo cch ny, mt cu lick l mt chui ngn, c giai iu, thng made up on the spot v ch c chi mt ln. Mt cu riff l mt chui giai iu ngn, thng c son l nhp iu m chnh trong mt bi nhc (nh trong bi Can you play the Day Tripper riff?).

Vic c tablature trong khi nghe CD

Cc con s trn khung tablature (hoc tab) ni cho bn bit cc phm no trn cc dy n cn bm vi tay tri ca bn. Mt k t 0 ch ra mt dy bung. Bng cch lng nghe CD, bn c th nghe khi chi cc note ny. V c an ton, hon ton, v hon ton khng cn thit, chng ti cng km theo cc k hiu chun v cc l do sau: - Cho nhng ngi bit c nhc ri. - Cho nhng ngi c k hoch c ph lc A (v cch c nhc) v p dng iu h c y. - Cho nhng ngi mun dn dn t c k nng v vic c nhc (t nht bi s thm thu nu khng phi l hc nghim khc) bng cch lng nghe CD v chi theo cng vi k hiu giai iu. - Cho chng ti, nhng tc gi, ngi ng gp cun sch.

nh hay y
m nhc trong cun sch ny bao gm mt khung i: k hiu m nhc chun nm trn, cn tab nm di y. Khung nm trn l cho nhng ngi c nhc hoc cho nhng ngi thch dng chun. Khung di y trnh by cng thng tin (tr giai iu) nhng dng cc con s tab. y l cch khung tab th hin th no.

Dng nm trn cng ca khung tab i din cho dy cao nht ca guitar (E cao). V tr ny ca cc dy n trong khung tap c th ngay lp t lm bn bi ri, bi v dy trn cng trong khung tab s 1 thc s l dy gn sn nht khi bn cm guitar trong v tr ang chi. Nhng hy tin chng ti, s sp t theo cch ny th trc quan hn, v sau khi bn c s hiu chnh trong ngh, bn s khng phi ngh v n mt ln na. Theo cch ny, nu bn m cy guitar mng vo lng, vi cn n i din vi trn nh, th dy s 1 cch xa bn nht, cng ging nh dng trn cng khi bn nhn vo khung tab trong sch. Hy xem cheat sheet (trang ghi nhng mo) on u ca cun sch thy c s minh ha bng th gic cho khi nim ny. 69

Hy tip tc, dng tab th hai so vi nh i din cho dy s 2 (B) v tip tc i xung dng tab di cng, dng ny i din cho dy s 6 (E thp) trn guitar. Trong tab guitar, cc dng i din cho cc dy n v cc s i din cho cc phm. Tab khng c chc nng, tuy nhin, ni cho bn bit cc ngn tay tri no bm. (K hiu dng chun cng khng gii quyt cho vn ny). Nhng hy ni nhiu v ngn bm sau ny.

Tri hay phi?

Nh vic c sch hoc nhc, bn s bt u t bn tri v tin sang phi trong vic c tab. Dng hnh 5-1 nh v d cho bn, bt u vi note u tin, note m bn chi ti phm u tin ca dy s 2. S thay th ca s tab trn dng s 2 so vi nh ni cho bn bit hy chi dy B dy cnh dy E cao v s 1 ni cho bn hy t ngn tay ca bn ti phm u tin. Hy tip tc v chi note v sau tin sang note k, note cng nm trn dy s 2, phm u. Tip tc di chuyn sang phi, chi cc note theo th t, cho ti khi ht. (ng lo lng v cc k t nm trn cc con s lc ny; chng ti s gii thch chng trong on Dng k thut nh lun phin (alternate picking), sau ny trong chng ny.) Cc ng gch ng m xut hin trn khung sau vi note l cc ng vch nhp (bar). Chng chia khung nhc nhng n v thi gian nh, c gi l cc vch nhp hoc nhp. Cc nhp gip bn m nhp v ct on nhc thnh nh hn, nhng n v d nhn hn. Trong hnh 5-1, bn nhn thy 4 nhp m mi nhp c 4 nhp. Hy xem ph lc A bit thm thng tin v cc nhp(beat) v nhp(measures).

Sau khi bn hiu cc khi nim nh i vi y v tri i vi phi trong khung tab v cng hiu cc dng ch v cc dy n v cc con s trn cc dng chi v tr phm n, bn c th lng nghe CD v theo kp (v chi) tab mt cch d dng. Hai phng tin truyn thng, CD v bn in, ng vai tr tng cng cho nhau. Nu bn cha thc hnh n, rng bn ang gy guitar theo cch a phng tin. (hy mail cho chng ti bng chng 70

mua sch v chng thi thm ch gi cho bn mt secret decoder ring v virtual-reality goggles! Ch a t thi!)

Nm vng v cc ngn bm tay tri

Sau khi bn hnh dung ra cch c guitar tablature, bn bit cc phm no cn nhn xung, nhng bn vn c th khng bit dng nhng ngn no bm xung cc phm. Oh, Chng ti c th r rng lm iu rt nhanh. Thng thng, bn khng cn bt k k hiu no bao cho bn bit cc ngn bm cn s dng, bi v hu ht bn thng chi ng v tr. Hy hon li vi chng ti mt cht. Mt v tr (position) trn guitar l mt nhm 4 phm lin tc; chng hn, cc phm 1,2,3,4 hoc 5,6,7,8. Phm u tin trong chui 4 im bt u mt v tr mi; v d, cc phm 2,3,4, v 5, cc phm 3,4,5, v 6, v vn vn, cng l cc v tr (position). Cch d dng nht chi cc giai iu trn guitar l chi chng trong v tr u hoc v tr 2 l vic s dng cc phm t 1 ti 4 hoc cc phm t ti 5 bi v cc v tr ny gn vi Nut, s cho php bn s dng d dng v trn tru cc dy bung cng nh cc note c nhn trong vic chi mt giai iu. V tr m bn thn n bao gm s kt hp ca tt c cc dy m cng vi cc note v tr s 1 v v tr s 2 cng nh cc hp m m bn chi v tr thp trn cn n s dng cc dy bung (A, D, Em v v.v) c gi l cc hp m m. ( bit thm thng tin v cc hp m m, xem li Chng 4.)

Trong bt k v tr no, mi ngn chi cc note ca mt phm no v ch chi phm . Ngn tr th lun lun chi cc note ca phm thp nht v tr (thp nht y ngha l hng v Nut), vi cc ngn khc bao hm cc ngn khc theo dy th t. v tr u, chng hn, cc s phm ph hp vi cc ngn ngn u tin (tr) chi cc note trong phm u; ngn th 2 (ngn gia) chi cc note trong phm th 2; v v.v. Vic s dng mt ngn tay trn mt phm cho php bn chuyn i gia cc note nhanh chng.

Khi bn chi cc giai iu v tr m trong chng ny, hy chc rng bn nhn cc ngn tay tri ca bn xung ng nh sau: - Nhn xung trn dy n vi u ngn tay ca bn trc thanh phm kim loi (hng v Nut). - Gi cho khp xng cui thng ng (cng thng ng cng cng tt) trn bn phm.

Dng k thut nh lun phin (alternate picking)

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Khi bn chi mt bn nhc, bn s dng c hai tay mt lc. Sau khi bn hnh dung ra cc note nhn vi tay tri, bn cn bit cch nh cc dy n nh th no vi tay phi.

Bn c th s dng hc l mt ming khy hoc l cc ngn tay phi nh cc note n; by gi, hy s dng ming khy, cm n chc gia ngn ci v ngn tr (thng ng so vi ngn ci v ch li u ming khy ra). Hy xem li Chng 3 bit thm v thng tin trong vic cm ming khy. (Chng ti s tho lun vic chi guitar bng cc ngn tay trong chng 12 v 13.) Gy lun phin (alternate picking: gy note n, gy ngn) l k tht gy tay phi m s dng c nh xung downstroke (hng xung sn) v nh ln upstroke (hng ln trn). Li im ca alternate picking l bn c th chi cc note nhc mau l, lin tip mt cch trn tru, tri chy. Cc note n m bn cn chi tng i nhanh th hu ht lun lun i hi k thut alternate picking. Hy th thc nghim sau: 1. Hy gi ming khy gia ngn ci v ngn tr trong tay phi ca bn. Mt ln na, hy xem chng 3 bit thm v vic cm phm. 2. Ch s dng downstrokes(gy (ngn) xung), gy dy m s 1 lp i lp li nhiu ln cng nhanh nu c th (xung-xung-xung-xung, v v.v). C gng chi cng trn tru v u n nh c th. 3. By gi hy lm iu tng t nhng thay phin gy downstrokes v upstrokes (xung-ln-xung-ln, v v.v). Di chuyn lun phin ny s cm thy nhanh hn v trn tru hn, ng khng? L do m bn c th chi nhanh hn vi alternate picking th r rng. chi 2 ln downstrokes lin tip, bn cn a ming khy v v tr trn dy E. Nhng trn thc t bng cch gy dy n vi ming khy theo chiu quay li (s dng upstroke) thay cho vic phi trnh cc dy n, bn c th nng cao tc ca bn rt ln. Hy kim tra chc rng bn hiu khi nim v alternate picking bng 2 bc sau y. Cc k t gy xung v gy ln th cng ging nh cc k t s dng trong chng 4 cho khi nim strumming(gy di). chi downstroke (k t nm trn tab), hy theo cc bc sau:

1. Hy bt u vi ming khy nh t pha trn dy n (trn pha trn). 2. Khy dy n theo chuyn ng i xung (hng xung sn). chi upstroke (k t V nm trn tab), hy theo cc bc sau: 72

1. Hy bt u pick t bn di dy n (pha nn). 2. Gy dy n theo chuyn ng hng ln (hng ln trn). Giai iu trong v d khung tab m chng ti trnh by trong hnh 5-1 thc s l bi Old MacDonald Had a Farm. Hy th chi giai iu bit n pht ra nh th no. Trc ht, hy chi giai iu chm, ch s dng downstrokes. Sau hy chi nhanh hn bng cch s dng alternate picking, nh cc k t nm trn khung tab ch dn. y l mt pick, l mt pick, mi ni mt pick-pick

Chi cc bi nhc vi giai iu n gin

Trong chng 4, tt c cc bi ht cc u chi trong nhp 4/4. Cc bi ht trong chng ny, mt khc, cc nhp khc nhau(meter:thc o). (Meter chi ra s nhp trong mt nhp: 4,3,2 v v.v; hy xem ph lc A bit thm thng tin v nhp v nhp.) Bn hy chi tt c cc bi ht v tr m. (hy xem phn Nm vng v cc ngn bm tay tri) u chng ny.) Bn c th bit cc bi ht trong chng ny c i bn, nhng khng bao gi ngh v chng trong thc m nhc Meter(nhp ca mt bi ht 2/4,3/4,..) ca chng l g v chng s dng giai iu (rhythms) g v hu ht chc chn bn khng bao gi ngh E-I-EI-O nh l lun phin downstrokes v upstrokes.

S tht rng c mt s lng ng k cc bi ht dn ca cho l n gin nhng giai iu m bn cha bao gi ngh 2 ln v chng trc y by gi lm cho bn cm thy chm v vng v khi bn c chi chng c th nh mt cht x hi. Nhng vic chi guitar l mt s n lc tch ly. Mi k thut bn t c, thm ch nu bn thc hnh n trong bi Little Brown Jug, p dng cho t c cc bi ht m s dng cng k thut, t Van Morrison ti Beethoven, t Moondance ti Moonlight Sonata. Hy i n cng vi mn k thut v nhng th theo sau . y l mt vi thng tin hu ch v cc bi ht gip bn tin ln: - Little Brown Jug: chi bi ht ny, bn cn bit cch m 2 nhp trn mt nhp ( hy xem ph lc A v lng nghe CD); cc nhn cc note trong v tr(position) u (hy xem on Nm vng v cc ngn bm tay tri, phn u trong chng ny); v cch lm mt bi ht m thanh say sa thch hp cho tr nh. Bi ht ny ch c 2 nhp trn mt nhp (khng phi 4). Time signature (2/4) chi cho bn bit iu ny. Hy chi tt cc note c nhn trong v tr(position) u bng cch s dng cc ngn tay tri c nh cng s nh cc s phm l, s dng ngn u tin (1) cho phm u tin (phm 1), ngn s 2 cho phm s 2, v v.v. Theo ch dn v V nm trn nhng con s tab nh downstroke v upstroke. T sim. ngha l hy tip tc mu gy(picking) tng t cho phn cn li ca bi ht.

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- On Top of Old Smoky: chi bi ht ny, bn cn bit cch m 3 nhp trn mt nhp (hy xem ph lc A v lng nghe CD); cch bm cc note v tr u (first position) (hy xem on Nm vng v cc ngn bm tay tri phn u trong chng ny); v cch lm mt bi ht hng v m thanh ca s bi tn nh tr con v k qui. Bi ht yu thch c ny c 3 nhp trn mt nhp, nh time signature ch ra (3/4). Bi ht ny l v tr bung (open position) v tr m kt hp v tr u vi cc dy m. Hy dng cc s ngn tay tng t cho vic nhn nh c dng ch s ca phm. Chng ti khng ch bt k k t no cho vic pickup ln hay xung cho bn trong bi ht ny; hy s dng cch nhn ring ca bn v gy (pick) cc note ca bi ht theo cch m bn cm thy t nhin nht. Mt vi note ny bn c th chi bng cch dng up- hoc downstroke u c. - Swanee River: chi bi ht ny, bn cn bit cch m 4 nhp trn mt nhp (hy xem ph lc A v lng nghe CD); cch bm cc note v tr th 2 (second position) (xem phn Nm vng cc ngn bm tay tri, phn u trong chng ny); v cch pht m ng mt cch khn ngoan trong khi chi mt bi ht v s di dn sang thuc a c. Giai iu c ny ca min Nam (South) c 4 nhp trong mt , nh 4/4 time signature ca n ch ra. Hy chi bi ht ny bng cch dng v tr bung (open position), v tr m kt hp v tr th 2 vi cc dy bung l, ngn tay u tin (tr) chi cc note phm th 2; ngn tay th 2 chi cc note ca phm th 3; v ngn th chi cc note phm 4. Bn cng c th chi bi ht bng cch dng v tr u (first position vi cc dy m, nhng chi theo cch ny th kh hn nhiu. (ngn s 1 v 3 th khe hn ngn 2 v 4.) Hy th i nu bn khng tin chng ti. Hy xem iu chng ti ni vi bn! (Oh, v hy xem on Nm vng cc ngn bm tay tri, phn u trong chng, nu bn khng bit v tr no m bn ang chi y). Hy ch cc k t picking ln v xung nm trn khung tab. Hy chi downstroke( ) cho cc note m nm trn cc nhp v upstroke (V) cho cc note m nm gia cc nhp. Mt ln na, sim. ngha l hy tip tc chi mu picking tng t cho ti kt. Nhn tin, ta thc ca bi ht ny l Old Folks at Home, nhng hu ht mi ngi ch gi l Swanee River. ( l bi ht m nh bng Ralph Kramden trong game show The $99,000 Answer trn tp phim c Honeymooners. Giai iu (tune) c vit bi Stephen Foster khng phi Ed Norton!)

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Chng 6: Thm vo mt cht hng v: Cc hp m 7th cn bn

Trong chng ny
- Vic chi cc hp m 7th t/tri (dominant) - Vic chi cc hp m 7th th(minor) - Vic chi cc hp m 7th trng (major) 77

- Vic chi cc bi ht m s dng hp m 7th - Vui mt cht vi cc hp m 7th Trong chng ny, chng ti trnh by cho bn cch chi ci m c gi l cc hp m 7th v tr m. Cc hp m 7th khng kh hn chi so vi cc hp m trng th n gin m chng ti tho lun chng 4, nhng m thanh ca chng th phc tp hn m thanh ca cc hp m trng v th (bi v chng c cu thnh bi 4 note khc nhau thay v 3), v s s dng ca chng trong m nhc th c bit hn mt cht. Tnh hung ny phn no ging nh cc con dao trong bp ca bn. Bt k con dao ln, bn no cng c th ct c bnh pizza v da, nhng nu bn mt nhiu thi gian lm c 2, th bn nhn ra rng bn cn s dng gizmo li dao c lm dng trn ct pizza v dao phay ct da. Cc dng c ny c th khng a nng hoc khng ph bin nh cc con dao vi mc ch thng thng, nhng nu bn lm bnh pizza kiu Hawaiian, th khng c dng c no tt hn chng. K nng nu nng ca bn cng pht trin, th bn cng thy r tnh chuyn dng ca dao ko hn. V cc k nng v tai nghe ca bn cng pht trin, th bn cng hiu r hn ni u cn thay cc hp m 7th cho cc hp m trng v th bnh thng hn. Cc hp m 7th khc nhau c th lm lm ra m thanh blues bluesy (iu nhy blue, nhc blues) v m thanh jazz jazzy.(thuc v nhc jazz, vui nhn, tc ci). Cc hp m 7th c nhiu loi khc nhau, v mi loi c mt m thanh khc nhau, hoc tnh cht khc nhau. Trong chng ny, chng ti gii thiu cho bn 3 loi hp m 7th quan trong nht m bn s bt gp trong vic chi guitar 7th t(dominant), 7th th(minor), v 7th trng(major).

Cc hp m 7th t (Dominant : t, tri)(Dominant 7th Chords)

m t (dominant) c v nh khi hi, tn chuyn mn cho mt hp m m c gi n gin l 7 nu bn phn loi li n vi mt k t hp m bng ch. Nu bn ch ni C7 hoc A7, chng hn, bn ang m ch hp m 7th t(dominant).

Thc t, khi nim t (dominant) da vo bc 5th ca thang m trng nhng bn ng lo lng v l thuyt. iu quan trng l bn gi cc hp m 7ths t him khi phn bit chng vi cc loi ca cc hp m 7th khc (cc hp m 7th th v 7th trng). Ch , cng, rng at khng c bt k g gn vi da thuc v cc c o m c xem xt cn trng. Bn c th nghe m thanh ca cc hp m 7th t trong cc bi ht nh Wooly Bully ca Sam the Sham and the Pharaohs v I Saw Her Standing There ca Beatles.

D7, G7, v C7

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Cc hp m D7, G7, v C7 l cc hp m t m ph bin nht. ( bit thm v hp m m, hy xem chng 4.) Hnh 6-1 trnh by cho bn cc s ca 3 hp m ny m cc tay guitar thng s thng cng nhau chi cc bi ht.

Nu bn bit cch chi hp m C (chng ti gii thiu trong chng 4), bn c th hnh thnh hp m C7 bng cch n gin thm ngn tay t vo dy th 3( ti phm th 3). Ch cc du X trn cc dy s 5 v 6 trn hp m D7. ng chi cc dy khi bn gy (strum: gy di). Tng t, cho hp m C7, ng chi dy s 6 khi bn gy(strum). Hy thc hnh strumming(gy di) D7, G7, v C7. Bn khng cn nhc c vit cho bi tp ny, so youre on the honor system to do it. Hy c gng strumming(gy di) D7 4 ln, G7 4 ln, v sau l C7 4 ln. Bn mun tp cho quen tay tri ca bn cm nhn bn thn cc hp m v di chuyn gia chng.

Nu bn mun chi mt bi ht ngay by gi trong vic s dng cc hp m mi ny, hy nhy ti on Chi cc bi nhc vi cc hp m 7th, on sau trong chng ny. Bn c th chi bi Home on the Range vi cc hp m m bn bit ngay by gi.

E7 v A7
Hai hp m 7 na m bn thng s dng cng nhau chi cc bi ht l E7 v A7. Hnh 6-2 cho bn bit cch chi 2 hp m 7th m ny.

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Nu bn bit cch chi E (xem li chng 4), bn c th hnh thnh E7 bng cch n gin nhc ngn tay th 3 khi dy s 4 Phin bn ny ca hp m E7, nh trong hnh ch, ch s dng 2 ngn tay. Bn cng c th chi mt hp m E7 v tr m vi 4 ngn tay (nh chng ti tho lun trong on sau y). By gi, tuy nhin, hy chi phin bn 2 ngn, bi v n d dng nhn phm nhanh, c bit nu bn mi bt u. Hy thc hnh E7 v A7 bng cch strumming(gy di) mi hp m 4 ln, chuyn ti lui gia chng. Hy nh trnh gy dy s 6 trong hp m A7.

Nu bn mun chi mt bi ht m s dng cc hp m 7th m ny ngay by gi, hy nhy ti on Chi cc bi nhc vi cc hp m 7th, on sau trong chng ny, v chi bi All Through the Night.

E7 (kiu-4 ngn) v B7
Thm 2 hp m 7th m ph bin na l hp m E7 phin bn 4 ngn v B7. Hnh 6-3 ch bn cch nhn hp m E7 phin bn 4 ngn v B7. Hu ht mi ngi ngh rng E7 4 ngn c m tt hn (s sp xp thng ng ca cc note) so vi E7 2 ngn. Bn thng s dng hp m B7 cng vi E7 chi cc bi ht no . Hy nh trnh gy dy s 6 trn hp m B7.

Nu bn bit cch chi hp m E (xem chng 4), bn c th hnh thnh dng E7 4 ngn n gin bng cch thm ngn t ca bn trn dy s 2(phm th 3). Hy thc hnh cc hp m ny bng cch strumming(gy di) mi hp m 4 ln, chuyn i qua li gia chng. Khi bn thc hnh, ch rng ngn tay s 2 ca bn chi cng note cng phm trong mi hp m l note phm th 2 ca dy s 5. Note ny l m chung (chung gia 2 hp m). Trong vic chuyn ti lui gia 2 hp m, hy gi ngn 80

tay ny trn dy s 5 lm vy vic chuyn d dng hn. Hy ch : lun lun gi nguyn cc m chung bt k khi no bn chuyn hp m. Chng cung cp mt m neo vng chc cho tay tri ca bn.

s dng cc hp m ny trong mt bi ht ngay by gi, hy nhy ti on Chi cc bi nhc vi cc hp m 7th on sau trong chng ny, v chi bi Over the River and Through the Woods.

Cc hp m 7th th (minor) Dm7, Em7, v Am7

Cc hp m 7th th khc vi cc hp m 7th t v c im ca chng th softer(nh hn, du, n ha) v jazzier(nhc jazz, vui nhn). Cc hp m 7th th l cc hp m m bn nghe thy trong bi Moondance, bi Van Morrison, v on th ca bi Light My Fire, bi the Doors. Hnh 6-4 chi bn cc s cho 3 hp m 7th th m(m7). (Xem chng 8 v ph lc B bit thm v cc hp m 7th th.) Ch rng Dm7 s dng chn 2 dy l, khi bn nhn xung 2 dy vi mt ngn tay (ngn u tin, trong trng hp ny) ti phm u. Hy to mt gc nh hoc l xoay ngn tay theo pha m gip bn nhn cc note ny mt cch vng chc v kh i bt k ting d/nhiu no khi bn chi cc hp m. Cc dy n s 6 v 5 c k t X nm bn trn chng. ng khy cc dy khi strumming(gy di).

Bn nhn hp m Am7 ging nh hp m C m chng ti ch bn trong chng 4; ch c iu hy nhc ngn tay th 3 khi hp m C v bn c hp m Am7. Trong vic chuyn gia C v Am7, hy nh gi nguyn 2 note chung vi cc ngn u v ngn th 2. Cch ny, bn c th chuyn gia cc hp m nhanh hn nhiu. V nu bn bit cch chi hp m F (xem chng 4), bn c th hnh thnh nn Dm7 n gin bng vic nhc ngn tay th 3 ca bn ra.

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Cc hp m 7th trng (major) Cmaj7, Fmaj7, Amaj7, v Dmaj7

Cc hp m 7th trng khc vi cc hp m 7th t v 7th th v c im ca chng l bright(sng) v jazzy. Bn c th nghe loi hp m ny on u ca bi Venture Hightway, bi America, v Dont Let the Sun Catch You Crying, bi Gerry and the Pacemakers. Hnh 6-5 trnh by 4 hp m 7th trng m. ( bit thm cc hp m 7th trng, hy xem chng 8 v ph lc B.) Ch rng Dmaj7 s dng 1 chn 3 dy vi ngn tr. Hy xoay ngn tay tr nh theo pha gip nhn hp m d dng hn chi. ng chi cc dy s 6 v 5 khi bn gy cc hp m Dmaj7 v Fmaj7 (hy nhn cc k t X trn cc s trong hnh 6-5). V ng chi dy s 6 trong hp m Amaj7 hoc Cmaj7.

Trong vic di chuyn gia hp m Cmaj7 v Fmaj7, ch rng cc ngn tay s 2 v 3 di chuyn theo mt hnh dng c nh ngang qua cc dy nh trong vic chuyn gia cc hp m ny. Ngn tay u tin khng nhn bt k dy no trong hp m Cmaj7, nhng hy gi n c un cong v sn sng trn phm u tin ca dy s 2 bn c th t n xung nhanh chng khi chuyn sang Fmaj7. Hy thc hnh di chuyn ti lui (strumming 4 ln mi hp m) gia Cmaj7 v Fmaj7 v gia Amaj7 v Dmaj7.

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Chi cc bi nhc vi cc hp m 7th

Hy lng nghe CD thy giai iu (rhythm) ca cc mu strum(gy di) ca cc bi ht khi bn nhn theo k hiu gch sc / (slash) trong phn cho guitar. Nu bn kh nh cch bm cc hp m, hy lt li trang mo(cheat sheet) pha trn ca bun sch v tham kho pha sau ca n i vi vi note crib. ng c gng chi dng ca vocal. ch l tham kho. y l mt vi thng tin hu ch v cc bi ht gip bn theo cng: - Home on the Range: chi Home on the Range, bn cn bit cch chi cc hp m C, C7, F, D7, v G7 (xem chng 4 bit cc hp m C v F v on Cc hp m 7th t, phn trn trong chng ny, cho cc hp m khc); cch chi mt mu bass strumm strum; v cch than vn nh mt k v li (coyote). Trong on nhc, bn nhn thy cc t Bass strum strum nm trn cc gch sc (slash/) giai iu (rhythm). Thay v strumming (gy di) n gian hp m cho 3 nhp, ch chi note thp nht ca hp m nhp u tin v sau strum(gy di) cho cc note cn li ca hp m nhp 2 v 3. T Sim. c ngha l hy tip tc chi theo mu xuyn sut. - All Through the Night: chi All Through the Night, bn cn bit cch chi cc hp m D, E7, A7, v G(xem chng 4 bit hp m D v G v on trc trong chng ny bit cc hp m E7 v A7); bit cch c cc k hiu lp li; v cch tnh thc trong sut bi ht ngn gy bun ng d di ny. Trong on nhc, bn nhn cc tn hiu lp li, s ni cho bn chi cc no 2 ln. Trong trng hp ny, bn chi cc nhp 1,2,3,4 v sau 1,2,3,5. Hy xem ph lc A bit thm thng tin v cc tn hiu lp li. Hy s dng E7 2 ngn cho bi ht ny. 83

- Over the River and Through the Woods: chi Over the River and Through the Woods, bn cn bit cch chi cc hp m A,D, E7, v B7 (hy xem chng 4 bit cc hp m A v D v on trc trong chng ny bit phin bn 4 ngn ca hp m E7 v B7); cch strum(gy di) trong nhp 6/8 (hy xem s sau); v ng ti nh ca Grandma (trong trng hp nga ca bn vp v bn cn vt qua n). Nhp 6/8 (time signature) c cm gic du dng d vy on nhc phn no c nhp gallop(phi nc i, chy nhanh) hoc nhp limp(tp i khp khing). Bi When Johny Comes Marching Home Again l bi ht quen thuc khc m bn chi nhp 6/8. (hy xem ph lc A bit thm thng tin v nhp bi ht time signatures). Ch m 2 nhp trn mt ch khng phi 6 (tr khi bn mun m thanh nh mt rabbit(con th, i th xong, ngi nht nht) c 3 tch coffee). Hy s dng E7 4 ngn cho bi ht ny. - Its Raining, Its Pouring: chi Its Raining, Its Pouring, bn cn bit cch chi cc hp m Amaj7 v Dmaj7 (xem on , Cc hp m 7th trng, on trc trong chng ny) v cch ht nh ting h nga(whiny) thc s, m thanh gy kh chu. Bi ht ny l mt phin bn jazzed-up ca vn iu tr th c Its Raining, Its Pouring, cng c bit nh li mng nhic Billy Is a Sissy (hoc whichever personal childhood nemesis you plug in to the title). Cc hp m 7th trng m bn chi trong bi ht ny pht m thanh jazzy(thuc v nhc jazz, vui nhn, tc ci) v lm cho bt k bi ht no mt m thanh hin i. Tt c s dng strum(gy di) xung (downstroke). - Oh, Susanna: chi bi Oh, Susanna, bn cn bit cch chi cc hp m Cmaj7, Dm7, Em7, Fmaj7, Am7, D7, Dm7, G7, v hp m C (xem chng 4 bit hp m C v cc on khc cc phn trc trong chng ny bit cc hp m 7th khc) v cch thng bng mt cy n banjo trn u gi ca bn trong khi du lch Southern United States. S sp xp ny ca bi Oh, Susanna s dng 3 loi hp m 7th: 7th t (D7 v G7), 7th th (Dm7, Em7, v Am7), v 7th trng (Cmaj7 v Fmaj7). Vic dng cc hp m 7th th v 7th trng lm cho bi ht c m thanh hip(u ut, u phin). bn khi ngh vic th jazz up mt bi ht dn gian n gin ny lm cho n mt i cht nhc blue, hy lng nghe phn biu din p ca James Taylors bi Oh, Susanna trong album Sweet Baby James thp nin 1970 thy mt li tip cn tng t. Thc t ng y ni banjo m khng pht m kiu c rch. Hy strum(gy di) tt c dng downstroke.

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Vui vi cc hp m 7th: 12 Khung nhc Blues

Vic chi guitar khng phi ton cho cc bi ht dn gian (folk) v cc vn iu tr th, bn bit. Thnh thong bn c th lm c mt vi iu thc s tuyt. V iu g m tuyt hn Blues? Qua vic bit vi hp m 7th t v c th strum(gy di) 4 nhp trn mt nhp, bn c nhng ci v nh xung c bn chi 99% tt c cc bi ht nhc Blues tng c vit.

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99%?! c ri! 12-bar Blues i theo mt cng thc hp m, hoc mt chui hp m (progression), m bao hm 3 hp m t. Trong chui ny(progression), bn khng cn bit bt k hp m mi no hoc k thut mi no; bn ch cn bit 3 hp m t chi thi v theo th t.

Chi 12 khung nhc blues

Kha ca E l mt trong nhng kha guitar tt nht trong vic chi nhc Blues. Hnh 6-6 trnh by chui hp m ca 12-bar blues kha ca E. Hy thc hnh mu ny v tr nn quen thuc vi cch thay i cc hp m trong mt chui Blues.

Cc bi ht ni ting 12-bar Blues bao gm Rock Around the Clock, Blue Suede Shoes, Roll Over Beethoven, Long Tall Sally, Kansas City, The Twist, The Peppermint Twist, v Johnny B.Goode. Bn c th chi bt k bi no va k ngay by gi v hy ht cng v theo di cng thc 12-bar trong hnh 6-6. ( thm thng tin v 12-bar Blues, hy xem chng 10 v 11.)

Vit cc bi nhc Blues ca ring bn

Cc bi ht nhc Blues th n gin vit li. (Hy ngh v bt k bi ht no ca Little Richard.) Thng, bn lp li cc dng v kt thc vi mt ting zinger chng hn: My baby she done left me, and she stole my best friend Joe. My baby she done left me, and she stole my best friend Joe. Now Im all alone and cryin, cause I miss him so. 90

Th son mt vi li nhc bi chnh bn, ng khu mt giai iu, v p dng chng vo chui blues m chng ti s phc tho y. Theo lut, mt bi ht blues tt phi gm cc phn sau: - Mt ch v s khn kh hoc bt cng. - Mt ni din ra hoc tnh th dn ti cnh cc kh. - Ng php ti. Hy s dng bng sau tm kim pha trn v lm cho hp cc phn i vi cc bi ht Blues ca bn. Cc phn bi ht Good Blues S phn bi, s bi tn, mojo ca bn Bad Blues Rising interest rates, s hiu chnh th trng ang e da, vic thiu s gip ho tm Aspen, Rodeo Drive, Starbucks My life-partner has been insensitive(khng nhy cm) to needs.

Ch

Ni xy ra

Memphis, the Bayou, prison

Ng php

My baby done me wrong.

Ti sao khng son nhc ca chnh bn? Hy gi n Left-Hand Callus Blues v ni v cch chng cc dy n c ti lm au d trn cc u ngn tay ca bn. Sau hy xem chng 11 thm thng tin v Blues.

Phn 3 Vt trn cc iu cn bn: Bt u hng ti Sound Cool

Trong phn ny Sau khi bn nm vng nhng iu cn bn v vic chi guitar v cc ngn tay ca bn ngng au nhc sau mt thi gian tp luyn, bn s mun m rng hn na. Ti chng ny l lc tm kim iu ! Chng 7 gii thiu ti bn v tr chi, trong trng hp bn khng mun pick(gy ngn) hoc strum(gy di) cc dy m na; thay vo , tt c chng c nhn. Chng 8 ch bn v cc hp m chn, chng tht s rt hu ch bi v sau khi lm ch mt v tr ngn tay, bn c th di chuyn v tr ln v xung cn n to ra cc hp m mi. Chng 9 ch cho bn v cc cu lick c bit m bn c th s dng thc s oai v v mn ca bn.

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Chng 7 Chi cc giai iu theo th/v tr (Position) v theo Double-Stops(chi cng lc trn hai dy)
Trong chng ny
- Chi cc note n theo th/v tr - Chi double-stops as string pairs - Chi double-stops across the neck - Chi cc bi ht theo th/v tr v theo double-stops Mt trong nhng iu b pht gic ca nhng ngi bt u chi guitar l h ch c th chi phn di(trm) ca cn n, v tr m, v h ch c th chi cc giai iu dy n. Khi bn bit v guitar hn na, bn thy l bn c th s dng tt c cn n din t cc tng m nhc ca bn, v bn khng b gii hn vi vic ch gy n vi cc note n. Trong chng ny, bn s mo him ra ngoi v tr m c bn chi cc v tr cao hn. Bn cng s t c k thut ca vic chi theo double-stops dc theo con ng.

Chi theo th
Khi bn lng nghe bi nhc guitar phc tp c chi bi cc tay guitar bc thy, bn c th tng tng tay tri ca h nhp nh quanh trn bn phm vi s t do. Nhng thng, khi bn xem cc tay guitar trn sn khu hoc TV, bn khm ph ra rng tay tri ca h hu nh khng di chuyn t no. Cc tay guitar ny ang chi theo th.

Vic chi theo v tr c ngha rng tay tri ca bn vn mt v tr c nh trn cn n, vi mi ngn tay khng t th nhiu gi c nh mt phm no , v mi note m bn nhn bn khng s dng bt k dy m no. Nu bn chi v tr th 5, chng hn, ngn tay tr ca bn chi phm th 5, ngn gia ca bn chi phm 6, ngn nhn (th 3) ca bn chi phm th 7, v ngn t (th 4) ca bn chi phm th 8. Mt v tr, v th, tn ca n c t theo phm m ngn tr ca bn m nhim. Hn na cho php bn chi cc note ti ni m cc ngn tay cm nhn v pht m tt nht trn bn phm khng ch l ni m bn c th chp c cc note d dng( chng hn cc note dy bung trong v tr m), vic chi theo v tr lm bn trng tuyt ging mt ngi khng phi mi chi! Hy ngh n th ny: a layup and a slam dunk are both worth

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two point in basketball, but only in the later case does the announcer scream, And the crowd goes wild!

Chi theo th i li vi chi vi cc dy m

Ti sao li chi theo th? Ti sao khng s dng v tr m v cc dy bung mi lc? Chng ti c th cho bn 2 l do chnh: - Gip d dng chi cc giai iu note cao. Vic chi v tr m ch cho php chi ln ti cc phm 4 hoc 5. Nu bn mun chi v tr cao hn, v tr m cho php bn chi cc note mt cch tri chy v economically(v mt kinh t). - Bn c th chuyn i v tr nhanh chng cho bt k mu hoc chui nhc no m bn theo th ti mt kha khc mt cch n gin bng cch di chuyn tay ca bn ti v tr khc. Bi v vic chi theo th khng i hi cc dy bung, mi th bn chi theo th th c th di chuyn c.

Mi ngi c kin rng vic chi guitar cc v tr thp hn th d hn so vi cc v tr cao hn. Thc t cc note cao hn khng kh hn trong vic chi; chng ch kh c hn trong dn k hiu chun nu bn khng i qu xa theo mt cun sch theo phng php c in ( y vic c cc note cao thng c dnh cho ti on cui ca sch). Nhng y, bn khng tp chung vo vic c nhc nhng l vic chi guitar v th hy tin ti cc note cao bt k khi no bn mun.

Chi cc bi tp theo th
Thang m trng (major scale) (bn bit, m thanh quen thuc dore-mi-fa-sol-la-si-do c c bng cch chi cc phm trng trn n piano m bt u t note C) l mt im tt bt u vic thc hnh cc k nng bn cn chi theo th. Hnh 7-1 trnh by thang m trng C v tr th 2. Mc du bn c th chi thang m ny theo v tr m, hy chi n nh khung tab trong hnh ch ra, bi v bn ang mun bt u thc hnh vic chi theo th.

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iu quan trng nht v vic chi theo th l ch t tay tri ca bn c bit, th v vic t cc ngn tay tri ca bn. Danh sch sau gm cc mo cho vic xp v tr tay tri v cc ngn tay ca bn: - Hy gi cc ngn tay ca bn nm trn cc phm tng ng ton thi gian m bn chi. Bi v bn ang position th 2 cho thang m ny, hy ngn tay th nht(ngn tr) ca bn nm trn phm th 2, ngn tay th 2(ngn gia) nm trn phm th 3, ngn tay th 3(ngn nhn) nm trn phm th 4, v ngn tay th 4(ngn t) nm trn phm th 5 bt k lc no thm ch khi cc ngn tay khng nhn bt k note no. - Hy gi cc ngn tay gn vi bn phm, sn sng chi. Lc u, cc ngn tay ca bn c xu hng dui thng v hng ra xa bn phm. Xu hng ny l t nhin, v th hy thc hin gi cc ngn tay un cong v gi chng hng xung trn cc phm ni m chng thuc v v tr . - Hy thoi mi! Mc du bn ngh bn cn tp trung d di tt c sc lc vo vic thc hin vn ng mt cch chnh xc hoc vic sp xp v tr m cc ngn tay, bn ng lm nh vy. iu m bn thc s cn lm l n gin lm theo s t nhin nht v vic tip cn thoi mi chi guitar. ( Bn c th khng ngh tt c iu l t nhin lc ny, nhng dn dn, bn s t c mc tiu. Chn tht!) V th hy thc hin cc ny tht d dng, nhng vn gi cm nhn cc chuyn ng ca bn. Vai tri ca bn, chng hn, hy iu khin n nh Quasimodos? Hy kim tra n thng xuyn m bo rng vai ca bn khng trong tnh trng cng thng. V nh thc hin ht th su thng xuyn, c bit nu bn cm thy nh b xit cht hn.

Hy nhn vo hnh 7-1 v ch rng cc ch s ch cho bit cc ngn bm tay tri nm bn di cc s ca tab. Cc ch dn ny th khng cn thit bi v mt position bn thn n ch ra cc ngn bm cho cc v tr ri. Nhng nu bn mun, bn c th c cc s ch ngn bm (thay cho vic cc s tab) v chi thang m C theo cch ( hy gi mt ca bn trn khung tab kim tra dy no bn ang chi). Sau , nu bn ghi nh cc ngn bm, bn c th di chuyn mu cho php bn chi thang m trng trong mt kha khc. Hy chi thang m nhm 8 (mt dy tm 8) trnh by trong hnh 7-1 bng cch s dng c up- v downstroke l, vic s dng alternate (up and down) picking. Hy th thc hin n xui cng nh ngc (bn nn thc hnh tt c cc thang m theo cch xui v ngc). (Hy xem chng 5 bit thm thng tin v alternate picking.) Thang m ny khng c trn CD; bn bit n pht m ra nh th no ri n l do-re-mi-fa-sol-la-si-do quen thuc.

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Hnh 7-2 trnh by thang m C trng 2 nhm 8 ( thang m vi mt dy 15 note) v tr s 7. Ch rng thang m ny i hi bn chi tt c 6 dy.

gi bn nh gi cc ngn tay nm trn cc phm tng ng mi lc, thm ch c lc khng chi, v gi cc ngn tay ca bn gn vi bn phm, chng ti c cp thnh ng ny: Hy gi cc ngn tay ca bn gn, th gi ca bn gn hn, v cc phm ca bn thm ch gn hn na. Hy thc hnh vic chi thang m trong hnh 7-2 di chuyn ln v xung trn cn n, bng cch s dng alternate picking (xem chng 5). Nu bn nh mu ngn bm (ch bn di cc s ch tab), bn c th chi bt k thang m trng no n gin bng cch di chuyn tay ca bn ln hoc xung mt v tr khc. Hy th i. V sau thch ngi chi piano gn bn nht v vic chuyn ging (key-changing) trong ng cnh s dng thang m trng.

Hy chi cc thang m chm lc u bo m rng cc note nhc ca bn r rng v trn tru; sau tng dn tc ln.

Dch chuyn cc v tr
m nhc khng qu n gin rng bn c th chi tt c trong mt v tr, v cuc sng s l tnh nu bn c th. Tnh hnh trong th gii thc, bn thng phi chi mt on lin tc m s a bn qua nhiu v tr(position) khc nhau. thc hin iu ny mt cch thnh cng, bn cn phi lm ch vic dch chuyn cc v tr vi s t tin ca mt ngi kho lo lo luyn. Andrs Segovia, huyn thoi guitar classical, ngh ra cc ngn bm cho tt c 12 thang m trng v th. (Hy xem chng 19 bit thm thng tin v Segovia.) Hnh 7-3 trnh by cch Segovia chi thang m trng C 2 nhm 8. N khc vi cc

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thang m 2 nhm tm trong on trc cch ny i hi mt s dch chuyn v tr gia ca thang m.

Hy chi 7 note u v tr(th) s 2 v sau chuyn ti v tr th 5 bng cch trt mt cch trn tru ngn tay u tin(ngn tr) ti phm th 5 (dy s 3). Khi bn chi thang m theo chiu ngc li, hy chi 8 note u v tr th 5, v sau chuyn v v tr th 2 bng cch trt mt cch trn tru ngn tay th 3 ca bn (ngn nhn) li v phm th 4 (dy s 3). iu quan trng l m thanh ca vic chuyn i v tr phi lin mt mch. Mt ngi no lng nghe s khng c th nhn ra rng bn chuyn i v tr. Mo y l trong vic trt trn tru ca ngn tay th nht(ngn tr) (trong lc nh xui) hoc th ba (trong lc nh ngc li). Bn phi thc hnh vic trt trn tru ny lm cho m thanh khng b ngt v lin mch. Hy c lp 2 note c lin quan (dy s 3, phm 4, v dy 3, phm 5) v chi chng lp i lp li nh ch ra trong thang m cho ti khi bn c th to ra m thanh nh khi bn khng thc hin chuyn v tr bt k lc no.

Xy dng bn (strength: sc mnh, bn) v s kho lo (dexterity) bng cch chi theo th

Mt vi ngi dng tt c cc loi bi tp pht trin vic chi theo v tr ca h. H mua cc cun sch m chng c g c nhng c cc bi tp ca vic chi theo th. Mt vi cun sch ny nhm mc ch pht trin cc k nng nhn c, v cc cun khc nhm mc ch pht trin bn (sc mnh) v s kho lo cho cc ngn tay tri ca bn. Nhng bn khng cn cc cun sch nh vy. Bn c th lm ra cc bi tp ring ca bn xy dng bn (sc mnh) v s kho lo cho cc ngn tay. (V vic nhn c khng cn dnh lu ti bn na, bi v bn s c cc s tab).

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 to ra cc bi tp ring ca bn, ch cn ly thang m trng 2 nhm 8 nh trnh by trong hnh 7-2 v s ch 15 note ca thang m t 1 ti 15. Sau thc hin mt vi s kt hp ton hc n gin m bn c th thc hin vic thc hnh. Sau y l vi v d: + 1-2-3-1, 2-3-4-2, 3-4-5-3, 4-5-6-4, v v.v. (xem hnh 7-4a.) + 1-3-2-4, 3-5-4-6, 5-7-6-8, 7-9-8-10, v v.v (Xem hnh 7-4b.) + 15-14-13, 14-13-12, 13-12-11, 12-11-10, v v.v (Xem hnh 7-4c.) Hnh 7-4 trnh by cc s ny nhn nh th no trong nhc v tab. Hy nh, cc note ny ch l cc mu ngh thi nh v gip xy dng s kho lo.

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Bn c tng. Tht vy bn c th thc hin hng trm s hon v v thc hin chng n lin tc bt tn hoc cho ti khi bn thy chn. Cc sinh vin piano c mt cun sch tn gi l Hanon bao gm nhiu s hon v gip pht trin bn (sc mnh) v s c lp ca cc ngn tay. Bn c th xem cun sch ny cho cc tng v s hon v, nhng vic to ra cc bi tp ca ring bn c th rt d dng.

Double-Stops

Khi nim double-stop y khng c ch vic quay li ca tim v vic qun sa. Double-stop l ting lng guitar ch vic chi 2 note cng lc mt vi iu m guitar c th thc hin tng i d dng nhng n khng th thc hin trn cc nhc c hi lm bng g trong mt dn nhc (woodwind) v ch thc hin c gn l trn cc nhc c dy c hnh thc cong nh ci cung. (Thc s, cc guitarist nng khi nim ny t vic chi violin nhng mt cch tht nhanh lm thnh double-stops ng tht ca ring h). Bng cch ny, chng lm iu g c bit trong vic nhn cc note ca nhm double-stop. Hy nhn chng ging cch m bn nhn cc hp m hoc cc note n. Bn tri nghim kh nng ca guitar v vic chi hn mt note mt mt cch ng thi khi bn strum(gy di) mt hp m, nhng bn cng c th chi hn mt note trong ng cnh du dng. Vic chi double-stop l mt cch tuyt chi trong s ha hp vi bn thn bn. V th ngi lo luyn l guitar m chi double-stops, s thc, l vi mu nhc chng hn nh 50s rock n roll, country, v m nhc Mariachi (bn bit, loi m nhc m cc ban nhc ng ph Mexican chi ) s dng double-stop nh mt du xc nhn phm cht cho nhng phong cch ca h.

Hiu v Double Stops

Mt double-stop th khng g hn l 2 note m bn chi cng mt thi im. N ri vo mt ch no gia mt note n v mt hp m (3 hoc hn 3 note). Bn c th chi mt double-stop trn cc dy lin k hoc trn cc dy khng lin k (bng 98

cch b cc dy). Cc v d v cc bi ht m bn s thy trong chng ny, tuy nhin, ch cn cc double-stop trn dy gn k, bi v chng d chi nht. Nu bn chi mt giai iu dng cc double-stop, n s pht m m hn(sweeter) v phong ph hn(richer), y hn v hay hn khi bn chi m ch s dng cc note n. V nu bn chi mt cu riff dng double-stop, th nghe gan gc v y hn cc double-stop to ra mt m thanh ln hn(bigger). Hy kim tra vi cu riff ca Chuck Berry Johnny B.Goode, chng hn v bn c th nghe ng y s dng doublestops mi lc.

Chi cc bi tp theo Double-Stops

C 2 cch thng thng chi cc double-stop: Bn c th chi cc on double-stop ch s dng mt cp dy (2 dy u, chng hn) vic di chuyn cc doublestop ln v xung trn cn n hoc trong mt khu vc ca cn n bng cch s dng 5 cp dy khc nhau v di chuyn cc double-stop xuyn qua cn n (u tin chi cc dy th 5 v th 4, chng hn, v sau l dy th 4 v th 3, v v.v). Chi cc double-stop ln v xung trn cn n Hy bt u vi mt thang m trng C m bn s chi n trong cc double-stop qung ba(third) (cc note m 2 k t tn ng ring, chng hn nh C-E, D-F v v.v), dnh ring trn 2 dy u, hy di chuyn ln cn n. Loi mu double-stop ny xut hin trong hnh 7-5. Cc ngn bm tay tri khng xut hin bn di cc s tab trong ch s ny, nhng chng khng kh nhn ra. Hy bt u vi ngn tay u tin (ngn tr) cho double-stop u tin. (Bn ch cn mt ngn tay nhn double-stop u tin bi v dy u tin vn bung.) Sau , cho tt c cc double-stop khc trong thang m, hy dng cc ngn 1 v 3 nu cc note xa cch nhau 2 phm (double-stop th 2 v 3, chng hn) v hy s dng cc ngn 1 v 2 nu cc note xa cch nhau 1 phm(cc double-stop th 4 v 5, chng hn). Vi tay phi ca bn, ch nh cc dy s 1 v s 2.

Chi cc double-stop ngang qua cn n 99

Vic chi cc double-stop ngang qua cn n th ph bin hn vic chi ln v xung trn cn n trn mt cp dy. Hnh 7-6 trnh by thang m C trng m bn s chi trong qung 3 v tr m, di chuyn ngang qua cn n.

iu c bit ph bin trong cc bi ht rock v blues l chi double-stop ngang qua cn n ni m 2 note cu thnh double-stop l trn cng phm (m bn s chi theo kiu chn 2 dy). Xem chng 10 v 11 bit thm thng tin v rock v blues. Ln na, v v d trong hnh 7-6 khng ch ra cc ngn bm cho mi double-stop. Nhng bn c th s dng cc ngn 1 v 2 nu cc note cch xa nhau mt phm v cc ngn 1 v 3 nu cc note cch xa nhau 2 phm.

nghe cc double-stop trong s din tin (action), hy lng nghe phn u ca bi Margaritaville, ca Jimmy Buffett, Little Martha ca Allman Brothers theo phin bn ca Leo Kottke, Brown-Eyed Girl, ca Van Morrison, Johnny B. Goode, ca Chuck Berry v intro ca cc bi Homeward Bound v Bookends ca Simon and Garfunkel.

Chi cc bi nhc theo th v theo Double-Stops

C nhng kha (key) no ri vo cc v tr thun tin no trn guitar. Cc bi ht c t c s trn cc kha, v th nu bn chi mt bi ht mt kha (key) no , bi ht cng ri vo mt v tr thun tin no . Bn c th hiu tm quan trng ca v tr chi mt cch thu o trong cc chng khc phn 4 ca cun sch ny. Vic chi lead ca Rock, jazz, blues v country tt c i hi cc v tr no lm ra mt m thanh chnh xc. Vic chng ti ni vi bn rng giai iu (melody) ca mt bi ht pht ra tt nht khi bn chi n v tr ny hn l v tr khc c th nh iu g c on vi bn. Nhng hy tin chng ti trong vn ny vic chi mt cu lick ca Chuck Berry kha A th hu nh khng th thc hin c bt k v tr no nhng n phi l v tr s 5.

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Cc cu lick m bn chi kha A, mt khc, hu ht nm thun tin v tr th 2, v vic c gng chi chng bt k v tr no khc th ch lm cho mi iu nn kh khn cho chnh bn.

l 1 iu trong nhng iu tuyt nht v guitar: V tr tt nht cho mt phong cch no khng ch cho m thanh tt nht vi i tai ca bn, m cn cho cm gic tt nht vi i tay ca bn. V l iu lm cho vic chi guitar tht vui. Hy chi cc bi ht ny bng cch c cc s tab v lng nghe CD; ch cm gic tuyt th no khi chi hng ln pha trn ca cn n thay v chi hng xung v tr m, v tr m nhng ngi mi bt u chi. Bt k khi no bn chi theo th, hy nh gi tay tri ca bn mt v tr c nh, vung gc vi cn n, vi ngn u tin(ngn tr) nm phm nh quy nh v cc ngn khc nm theo th t, mi ngn mt phm. Hy gi cc ngn tay nm trn mi phm tng ng, tht gn vi bn phm, thm ch khi chng khng nhn bt k note no. y l mt vi thng tin hu ch gip bn chi cc bi ht: - Simple Gifts. chi bi ny, bn cn bit cch chi v tr s 4 ( hy xem on Chi theo th, phn trc trong chng ny) v ngha ca tis(vit tt ca it is) v twill(it will). Bi ht ny kha A, chi v tr l tng s 4, bi v bn s thy tt c cc note nm gia cc phm 4 v 7. Bi v bn khng chi cc dy bung trong bi ny, hy ghi nh ngn bm v sau c gng chi cng giai iu ny cc v tr khc v kha khc. Cc ngn bm l tng t mi v tr, thm ch cc s tab c thay i. Tin ln no hy th n. - Turkey in the Straw. chi bi ht ny, bn cn bit cch chi v tr s 7 (xem phn Chi theo th, on trc trong chng ny) v cu ni day-day to the wagon tongue ngha g. - Aura Lee. chi bi ht ny, bn cn bit cch chi double-stops ln v xung trn cn n trn cc dy s 1 v s 2 (hy xem phn c t tn mt cch kho lo Chi cc double-stop ln v xung trn cn n phn trc trong chng ny) v how to gyrate(xoay trn) your pelvis(khung xng chu) while raising one side of your upper lip. Bn chi bn son li ny ca Aura Lee mt bi ht ni ting bi Elvis Presley nh Love Me Tender dnh ring trn 2 dy u tin, di chuyn ln v xung trn cn n. Theo thang m dng double-stop m bn thc hnh trong hnh 7-5 v 7-6, 2 note ca double-stop ny di chuyn ln hoc xung cng nhau. Trong Aura Lee 2 note ca double-stop thnh thong di chuyn theo cng hng v thing3 thong theo cc hng i nhau. Ch khc, mt note ca cp di chuyn ln hoc xung trong khi note khc vn ng yn. Nhng hng pha trn lm cho mt bn son li th v hn. Hy chi v lng nghe Aura Lee v bn s hiu chng ti l g.

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Ch rng cc ngn bm tay tri xut hin bn di cc s tab. Nu cng mt ngn tay chi lin tip cc note, nhng cc v tr phm khc nhau, th c mt gch nghing ch cho bit vic dch chuyn th(v tr) (nh trong cc 5, 7, v 9). i vi vic picking ca tay phi, hy nh tt c dng downstroke. Nh lp li 4 nhp u (nh tn hiu lp li ch ra) trc khi tip tc th 5. (Xem ph lc A bit thm thng tin v cc k hiu lp li.) V thc hin bi ht mt cch mm mi, nh Elvis lm. Uh- Xin cm n rt nhiu. - The Streets of Laredo. chi bi ny, bn cn bit cch chi double-stops ngang qua cn n (hy xem on Chi cc double-stop ngang qua cn n, phn trc trong chng ny) v cch pht m light-hearted(vui v, th thi, hng h) trong khi chi mt bi nhc v cuc i thoi vi xc cht. Trong bn son li ny, bn s chi double-stop ngang qua cc dy n, gn phn di(thp) ca cn n. Cc double-stop lm cho bi ht c m thanh sweet, pretty just the thing for a tte--tte between a passerby (nh passer: ngi trng tuyn hng th trng i hc) and a mummified(lm ho, lm kh) cowboy. Phn tab khng ch ra cc ngn bm, nhng bn c th s dng cc ngn 1 v 2 cho cc double-stop m cch xa nhau mt phm v ngn 1 v 3 cho cc double-stop cch xa nhau 2 phm. i vi vic picking ca tay phi, hy s dng downstrokes cho tt c.

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Chng 8. M rng ra (Stretch out):Hp m chn (Barre Chords)

Trong chng ny - Chi cc hp m chn da trn E - Chi cc hp m chn da trn A - Chi cc hp m power - Chi cc bi ht vi cc hp m chn v cc hp m power Trong chng ny, chng ti s ch bn cch chi cc hp m m gip bn c th di chuyn trn ton b cn n. Khng nh cc hp m m, cc hp m m ch c th chi mt v tr, cc hp m c th di chuyn s c th c chi bt k phm no. Trong hu ht cc hp m c th di chuyn ny, m bn chi c gi l barre (chn) (pht m l bar).

Khi bn chi mt hp m chn, mt trong nhng ngn tay tri ca bn (thng l ngn tr) s nhn xung trn tt c hoc hu ht cc dy ti mt phm no , cho php cc ngn cn li chi mt dng hp m trn ngn chn ngay tc th. Hy ngh ngn tay chn ca bn nh mt dng Nut c th di chuyn c hoc capo v cc ngn tay cn li ca bn s chi cc dng hp m m no pha trn n mt cch trc tip. ( Hy xem chng 12 nu bn khng chc v cch mt capo hot ng.) Mt hp m chn c th di chuyn c th khng bao gm cc dy bung m ch l cc note c nhn. Bn c th trt cc note

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c nhn ny theo chiu ln hoc xung trn cn n ti cc v tr khc nhau hnh thnh ln cc hp m khc vi cng tnh cht. Cc hp m chn hoc t c s trn E, cc hp m m tn ca chng ly t cc note m bn chi trn dy th 6( E thp), hoc trn c s A, cc hp m m tn ca chng ly t cc note m bn chi trn dy s 5 (A). Chng ti bao hm c hai loi hp m ny trong chng ny. Chng ti cng cung cp cho bn mt bi hc nhanh v cc hp m power.

Chi cc hp m chn trng da trn c s E

Mt trong nhng hp m chn c th di chuyn c hu ch nht l hp m da trn c s hp m E m. (Xem chng 4 nu bn khng bit chc v cc ngn bn ca hp m E m.) Cch tt nht nm bt v hp m chn ny l bt u vi hp m E v tr m. Hy theo cc bc sau (nh hnh 8-1):

1. Hy chi hp m E m, nhng thay v s dng cc ngn bm 2-3-1 thng thng trn tay tri, th hy dng cc ngn 3-4-2. Cch bm ny cho ngn tay tr ca bn c rnh, nm ln trn cc dy n.

2. t ngn tay tr ca bn nm ngang qua tt c 6 dy n trn cnh khc ca Nut (cnh m hng v pha cc kha n). Vic t ngn tr ca bn ngang qua cc dy n v tr ny khng nh hng ti m thanh ca hp m bi v cc dy n khng rung ng pha ca Nut. Vic m rng ngn tay tr ca bn ngang theo chiu rng ca cc dy n, tuy nhin, gip bn cm nhn c mt v tr hp m chn. ng nhn qa mnh i vi bt k ngn tay no ca bn, bi v bn s thc hin di chuyn hp m.

3. Thc hin xp hnh dng ca tay tri nh bc 2 v trt tay tri ln (hng v pha thn ca n) mt phm ngn tay tr ca bn s chn ngang phm u tin v cc ngn bm hp m E tt c cng c dch ln mt phm. By gi bn ang v tr hp m F (bi v F th nm cao hn E mt phm), v bn c th nhn xung ngang qua tt c cc dy n vi ngn tay tr. 4. C gng chi cc note ca hp m ny mt lot cng lc (t dy s 6 n dy s 1) xem tt c cc note c rung ln mt cch r rng hay khng. 107

Vi ln u khi bn th chi hp m ny, c th l kh may ri bi v mt vi note s khng ku r rng v cc ngn tay tri ca bn s b au.

Bn c th s dng k thut trt ln t mt hp m v tr m hnh thnh nn tt c cc hp m chn trong chng ny. (Nhng chng ti cng cung cp cho bn mt cch tip cn khc trong cc on sau).

S kh khn khi ln u bm hp m chn F l iu bnh thng( c th lm nn long, nhng iu ny l bnh thng). V th trc khi bn t b cy guitar v mang ly cy kn sousaphone, y l vi mo gip bn nm cht c hp m quy ry ny: - Phi chc rng bn xp ngn tay ci ca tay tri trn lng ca cn n guitar gia ngn tr(first) v ngn gia(second). V tr ny cho bn lc n by ti a trong vic s dng lc n. - Thay v gi ngn tay tr thng hon ton, th hy xoay n mt t v pha cc ngn cnh n. - Di chuyn khuu tay tri ca bn gn vi thn th bn, thm ch gn n im chm vo thn th bn ti eo. Khi bn chi cc hp m v tr m, bn thy rng bn thng gi cho khuu tay hi xa so vi thn th bn. iu ny khng ging vi cc hp m chn y . - Nu bn nghe thy ting cc dy b nght, hy kim tra xem rng cc ngn tay tri ca bn ch chm vo cc dy tng ng v khng ngn chn cc dy gn k ku. Hy c gng s dng nhiu lc nhn hn vi cc ngn tay v make sure to play on the very tips for extra clearance. Cc cc chai v kinh nghim s gip bn c c mt m thanh r rng t mt hp m chn. 108

Bn cn s dng nhiu lc n hn ln phm n phn y ca cn n ( ti phm u tin) so vi khi n phm th 5. Th di chuyn hp m F ln v xung trn cn n n cc phm khc nhau trn cy guitar chnh bn nhn ra rng vic chi hp m tr nn d dng hn khi bn di chuyn ln pha trn(thanh hn, pha thn n) cn n. Hy nh rng tnh cht ca dng hp m ny(hp m chn) l c th di chuyn. Khng ging nh iu m nhng gio vin trng s cp ni vi bn, ng ngi tnh lng nh th! Hy di chuyn vng quanh i! Vic chi cc hp m chn trn mt cy guitar in th d hn so vi trn mt cy guitar mc. Cc c dy ( dy ca cc dy n) trn mt cy guitar in th nh hn v action (khong cch ca cc dy ti bn phm) th ngn hn so vi trn cy guitar mc. Nu bn ang dng mt cy guitar mc v gp vn vi cc hp m chn, th hy th chi chng trn mt cy guitar in (but not one of those el-cheapo ones from the pawn shop) v cm nhn s khc bit. Thc hin iu c th to cm hng cho bn kin tr vi hp m chn .

Tm phm ng
Bi v bn c th chi hp m F theo dng hp m chn, by gi, thng qua s k diu ca cc hp m c th di chuyn, hy chi mi hp m trng tt c l 12 hp m- n gin bng cch di chuyn v pha trn ca cn n(pha thn n). xc nh tn ca mi hp m, bn n gin ch cn bit tn ca note m bn ang chi dy s 6(E trm) bi v tt cc hp m chn trn c s E c tn t dy s 6 (ging nh hp m E m vy).

Hy nh rng mi phm l cch na cung so vi mi phm gn k. V th nu hp m chn phm u tin l F, th hp m chn phm th 2 l F#; hp m chn phm th 3 l G; phm th 5 l G#; v tip tc nh vy xung ti phm 12. Hy xem phn ph lc A c lit k tn ca cc note trn dy E trm. Sau khi bn chm ti phm th 12, cc note lp li v v th cc hp m chn cng lp li: Hp m chn phm 13 l tng t nh phm u (F); phm th 14 th tng t nh phm th 2 (F#); v vn vn. Cc phm n hot ng kiu nh mt ng h: 13 tng ng vi 1, 14 tng ng 2, v vn vn. Chi cc din tin s dng cc hp m chn trng da trn E

Mt cch tt hnh thnh s thoi mi(comfort: an nhn) v t tin trong vic chi cc hp m chn l hy thc hnh mt chui din tin, l mt chui cc hp m. Hy nghe trn CD thy chui 4 nhc s dng cc hp m chn trng da trn c s E

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vang ln nh th no. Hnh 8-2 trnh by bi tp. Bn di khung nhc, bn s nhn thy phm ng t ngn tay tr cho mi hp m.

Ch s dng cc hp m chn cho bi tp ny (v cho tt c cc bi tp trong chng ny), thm ch khi bn bit chi cc hp m ny dng v tr bung. Chi hp m C, chng hn, bng cch chn phm th 8. Sau chi hp m A phm th 5, G phm th 3, v F phm u. Hy s dng ngn bm hp m F cho tt c cc hp m ny.

Vic c gng lm cho tt c 6 dy u ku mt cch r rng trong mi hp m c th hi mt mt cht. Bn c th cc ngn tay tri ngh ngi mt cht bng cch nh lc n khi bn trt t hp m ny ti hp m k tip. Hnh ng nhn v nh c th gip bn pht trin mt cht kho lo v gip bn khi b mt mt cch d dng. Bn khng cn phi lc no cng gi Vulcan Death grip trn cn n - m ch cn gi trong khi bn ang strumming hp m. Mc du bn c th ngng li hon ton nu tay ca bn bt u b chut rt, hy c gng gi ; bi v bt k s gng sc ca thn th, suy cho cng s xy dng bn (sc mnh) v n nh ca bn. Without question, barre chords are the triathlon of guitar playing, so strap on your best Ironman regalia and feel the burn. minh ha tnh linh hot ca cc chui hp m chn, sau y l mt v d c mt gy (strum) nhn lch (o phch) v m thanh nghe mt cht ging nh m nhc ca the Kinks. Trong s nhn lch(o phch), hoc l bn strike (nh) mt hp m (hoc note) ti ni(thi im) m bn khng mong i nghe n hoc nh li khi nh mt mt m (hoc note) so vi ni (thi im) m bn mong i nghe n. (The Kinks, trong trng hp bn khng nh, l band proto-punk ca Anh thp nin 60, cho chng ta cc bi hit c in nh You Really Got Me, So Tired, v Lola.) Hnh 8-3 trnh by cho bn cch chi chui din tin ny bng cch s dng cc hp m chn trng. Bi v 2 hp m di chuyn li v ti qu nhanh, nn thi gian nh (release time) (khong thi gian m bn c th th lng cc ngn tay) th rt ngn. Hy kim tra CD nghe bi tp ny vang ln nh th no trc khi bn thay th cho Ray Davies trong mt tour din th gii.

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Chi cc hp m chn th, chn 7th t, v chn 7th th da trn E

Sau khi bn quen thuc vi cm nhn c bn v s di chuyn ca cc hp m chn trng, hy bt u vic thm vo cc c trng hp m vo danh mc ca bn (which is a fancy French word for bag of tricks that musicians frequently use in discussing their music). Mt tin tc tt lnh l mi th bn bit v vic di chuyn cc hp m quanh cn n t c m sc r rng, s ngn vang ca cc note nhc trong hp m (bn c ang thc hnh khng?) v s nhn v nh hp m m bn s dng trong vic chi cc hp m chn trng s p dng cho cc dng khc ca cc hp m chn. Vic chi mt hp m th(minor), mt hp m 7th, hoc mt hp m 7th th dng chn th mt cch t nhin khng kh hn vic chi mt hp m chn trng, v th khi bn thc hnh tt c cc hp m chn khc nhau, bn s bt u thy rng cng vic t c d dng hn. Cc hp m th Vic to hnh mt hp m chn th da trn c s E th tng t nh to hnh mt hp m chn trng, nh chng ti din gii theo cc bc on Chi cc hp m chn trng da trn c s E, nm trn trong chng ny. Bn c th theo mt tp hp cc bc , vic bt u vi mt hp m m Em nhng cc ngn bm s l 3-4( thay cho cc ngn bn thng nhn hp m ny, nh chng ti trnh by trong chng 4). K tip, hy t ngn tr ca bn ngang qua tt c cc dy n ln mt trn ca Nut v sau trt nguyn hnh dng ny ln mt phm, kt qu ta c hp m Fm.

Nh chng ti ni r trong on Chi cc hp m chn trng da trn c s E nm trc trong chng ny, bn c th s dng k thut trt ln t mt hp m v tr m hnh thnh tt c nhng hp m chn trong chng ny. Nhng bn khng cn phi thc hin xuyn sut tt c. Cc bc n gin sau din gii cch khc hnh thnh hp m chn Fm:

1. Hy chi hp m chn trng F. Xem on Chi cc hp m chn trng da trn c s E nm trc trong chng ny. 111

2. Nhc ngn tay gia khi dy s 3. Ngn tr chn, nhn tt c cc dy n xung ri, nn by gi mt note mi dy s 3 c nhn. l mi iu m bn cn lm. Bn s thay i ngay lp tc mt hp m chn trng thnh mt hp m chn th ch bng cch nhc mt ngn tay ra. By gi, bng vic s dng m hnh dy E thp trong ph lc A mt ln na tham kho, bn c th chi bt k 12 hp m th no bng cch di chuyn hp m Fm n cc phm tng ng. chi hp m chn Am, v d, bn ch cn di chuyn dng chn Fm n phm th 5.

Nu bn khng chc rng bn c ang chi mt hp m chn ng phm hay khng, hy chi lun phin hp m vi dng m ca n, trc ht chi dng chn v sau chi dng m. Hy chi 2 phin bn mt cch k tip mau l vi ln. Bn c th nhn ra rng hai hp m c ging hay khc nhau. Hy th chi chui din tin n gin sau trong hnh 8-4, y s dng c hp m chn trng v th.

Cc du chm nm trn gch (/ slash) trong 2 v 4 hnh 8-4 c gi l du ngt m (staccato). Chng ch cho bn hy chi cc note ngn li. (Thay v chi daahhdaahh-daahh, hy chi di-di-di.) Cch tt nht ngt cc note ny l nh tay bm (tay tri) mt cch nh nhng sau khi tay phi strum hp m. Cc k t cui ca 2 v 4 c gi l du lng(rest). ng chi g trong sut du lng. Cn by gi hy th chi on din tin trnh by hnh 8-4 cao hn 2 phm so vi cc ch dn trong hnh. S khc bit 2 phm cho bn mt chui D-Bm-Gm-A. Bn s dch ging chui din tin mt cch nhanh chng v d dng thng qua s diu k ca cc hp m c th di chuyn! Cc hp m 7th t

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Cc hp m 7th t (dominant) c m thanh sc nt hn, phc tp hn so vi cc hp m trng thng thng. (Hy xem chng 6 bit thm thng tin v cc hp m 7th t.) Vic chuyn mt hp m 7th t chn t mt hp m chn trng, tuy nhin, cng d dng nh chuyn t mt hp m chn trng sang mt hp m chn th - bn ch cn n gin nhc mt ngn tay ra khi( mc du l ngn tay khc). thay i mt hp m chn trng F thnh mt hp m chn F7, hy thc hin cc bc sau:

1. Hy nhn hp m chn trng F, nh chng ti trnh by on Chi cc hp m chn trng da trn c s E nm trc trong trng ny.

2. Nhc ngn tay th 4 (ngn t) khi dy s 4. Ngn tr chn by gi ln cc note mi ca hp m mi. Hy th chi on din tin n gin sau nh trong hnh 8-5 s dng cc hp m chn trng v 7th t.

Vic chi on din tin hnh 8-5 cc kha khc nhau th cng n gin nh vic bt u mt v tr khc ngoi phm th 13 v di chuyn cng khong cch. T bt k u m bn bt u, n gin hy di chuyn ln 2 phm cho hp m th 2, ln 3 phm cho hp m th 3, v sau ln 2 phm cho hp m th 4 v cui cng.

Hy gi tn ca cc hp m m bn chi tht ln ln gip bn lin kt tn ca chng vi cc v ca chng. Mc du cc hp m loi c th di chuyn c thc hin chuyn ging trn guitar ngon , nhng vic ghi nh mu di chuyn tay thay v nh cc tn hp m thc s m bn ang chi th qu d dng. V th hy c cc tn ca cc hp m khi bn chi chng. Sau khi m lm iu thi gian, theo bn nng bn s bit rng bn chi hp m B7 phm th 7. 113

Cc hp m 7th th Cc hp m 7th th c m thanh du hn(softer), jazzier (jazzy: thuc v nhc jazz, vui nhn, tc ci) v phc tp hn so vi cc hp m th thng thng. (Hy xem chng 6 bit thm thng tin v cc hp m 7th th.) Bn c th hnh thnh mt hp m chn 7th th da trn E n gin bng cch kt hp ng tc m bn thc hin i t hp m trng sang th v ng tc i t trng qua 7th t. thay i hp m chn trng F thnh hp m chn Fm7, hy theo cc bc sau:

1. Hy nhn hp m chn trng F, nh chng ti trnh by trong on Chi cc hp m chn trng da trn c s E, nm trc trong chng ny.

2. Nhc ngn tay th 2(ngn gia) khi dy s 3 v ngn tay th 4 (ngn t) khi dy s 4. Ngn tr chn, tt c cc dy n xung, nn cc note mi c nhn dy s 3 v 4. gip bn quen vi cc hp m chn 7th th, chng ti a ra bi tp nh trong hnh 8-6. Hy lng nghe CD thy m thanh vang ln th no.

Bn c th chi chui din tin ny cc kha khc nhau n gin bng cch hy bt u t cc hp m khc G v di chuyn theo cng s phm trong quan h c c hp m tip theo. Sau hp m u tin, n gin hy di chuyn ln 4 phm c c hp m th 2 v sau li v 2 phm c hp m th 3; sau li v 2 phm na c hp m cui. (Bn c th dch ging cc chui din tin khc trong phn ny theo cch tng t.)

Hy c tn ca cc hp m khi bn chi chng. Hy c chng tht to. Chng ti khng ni a u. Bn mun bnh v nghe ging ca bn khi c tn ca cc hp m ny ti cc v tr ng ca chng m bn c th khng bao gi qun rng bn chi hp m Am7 hp m th 3 ca dy din tin ny ti phm th 5.

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iu m chng ti nghe thy l g? phi l ting bc chn ca tun lc nh. Trong bi tp tip theo, nh trong hnh 8-7, bn c th thc hnh nhiu cc hp m chn da trn E trn c cn n bng cch chi chui hp m trong bi ht We Wish You a Merry Christmas. gip bn h o vn bi tp ny, chng ti c ch phm no m ngn tay tr cn chn cho mi hp m.

Nu bn ang chi mt cy guitar mc dy nylon, bn khng c th chi hp m Em phm th 12 v thn ca cy n nm ti . (thm ch trn mt cy guitar mc dy thp, hp m ny th hu ht l khng th chi.) Hy thay th bng hp m Em v tr m, nhng hy chi n vi cc ngn bm 3 v 4 gi cho tay ca bn dng chn. Trong phn Chi cc bi nhc vi cc hp m chn v cc hp m power nm sau trong chng ny, bn c th thy mt phin bn khc ca bi nhc ny, vi giai iu v li nhng ng nhy ti cho ti khi bn lm ch c cc hp m chn da trn A! Chi cc hp m chn trng (Major) da trn A Trong on sau, chng ti s gii thiu mt nhm cc hp m chn trng khc, cc hp m chn da trn A. Hp m chn trng da trn A trng ging nh hp m m A (nhng khc ngn bm, m chng ti s cung cp cho bn trong on sau) v tn ca n ly t dy s 5 ti ni m bn t ngn tr chn. Phn l thuyt dng nh n gin, nhng bn c th thy rng hp m ny kh hn mt cht khi chi so vi hp m chn trng da trn E. ng lo lng, tuy nhin, bi v chng ti c mt s i thay th cho bn m ch bao hm 2 ngn tay thi. Nhng by gi, theo nh chng ti v hy to ra hp m chn da trn A theo hng ca on sau. Ngn bm hp m chn trng da trn A

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 nhn mt hp m chn trng da trn A, hy theo cc bc sau:

1. Hy nhn hp m A m, nhng thay v s dng cc ngn bm thng thng 1-2-3, th hy dng 2-3-4. Cc ngn bm ny cho ngn tay tr(index) c rnh rang v sn sng l ngn chn. (Nu bn khng chc v cch nhn hp m A m, hy xem chng 4.)

2. Hy t ngn tay tr nm ngang qua tt c 6 dy n, y l nm trn Nut (pha hng v the tuning pegs). Bi v bn ch gy (strum) 5 dy trn i vi cc hp m chn da trn A, nn bn c th t ngn tay tr ch ngm ngang qua 5 dy thi. Nhng hu ht cc tay guitar t ngn tr ngang qua ht c 6 dy bi v h cm thy thoi mi v n cng ngn dy m s 6 khi ku ln tnh c.

Vic t ngn tr nm ngang qua cc dy n ti im ny khng nh hng ti m thanh ca hp m bi v cc dy n khng rung ng v pha u cn ca Nut. By gi th, bn hy cm nhn v tr ca hp m. ng nhn qu mnh vi bt k ngn tay no ca bn bi v bn s thc hin di chuyn hp m.

3. Gi ly hnh dng tng th tay tri t bc 2 v trt ln mt phm ngn tay tr ca bn chn vo phm u tin, kt qu ta c hp m Bb, nh trong hnh 88. Sau khi bn nhn hp m Bb, hy th chi cc note ca hp m ny 1 dy mt ln khy (t dy 5 ti dy 1) xem tt c cc note c vang ln mt cch r rng khng. Nu bn thy cc note b nght, hy kim tra xem cc ngn bm tay tri ca bn c ch ang chm vo cc dy tng ng hay khng v khng ngn chn cc dy k cn rung ng. Nu m thanh vn cn b nght, bn cn s dng thm lc nhn vi cc ngn tay ca bn.

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Tm phm ng Bi v bn c th chi hp m Bb dng mt hp m chn, nn bn c th chi tt c 12 hp m chn trng da trn A nhng ch khi bn bit tn ca tt c cc note trn dy 5. Tt c cc hp m chn da trn A c c tn ca chng t dy s 5( cng ging nh tn ca hp m A m). Hy kim tra trong ph lc A bit tn ca cc note trn s 5.

Cc note v cc phm n lm vic nh mt ng h vy. Sau khi bn i qua 12, chng li lp li, v th phm th 13 l tng ng nh phm u (Bb); phm th 14 l tng ng nh phm th 2(B); v vn vn. Cc din tin s dng cc hp m chn trng da trn A Trc khi chi bt k chui din tin no m s dng cc hp m chn trng da trn A, bn cn bit rng hu ht cc tay guitar khng nhn chng nh chng ti din gii trc (tham kho hnh 8-8). Hy nhn vo hnh 8-9 s thy mt cch khc nhn hp m ny (dng hp m Bb phm u tin lm v d). Hy dng ngn nhn ca bn chn 3 note phm th 3.

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iu i hi kho lo v ngn bm bc hnh 8-9 l, dy s c th ku c, bn cn phi un cong ngn tay th 3(ngn nhn), cn nng cao khp t gia ca ngn tay khi chm vo dy s 1 (hy xem hnh). Mt s ngi c th thc hin c t th ny v mt s ngi th khng th - N gn ging nh vic lc l i tai ca bn. Ngi m khng th (nhc khp ngn tay, ch khng phi lc l i tai) c th s dng kiu bm trong hnh 8-10.

Nu bn bm gam chn Bb nh trong hnh 8-10 (dy s 1 khng c chi), phi chc rng dy s 1 khng c ku ln ngu nhin. gi cho dy s 1 hon ton hoc l trnh nh vo n hoc l lm cm n (lm m n bng cah1 chm nh vo) vi ngn tay nhn. Hy th nghim vi tt c 3 ngn tay v chn mt cch bm hp m ny m bn cm thy tt nht vi bn, nhng chng ti on rng bn s qut nh chn dng nh trong hnh 8-10. Bi tp trnh by trong hnh 8-11 s dng cc hp m chn trng da trn c s A v c m thanh rock nh thi k u. Bn c th cho cc ngn bm c ngh bng cch nh lc n khi bn trt t hp m ny ti hp m k. ng qun rng bn c th (v nn nh vy) chuyn ging chui din tin ny sang cc key khc bng cch di chuyn tng th mu ti mt im bt u mi. Hy lm nh vy cho tt c cc bi tp trong chng ny. Ch , cng, cc du ngt ting trong th 4 (play it di-di-di).

Chi cc hp m chn th, 7th t, 7th th, v 7th trng da trn A

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Chng ti tha nhn rng hp m chn trng da trn A c cht g hi gng so vi cc ngn bm tay tri. Nhng tt c cc dng hp m khc th m da trn A li rt hp l v ph hp vi cc ngn bm tay tri. Vi phn cn li ca cc dng hp m da trn A, bn s khng ng vi vic phi xon ngn tay mt cch khng t nhin hoc ng phi cc k thut mi. Mi iu bn cn lm l nm c nhiu dng khc nhau lm giu thm t in hp m ca bn. Cc hp m th hnh thnh mt hp m chn th da trn A bn c th theo cc bc tng t nh chng ti din gii trong on Chi cc hp m chn trng (Major) da trn A nm trc trong chng ny: Hy chi hp m Am m bng cch dng cc ngn bm 3-4-2 thay v 2-3-1 (xem chng 4 nu bn cn tr gip v hp m Am m); hy t ngn tay tr nm ngang qua tt c cc dy n trn mt ca Nut; v sau trt hnh dng ny ln mt phm v nhn chc xung, kt qu c hp m Bbm.

Nhng nu bn mun, bn c th hnh thnh hp m Bbm bng cch b vic trt hnh dng ln trn t mt hp m m v ch cn t cc ngn bm trc tip ln cc phm, nh c ch trong s hp m u tin trong hnh 8-12. Hy kim tra tng dy n mt thy c rng chng c r rng v khng b d. (Ch rng chng ti s i thng v trc v cng s cung cp cho bn cc ngn bm ca cc hp m Bb7, Bbm7, v Bbmaj7 trong hnh 8-12. S c thm cc hp m ny trong nhng on sau.)

Chui din tin trong hnh 8-13 l c trng ca mt bi ht rock, folk, hoc country v s dng c 2 loi hp m chn trng v th da trn A. Hy tham kho ph lc A nu bn cn phm thch hp (trn dy A) cho mi hp m.

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Cc hp m 7th t Cc hp m 7th t ku ln kiu bluesy(blues: iu nhy blues, nhc blues) v funky(si ni, hin i) so vi cc hp m trng. Hy tham kho hnh 8-12 thy cc ngn bm ca hp m chn Bb7 (da trn A). Hy nh rng bn c th trt hnh dng ln ti hp m ny t mt hp m A7 v tr m, 2 ngn tay (nhng ch khi bn dng cc ngn bm 3-4 cho hp m A7). By gi th, hy dng s dy A(dy s 5) trong ph lc A tm c phm thch hp cho bt k hp m chn no da trn A, hy th chi chui din tin n gin nh trong hnh 8-14, m trong dng cc hp m chn trng, th, v 7th t da trn A.

Cc hp m 7th th Cc hp m 7th th m nghe soft(mm, du) v jazzy(jazzy: thuc v nhc jazz, vui nhn, tc ci) so vi cc hp m trng. Bn c th hnh thnh hp m Bbm7 bng cch trt hnh dng ln t hp m Am7 th m (s dng cc ngn bm 3-2), hoc bn c th tham kho v d trnh by trong hnh 8-12 v t ngn tay tr trc tip ln cc phm c c hp m Bbm7.

Chui din tin n gin m hnh 8-15 trnh by c s dng dnh ring cho cc hp m 7th th. Nu bn cn, hy s dng ph lc A tm ra phm thch hp cho mi hp m.

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Cc hp m 7th trng Cc hp m 7th trng nghe m thanh bright (sng, ti) v jazzy(thuc v nhc jazz, vui nhn, tc ci) so vi cc hp m trng. (Bn c th ch rng, trong on cc hp m chn da trn E nm trc trong chng ny, chng ti khng bao gm vo hp m 7th trng. l bi v bn khng chi cc hp m ny dng chn.) Bn c th hnh thnh hp m Bbmaj7 bng cch trt hnh dng ln t hp m Amaj7 v tr m (hy s dng cc ngn bm 3-2-4) hoc bn c th tham kho v d trnh by trong hnh 8-12 v hy t cc ngn bm trc tip ln cc phm i vi hp m chn, nh trong hnh ch cho bn. Chui din tin n gin trong hnh 8-16 s dng cc hp m chn 7th trng v cc hp m chn 7th th da theo A. Hy dng ph lc A tm ra phm thch hp cho mi hp m, nu cu thit.

Bi tp trnh by trong hnh 8-17 s dng chui din tin hp m ca bi ht We Wish You a Merry Christmas. Hy chi chui din tin ny m ch s dng cc hp m chn da trn A. gip bn h o vn bi tp ny, chng ti c ch dn phm cn t ngn chn cho mi hp m. Bn c th ch rng cc hp m cc hp m s dng khc vi nhng hp m cng cho bi ny v d khc (hnh 8-7), nhng ch bi v chng ta dng mt hp m khi u khc y. Nu bn ang dng mt cy guitar mc dy nylon, bn s gp rc ri trong vic chi hp m Am phm 12 bi v thn n nm vo v tr . ( v vic chi hp m ny cng kh khn trn mt cy guitar mc dy thp) Hy thay th bng hp m Am th m nhng s dng cc ngn bm 3-4-2 gi cho tay ca bn th chn.

Bn c th ch rng, vic chi cc bi tp trong chng ny v c bit trong cc bi tp We Wish You a Merry Christmas tay tri ca phi phi nhy qung t 121

xut, git git. l bi v bn ang chi tt c nhng hp m c yu cu l ch s dng mt dng hp m hoc l dng da trn E hoc dng da trn A. Nu bn kt hp cc dng li, bn hy chn la hp m da trn c s tit kim thi gian di chuyn. Cc hp m F v Bb cch nhau n 5 phm nu bn dng cng dng chn, nhng chng s cng mt phm (phm u) nu bn s dng dng da trn E cho hp m F v dng da trn A cho hp m Bb. Vic chi cc bi ht s thc s tr nn d dng hn khi bn thm vo cc hp m vo trong kho kin thc ca bn.

Hy xem n d hn nhiu th no trong vic chi bi We Wish You a Merry Christmas khi bn s dng c cc hp m chn da trn A v cc hp m chn da trn E cng nhau, hy kim tra trong on Chi cc bi nhc vi cc hp m chn v cc hp m power, nm sau trong chng ny.

Wailing on Power Chords

Hp m Power ng nhm ln vi power cord (cable m cung cp in ti your motorized shoe buffer) thng thng khng g hn l 2 hoc 3 note trm nht ca hp m chn hoc hp m v tr m. Cc tay guitar thng dng cc hp m power trong nhc rock to ta m thanh thp(cao ,trm). Cc hp m Power th d chi hn so vi cc hp m phin bn y ca chng v khng cha ng tnh cht trng hoc th trong chng, v th chng c th thay th cho c 2 loi hp m (trng, th). Plus theyre loads of fun to play! Ngn bm cc hp m power Mt hp m power ch bao gm 2 note khc nhau m lun lun cch nhau 5 bc, chng hn nh A-E hoc C-G. (Hy m cc tn k t trn cc ngn tay ca bn chng thc rng A ti E v C ti G l cch nhau 5 bc. ) Nhng hp m thc s khi bn chi c th bao gm nhiu hn 2 dy, bi v bn c th gp i mi note m lm thnh hp m power l, vic chi cng note cc octave khc nhau (v trn cc dy khc nhau). 122

Cng nh hu ht cc hp m khc, cc hp m power cng 2 dng: - V tr m: Chng ti s trnh by cho bn cc hp m power v tr m thng dng nht E5, A5, v D5 trong hnh 8-18. Cc hp m ny n thun l 2 hoc 3 note trm nht ca cc hp m E, A v D v tr m m chng ti din gii trong chng 4. - C th di chuyn c: Cc hp m power c th di chuyn c n gin l 2 hoc 3 note trm nht ca cc hp m chn c th di chuyn c m chng ti din gii trong on trc ca chng ny. Bi v l trng hp cc hp m chn c th di chuyn c, nn cc hp m power c th di chuyn c th hoc l da trn E, c c tn ca chng t cc note m bn chi trn dy s 6th( E trm), hoc l da trn A, c c tn ca chng t cc note m bn chi trn dy s 5th (A). Hnh 8-19 trnh by cc hp m F5 v Bb5 m bi chi phm u tin, nhng bn c th di chuyn cc hp m ny ti bt k phm no, vic xc nh tn ca chng t cc s trong ph lc A trn dy E thp v dy A. Hoc, tt hn, bn c th xc nh cc tn ca hp m power bng cch ghi nh tn ca cc note trn dy s 6 v s 5 v sau bn khng cn s dng n ph lc A na! (gi , gi .)

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i vi hu ht cc b, cc hp m power 2 v 3 dy th c th thay th cho nhau. i vi mt vi hon cnh, chng hn nh chi nhng hnh nhp iu phong cch Chuck Berry m chng ti s trnh by trong chng 10, th phin bn 2 dy l thch hp hn.

S dng cc hp m power nh th no Trong nhc rock i v trc y (v thm ch trong nhc pop), cc tay guitar thng thay th cc hp m power cho cc hp m full dnh cho phn m nhc (c bit, phn guitar rhythm) mt m thanh mng hn, tha tht hn so vi cc hp m full. Theo chiu hng ny th i khi lm cho phn vocal c ni bt ln hn so vi phn nhc. Bn c th nghe loi m thanh hp m power ny trong cc bi ht c chng hn nh Johnny B.Goode v Peggy Sue. Chui din tin trong hnh 8-20 minh ha cc hp m power m bn dng sn sinh ra kiu m thanh ny. Hy chi chui din tin ny bng cch dng cc hp m power 2 dy hoc 3 dy.

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K t > c gi l du trng m (accent). N ni cho bn rng hy chi cc note c nhn to hn mt cht so vi cc note khc lm ni bt chng. Thnh thong nhng du nhn hnh thnh mt mu nhp iu (rhythmic) m cung cp cho bi ht mt hng v no , chng hn nh hng v Latin, hng v Bo Diddley, hng v polka, hoc thm ch l hng v tutti-frutti(mt qu thp cm). Trong nhc Hard-rock v heavy-metal, cc guitarist thng thch s dng mt m thanh nng hoc g trong cc hp m. H t c iu ny bng cch chi cc note thp vi s bp mo m thanh (distortion) mt tn hiu m thanh fuzzy(xon, m) kt qu c c khi tn hiu qu mnh i vi s mch in ca amply v cc loa c th x l hiu qu. Cc tay guitar hard-rock v heavy-metal thch chi cc hp m power power thay v cc hp m full ngay lp tc, bi v m thanh ca cc hp m power thp hn (chnh bi v chng khng bao gm cc dy cao). Hn na, m sc b mo thc s gii hn h v cc hp m power, bi v cc hp m full (cc hp m vi hn 2 note khc nhau) c th pht m nh bn vi s bp mo m thanh nng. Chui din tin trnh by trong hnh 8-21 minh ha mt cu riff c trng ca nhc heavy-metal s dng c nhng hp m power v tr m v cc hp m c th di chuyn. Nu bn c mt cy guitar in v mt amply hoc thit b effect m cho php bn overdrive(bt lm qu sc) n (hy xem chng 15), dng bp mo m thanh trong khi thc hnh chui din tin ny, cng nh khi bn nghe trn CD. Bn c th s dng hoc l cc hp m phin bn 2 hoc l 3 dy, nhng phin bn 2 dy l ci bn s nghe c trn CD.

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 chi mt bi ht vi cc hp m power ng cch, hy xem Power Play trong on sau, Chi cc bi nhc vi cc hp m chn v cc hp m power.

Chi cc bi nhc vi cc hp m chn v cc hp m power

By gi th iu vui bt u. Bn s thm li mt bi ht m bn c th chi ri mt vi im (tham kho hnh 8-7 v 8-17, nm trc trong chng ny), nhng trong on ny, chng ti ch cho bn cch chi mt bi ht d hn nu bn kt hp cc dng hp m khc nhau. Di y l mt vi thng tin hu ch v cc bi ht gip bn dc ng: - We Wish You a Merry Christmas. chi bi We Wish You a Merry Christmas, bn cn bit cch chi cc hp m chn da trn E (xem on Chi cc hp m chn da trn E v Chi cc hp m chn th, 7th t, v 7th th da trn E nm trc trong chng ny); cch chi cc hp m chn da trn A (xem on Chi cc hp m chn trng (Major) da trn A v on Chi cc hp m chn th, 7th t, 7th th, v 7th trng da trn A , nm trc trong chng ny); and how to play guitar dressed in a stuffy costume with a pillow strapped to your belly. Chui din tin hp m cho bi ht ny xut hin 2 ln trong cc bi tp chng ny, ln u l trong bi tp hinh 8-7, khi thc hnh cc hp m chn da trn E, v sau mt ln na trong bi tp hnh 8-17, khi thc hnh cc hp m chn da trn A. Trong mi bi tp , tay tri ca bn phi nhy vng quanh c bn phm. Bng cch kt hp c 2 loi hp m chn (da trn E v da trn A), bn c th chi bi nhc ny m s di chuyn ca tay tri c gim i nhiu. Vic ti thiu ha s di chuyn ca tay tri cho php bn chi va nhanh hn v mt m hn cng nh t c voice leading tt hn, hoc s mt m ca chuyn ng gia cc note ring bit ca cc hp m chuyn i. ( Voice leading tt s sinh ra mt m thanh d chu.) - Power Play. chi Power Play bn cn bit cch nhn v chi cc hp m power A5, G5, v D5 (hy xem on Ngn bm cc hp m power nm trc 1 cht trong chng ny) v cch quay amply ca bn ln ti 11 ( laSpinal Tap). Bi ht ny l 4 din tin rock m ch s dng cc hp m power. C v s cc bi ht rock s dng chui din tin ny, gm c nh bi kinh in Takin care of Business, bi Bachman-Turner Overdrive (c bit nh l BTO vi cc bn b ca h). Hy nh rng cc hp m power th rt ph hp vi m thanh nng, c bp mo, v bn c th s dng chng ti ch ca cc hp m phin bn full ca hp m bi v chng thng chng thng c cng 2 hoc note trm. V th nu bn cm nhn c mt cht ni lon, tinh qoi, hy vn amply ca bn v chi bi We Wish You a Merry Christmas vi cc hp m power, m thanh v vn mo, v mt t th rt t.

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Chng 9: Special Articulation (s khp li vi nhau, khp, cch c r rng): Making the Guitar Talk
Trong chng ny - Chi hammer-on - Chi pull-off - Chi trt(slides) - Chi y dy (bends) - Chi vibratos( ting rung) - Muting (nght ting) - Chi theo mt phong cch tch hp Articulation(s khp li) m ch n cch bn chi v kt ni cc note nhc trn cy guitar. Hy xem xt n theo cch ny: Nu cc cao v nhp iu(rhythms) l nhng g bn chi, th articulation l cch bn chi chng nh th no. Ariticulation lm cho m nhc ca bn nn din cm v cho php bn lm cho cy guitar tr nn ni c, ht, v thm ch l khc. T quan im chuyn mn, nhng k thut articulation nh l hammer-ons, pull-offs, slides(trt), v y dy(bends) cho php bn kt ni cc note nhc li vi nhau mt cch mt m, cho vo vic chi guitar ca bn mt cht m (mt iu tt, c bit l khi chi nhc blues). Vibratos thm vo cuc sng ko di (hoc gi) cc note nhc otherwise just sit there like a dead turtle, v muting(nght ting) to hnh cho m thanh ca cc note nhc, tao cho chng mt m thanh tight(cng), ngt(clipped).

Khi bn bt u kt hp articulation trong vic chi ca bn, bn bt u lm ch hn na cy guitar ca bn. Bn khng n thun l chi cho ng nhng bn s chi vi mt phong cch no .

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Chng ny s ch cho bn cch chi tt c cc k thut articulation m bn cn lm cho cy guitar bit ni. Sau khi chng ti trnh by mi k thut, chng ti s trnh by vi cu lick c c tnh r rt (idiomatic licks) ( chui note nhc m ph hp mt cch t nhin vi mt k thut hoc phong cch no ) bn c th chi k thut ng trong ng cnh.

Hiu r ngha( Getting the hang of sth) ca Hammer-Ons

Hammer-on khng m ch ti vic chi guitar trong khi mang dy lng; m hammer-on l mt k thut tay tri cho php bn chi 2 note t di(trm trc, cao sau) ln k nhau bng cch ch khy note u tin. K thut hammer-on tn ca n xut pht t ng tc ca ngn tay tri, nhng ng tc m nh nh ba xung bn phm, lm cho note ca phm vang ln. K thut ny thc hin s kt ni gia cc note nhc pht m mt m s mt m hn so vi khi bn n thun ch khy tng note ring bit.

Trong k hiu tab (v chun) trong sch ny, k t H vi mt du luyn m (slur) (mt ng vng cung) ch cho bit l hammer-on. (Du luyn m(slur) kt ni s phm u tin, hoc note, ca hammer-on vi note cui v k t H s xut hin trung tm ca dy luyn m. Nu 2 k t H xut hin bn trn du luyn m, Hammer-on gm 3 note). Chi k thut hammer-on Hammer-on trn dy m (hoc hammer, dng ngn) l kiu d nht khi chi. Hy theo cc bc sau thc hin Hammer-on trn dy m, nh trong hnh 9-1a: 1. Gy dy G m (dy th 3) nh bn thng gy. 2. Trong khi dy m ny vn cn ang vang, hy s dng mt ngn tay tri ca bn(ly v d, ngn tr) g mt cch tht nhanh v tht chc (hoc slam hoc v, nu bn thch) vo phm th 2 ca cng dy . Nu bn a ngn tay ca bn xung vi lc, bn s nghe thy mt note mi (note A phm th 2) vang ln. Thng thng, tay tri ca bn s khng gy vo mt phm; i th n nhn xung trn phm . Nhng sn sinh ra mt m thanh c th nghe c m khng cn picking, bn phi chm vo dy n mnh mt cht, dng nh ngn tay ca bn l mt ci ba nh lao xung trn bn phm. Hnh 9-1b trnh by mt hammer-on t mt note c nhn trn dy s 3. Hy s dng ngn tay tr ca bn nhn note u tin phm th 4 v hy khy dy; sau , trong khi note vn cn ang vang, hy s dng ngn tay gia ca bn ba xung trn phm th 5. Double hammer-on Hnh 9-1c trnh by mt double hammer-on trn s 3.Hy chi dy bung v ba xung phm th 2 vi ngn tay th nht; sau , trong khi note ny vn cn vang,

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hy ba xung dy n ny mt ln na ( phm th 4) vi ngn nhn, s sn sinh ra mt s kt ni siu mt m (super-smooth) gia 3 note ny.

ng rush(x, y, nh gp) cc note cng nhau; rushing l khuynh hng khi bn ln u lm vic vi hammer-on. Hnh 9-1d trnh by mt double hammer-on trn cng dy n m s dng 3 note c nhn. Kiu hammer-on ny l kh chi nht v i hi phi thc hnh mt cht. Hy chi note nm phm th 4, nhn n bng ngn tr; hammer-on note phm th 5 vi ngn gia; sau ba note phm th 7 vi ngn tay t ca bn.

Double-stop hammer-on

Bn cng c th chi cc hammer-on kiu double-stops. Nhng kiu double-stop hammer-on thng thng nht v l kiu d chi nht l kiu m c hai note double-stop nm trn cng phm, iu ny cho php bn chn(barre) chng (chi chng vi mt ngn tay). (Hy xem chng 7 bit thm chi tit v double-stops). Hnh 9-21 trnh by mt double-stop hammer-on t cc dy m (dy s 2 v 3). Sau khi gy 2 dy m ny bng pick, v trong khi hai dy ny vn cn vang, hy slam xung vi ngn tay tr phm th 2, nm ngang qua c 2 dy cng thi im. Tip theo, hy th mt double-stop hammer-on t phm th 2 ti phm th 4, cng trn cc dy s 2 v 3, nh trnh by trong hnh 9-2b. Hy s dng ngn tay tr ca bn chn phm th 2 v ngn k ca bn chn phm th 4. By gi, c c nhiu mu sc, hy th mt double double-stop hammer-on trn cng cc dy, nh trong hnh 9-2c. Hy bt u vi cc dy bung; ba xung chn phm th 2 vi ngn tay tr; sau ba xung chn phm th 4 vi ngn nhn. Hammer-on from nowhere(khng u) Hnh 9-3 trnh by ci m chng ta gi l hammer-on from nowhere. N khng phi l mt hammer-on tiu biu v rng note c ba xung khng theo 130

sau mt note thp hn ang vang ln trc ri. S tht, note c ba th hon ton trn mt dy khc so vi note trc . Lm cho ku note c ba bng cch nhn n tht mnh (ba mnh n) vi mt ngn tay tri mnh note ku ln m khng cn gy n vi pick.

Ti sao bn li cn dng kiu hammer-on ny? Thnh thong, trong cc on nhc nhanh, mu khy tay phi ca bn khng cho bn thi gian bn thc hin thm mt ln gy na khi bn cn n. Nhng bn c th lm cho note nhc vang ln cch g cng c bng cch nhn n mnh vi mt ngn tay tri ba n t khng u c. t c c tnh r rt vi k thut hammer-ons Trong cc hnh 9-4 n 9-7, bn s thy cc cu lick c trng s dng hammer-on. (Cc s nh k cc u note nhc trong k hiu chun ch cho bit cc ngn bm tay phi.). Cu lick hnh 9-4 s dng cc single-note hammer-on t cc dy m. Bn c th nghe loi cu lick ny trong mt bi ht nhc rock, blues, hoc country. Hy th chi n thc hnh thm mt cht vi hammer-on.

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Mt iu tuyt vi khc na l gy mt hp m trong khi ang ba(hammering) mt trong nhng note . Hnh 9-5 trnh by k thut ny k thut ny James Taylor thng s dng trong ng cnh ca mt on nhc. Hnh 9-6 trnh by cc single-note hammer-on m ch bao gm cc note c nhn. Bn c th nghe loi cu lick ny trong nhiu bi ht nhc rock v blues. Cc khy down-picks c ch ra bi k t v khy up-pick( khy ln) c ch ra bi k t . (sim. c ngha l hy tip tc chi theo li tng t - y m ch n vic khy (picking) theo mu c ch).

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Hy gi ngn tay tr chn ly phm th 5 i vi cu lick ny khi bn chi. Bn s c c mt m thanh mt m hn, v bn thy rng n cng s d chi hn. Hnh 9-7 kt hp mt double-stop hammer-on vi mt hammer-on t khng u v tr th 5. (Hy xem chng 7 bit thm thng tin v vic chi theo v tr(th).) Hy th picking note cui , v bn s thy mt cch d dng rng hammer-on t khng u s thun tin hn so vi phin bn khy note .

Vui a vi Pull-Offs
Pull-off l mt k thut khc m cho php bn kt ni cc note nhc mt cch mt m. N cho php bn chi 2 note tip lin nhau theo th t gim dn bng cch ch khy mt ln vi tay phi v, khi note u tin vang ln, hy git ngn tay ca bn khi phm . Khi bn git ngn tay ca bn khi mt phm, th note thp hn s c nhn (hoc note dy bung) trn dy sau s vang ln thay cho note u tin. Bn c th ngh kiu pull-of nh l o ngc ca hammer-on, nhng s tri ngc c bit thc s khng m t y ton b mi iu. Pull-off cng i hi bn phi s dng mt s git nghing nh dy n ti ch m bn ang nhn note c khy v sau nh dy n khi ngn tay ca bn trong mt ci snap khi bn git ngn tay ca bn khi phm mt vi iu ging nh khi bn thc hin c y trong tr chi tiddly-wink.

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K hiu tab (v chun) trong cun sch ny trnh by mt pull-off bng cch a ra k t P nm gia bn trn mt du luyn m slur (mt ng cong ngn) kt ni 2 s tab(hoc note). Chi k thut pull-offs Pull-off(hoc pull, dng ngn) ln mt dy m l kiu chi d nht. Hy theo cc bc sau pull-of dy m nh trnh by trong hinh 9-8a: 1. Nhn dy s 3 phm th 2 vi ngn tay tr hoc ngn ci (ngn no thy thoi mi hn) v khy note nh bnh thng vi tay phi. 2. Trong khi note vn ang vang, hy git ngn tay ca bn khi dy n theo chuyn ng nghing (hng v dy th 2) s gy cho dy m s 3 vang ln hu ht nh khi bn ang thc hin mt git ngn tay tri. Nu bn chi tng tc ln, bn thc khng th git dy n nh khi bn b ngn tay ra lc bn ang na nhc ngn tay ra v na th git hoc dng gia chng vy. Hy th nghim thy c chuyn ng ngn tay tri m lm vic tt nht i vi bn.

Hnh 9-8b trnh by mt pull-off ch bao gm cc note c nhn. Nhn t chnh trong vic chi kiu pull-off ny l bn phi nhn c 2 note pull-off trc (ahead of time). Chng phn cui dng in nghing bi v n rt quan trng. iu i hi ny l mt khc bit ln gia k thut hammer-on v pull-off. Bn phi bit trc, hoc thit lp, sm pha trong k thut pull-off. Hy theo cc bc sau chi on pull-off c nhn trong hnh 9-8b: 1. Hy nhn c phm th 2 ca dy s 3 vi ngn tr v phm th 4 ca dy s 3 vi ngn kt cng mt thi im. 2. Hy gy dy s 3 vi ming khy v, trong khi note phm th 4 vn ang vang ln, hy git ngn tay kt khi phm s 4 (dng na git, na nhc) lm vang ln note ca phm th 2 (phm m bn nhn ri).

C gng trnh vic v tnh khy vo dy s 2 khi bn thc hin pull off. Cng vy, bn c th thy rng nu bn khng bm trc note phm th 2, bn s kt thc pull off vi dy bung thay v l phm th 2. Double pull-off Hnh 9-8c trnh by on double pull-off ln dy th 3 m. Hy nhn ng thi hai note u tin (bng ngn tr v ngn k). Hy khy dy n v sau pull 134

off vi ngn k lm cho note phm th 2 vang ln; sau pull off vi ngn tr lm cho dy m c vang ln. (Ch rng k t Ps xut hin trn du luyn m kt ni 3 note; du hiu ch rng bn s phi thc hin pull off 2 note ch khng phi ch mt note.) Hnh 9-8d trnh by mt on double pull-off trn dy th 3 ch s dng cc note c nhn. Hy nhn tt c 3 note (dng ngn tr, ngn gia, v ngn t). Hy khy dy n v sau pull off vi ngn t lm cho note phm th 5 vang ln; sau pull off vi ngn gia lm note ca phm th 4 vang ln.

Double-stop pull-off Bn cng c th chi k thut pull-off dng double-stop. Nh thc t vi k thut hammer-on, double-stop pull-off m ph bit nht v chi d nht l dng c hai note double-stop nm trn cng phm, iu ny cho php bn chn chng. (Xem chng 7 bit thm thng tin v double-stops.) Hnh 9-9a trnh by mt on double-stop pull-off ln cc dy m s 2 v s 3. Sau khi khy cc note phm th 2, v trong khi cc dy n vn cn rung, hy pull off ngn tay tr ca bn (na git, na nhc) khi c 2 dy n cng mt thi im (trong mt ng tc) lm cho dy m vang ln.

K tip, hy th mt on double-stop pull-off t phm th 4 v phm th 2, nh trong hnh 9-9b. Hy t ngn tr ca bn phm th 2, chn ngang dy s 2 v 3, v t ngn tay k ca bn ti phm th 4 (cng chn ngang dy s 2 v 3) cng mt thi im. Hy khy cc dy n v sau git ngn k khi phm th 4 lm cho cc note phm th 2 trn c 2 dy vang ln. By gi hy th on double double-stop pull-off, trn cc dy tng t, nh trong hnh 9-9c. Loi pull-off ny th tng t nh loi bn chi trong v d hnh 9-9b ngoi tr rng, sau khi cc note trn phm th 2 vang ln, bn s git ngn tr khi phm th 2 lm cho cc dy bung vang ln.

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t c c tnh r rt vi k thut pull-offs Trong hnh 9-10 v 9-11, bn thy 2 cu lick c trng s dng pull-off. Hnh 9-10 bao gm cc pull-off note n trn cc dy m. Bn c th nghe dng cu lick ny trong nhiu bi ht nhc rock v nhc blues.

Hnh 9-5, trong on t c c tnh r rt vi k thut hammer-ons, nm trc trong chng ny, ch cho bn cch khy(strum) mt hp m trong khi ang hammering on trn mt note ca hp m . Hnh 9-11 ch cho bn k thut ngc li: Khy (strumming) mt hp m trong khi pulling off mt note. on nhc trong hnh ny khi u vi 2 pull-off note n, ch lm hm nng bn thi.

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Trn vi k thut Slides (Getting Slippery with Slides)

Slide l mt k thut articulation (k thut khp ni) trong trng hp bn chi mt note nhc v sau di chuyn ngn tay tri ca bn dc theo dy n ti mt phm khc. K thut ny cho php bn kt ni 2 hoc hn 2 note mt cch mt m v nhanh chng. N cng cho php bn thay i cc v tr trn bn phm mt cch trn tru. C nhiu kiu slide khc nhau. Cc kiu c bn nht c trnh by trong danh sch di y: - Slide gia 2 note m bn ch khy (pick) note u tin. - Slide gia 2 note m bn khy (pick) c 2 note. - Slide t mt cao khng xc nh nm trn hoc di note ch vi phm. (Cao y khng xc nh bi v bn khi u slide vi lc nhn tay rt nh, ri tng dn ln cho ti khi bn chm ti phm ch). - Slide ti mt cao khng xc nh nm trn hoc nm di vi phm so vi note khi u. (Cao y khng xc nh bi v bn gim dn lc nhn ngn tay khi bn di chuyn xa khi phm khi u). - Slide into home plate. Trong k hiu tab (v dng chun), chng ti k hiu slide bng cc k t sl. nm gia bn trn mt ng gch nghing.

Chi k thut slides

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Tn ca k thut ny, slide, cho bn mt manh mi tt v cch m thc hin n. Bn hy trt ngn tay tri ln hoc xung trn 1 dy, vn duy tr tip xc vi dy n, cho ti khi chm ti mt note mi. i khi, bn kt ni 2 note (v d, bn trt t phm 7th ti phm 9th), v i khi bn kt ni 1 note (ti mt ph cho) vi mt cao khng xc nh (bn sn sinh ra cc cao khng xc nh bng cch gy mt dy trong khi bn thm vo hoc gim i t t lc nhn ngn tay khi bn ang trt).

Kt ni 2 note
Hnh 9-12a trnh by mt du luyn (slur) (ng cong: curved line) dc theo vi mt ng nghing. Du luyn (slur) ch rng y l trt u u(legato) (legato slide), c ngha l bn ng gy note th 2. Hy chi note th nht phm th 9 mt cch bnh thng, ko di note trong mt nhp. nhp th 2, trong khi dy n vn cn rung, hy trt l ngn tay tri ca bn ti phm th 12, vn gi nguyn lc nhn trong sut c thi gian ca note. ng tc ny lm cho note phm th 12 vang ln m khng cn phi gy. Trong hnh 9-12b, ch gii mt slide m khng c du luyn (slur), bn hy gy note th 2. Hy gy v gi note phm th 9 trong 1 nhp; sau , nhp th 2 (beat 2), hy trt ln phm th 12, vn duy tr lc nhn ngn tay nguyn vy nh lc u v gy dy n khi bn chm n phm 12.

Nu bn chi k thut slide nh trong hnh 9-12b mt cch chm, bn s to ra mt m thanh nh vut (glissando). Glissando l mt hiu ng m bn nghe trn nhng cy n harp (n hc), piano, v guitar, tt c cc note gia 2 note chnh u vang ln.

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Lm vic vi cao khng xc nh

Ci chng ta gi mt c slide tc th tng dn (ascending immediate slide) t di ln l mt c slide l, khng trong nhp, ch nhm mc ch t im cho 1 note v khng phi l cch m bn s dng kt ni 2 note khc nhau. v d trong hnh 9-13a, bn trt ti phm th 9 t mt vi phm thp hn. Hy theo cc bc ny: 1. Hy bt u slide (trt) t note c khong cch l 3 phm thp hn so vi phm ch (phm th 6 nu phm th 9 l ch ca bn), hy dng mt lc nhn ngn tay ti thiu. Khi ngn tay ca bn trt ln, hy tng dn u lc nhn ngn tay ca bn , khi bn ti phm ch, bn s dng lc nhn full. Gy dy n vi ming khy trong khi ngn tay tri ca bn ang trong chuyn ng, ti mt ch no gia cc phm bt u v phm ch (phm th 6 v phm th 9, trong v d ny).

2.

3.

C Slide trong hnh 9-13b l ci m chng ta gi l slide tc th gim dn (descending immediate slide). Loi slide ny thng xut hin sau khi bn gi ngn 1 note mt khong di. N to cho note ngn di ny mt s kt thc hoa m. Hy theo cc bc sau: 1. Hy khy note c ch tra trong tab ( l note phm th 12 trong trng hp ny) theo nh li khy thng thng. Sau khi note vang ln theo khong thi gian c ch, hy trt ngn tay tri ca bn theo chiu gim cao dy n, vi lc nhn ngn tay nh ra t t khi bn trt, to ra mt hiu ng s mt dn (fade away).

2.

Sau mt vi phm, bn nn nhc ngn tay ca bn khi dy n hon ton tr khi bn mun chi mt c slide di (long slide). Trong trng hp , bn c th trt ngn tay ca bn theo chiu gim cao trn c cn n, nh lc nhn ngn tay (v cui cng nhc ngn tay ca bn khi dy n) hng v u cui ca cn n, l u gn vi nut (chn trn) nu bn mun.

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Chi nhng cu lick c trng s dng cc Slide

Hnh 9-14 v 9-15 trnh by 2 cu lick c trng s dng cc c slide. Hnh 9-14 a ra cc c slide tng dn tc th, bao gm mt c slide double-stop chn. Hy s dng ngn tay tr (ngn u tin) chi double-stop chn phm th 5, ch thc hin trt n cch t 1 hoc 2 phm thp hn. Cu click ny c mi m thanh ca Chuck Berry.

Hnh 9-15 (cng bao gm mt c hammer-on v mt c pull-off) trnh by cch bn c th s dng cc c slide thay i cc th nh (v tr position) mt cch mt m. (cc con s nh trong k hiu dng chun ch cc ngn bm tay tri). y bn hy di chuyn t v tr th 3 ti v tr th 5 v quay tr li v tr th 3. Hy ch rng dng tab ch ra rng cc c slide vi cc du luyn (slur) bn ng gy note th 2 ca mi c trt. V theo nhng du ch gy ln (V - upstroke) v xung ( - downstroke) - bn hy gy cc note 5 ln, mc du thc t bn chi n 9 note! 140

Getting the Bends (Thc hin Bend dy n)

Hn bt k kiu k thut kt ni no khc, k thut y dy string bend l cch lm cho cy guitar ca bn ni chuyn (talk) (hoc ht hoc khc), to cho m thanh ca nhc c hu nh c kh nng din cm. Bending th khng g hn l vic s dng 1 ngn tay tri y (push) hoc ko (pull) mt dy n chch ra khi s thng hng thng thng ca n, vic ko cng dy n hng v dy s 6th hoc dy s 1th. (on sau na s ni v hng ko cng dy n hng bend).

Khi bn bend 1 dy n, bn lm tng cao ca n bng cch ko cng dy n. Vic tng cao ny c th l nh hoc cng nht, ph thuc vo chnh xc bao xa khi bn bend dy n. Nm gia nhng c bend nh nht v nhng c bend cng nht th c v s cc mc bend nh cng gia chng. V s cc bend nh cng ny lm cho cy guitar ca bn bit ht. K hiu dng tab trong sch ny ch ra mt c bend bng cch s dng mt ng mi tn un cong v hoc l mt s hoc l mt phn s (hoc c hai) ti nh ca ng mi tn. Phn s , chng hn, c ngha rng bn bend dy n cho ti khi tng ln na cung (tng ng vi mt phm fret) so vi bnh thng. S 1 trn mt mi tn b cong c ngha rng bn bend dy n cho ti khi cao tng ln mt cung (tng ng vi 2 phm) so vi bnh thng. Bn cng c th nhn thy cc phn s chng hn nh v hoc cc s ln hn nh 1 hoc 2 nm trn cc mi tn b cong. Cc phn s ny hoc l cc s ni cho bn bao nhiu cung cn thit bend note . Nhng v 1 l cc c bend ph bin nht m bn s nhn thy trong hu ht cc k hiu tab.

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Bn c th kim tra thy rng bn ang bend ng bng cch gy note ch mt cch bnh thng v so snh vi note bend. Nu du ch rng, hy bend ton cung (1) trn phm s 7 ca dy s 3, chng hn, th bn hy chi phm th 9 mt cch thng thng v hy lng nghe mt cch cn thn cao ca n. Sau , c gng bend note phm th 7 khp vi cao phm th 9 m ang nm trong u bn. Mc du gn nh tt c cc nh xut bn m nhc guitar s dng cc mi tn c un cong v cc con s ch cc c bend trong dng tab, nhng khng phi tt c cc nh xut bn u s dng cc du ch ny trn khun k hiu chun. Thay vo mt s nh xut bn trnh by cao ca c hai note khi khng bend v khi bend, mt trong chng trong ngoc n hoc mt trong chng c vit rt nh. trnh bi ri, hy m bo rng bn xc minh cch m mi nh xut bn k hiu cho cc note bend trc khi bn bt u chi nhc. Thng thng bn s khng chi k thut bend nhiu dy trn cc cy guitar thng, bi v cc dy n qu dy. Trong vic chi guitar in, k thut bend l mt k thut khng th thiu, cc dy n th mng hn.

Cc dy n c chia ra theo nhiu c, c ny c tnh bng ng knh ca dy n dng millimet. Mt b dy n guitar thng c nh bt u vi ng knh ca dy s 1st l 0.12 millimet, m thng thng cng c xem l khng th bend c bi tt c cc tay guitar ngoi tr dnh ring cho nhng ngi chi mnh bo. (Guitarists refer to the entire set in shorthand as twelves). i vi cc cy guitar in, cc c ph bin nht bt u vi b dy m s dng c .009 hoc 0.10 millimeter cho dy cao nht (dy s 1th) (nines v tens l s dng ting bn a). Bn c th bend vi c 0.11s v 0.12s (elevens v twelves) trn cy guitar ca bn, nhng ng nn chi mnh bo qu nu khng bn s b au.

Chi cc note bend (Playing bends)

Ly bc hnh 9-16a nh l mt im bt u cho vic chi cc note bend. Bn hy chi note bend ny dy s 3 vi ngn th 3 (ngn nhn), ngn ny tiu biu cho mt v tr bend rt ph bin cng c th l ph bin nht. Hy theo nhng bc sau: 1. Hy t ngn tay th 3 (ngn nhn) ti phm th 7 nhng hy h tr ngn th 3 (ngn nhn) bng cch t ngn th 2 (ngn gia) phm th 6 v t ngn th nht (ngn tr) phm th 5, tt c thc hin cng lc ( hy xem hnh 9-16a). Ngn u tin (ngn tr) v ngn th 2 khng to ra m thanh, nhng chng thm sc mnh cho vic bend ca bn. Vic h tr khi bend vi bt k ngn tay no c th c lun l mt tng tt.

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2. Khy dy s 3 vi tay phi ca bn 3. Sau khi khy dy s 3, hy s dng tt c 3 ngn tay cng nhau y dy n hng v dy s 6, nng cao ln 1 cung (whole step) ( c cao bnh thng bn hy gy phm th 9 xem hnh Figure 9-16b).

Vic y tay ca bn vo trong cn n khi bn thc hin bend s gip cho bn cng thm lc ca n by. Cng vy, vic s dng cc dy n c nh, hoc mnh, cho cy guitar ca bn cng lm cho vic bend d dng hn.

Hnh 9-17 trnh by cc note bend trng nh th no trong dng k hiu chun v dng tab. Hnh 9-17a trnh by k thut m chng ta gi l bend tc th (immediate bend.) Hy khy note nhc v sau bend n ln ngay tc th. Hnh 9-17b c gi l mt note bend and release (bend v th). Hy khy note nhc; sau bend n (m khng cn khy li na), v sau unbend n ( th note nhc m khng cn khy li) v v tr thng thng ca n. Khng ging nh trong hnh 9-17a, kiu bend ny th khng cn tc th; thay vo , bn s thy n notated trong mt giai iu c bit (m bn c th nghe trong CD). Bn c th quy loi bend ny l bend theo giai iu (bend in rhythm) hoc bend giai iu (measured bend).

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Hnh 9-17c trnh by mt c prebend and release. Bn prebend (bend trc) note nhc, hoc bend n trc khi bn khy n vi ming khy. Hy bend note nhc nh bn thc hin trong hnh 9-17a nhng ng khy dy n khi bn cha hon thnh vic bend n. Sau khi bn khy note nhc, hy unbend ( th note nhc m khng cn khy li) dy n v v tr thng thng ca n.

Thng thng nht, nh trong cc v v hnh 9-17 trnh by, bn y dy n hng v dy s 6th (hoc hng ln trn). Nhng nu bn bend cc note 2 dy trm (dy 5th v dy 6th), bn hy ko dy n hng v dy s 1st (hoc l hng xung sn) mt khc dy n s trt thng bn phm.

Thc hin cc cu c trng vi bends

Hnh 9-18 trnh by mt hnh nhp iu (figure) bend rt ph bin m bn c th s dng trong solo rock. Ch rng ngn bm m khun k hiu chun chi dn thc hin. Ch rng tay tri ca bn hy nh khng di chuyn n b kha v tr th 5 ( hy xem chng 7 bit thm thng tin v v tr/th), vi ngn tay th nht (ngn tr) chn dy th 1st v dy th 2nd phm th 5. Note th 2 ca hnh nhp iu (figure) (phm th 5, dy s 2nd) tnh c cng cao (E) vi note bend ch ca bn, v th bn c th s dng note th 2 kim tra chnh xc ca note bend bn thc hin. Sm thi, bn s bt u cm nhn c bn cn bend bao nhiu c th nng cao ln na cung (half-step) hoc mt cung (wholestep). Tt c cc note bend trong v d ny l cc note bend tc th (immediate bend).

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Sau khi bn chi mi note dy th 3, ch trc khi bn khy note dy s 2nd, hy gim lc nhn ngn tay t note bend. ng tc ny lm cho dy th 3 ngng rung khi bn khy dy s 2nd.

Trong hnh 9-19, bn bend dy s 2, 1 note l bend tc th (immediate bend) v 1 note l bend giai iu (bend in rhythm). Hy lng nghe CD thy cc m thanh trong v d ny ku nh th no. Ni ng ra, bi v bn ang v tr 12th, bn nn s dng ngn tay th t (ngn t) chi phm th 15th. Nhng chng ti ch cho bn rng hy dng ngn th 3, bi v nu bn trn phm th 12th, th cc phm n gn nhau hn, v th m ngn tay th 3 (ngn nhn) c th chm ti cc phm d dng v n cng mnh hn ngn th 4 (ngn t).

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Bn hy chi cc v d c trnh by trong hnh 9-18 v 9-19 ci m cc tay guitar lead gi l box pattern l 1 nhm cc note trong mt v tr m n gn ging hnh dng mt ci hp. Bn c th s dng mu ny (pattern) cho cc cu solo ng khu (improvising). ( bit thm thng tin v cc mu hp box pattern v solo, hy xem chng 10 v 11.) Ch : du ch 8va trn k hiu m nhc chun trong hnh 9-19 ni cho bn bit rng hy chi cc note cao hn 1 octave so vi note nhc c vit. Hnh 9-20 s dng mt box pattern nh v tr th 8th. V d ny m t nt ni bt ca note bend v th (bend and release), bend s l tc th(immediate) v th (release) l giai iu. Hy lng nghe CD cm nhn m thanh ny.

Mc du bn bend hu ht cc note bng cch y 1 dy hng v dy s 6th, i khi bn cng cn bend mt dy n theo hng khc, thm ch trn mt dy n gia hoc trn cc dy cao hn (nhng khng phi trn dy s s 1 bi v n s trt khi cn n nu bn thc hin). Bn cn s dng hng bend ngc ny nu note theo sau note bend nm trn mt dy m gn k vi dy bend. Bn cn bend cch xa khi dy n n t trn; nu khng th, ngn bend ca bn s c th chm n tnh c, lm cm n mt cch tnh c. Hnh 9-21 trnh by 2 note bend na cung trn dy 3rd bng ngn tr. Note bend u tin hng v dy s 6 bi v note theo sau n l dy s 2nd. (Hy nh rng bn ang bend ri xa khi note theo sau). Note th 2, tuy nhin, bend hng v pha sn bi v note theo sau nm trn dy gn k l dy s 4. Mt ln na, bn li bend cch xa khi note k tip.

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Bn c th to ra mt hiu ng th v bng cch bend 1 note, sau n vang ln trong trng thi bend ca n, trong khi khy mt note trn mt dy khc, v sau khy li dy bend v th nh n. Nhiu tay guitar southern-rock v country-rock thch dng kiu bend ny. Hnh 9-22 trnh by k thut ny held-bend. Trong k hiu, ng thng chm sau mi tn ch ra rng bn hy gi note khng nhng khi bn khy dy s 2, m cn khy li dy s 3 na; ng lin nt v cong xung ch ra s nh ca note bend. Hy chc rng bn bend dy s 3rd hng ln pha trn ngn tay bend ri xa dy s 2nd. Hy lng nghe CD cm nhn m thanh ca cu lick ny.

Bn cng c th chi cc note bend kiu double-stops bn ch vic bend 2 dy ti cng mt thi im, thng thng bng cch chn 2 dy vi 1 ngn tay. (Hy xem Chng 7 bit thm thng tin v double-stops). Hnh 9-23 trnh by mt c bend double-stop trn dy s 2nd v s 3rd trong mu hp (box pattern) phm th 5. Hy s dng ngn tay tr ca bn chi note double-stop phm th 5; sau s dng ngn nhn chi note bend double-stop v nh (doubloe-stop bend and release) phm th 7th. K hiu mi tn i ch cho bn hy bend c hai note. Nhn tin, khi double-stop bend and release m c trnh by bi mt mi tn n trong ng tc release chi trnh s hn n trong k hiu v th hy tip tc thc hin ng rc nh (release) cho c 2 note.

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a dng m thanh ca bn vi k thut rung(vibrato)

Ngh v khi nim rung (vibrato), v bn c th tng tng mt s chp chn ca ca s hoc mt cch tay ko git ca mt ngh s violin. Trn guitar, tuy nhin, rung (vibrato) l mt s dao ng cao mt cch vng chc, u n (v thng l nh), hu ht c th t c iu ny bng cch bend v release mt cch mau l mt note nhc mt dao ng nh. Mt s rung (vibrato) c th lm cho mt note nhc thm s si ni, cm xc, cm gic cm gi, hoc c duy tr mi. Hin nhin thi gian tt nht p dng k thut rung l khi bn gi mt note nhc ngn di. Thi gian l lc bn c th thm mt cht cm xc cho note nhc bng cch s dng k thut rung (vibrato). Rung khng ch lm cho note nhc thm si ni, m cn tng thi gian ngn vang ca note. Mt s tay guitar, chng hn nh B.B. King v i nhc Blues, th ni ting vi k thut rung din cm ca h. C 2 k hiu dng tab v dng chun u ch ra mt 148

note rung bng cch t mt ng gn sng nm trn nh ca khun nhc trn note nhc m bn s p dng k thut rung.

Bn c th to ra mt m rung theo vi cch, nh trong danh sch di y din t: Bn c th bend nh v th (slightly bend and release) mt note nhc lp i lp li nhiu ln (over and over again), s to ra hiu ng wahwah-wah. Cao trung bnh ca note rung ny th hi cao hn mt cht so vi note dng bnh thng. K thut tay tri i vi phng php ny th ging vi k thut bend bn hy di chuyn ngn tay hng ln v xung, theo phng vung gc vi dy n, s to ra s dao ng ca cao . Bn c th trt ngn tay ca bn tht nhanh ti lui dc theo dy n, trong phm vi phm . Mc du bn khng thc s di chuyn ngn tay ra khi phm , nhng cao vn c thng ln mt cht khi bn di chuyn hng v pha Nut v ging xung mt cht khi bn di chuyn hng v b nhng (bridge). Bi vy, cao trung bnh ca note rung l tng t vi note trng thi bnh thng. Kiu rung ny th hu ht dnh ring cho vic chi guitar classic vi cc dy nylon. (Hy xem chng 13 bit thm thng tin v vic chi guitar classic). Nu guitar ca bn c cn rung (whammy bar), bn c th di chuyn cn rung ln v xung vi tay phi ca bn, to ra s dao ng v cao . Hn na lm cho giai iu linh hot hn v vng dao ng cao rng hn, cn rung cho php bn lm rung mt dy bung.

Kiu rung u tin m chng ti cp trong danh sch trn, kiu bend and release (bend v nh), l kiu ph dng nht v l kiu c rnh by trong cc v d trong chng ny. Hy h tr ngn tay rung ca bn vi cc ngn khc bng cch t chng nm cng nhau trn dy n ti cng mt thi im. Bn c th hoc l di chuyn c bn tay bng cch xoay n c tay v gi nguyn ngn tay bm note, hoc bn c th chi cn di chuyn cc ngn tay bm. Hy th c 2 cch v cm nhn cch no l thch hp nht.

Bn c th thy rng vic chi mt note rung l d dng hn nu bn neo (anchor) tay tri ca bn trn cn n khi bn chi. Nm cht cn n mt cht gia ngn ci 149

v mt phn lng bn tay khong na inch bn di ngn tay tr. ng tc ny gip bn tn dng lc tt hn v gip bn iu khin dao ng mt cch u n. Hnh 9-24a trnh by mt note rung phm th 9 trn dy s 3rd. Hy neo ngn tay ca bn, nh chng ti din t phn trn, v bend nh v nh note lp i lp li nhiu ln. Hy th note rung vi mi ngn tay. Th note rung nhiu phm khc nhau v cc dy khc nhau. K hiu cho mt note rung khng bao gi ni cho bn bit phi bend v nh nhanh hay chm bao nhiu iu ny ph thuc vo bn. Nhng d bn c chi mt note rung nhanh hoc chm, th hy chc rng bn gi cho s dao ng vng chc v u n. K hiu rung ch cho bn, tuy nhin, c chi note rung hp (vibrato narrow) hay khng (c ngha, bn ch bend dy n nh - nh hn na cung cho mi xung ng) hoc chi note rung rng (wide) (c ngha bn hy bend dy n vi dao ng ln hn khong na cung hoc hn). Hnh 9-24a trnh by mt note rung u n (hp), v hnh 9-24b trnh by mt note rung rng, du ch ny s dng mt ng gn sng qu mc (vi cc nh v y su hn). Hy th chi note rung rng vi mi ngn tay. Th n cc phm khc nhau v trn cc dy khc nhau.

Nu note m bn ang nhn l mt note bend (hy xem on Getting

the Bends

(Thc hin Bend dy n) nm trc trong chng ny), bn hy to ra note rung

bng cch nh v bend (thay cho vic bend v nh) bi v note c bend ri khi bn bt u rung. ng tc ny lm cho cao trung bnh thp hn note bend gi nguyn, note m bn thn n sn sinh ra cao cao nht trong note rung. Sau mt note rung di, cc tay guitar thng chi mt c trt gim dn (descending slide), nh lc nhn ngn tay dn dn khi h trt, to cho note rung kiu kt thc hoa m mt cht. Mt mu mo khc l chi mt note di mt khng cn rung mt thi gian di v sau a vo mt cht rung hng n s kt thc ca note nhc. K thut hon rng (delayed vibrato) l mt k thut a thch c cc ca s s dng thng xuyn.

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 thc hnh cc note rung, hy chi cc v d c trnh by trong hnh 9-19, 9-20, v 9-23 mt ln na, nhng hy thm rng vo cc note cui ca mi hnh. Hy cn thn vi v d trong hnh 9-19 note cui l note bend, v th bn cn unbend (realease) v bend note ny sn sinh ra note rung. Nu bn mun, hy kt thc mi note rung vi mt c trt kt thc nh. (Hy xem on Trn vi k thut Slides - Getting Slippery with Slides nm trc trong chng ny, bit thm thng tin v k thut ny).

Lm du (mellow) vi k thut Muting(ting cm) Getting Mellow with Muting

lm cm cc note nhc hoc cc hp m trn guitar, bn hy s dng tay phi hoc tay tri ca bn chm vo cc dy n lm du mt phn hoc hon ton m thanh. Bn s p dng lm cm ting vi mt trong nhng l do sau y: - to ra mt m thanh ln chc mp, dy nh mt hiu ng. - ngn cc ting nhiu khng mong mun t cc dy n m bn khng chi. - lm nn i cc qung co gy kh chu trn TV.

To ra mt m thanh dy, chc bo nh mt hiu ng Creating a thick, chunky sound as an effect.

s dng k thut lm cm ting trong vic to ra cc hiu ng g p, hy t nh tay tri ca bn ngang qua 6 dy n ngn chn cc dy n khi rung khi bn khy chng. ng nhn cc dy n hng xung bn phm (iu ny s lm cho cc note c nhn ku ln), nhng hy nhn chng mnh ngn chn cc dy n khi s rung ng. Sau khy cc dy n vi ming khy lng nghe cc m thanh cm. K hiu trn tab ch cho bit loi k thut lm cm ny bng cch t cc du X nh trn cc ng k dy n ( v t vo ni cc note thc s trn khung nhc chun), nh trong hnh 9-25a.

Mc du tay tri muting (left-hand muting) lm du cc dy n hon ton, tay phi muting (right-hand muting) li lm du cc dy n ch mt phn theo bt k mc mong mun ca bn. Vi k thut muting mt phn (partial muting), bn vn c th phn bit 151

c cc cao ca cc dy n. t c k thut ny, hy t gt bn tay phi ca bn t vo cu nhng khi bn chi. iu ny c th l hi vng v ln u, nhng ng lo lng. Hy thc hnh mt cht, bn c th gi cho bn tay ca bn nm trn cu nhng v vn khy c cc dy n. Khi bn di chuyn tay phi ca bn hng v bn phm, bn s tng lc lm cm. Theo cch ny, bn c th thay i mc lm cm. K hiu tab ch ra dng muting ny bng cch t cc k t P.M (palm mute) nm trn khun tab, vi mt ng thng chm ch ra vic p dng muting trong bao lu, nh trnh by trong hnh 9-25b.

Vic ngn chn cc m nhiu dy khng mong mun Preventing unwanted string noise

Khi mi bt u, bn thng khng lo lng qu nhiu v vic ngn chn cc ting nhiu dy khng mong mun bn qu b thu ht tm ch vo vic t cc bn tay vo mt v tr thoi mi trn nhc c. Nhng khi l mt guitar lo luyn, bn s ngn chn cc ting nhiu dy khng mong mun mi lc, i khi thm ch khng nhn thc v n. Di y l vi v d v cch ngn nhiu: - Nu bn nh, say, phm th 7 ca dy th 3rd vi ngn th 3, ngn ny s nghing p nh vo dy s 2rd, ngn chn n khi rung ng. V khi bn khy dy n vi tay phi, ming khy ca bn cng p t vo dy s 2nd, hn na iu ny s ngn chn dy s 2nd khi s rung ng. - Nu bn chi mt hp m D m, v bn khng mun nh vo dy s 6 bi v kh khng thuc v hp m ny, bn c th t ngn ci tay tri t nh ln dy s 6th, chc rng n khng rung ng.

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- Nu bn chi mt hp m m phi b qua mt dy nm gia, bn cn phi mute dy ny vi mt ngn tay tri. Nhiu ngi, chng hn, bi v h ngh n s pht ra m tt hn, v thch b i dy s 5th khi h chi hp m G m (mc du thng thng bn s nhn dy cho hp m ny). Ngn nhn m chi dy s 6 t ln dy s 5th, s lm cm n hon ton.

Chi cc cu lick c c tnh r rt bng s dng k thut muting Playing idiomatic licks using muting

Nu bn khy cng mt hp m lp i lp li, c bit l mt hp m chn trong mt mu 8 note u n, bn c th to ra s hp dn bng cch thnh thong nhc bn tay tri ca bn ln nh nhng lm cm cc dy n. S xem k ca cc hp m c nhn thng thng v cc dy n c lm cm c th to ra cc hiu ng nhn lch (syncopation) gy s ch (cc hiu ng ti ch m du nhn mong i thng thng ca cc note nhc b thay i mt cch c tnh hoc ngt). Hnh 9-26 trnh by k thut ny.

Hnh 9-27 by cch s dng tay phi muting trong hnh giai iu guitar (rhythmguitar) c trng hard rock hoc heavy-metal. Hy gi gt tay phi ta ln hoc gn cu nhng khi bn chi cc note nhc m dng tab ch cho bit l mt note palm mute (P.M.). ng lm du cc note qu nhiu, tuy nhin, bn s khng th cm nhn cao ca chng. Hy nhc bn tay ca bn vi cc note c nhn mnh (cc note c chi ra vi k t >).

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Trong cc a Johnny Cash v cc a nhc country c in khc, bn c th nghe thy m thanh ca cc guitar country c lm cm i. Hnh 9-28 l on nhc trn c s hp m C n gin, nhng k thut palm mute lm cho cu riff c c m thanh nhc country.

Chi mt bn nhc vi vic kt hp nhiu k thut khc nhau Playing a Song with Varied Articulation

The Articulate Blues l mt on solo ngn, trong mu 12-bar blues, m s dng tt c cc k thut kt ni chng ta tho lun trong chng ny. (Hy xem chng 6, 10, v 11 bit thm v mu 12-bar blues.) N kt hp cc note n, cc hp m, cc cu riff. l mt phong cch chi nhc tch hp m cc tay guitar thc th s dng. Hy xem cc k hiu ca bi ht, bn s thy cc c slide, cc note Pull-off, cc note bend, cc note rung 154

(vibratos), v mt note hammer-on. Dng Tab khng ch ra bt k note mute no, nhng bn c th s dng k thut ny bt k khi no bn mun trnh cc ting nhiu khng mong mun; trong khun th 5, chng hn, bn c th ta ngn ci tay tri nh ln dy s 6th ngn chn n khi rung trong khi bn ang chi hp m A7.

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Phn 4: S a dng phong cch (A Cornucopia of Styles)

156

Trong chng ny
C th bn ln ln vi mt mt t p phch ca Jimi Hendrex trn bc tng ca bn, hoc c th s thch ca bn nghing v Roy Clark hn. Hoc c th ngi hng guitar ca bn l Stevie Ray Vaughan, Joni Mitchell, B.B.King, Bonnie Raitt, Wes Montgomery, hoc Andrs Segovia, nhng mt iu chc chn: guitar l mt nhc c a nng. Trong phn ny, bn c th th mt vi k thut m cho php nhc c tng t th hin trong nhiu loi nhc khc nhau. 157

Chng 10: Rock Trong chng ny

- Chi guitar giai iu (rhythm guitar) vi nhc classic rock n roll - Chi Lead guitar nhc Rock n roll - Vit cc khc solo - S dng cc k thut modern-rock v country-rock. - Chi cc bn nhc rock. Ngi ta cho rng chi guitar rock n roll l iu vui nht m bn c c vi mt mt vt v tri v gic trn i tay ca bn. M ln volume ln v vi dng cm xc si chy, nothings quite like laying down a chungking rhythm or ripping through a searing lead to screaming, adoring fans or even to your own approving smile coming back at you from the mirror. All you need to do is figure out how to play a couple of simple patterns and you can be gyrating like Elvis, duckwalking like Chuck Berry, and windmilling like Pete Townshend in no time.

B i tt c nhng v bo dn v s t cao, guitar rock cng nh bt k phong cch guitar no khc. Bn s hp thu n mt cch n gin, cc bc n gin v sau thc hnh, thc hnh, thc hnh cho ti khi n tr nn t nhin. Sau khi bn khy c mt vi giai iu v cc on lead v h c cc k thut, th cng vic thc s mi bt u: Hy ng trc mt tm gng v hy hon thin cc ng tc di chuyn ca bn. Trong chng ny, chng ta nh tt c cc note cao m thanh ca classic rock, modern rock v Southern rock. Theo cch ny, bn c th t c mt vi k nng v cc k thut c th ap dng cho cc phong cch khc nhau, chng hn nh chi t cc v tr hp (box) v s dng cc cch lun phin chnh dy guitar ca bn(tune your guitar).

Classic Rock n Roll

Classic rock n roll c nh ngha y l phong cch ci m (the straightforward style) c khai m bi Chuck Berry v nghe thy trong m nhc thi k u ca the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, the Who, the Beach Boys, v cc nhm khc. Nhng nhm ny t nn tng m thanh ca h trn mt m thanh chc(solid), guitar giai iu trn c s hp m theo li c. N cng bao gm m thanh ca cc rocker t c s trn nhc Blues, chng hn Jimi Hendrix, Jimmy Page ca Led Zepplins, v Eric Clapton ca Cream. 158

Rhythm guitar

Khong 99% vic chi guitar rock i hi phi c vic c gi l chi guitar rhythm (guitar giai iu). i vi mt tay guitar, vic chi giai iu mang ngha rng cung cp phn nhc m hoc chi phn nn cho mt vocal hoc nhc c t bit khc. Hu ht, phn nhc m ny bao gm vic gy (strumming) chords v, mt phm v hp hn, l chi cc cu riff single-note hoc double-stop ( 2 note c chi cng lc; xem Chng 7) vng hp hn (2 hoc 3 dy di). Hy lng nghe on nhc bi Johnny B. Goode ca Chuck Berrys hoc I Saw Her Standing There ca the Beatles thy c phn no cc cu guitar rhythm hay v thun khit, v hy kim tra bi Day Tripper ca the Beatles i vi vic chi riff vi cc note dy thp. Cng nn nghe bt k iu g t Day Townshend ca the Who, mt guitar rhythm phm cht ca rock v anh l ngi lm sng mi k thut windmill k thut chuyn ng vng trong vic qut phm ca tay phi m bn c th s dng trong vic gy cc hp m. V mc du anh y hu nh c bit n bi vic chi cc cu lead cch tn, nhng Eddie Van Halen l mt trong nhng tay guitar rhythm tt nht trong th loi modern-rock.

m nhc v tr m (Open-position accompaniment)

Phong cch Chuck Berry, mt hnh giai iu n gin (rhythm figure) (mu nhc m: accompaniment pattern) v tr m (s dng cc dy bung), tn ca cch m ny c t thc t rng hu ht tt c cc bi ht ca Berry u s dng mu ny. Hnh 101 trnh by mu cho phong cch ny.

Mu trong hnh 10-1 l mt mu c trng trong vic di chuyn hp m gia 2 note, bc 5 v bc 6th (degree: bc step) ca thang m ( l thang m trng v n thch hp vi bt k ging ny m bn ang chi). (Bn c th bit thang m trng; l cc note th t khi bn chi tt c cc phm trng t C ti C trn mt cy n piano cc note quen thuc do-re-mi-fa-sol-la-ti-do.) Vic bit cc bc khng quan trng, ngoi tr l cc nhc s thnh thong tham kho hnh giai iu ny c gi l mu 5 ti 6.
th

chi giai diu ny mt cch hiu qu, hy s dng cc k thut sau: Neo ngn tr ( phm th 2) v thm vo ngn th 3 ( phm th 4) khi bn cn n. Khy tt c cc note nhc s dng k thut nh xung downstroke.

159

ng nhc ngn tay tr ln trong khi thm vo ngn tay th 3.

Ch rng tt c 3 hp m, A, D v E, s dng chnh xc cng cc ngn bm v cc dy bung lm cho mu ny c th chi mt cch d dng.

Mu Blues 12 khun (the 12-bar blues pattern)

Mu 5-ti-6 m thanh nghe tuyt, nhng c hiu qu cho bn, bn cn t n vo mt tin trnh. Hnh 10-2 trnh by ci uc gi l chui (tin trnh) 12 bar blues, mt tin trnh hp m ph bin trong nhiu bi ht nhc rock: Johnny B.Goode, Roll Over Beethoven, Tutti Frutti, At the Hop, v Blue Suede Shoes, nhng bi nu trn ch l rt t.

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Hy ch rng tin trnh 12-bar blues hnh 10-2 l kha A, hy s dng chuyn ng 5-ti-6, v s c cc k t hp m trng nm trn cc note. Tin trnh 12bar blues c th xut hin bt k kha no, v thng s dng hp m 7th t (dominantseventh: 7 t/tri) (nh trong chng 6) thay cho cc hp m trng.

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Lead guitar
Sau khi bn t c mt cm nhn vng chc v giai iu rock n roll cn bn, bn c th s mun th mt cht guitar lead, vic ny n gin dnh lu ti vic chi cc note n trn mt nn nhc m bn di. Bn c th chi cc cu lick thuc lng, ngn, nhng on t bn thn ngh ra, hoc bn c th ng bin (ng khu) bng cch to ra cch giai iu 162

on the spot. Trong on ny, chng ti cung cp cho bn cc buiding blocks (khi nn tng) for great classic rock solos (Cc khi nn tng i vi cc cu solo classic rock tuyt nht), gip bn pha trn vi k thut khp ni, ch cho bn cch m kt ni chng li cng nhau, v kt thc vi vi mo trong vic xy dng cc on solo ca ring bn.

iu g nm sau hp th 1? Thang m th ng cng (Whats behind Box 1? The pentatonic minor scale)

Bn c th chi lead ngay tc th bng cch ghi nh mt vi mu n gin trn cn n guitar, c gi l cc box(hp), a ra kt qu ngay lp tc. Mt cch c bn, cc tay guitar ghi nh mt mu ngn tay m khi kt ni vo n gn ging nh hnh dng ca mt ci hp k t y khi nim v tr hp (box position) v hy s dng cc note t mu (theo cc th t khc nhau) rt nhiu ln thng qua mt cu solo hoc mt on solo. Trong vic solo da trn mt tin trnh hp m c bn, bn c th vn s dng mu ny thm ch khi cc hp m thay i. Bng cch hc cc box trong chng ny, kho kin thc cho vic solo trn 12-bar blues s hu nh y ( thm chi tit v vic solo, hy xem chng 11.) V tr hp u tin m chng ti s ch cho bn c hnh thnh t cc note m c gi l thang m th ng cung (pentatonic minor scale), v n l hp hu ch nht ca nhc rock (v n cng l cha ca cc hp blue xem chng 11). Bn khng cn phi ngh nhiu v l thuyt, cc thang m, hoc cc hp m n ch l cc ngn bm, m bn cn ghi nh. Cc mu ny khng cha cc note sai, bi v c tnh tt ca vic di chuyn cc ngn tay ca bn ng thi gian (nhp) so vi track giai iu, bn s c th chi guitar lead rock n roll ngay tc th. Thm ch bn khng cn thm nc (l th c bit nguy him khi bn chi mt cy guitar in).

Thang m th ng cung l mt thang m c 5 note; cng thc ca n, trong cc bc thang m (so snh vi mt thang m trng l thang m m bt u vi note tng t ) l: 1, 3, 4, 5, 7. Nu cc note ca thang m C trng, chng hn, l c nh s t 1 ti 7 nh sau: C(1), D(2), E(3), F(4), G(5), A(6), B(7) th cc note ca thang m ng cung th C l C(1), E ( 3), F(4), G(5), B ( 7). i khi l l thuyt, cn by gi, bn ch cn nh mt mu v s dng ti ca bn ch khng phi b no hng dn cho cc ngn tay ca bn. Hnh 10-3 trnh by mt thang m A th ng cung 2 octave v tr th 5. (Hy xem chng 7 bit thm thng tin v v tr). V d ny l chic hp u tin ca bn, y c gi l hp 1 (Box I). 163

Trc khi tin hnh, hy chc rng bn hiu cc s cn n v cc khun tng thch vi nhau th no. Ch rng s cn n y khng ch cho bit mt hp m, nhng s ch cho bit thang m, ni m cc note nhc c chi 1 ln mt thi im, t note thp nht n note cao nht (nh trnh by trong dng k hiu chun v tab bn di). Ch rng trong hnh m chng ti ch cho bn (bn di cc note trong k hiu chun) bc thang m (khng qu quan trng) v (bn di cc s ca dng tab) cc ngn bm cho mi note; Chng ti cng ch cho bn note no th tt thc hin bend. Hy ghi nh cc ngn bm cho ti khi bn c th chi n trong gic ng. Mu ny l cn thit phi bit nu bn mun chi guitar rock. Hy ghi nh n. Thc ra hy chi n. Chi n nhiu ln, ln v xung. Thc s. ( chng ti l hy chi n. Tht y!)

Chng ti s dng cung A cho tt c cc v d trong on ny bi v cc hp m nn (nh trong hnh 10-2) th d dng chi v vic solo cc note ri vo quanh phn gia ca cn n, v tr thoi mi chi. Nhng nu bn mun chi lead ging(cung) khc, hy di chuyn cc mu hp ca bn ln hoc xung trn cn n theo s phm thch hp. V d, chi theo ging B, hy di chuyn cc hp ca bn ln 2 phm. Vic c mt hp s dng trong vic ng khu guitar lead l iu lm cho vic chi classic rock n roll (hoc blues) tht vui; bn khng cn ngh m ch cn cm nhn. D nhin, bn c th ch chi 5 note ca thang m ln v xung, lp i lp li iu s tr nn nhm chn rt nhanh. Thay vo , bn c th s dng s sng to ca bn to ra cc cu lick bng cch s dng thang m v thm vo cc k thut khp ni chng hn nh bend, trt, v hammer-on cho ti khi bn c mt on solo hon chnh. (Hy xem chng 9 bit thm chi tit v cc k thut khp ni). Chng ti s ch cho bn cch thm vo cc k thut kt ni ny nh th no trong on sau.

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Vic a vo cc note khp ni (Adding articulations)

Mu hp ch cho bn ci chi, nhng cc khp ni ch cho bn bit cch chi nh th no. Cc note khp ni bao gm hammer-ons, pull-offs, slides, bends, v vibrato. Cc thnh phn ny l ci lm cho mt cu solo tr nn mt cu solo thc s, lm cho cu solo c s din cm, v lm cho n nn ring bit. Chng 9 din t mi k thut ny bc tng bc, nhng y chng ti ni cho bn bit cch s dng cc k thut ny lm cho n ng mi rock n roll. Hnh 10-4 trnh by mt cu lick 4-bar s dng cc note trong Hp 1 (thang m th ng cung) theo chiu tng dn v gim dn bn kt ni bng cch s dng hammer-ons v pull-offs. Hy ch m thanh s mt v v tri chy hn nh th no, so vi khi bn khy cc note mt cch ring bit.

Vic bend cc note c th to ra m thanh tuyt nht trong cc cu lead solo, nhng mnh li l vic bit cc note no bend v khi no thc hin bend. Khi s dng Hp I, cc tay guitar thc s thch bend cc note dy s 2nd v dy s 3rd bi v cm gic cng dy thch hp, v cc tay guitar bend hng ln trn hng bend yu thch ca h. Hy khi ng bng vic bend note ngn bm th 3 (ngn nhn) trn dy s 3 v note ngn bm th 4 (ngn t) trn dy s 2nd. (Hy xem Chng 9 bit thm thng tin v cch bend mt note.) Hnh 10-5 trnh by mt chui 4-bar c trng cc note bend dy s 3rd v dy s 2nd trong Hp I. 165

Hnh 10-6 trnh by mt chui 2 bar c trng 1 note bend double-stop trong hp I. Note m nm trn phm th 7th ca dy s 2nd khng thuc v thang m th ng cung, nhng n vn nghe tt nh thng, v n rt d chi bi v ngn th 3 chn c 2 note ca doublestop ny.

Hy thm vo mt cht rung (vibrato) cho note cui lm cho tng thm din cm.

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Vit mt on solo s dng Box 1 (Building a solo using Box 1)

Mt on solo ng khu l mt on nhc m bn to ra, v khng mt ai c th ch cho bn chnh xc ci g phi chi. Nhng chng ti c th ch cho bn cc cng c cho vic solo bn c th thc hnh v c c cm gic vi n. Xa hn iu , tuy nhin, tnh cch ring ca bn s ln ting. Cn by gi, hy khi hnh bng cch ly cm hng t vic chi lead qua mu nhc m 12-bar blues m chng ti trnh by cho bn trong hnh 10-2, n c kt hp vo trong track giai iu trn CD.

Hy ch rng mi chui (trong hnh 10-4, 10-5, v 10-6) m chng ti trnh by cho bn trong cc on trc, Vic a vo cc note khp ni (Adding articulations), thay phin 1 nhp active (cha nhiu note) vi 1 nhp static (ch gm mt note). S lun phin ny gia hot ng v ngh s ngn s n iu. Hy chi cc chui ny theo th t m chng ti s din gii trong cc ch dn sau y, v bn s to c s sn sng xy dng solo 12-bar. (Nu bn mun, bn c th chi solo lp i lp li) chi mt on solo, hy theo cc bc sau: 1. i vi 4 bar u ca on solo, hy chi cu lick doublestop, c trnh by trong hnh 10-6 x2 ln. 2. i vi 4 bar tip theo ca on solo, hy chi cu lick hammer-on/pull-off, nh trong hnh 10-4. 3. i vi 4 bar cui cng ca on solo, hy chi cu lick bend cc dy s 3rd v dy s 2nd (tham kho Hnh 10-5). 167

Chng ti lu cc bc trc trong hnh 10-7. Vic chi v d ny cho bn cm hng ca vic chi lead on solo ngn ca bn vang ln nh mt lot cc on bi n l vy.

168

Hp th II v th III (Boxes II and III)

Hai hp k tip, m chng ti t tn y l Hp II (Box II) v Hp III (Box III), s khng trnh by cc note trn c 6 dy n nh Hp 1 trnh by, bi v cc tay guitar thng thng ch chi cc note trn 2 hoc 3 dy c cao cao (top).

Hp II bao gm 5 note, nh trnh by trong hnh 10-8. Ch rng 2 note ti nh ca hp ny ( phm th 8th) cng l mt phn ca Hp I, nhng trong Hp I, bn chi chng vi ngn t v ngn th 3. Hp ny ch ra cc note t thang m th ng cung A v tr th 8. Ln na, trong hnh ny, chng ti ch cho bn bc thang m v ngn bm cho mi note, v chng ti ch cho bn note no tt thc hin bend.

Hp II l ph bin nht bi v n l nt c bit ca note bend tt di ngn th 3, v note cng xut hin l note cao nht(cao cao nht) ca hp. Trong vic chi lead, cao l tt (high). Bn c th chi note cao nht trong hp v sau lm cho n thm ch cao hn bng cch bend n ln 1 bc (a step). K thut ny sinh ra mt hiu ng rt t ngt mnh m. Hy th n. 169

Trong hnh 10-9 bn nhn thy mt cu lick c trng s dng cc note Hp II m c bit c bend note cao cao nht ca hp.

Hp III l hp l bi v mt vi note cua3no1 khng nm trong thang m th ng cung A nhng cc tay guitar s dng hp ny rt nhiu nh thng. Danh sch sau y ni cho bn tt c cc th m Hp 3 c: - Hp III th d chi v d nh - Chnh xc th n ging nh Hp II nhng nm cao hn(cao hn v cao , gn pha nhng hn) 2 phm trn cn n. - Hp III c 2 note F# (bc 6th) v B (Bc 2) chng khng ri vo trong thang m th ng cng A. V y l mt iu tt. Hai note ny c mn t thang m trng gc (parent major scale) (thang m trng l thang m bt u cng note vi thang m th - trong trng hp ny l, A), v thnh thong cc tay guitar thch thm chng vo thang m th ng cung cho a dng v thm hng v. c tnh tri ca cc note t thang m th ng cung l iu lm cho classic rock n roll (v blues) ra hng v ca n not the total exclusion of all other notes. - Note tt bend hp III ri vo ngn th 3. - Bc u tin ca thang m, note m bn thng kt thc ca mt on nhc, l note nm di ngn tr trn dy s 2nd trong hp ny. Bn c khuynh hng p dng k thut rung cho note kt thc ca mt on nhc (c bit khi bn gi n), v note ny cung cp mt ngn l tng v dy l tng trong trng hp rung. Hnh 10-10 trnh by Hp III ( v tr th 10 i vi ging A). Mt ln na chng ti ch cho bn bc thang m v cc ngn bm cho mi note v note tt bend chng ti khoang trn mt ln na. Thng, cc tay guitar tp trung vo dy s 2nd v dy s 3rd ca hp III, nh trnh by trong hnh 10-11, hnh m t mt on nhc c trng Hp III. ng qun rung note cui nh!

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Nu bn mun chi mt bi ht theo phong cch classic rock n roll ngay by gi, hy nhy ti ch Chucks Duck trong on Chi cc bn nhc theo phong cch Rock (Playing Songs in the Rock Style), nm dau trong chn ny.

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Xy dng mt on solo bng cch s dng Hp I, II, v III (Building a solo by using Boxes I, II, and III)
on ny n gin t cc cu lick li vi nhau t 3 Hp m chng ti din t trong cc on trc. Bn khng cn bt k thng tin no mi; Bn ch cn rp li vi nhau ci bn bit nu bn c thng tin m chng ti cung cp trong cc on . (Nu bn cha c, chng ti ngh rng bn hy thc hin n by gi, trc khi bn th on solo chng ti din t y.) Ni cch khc, sau khi bn xy dng cc vin gch, th gi bn t chng li vi nhau to thnh cn nh.

Trong danh sch sau, chng ti trnh by cho bn cch xy dng mt on solo 12-bar c vit ri bao gm 6 on nhc 2-bar (s dng 3 Hp) m chng ti ch cho bn trong cc on trc. Hy theo cc bc sau: 1. Hy chi cu lcik double-stop Box I, nh trong hnh 10-6. 2. Hy chi cu lick bend dy s 3rd (bending the 3rd string) Hp I, nh trong na u ca hnh 10-5. 3. Hy chi cu lick Hp III, nh trnh by trong hnh 10-11. 4. Chi cu lick bend dy s 2 (bending the 2nd string) Hp I, nh trnh by trong na di ca hnh 10-5. 5. Hy chi cu lick Hp II, nh trnh by trong hnh 10-9. 6. Hy chi cu lick double-stop Hp I mt ln na, nh trnh by trong hinh 10-6. Hnh 10-12 trnh by cho bn on nhc t nhng on trc. Hy lng nghe CD cm nhn m thanh on solo ny nh th no.

Khi bn chi on solo ny lp i lp li, bn s c cm hng cho vic solo vi 3 Hp trn tin trnh 12-bar blues. Nim vui th bt u sau khi bn bt u to dng cc cu solo ca ring bn. Sau y l vi hng dn trong vic to ra cc cu lead ca ring bn: - Ngh v vic ni cc on nhc ngn li vi nhau. Thm ch bn c th chi 1 on ngn lp i lp li, mc du cc hp m nn thay i. Mt cch tt to ra mt on solo l lm cho n c th ht c. Hy ht on nhc ngn trong tm tr ca bn nhng hy s dng cc note t Hp. 172

- Hy a vo vi k thut khp ni c bit l cc note bend, bi v chng vang ln tuyt nht. Thm rung vo cho cc note di m kt thc mut on, thnh thong trt xung tn cui. - Lun phin gia hot ng (activity nhiu note lin tc) v ngh ngi (mt vi note hoc ch 1 note hoc thm ch l im lng mt vi nhp). - Di chuyn t Hp ti Hp lm cho cu solo ca bn nn a dng. ng rt r hoc lo lng v vic mc li. Theo quan im ca chng ti, bn thc s khng th mc li, bi v tt c cc note trong cc Hp u tt khi p vo tt c cc hp m trong tin trnh nn. Li duy nht li m bn c th mc phi l trnh vic solo for fear of sounding lame (lame: khp khing). Vic solo i hi phi thc hnh, nhng bn s xy dng s t tin t t. Nu bn qu xu h khi solo trc mi ngi, th hy bt u bng cch thc hin cng CD, y s khng ai c th nghe bn. Sm thi, s khng ai c th ngn cn bn.

Hy lng nghe cc bn thu m tm c nhng tng mi khi bn tr nn t tin hn trong vic chi guitar. Khi bn nghe mt bn ghi m, bn s c th hnh dung ra mt cch chnh xc cc tay guitar ang chi g, bi v hu ht cc tay guitar s dng cng cc hp, cng cc note bend, cc note rung, v vn vn m bn chi. Mt s tay guitar tt lng nghe trong vic tm tng l Chuck Berry, Jimi Hendrix, Eric Clapton, v Eddie Van Halen.

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Modern Rock

174

Trong khi guitar giai iu classic rock n roll s dng cc hp m n gin, th nhc modern-rock s dng cc hp m cc hp m vt trn cc hp m c bn trng (major), th (minor), v cc hp m 7th. Cc hp m Sus, cc hp m add, cc hp m slash, v cc hp m l do s iu hng cy guitar ca bn tt c lm nn thut ng modernrock.

Cc hiu chnh lun phin (alternative tunings: hiu chnh cao cc dy ca guitar) cho php bn to ra nhng mu sc guitar giai iu mi hon ton v cc b cc khng th nm trong dng chun, v m thanh ny l mt thnh phn quan trng c bit ca phn alternative nhng nm 90.

Cng trong phn ny chng ti din gii mt cch tip cn khc trong vic chi lead m y bn s dng thang m trng ng cung mt thang m khc vi thang m th ng cung blueiser m bn chi ch o trong nhc classic rock n roll v nhc Blues. Bn c th s dng thang m trng ng cung cho cc cu lead nhc Southern- v country-rock, cng nh thm vo lm phong ph hn cc cu lead da trn c s nhc blues.

Cc hp m Sus v add (Sus and add chords)

Cc hp m thng c xy dng bng nhm cc note khc nhau ca mt thang m trng. V d, nu bn xy dng mt hp m 3 note bng cch nhm cc note ca thang m trng C (C-D-E-F-G-A-B), bn c C-E-G (hp m C trng). Cc thnh vin ca mt hp m (cc note ring bit m to thnh hp m ) c gn nhn theo bc ca chng trong thang m: C l 1 (hoc bc gc ca hp m); E l 3 (hoc bc 3 ca hp m); v G l 5 (hoc bc 5 ca hp m). Trong cc hp m sus, bn thay th bc 3 ca hp m bng bc 4, nh cch vit sus4 (m bn s pht m l suss-four) hoc i khi l bc 2, nh cch vit sus2. Kt qu l m thanh nh thiu v khng thun tai nhng to ra mt m thanh th v khng phi trng m cng khng phi th. Mt hp m add n gin l mt hp m c bn (chng hn nh mt hp m trng) m bn thm vo mt note ph na. Nu bn bm hp m C v thm vo note D, chng hn, bn s c hp m Cadd2 (bn s pht m l see-add-two) (gm cc note C-D-EG). Hp m ny th khc vi hp m Csus2, l hp m khng c note E. (v note D chim v tr ca n.) 175

Cc hp m sus v tr m (Open-position sus chords)

Mc du bn c th chi cc hp m sus theo dng hp m chn c th di chuyn c, nhng nhng hp m v tr m l d nht chi v l nhng hp m m cc tay guitar s dng thng xuyn. Hnh 10-13 trnh by cc ngn bm cho mt tin trnh s dng cc hp m Dsus4, Dsus2, Asus4, v Asus2.

Cc hp m add v tr m (Open-position add chords)

Bn c th chi cc hp m add nh dng cc hp m chn c th di chuyn c, nhng cc hp m add v tr m l cc hp m ph bin nht v d chi nht. Hnh 10-4 trnh by cc ngn bm v mt tin trnh i vi hp m Cadd9 (l hp m thm vo note D, bc 9 ca thang m C, vo 3 note m to thnh hp m C trng cn bn) v cc hp m G 4 ngn (four-fingered). Hp m G 4 ngn (four-fingered) khng phi l mt hp m add, nhng bn hu nh lun lun dng kiu ngn bm G ny trc hoc sau mt hp m Cadd9.

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Cc hp m Slash (Slash chords)

Cc hp m Slash th nhiu mu sc, cc hp m th v m tng thm gia v v hng v cho nhc modern rock. Mt hp m slash, n gin, l mt hp m vi mt du gch / (/- du gch slash) nm trong tn ca n, nh Am/C (bn s pht m l A minor over C). Bn tri du / (slash) l chnh hp m . Bn phi du / (slash) l note bass cho hp m . Thng thng, note cao thp nht ca mt hp hp bass note l note gc ca hp m (note m cng l tn ca hp m). V th nu bn xem tn mt hp m chng hn Am, bn cho rng note bass l A. Nhng note gc khng phi lun lun l note tp nht ca mt hp m. S tht, bt k note no cng c th ng vai tr l note bass, n l mt mu sc hp m khc so vi th gc (chng hn nh bc 3 hoc bc 5 ca hp m) hoc mt note m thm ch khng l thnh vin ca mt hp m. Nu bn thc hin mt note bass khng phi l note gc kiu nh th, bn hy ch ra note bass bng cch t n bn phi du slash. V th Am/C c ngha l bn chi mt hp m A th - nhng vi note C l note thp nht.

Cc tay guitar thng dng cc hp m slash trong cc tin trnh m ging bass s hnh thnh nn mt thang m tng hoc gim. Mu sp xp bass ny lm cho mt tin trnh th v v ha hp. Bn c th nghe mt tin trnh nh tin trnh ny trong bi ht Whiter Shade of Pale, bi Procol Harum. Hnh 10-15 trnh by mt trin trnh khc m s dng cc hp m slash theo li ny. lm l ra dng bass, trong mi khun nhc, th bn hy chi mi note y ca hp m ti nhp 1 (beat 1) v khy hp m nhp 2 v 3 ( c ngha l Bass strum strum).

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Cc hp m trong hnh 10-15 a ra cc du X trong s hp m, l k t ch cho bn bit cc dy n khng c chi. gi cho mt dy n khi ku, hy s dng ngn tay tri m ang nhn dy c cao thp hn lin k lm cm ting n bng cch chm nh vo n.

Alternate tunings (Cc hiu chnh xen k)

Nhc guitar modern rock ca cui nhng nm 80 v nhng nm 90 thng s dng alternate tunings kiu hiu chnh khc dng chun EADGBE (hy xem chng 2). Bng cch s dng alternate tunings, bn c th t c nhng m thanh mi, hng th m khng th c c dng hiu chnh(ln dy) chun. Alternate tunings cng c th cho php bn chi cc cu lick hoc cc hp m m kh bm dng ln dy chun nhng d bm dng alternate tuning. Nhng nh rng; sau khi bn hiu chnh li cy guitar ca bn, tt c cc ngn bm quen thuc khng cn. l l do ti sao khy cc cu lick v cu riff dng alternate tuning bng cch c tab c th chng minh s hu ch c bit. Cc ngh s theo phong cch a dng nh Joni Mitchell, the Rolling Stones, v Soundgarden s dng rng ri alternate tunings.

Drop D (DADGBE)

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Drop-D tuning (c gi nh vy bi v bn lm mt iu hng, hoc gim (drop: gim, h), dy E trm xung ti D) l kiu alternate tuning gn dng ln dy chun nht bn ch iu chnh li dy s 6th. c c kiu tuning ny, hy h thp (drop) dy s 6th cho ti khi m thanh ca n thp hn 1 octave so vi dy s 4th. Kiu tuning ny cho php bn chi note D hoc hp m Dm vi mt note D trm l note gc trn dy s 6th, to ra mt m thanh y, p. Hnh 10-16 trnh by mt on nhc c bit dng drop-D tuning. N mang m hng bluesy. Hy bend note phm th 3 ca dy s 6 tht nh.

Mt li im ca drop-D tuning l bn c th chi cc hp m power trm trn 2 dy trm nh l cc hp m chn 2 dy, iu ny s cho php bn chi cc cu riff hp m power d dng hn, nh trnh by trong hnh 10-17.

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Open D (DADF#AD)
Trong kiu open tuning, cc dy bung hnh thnh mt hp m trng. Kiu open-D tuning, s hnh thnh (ngc nhin ln) mt hp m D. Trong kiu tuning ny, hu ht cc hp m m bn chi khng g khc (nothing but: khng g ngoi, khng g khc) l cc dy m hoc mt ngn chn xuyn sut c 6 dy n. Bn c th, chng hn, chi hp m G n gin bng cch chn c phm th 5 vi ngn tr ca bn. Joni Mitchell thc hin s dng m rng ca kiu tuning ny trong cc bi ht chng hn nh bi Big Yellow Taxi. c c kiu tuning ny, hy theo cc bc sau: 1. H dy s 6th cho ti khi m thanh ca n thp hn mt octave so vi dy s 4th. 2. H dy s 3 cao ca n bng vi note phm th 4 ca dy th 4th. 3. H dy s 2 n bng vi note phm th 3 ca dy s 3rd. 4. H dy s 1st xung n bng vi note phm th 5 ca dy s 2 (v n cao hn 1 octave so vi dy s 4th).

Nu bn tng cao c 6 dy ln 1 cung (2 phm) t dng open-D tuning, bn s c dng open E-tuning (EBEG#BE), m v bn cht bn c th xem nh ging vi kiu tuning nh open-D, bi v cc mi quan h gia cc dy n vn gi nguyn, mc du cc note thc t c khc nhau. Trong hnh 10-18 bn thy mt chui c trng dng open-D tuning m m thanh ging nh Joni Mitchell c th c chi trong 1 trong nhng album u ca c y. 180

Mt kiu alternate tuning ph bin khc m bn c th chy quanh (chy di: run across) l open-G (DGDGBD, cao t thp ti cao), thng c s dng bi Keith Richards ca the Rolling Stones chng hn trong cc bi ht nh Brown Sugar v Start Me Up. (Hy xem chng 12 v v d c s dng open-G tuning.)

Country-rock v Southern-rock lead

K t thi ca Eagles, the Grateful Dead, v Allman Brothers Band, country Rock v Sounthern rock c c thnh cng chnh thng v sc li cun. m thanh ca nhng phong cch ny nm mt ni no gia nhc country ng cht v nhc Blues, mc du c hai th theo hng qu rock i vi country ng cht v cha qu nng chuyn qua rock m c t c s trn Blues. n gin 1 cht, m thanh ca nhng phong cch nhc ny quy v cho cc hp m m nhng tay guitar s dng c bit mang mu sc major hn v, cc thang m trong mt phm vi rng hn, m h s dng trong cc on solo. c c cm nhn v kiu m thanh ny, hy lng nghe m nhc ca Byrds, the Allman Brothers Band, the Marshall Tucker Band, Pure Prairie League, Lynyrd Skynyrd, the Grateful Dead, v the Eagls, cng nh nhng rocker go ci Jackson Browne, J.D.Souther, v Linda Ronstadt.

Thang m trng ng cung (The Pentatonic major scale)

Bn c th nh ngha cc note ca thang m th ng cung bt k kha no (tng) dng 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, khi so snh vi thang m trng gc (parent: ngun gc, 7 note nhc ca nhc u Chu). Bn c th thc hnh v cc thang m kiu mt Hp thuc lng, l 1 cch tt. Thang m trng ng cung, mt khc, s dng cc note 1,2,3,5,6 ca thang m trng gc (parent). l mt thang m 5 note m khng c nhng s thay i na cung ( l, nhng note m bn thay i ln hoc thp xung na cung half step: na cung), v th n vang ln nh mt thang m trng vi 2 note b li.

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Mt ln na, thang m trng ng cung l mt thang m rt hu ch bi v chnh bn thn n to ra m nhc mt cch thit thc, v bn khng th chi bt k note sai no. (Hy xem on iu g nm sau hp th 1? Thang m th ng cng (Whats behind Box 1? The pentatonic minor scale) on trc trong chng ny, bit thm thng tin v cc bc trong thang m v thang m th ng cung.)

Sau khi bn thng tho (master) v thang m th ng cung, th thang m trng ng cung l mt iu chc chn. Ch cn di chuyn thang m th ng cung xung 3 phm v voil, bn s c mt thang m trng ng cung. Ch cn chi cng mu, v cc note, l thuyt, and all that nonsense take care of themselves. Hy chn 1 v d, chng hn, bn bit rng bn chi thang m th ng cung A ti phm 5 da vo mt ting trnh hp m trong kha ca A. No, hy h mu cu lead xung v tr th 2 (ni m ngn tr tri chi cc note trn phm th 2), v bn c c thang m trng ng cung A, ph hp cho cc tin trnh ca country-Rock v Sounthern-Rock. (hy xem chng 7 bit thm thng tin v cc v tr.) Hnh 10-19 trnh by thang m trng ng cung A v tr th 2 (Box I) v v tr th 5 (Box II), i km vi bc thang m v cc ngn bm cho mi note v note tt thc hin bend trong mi hi (c khoanh trn). Hy ch rng iu duy nht khc nhau thc s so vi thang m th ng cung l phm bt u.

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Cc cu lick m bn t c s trn thang m trng ng cung (Licks that you base on the pentatonic major scale)
Tin tc tt l, ng nh thang m th ng cung, thang m trng ng cung cng c tt c nhng im tt: Cc note bend nm cc v tr tt; bn hy s dng ngn tay tr trn mi dy ca Hp I c 1 cm nhn chc chn; v thang m ny th ph hp c bit s dng cc note hammer-on, cc note pull-off, v cc note trt cho kh nng din cm hn. Tin tc xu l, mc du bn vn tng A (trng), nhng cc ngn bm c chuyn i, v th bn khng cn bit ni nhng ngn tay thng thng thc hin s kt thc cu solo ca bn. Nhng chng ti khng ngh vn ny l mt vn c bit ln. Ch cn mt cht nh hng li (v tai ca bn), bn c th tm thy cc note thay th tt in no time.

V y l mt mo: Cc note tt thc hin kt thc trong mt cu solo trng ng cung tng A l phm th 2 ca dy th 3 (Hp I) v phm th 5 ca dy s 1 (Hp I hoc Hp II). Hnh 10-20 trnh by mt cu lick 4 khun bn bt u bc xung con ng Southern country. Ch rng cu lick ny c bit bend c hai v tr (Cc Hp I v II) v mt c trt t Hp II tr v Hp I a bn tr v.

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Chi cc bn nhc theo phong cch Rock (Playing Songs in the Rock Style)
Mc nhng ci o vest tour ca bn vo v hy cht y vo xe hi ca bn, bi v bn s chi Rock theo phong cch trong phn ny ca chng. Nhng bi ht ca on ny cover theo 2 phong cch: m thanh thong th, classic rock n roll nhng nm cui 50 v m thanh tng tng thanh thot ca country v Southern-rock nhng nm 70. y l mt vi thng tin c bit v cc bi ht gip bn theo cng: - Chucks Duck. chi bi Chucks Duck, bn cn bit cch chi cc cu lick vi thang m th ng cung (hy xem on iu g nm sau hp th 1? Thang m th ng cng (Whats behind Box 1? The pentatonic minor scale) nm trc trong chng ny); cch chi cc double-stops v double-stop bends (hy xem chng 7 v 9); v cch un cong mt u gi v nhy l co ngang qua sn khu m khng cn phi i soi khp v sau ny. Cc double-stop, thang m th ng cung, v lin tip 8 note lm nn c im m thanh cho classic rock n roll. Ch cc note bend nhanh, ngp trn trn dy th 3 trong nhc t 6 n 9. - Southern Hospitality. chi Sounthern Hospitality, bn cn bit cch chi thang m trng ng cung (hy xem on Thang m trng ng cung (The Pentatonic major scale), nm trc trong chng ny); cch chi cc hp m sus, add, v slash (hy xem on Modern Rock, nm trc trong chng ny); v cch nui mt b ru di qu c. Bng cch ly thang m th ng cung v di chuyn n xung(pha u cn) 3 phm, bn c c thang m trng ng cung, thang m m bn dng to ra m thanh country-rock v Southern-rock thc s theo phong cch ca Eagles, Poco, v Pure Prairie League. Sau khi chi phn lead, hy th phn guitar giai iu, l nt c bit ca cc hp m sus, add, v slash. Chng ti ch ra cc ngn bm hp m tay tri cho bn, nhng hy lng nghe CD bit mu khy tay phi.

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Chng 11
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Blues
Trong chng ny
- Chi cc bn Blues bng guitar in. - Chi cc bn Blues bng guitar mc. - Chi cc bn nhc ni v ni au bun x rut v s au kh v tm cch tt chi n. Blues l mt trong nhng dng ph bin nht ca nhc guitar, cho c ngi nghe v ngi chi. V ti sao khng? Ai c th cng li nhng nhp iu ung dung, nhng giai iu y din cm, v nhng li nhc lm xc ng su sc ca nhc Blues? Khng phi mi dng nhc c th lm m tri tim bn khi ca s ang than khc tuyt vng ni giam t t v ti git ngi m anh ta khng phm trong khi ngi yu anh ta cao chy xa bay vi ngi bn thn ca anh y. Ah, ni au kh ngt ngo. Nhng trc khi chng ta tr nn qu a cm, chng ti mun ni vi bn ti sao vic chi nhc blues c sinh ra ch dnh cho guitar. Mt l do, l mt phong cch tng i d chi (c bit nu bn so snh vi jazz hoc classical): Cc mu nhc m ca Blues th gn gi v thoi mi cho tay, v nhng giai iu Blues ri mt cch c bit trn cn n guitar bi v phong cch s dng nhng thang m v cch m bn hiu chnh cc dy n. Thm na, blues khng i hi kht khe v k thut, v bn chi n tt nht l bng tai vi s dn ng ca con tim. Vic chi nhng bn Blues tuyt hay theo sau nhng bc i m nhc ca nhng huyn thoi chng hn nh B.B.King hoc sau ny l Stevie Ray Vaughan c th l kh, nhng chi nhng bn Blues hay ngay tc th vn kh d nu bn bit mt vi dng thang m, v mt vi cch di chuyn blues n gin. Trong chng ny, chng ti hng n Blues in Blues mc. Theo tin trnh, chng ti s gii thiu cho bn thm cc Hp, thang m Blues, Roman-numeral naming, v turnarounds

Electric Blues
Cc bn Blues in l loi Blues m tt c nhng ngi khng l ca th loi chi: Buddy Guy, B.B.King, Albert King, Albert Collins, Johnny Winter, v Duane Allman, gia nhng ngi khc. Vic chi Blues bng guitar in c phn r rng thnh 2 hng mc: rhythm v lead.

Blues rhythm guitar

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Vic chi guitar nhp iu (rhythm) l iu m bn s chi bt k lc no khi bn khng ang chi lead chng hn nh vic m cho mt ca s hoc c bit l mt nhc c khc bng vic chi cc hp m, cc hnh nhp iu nn, v nhng cu riff note trm c lp li. Thng thng nhp iu t i hi phi gii k thut so vi vic chi lead v n da vo cm nhn ca tay guitar hn l k thut ca anh y. t hp m cho mt vi loi bi cnh, bn cn bt u vi dng ph bin nht, hoc tin trnh, theo phong cch, 12-bar blues.

Cu trc n gin ca dng 12-bar blues (The basic structure of the 12-bar blues form)
Guitar Blues v rock th tng ng ch mi loi nghing mnh v dng 12-bar blues trong cu trc bi ht (xem chng 10). Ly ging A l mt v d, tin trnh 12-bar blues bao gm 4 khun hp m A, 2 khun hp m D, 2 khun hp m A, 1 khun hp m E, 2 khun hp m A. dng k hiu m nhc chun, tin trnh 12-b blues trng ging nh v d trnh by trong Hnh 11-1.

Cc hp m trong bt k tin trnh ph bin no, bao gm tin trnh Blues trong hnh 11-1, chng thng c vit di dng k s La m. Cc k s ny ni chung nhn dng cc hp m th tt hn bng ging (key). Bn lun lun gn k s La m I cho hp m lm ging ca bi ht. Sau , bn m ln tng k t v gn cc s khc cho cc hp m. V d, trong ging A (nh trong hnh 11-1) hp m A l I (k s I La m), hp m D l IV(4), v E l V (5). (Bn c th m nhng tn k t trn cc ngn tay, bt u t A, xc nhn rng A l I, D l IV, v E l V.) Trong ging G, mt khc, G l I, C l IV, v D l 191

V. Bng cch s dng h thng ny, nu bn quyt nh chuyn ging, bn lun lun c th ni rng, Hy bt u chi hp m bc IV(4) khun 5. Nu bn bit hp m no l bc I, IV, v V ging , th bn sn sng chi. Hy xem bng 11-1 l bng tra cu thun tin v cc hp m bc I, IV, v V cc ging ph bin.

Nu bn ang chi phn nhc m blues bng cch dng cc hp m chn (xem Chng 8 bit thm thng tin v cc hp m chn), bn c th nh cc hp m m n thun ch l nh cc v tr trn cn n. V d ni rng bn ang chi mt tin trnh blues ging A. Nu bn ly mt hp m chn da trn c s E phm th 5 (A), bn ang chi hp m bc I ca ging A. Nu bn chuyn ti dn hp m chn da trn c s A cng phm , lc ny bn ang chi hp m bc IV, hoc chnh l D. Hy di chuyn th chn (da trn c s A) ln cao 2 phm trn cn n ti phm th 7 v bn ang chi hp m bc V, E. Hiu cch d dng chi blues! Hy s dng cng cc v tr bt k u trn cn n hp m chn trn c s E bt k phm no, theo sau n l hp m chn da trn c s A cng phm , v tip na l di chuyn dng chn ny ln 2 phm na v bn bit tin trnh I-IV-V cho bt k ging no vi phm khi u no . Di y l 2 s thay i quan trng ca dng 12-bar blues: - Chuyn sm bc IV: Vn dng ging A lm v d, bn thay th hp m D (IV) cho A (I) khun th 2. Thng thng, bn phi ch ti khun th 5 chi hp m bc IV, v th vic chuyn thc hin khun th 2 cm gic hi sm, hence the name. - Xoay vng: mt s xoay vng l hp m bc V m bn chi khun cui (khun 12) thay v l hp m bc I. S thay i ny gip quay tr li hp m bc I

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khun u, xoay vng tin tnh v khun 1. Cc tay guitar Blues da vo nhiu cu lead theo s xoay vng vo phn cui ca tin trnh.,

Th thay th cc hp m 7th hoc 9th (A7, D9, hoc E9, chng hn) cho cc hp m c bn bc I-IV-V lm cho m thanh blues hn (xem Chng 6 v 8). Cm xc lin ba (Triplet feel) Nhc Blues nghing mnh v cm xc giai iu c bit n l cm xc lin ba (Triplet feel) (i khi c gi l shuffle feel hoc swing feel). Trong mt cm xc lin ba, bn chia mi beat thnh 3 phn (thay v 2 phn nh thng thng). Bn c th nghe cm xc ny trn CD theo hnh note 11-2, nhng y l mt cch tt cm nhn s khc nhau gia straight feel( straight: thng thn) v triplet feel. Hy c thuc lng mi dy sau tht to, bng ngn tay ti mi m tit c vit hoa. (Phi chc rng bn bng ngn tay iu ny l quan trng!) 1. TWIN-kle TWIN-kle LIT-tle STAR. l straight feel mi bng tay l mt beat, v mi beat bn chia thnh 2 phn. 2. FOL-low the YEL-low brick ROAD.

l triplet feel mi bng tay l mt beat, v mi beat bn chia thnh 3 phn. Bi v nhiu bi blues dng triplet feel, bn cn bit cch chi mt hnh nhc nn 12-bar blues vi cm xc . Hnh 11-2 trnh by cho bn hnh nhc m - y c s thay i l chuyn bc IV sm (khun 2) v xoay vng (khun 12) khng g hn l vic bao gm cc hp m c khy dng giai iu lin ba. c bit, khun cui ca mt bi nhc blues s dng mt tin trnh m bn i ti hp m gc t mt phm nm trn hoc bn di n (xem khun th 13). Hy xem cc s hp m trn hnh bit cc ngn bm ca cc hp m 9th trong bi nhc. Nu bn bit cch chi mt hnh nhc m boogie-woogie rock (theo phong cch Chuck Berry xem chng 10), bn s chng gp vn g c chi theo hnh 11-3, n thc s tng t nh hnh nhc nn boogie (nhng c s di chuyn sm bc IV), ngoi tr khi bn chi n theo dng triplet feel. Mt ln na, bn i ti hp m cui t mt phm trn.

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m nhc trong hnh 11-2, s tng ng ( ) xut hin k tip t Triplet feel ch ra rng bn nn thay th cc note mt phn 8 triplet (hoc shuffle) cho cc note chia 8 u. Trong cc note phn 8 triplet, bn s ngn note u tin ca mi beat lu hn mt cht so vi note th 2.

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Li nhc Blues v cu trc

S phn chia trong cc bi nhc blues, mt cch tt gi cu trc ca bi ht c ng l ngh ti tin trnh 12-bar thnh 3 chui m mi chui 4 khun. Bn c th lm nh th bi v li nhc ca cc bi ;blues c trng thng ri vo dng AAB (c ngha rng 2 on u ca bi ht l tng t v on th 3 th khc), m mi on trong 3 on ny chim 4 khun. Mt bi nhc blues c trng, chng hn, c th ging nh sau: on u: I woke up this morning; I was feeling mighty bad. on ny bn ht sut 4 khun u ca tin trnh 12-bar (I,I,I,I hoc I, IV,I,I dng bin i chuyn sm bc IV). on th 2: I woke up this morning; I was feeling mighty bad. Chui ny lp li li tng t nh bn ht on u, v ht sut 4 khun th 2 ca tin trnh (IV,IV, I, I). on th 3: I cant stop thinking I lost the best gal I ever had. on ny th khc vi 2 on u, v bn ht n sut 4 khun cui ca tin trnh (V, IV, I, I hoc V,IV, I, V nu bn mun lp li tin trnh). Thng thng, bn ht mt on tht to trong 2 nhp u ca chui 4 nhp, v cho nhc cng (thm ch c th l bn!) c hi chi cc cu lick tuyt vi trong sut nhp 3 v 4 ca mi on (phrase), to cho bi ht mt kiu cm gic nh cu hi-tr li. Nhng thm ch nu bn khng s dng mt vocalist trong mt bi ht no , nhc cng vn c th chi giai iu vi 2 nhp ny cng thm 2 nhp tip, to cm gic cu hi-tr li trong mi on 4 nhp.

Blues lead guitar

Blues lead l dng giai iu note n, bao gm mt hn hp cc dng c son v nhng on ngu hng. Mt cu solo lead tuyt vi bao gm c hai thnh phn ny trong 1 bi tng th trn tru, y cm hng. Cc hp Cc tay guitar Blues hu ht s dng cc hp ging nh cc tay guitar rock vy. Mt hp l mt mu bn phm thng thng phc tho mt thang m th ng cung gn ging vi hnh dng ca mt ci hp. (Hy xem chng 10 bit thm thng tin v cc thang m th v cc hp.) Bng cch s dng cc note trong hp, bn c th ngu hng trn cc dng lead m mt cch t ng cc m thanh tt sinh ra khi bn chi chng (cc note) trn nhc m 12-bar blues. 197

Bn c th bit cch s dng cc hp chi guitar lead rock n roll, loi m s dng cng cc thang m v cc hp m nh nhc Blues. (V chng ti din gii nhng iu ny trong chng 10.) V th, bn s khng gp phi vn g hiu v d hnh 11-4, y trnh by 3 hp m bn c th s dng solo ging A m chng ti gii thiu trong chng 10; chng ti khoang trn cc note m l note tt thc hin bending. ( bit thm v bending, hy xem chng 9).

Hnh 11-5 trnh by 2 hp mi m bn c th s dng cho vic solo blues. Mt hp chng ti s gi l Hp IV(Box IV) (bi b khng c nhng ci tn chun hoc cc cch nh s chun dnh cho cc hp ny) th tng t vi Hp III, ngoi tr rng chng ta di chuyn n ln 3 phm ti v tr th 13th (i vi ging A) v chng ti loi tr ra 2 note nm trn dy s 1st (hy xem chn g7 bit thm thng tin v vic chi theo v tr). Mt ln na, chng ti khoanh trn note tt thc hin bending. Hy chi cc note trong hp ny bng cch s dng ngn tay th 2 ca bn (ngn gia) trn dy s 3 v ngn tay tr v ngn nhn trn dy s 2nd. Hp V th thnh thong c ngh nh l mt s m rng thp hn ca hp I. Hy dng ngn tr v ngn nhn chi cc note ny trn c 2 dy.

Bn c th ch rng Hp I bao gm c 6 dy trong khi nhng hp khc ch bao gm 2 hoc 3 dy. S thc, chng ti ang trnh by cho bn t Hp II ti hp V l nhng mt phn ca cc hp . Phin bn y (s dng c 6 dy) cho nhng hp ny 198

cng c, nhng trong phin bn y , bn s kt thc vi mt vi ngn bm xu hoc cc ngn bm khng thoi mi, chng hn nh vic chi cc note quan trng vi cc ngn s 2 v s 4 thay v l cc ngn mnh hn l 1 v 3 hoc c nhng note tt bend li ri vo mt ngn xu thc hin bend. l l do ti sao hu ht cc tay guitar ch s dng phin bn mt phn ca cc hp, nh trnh by trong cc hnh ny.

Nu bn bit cch chi cc cu lick c trng bng cch s dng cc hp I, II, v III (hy xem chng 10), th cu lick trong hnh 11-6 m s dng Hp IV s chng c vn g c. Hy chi vi b ba c hng (triplet feel), v hy chc rng bn p dng k thut rung vo note cui to c hiu ng blue thc th. (Hy xem chng 9 bit thm thng tin v rung.) Ch cch bend note ri vo ngn nhn ngn tt nht thc hin bend.

Hnh 11-7 trnh by mt cu lick c trng m s dng hp V. Mt k thut blue ph bin l trt trn dy s 5th (ngn nhn) lui v ti gia hp V v hp I (Hy xem chng 9 bit thm thng tin v k thut trt). Hy xem cch tt c cc note ri vo ngn s tr v ngn nhn p th no, thm ch khi bn di chuyn gia cc hp.

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Thm su vi cc note ph
Thang m th ng cung sinh ra cc note blue tt, nhng vic thm vo 2 note na cho bn bng m sc phong ph hn ca vic chn la note. Note flatted fitth(note 5 gim) v note major third (note 3 trng) gip lm r hn mt dng bng cch a ra m nghch tai, hoc cm gic cng thng, flatted fifth note v major third note tng cng tnh cht trng ca hp m bc I.

Mt note flatted fifth l mt note m thp hn na cung (hoc 1 phm) so vi note regular fifth ca mt thang m. Trong thang m th ng cung A, chng hn, note E l not e fifth. (m s th t cc k t t A ti E trn ngn tay bn chc rng ti E l 5 note cao hn A). Note E v th s l note flatted fifth. Note major third l note m cao hn na cung (hoc 1 phm) so vi note regular (minor) third ca mt thang m th ng cung. Trong thang m th ng cung A, chng hn, note C l note minor third. Note C# l note major third. (Hy xem ph lc A bit thm thng tin v cc note thng v ging). To ra thang m Blue vi note 5 ging

Thang m ng cung 5 note lm vic tt i vi cc bi blue c bn, nhng i vi s si ng thc s, m thanh than khc, m thanh bung ni nm trong note 5 ging (flat-five) (note E trong ging E) lc ny v v sau. Vic thm vo note 5 ging vo thang m ng cung to ra thang m blue 6 note. Note 5 ging l note chi tai c bit nhng s thm vo mt cht hng v tng thm cht lng vanilla-sounding ca thang m th ng cung ng. Nhng nh bt k hng v no, c hay khng mui, th l, hoc note 5 ging, hy thm n vo mt cch tit kim v khn ngoan. Hp I, II, v IV, nh trnh by trong hnh 11-8, bao gm cc note t thang m th ng cung. Cc note trong vng trn ln ny l note c thm vo E - 5 (5 ging) m khng phi l note bend. Hp I trnh by hon chnh (2 octave) thang m blues ging A v tr 5, trong khi Hp II v IV trnh by mt phn cc thang m blues chng tt s dng phiu.

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Hnh 11-9 trnh by mt cu lick nhc blue Hp I c trng trong vic s dng thang m blues. Ch rng bn c th a ra note E theo 2 cch mt l chi n phm th 8 trn dy s 3 hoc l bend note phm th 7 (note c bit tt cho vic bend trong hp I) ln na cung. Hnh 11-10 v 11-11 trnh by mt cu lick thang m blues c trng, u tin s dng Hp II ( v tr 8) v sau (cng cu lick) s dng Hp IV ( v tr 13). Mt ln na, bn chi note 5 theo kiu thng thng v dng mt note bend (vi ngn nhn) mi v tr.

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Mn note major third Mt note khc m nhng tay chi nhc blue thng thm vo thang m th ng cung hoc thang m blues l note major third. Bn c th ngh note ny nh l note m bn mn t thang m trng ng cung hoc t thang m trng y . Trong ging A, note major third c thm vo l C#, v hnh 11-12 trnh by ni n nm trong hp I (l note trong vng trn). ch l note m bn chi vi ngn s 2 nu bn dng Hp I (tr khi bn cng s dng note 5 ging m chng ti din t trong phn trc).

Rt ph bin, bn s chi hammer on note major third t note minor third 1 phm trc n, nh trnh by trong hnh 11-13 (Hy xem chng 9 bit thm thng tin v hammer-ons).

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Mc du bn s dng thang m th ng cung solo, ging ca mt bi ht blues c trng l trng (nh ging A trng) bi v nhng tay guitar nhp iu chi cc hp m nn trng (hp m cha ng cc note major third). Trong cc cu lick double-stop, thng nghe trong nhc ca Chuck Berry v the Beach Boys, on kt ca mt cu lick lead gim dn thng bao gm mt note major third gip thit lp ging trng hn l ging th, nh trnh by trong hnh 11-14. Phn cu (Phrasing) Mc du vic solo nhc blues s dng nhiu k tht tng t, cc thang m, cc hp m, v cc hp nh vic solo nhc rock, 2 phong cch ny th khc nhau ch phn cu (Phrasing). Nhiu note phn 8 theo dng chy u n thng c trng cho vic solo rock (ngh ti solo Johnny B. Goode). Nhng vic solo nhc blues( ngh ti B.B. King) thng dng nhng cch din t ngn hn v tha tht hn (tch bit hn) so vi rock. (Xem ph lc A bit thm thng tin v note phn 8.)

Trong mt giai iu blues c trng, bn c th thy mt on rt ngn, mt s ch l ngh, v sau l s lp li ca mt on. Thng thng, cc on ngn 203

ny c cht lng m thanh ln (vocal quality) chng c din cm, thng trong vic din t ni au hoc s bun phin. Thnh thong, nu tay guitar cng l ca s, cc on nhn (vocal phrases) v cc on nhc guitar gn nh l mt v tng t. Hnh 11-15 trnh by cho bn mt on ngn mnh ha v khi nim on nhc ngn (short-phrase). Ch hnh nhp iu tng t (Pull-off t phm 8 ti phm th 9) vang ln hay th no nhng li to s khc bit khi bn chi giai iu da trn mt hp m khc (u tin l da trn hp m A7 v sau l D7). Vic lp li hnh nhp iu sau khi hp m thay i l mt k thut blues c trng.

Blues moves

Hnh 11-6 trnh by cho bn 4 di chuyn Blues c trng. Mt di chuyn Blues khng g khc hn l mt cu lick ngn, p (mt on nhc c lp). Trong CD minh ha cc di chuyn ny vang ln nh th no khi bn chi chng trong ng cnh ca mt tin trnh.

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Cc di chuyn Blues th d to ra bi v chng rt ngn. Hy to ra di chuyn ring ca bn v hy cm nhn chng vang ln nh th no khi bn chi chng da trn tin trnh 12-bar blues trnh by trong Hnh 11-12 v 11-3.

Nu bn mun chi mt bi ht blues in ngay by gi bng cch s dng cc di chuyn blues trong hnh 11-16, hy nhy ti bi Chicago Shuffle trong on Chi cc bn nhc Blues (Playing Blues Songs), nm sau trong chng ny.

Acoustic Blues

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Guitar Blues ngy nay hu ht thng nghe thy l guitar in. B.B. King, Buddy Guy, Muddy Waters, Johnny Winter, Stevie Ray Vaughan, Albert King, Albert Collins, v Eric Clapton, chng hn, tt c c bit n qua vic chi guitar in. Nhng Blues bt u dng Acoustic, c chi theo kiu fingerstyle, v vn cn gi ln hnh nh dn d ca vng Mississippi Delta, ni m Blues c hnh thnh v pht trin.

Cc khi nim thng thng(General concepts)

Mc du bn chi blues in cc ging khc nhau bng cch s dng cc hp c th di chuyn c (Hy xem on Blues lead guitar, nm trc trong chng ny), nhng bn s chi acoustic blues (i khi gi l Delta Blues) v tr m ( thng chi v tr thp (pha u cn) trn cn n v s dng kt hp cc dy bung v cc note c nhn), hu ht lun ging E. Steady bass vi m giai th ng cung v tr m (Steady bass with open-position pentatonic minor) tng c bn ng sau acoustic blues l bn s chi solo qua vic kt hp cht ch va giai iu (giai iu ci m bn thng ng tu) v phn nhc m cng mt lc. Phng thc ny tri ngc vi electric blues, mt tay guitar chi giai iu (lead) trong khi mt tay guitar khc chi nhc m (rhythm).

Ct li ca phong cch ny l nh sau: ngn ci tay phi chi note root ca mi hp m (note m hp c t tn theo n) trong cc note phn t u n cc dy bass. (Hy xem ph lc A bit thm thng tin v cc note phn t). Trong lc , cc ngn tay phi chi cc note giai iu m bn c c t thang m th ng cung E hoc thang m Blues E, v tr m. ( bit thm thng tin chi tit v thang m th ng cung v thang m blue, hy xem chng 10 v on Blues lead guitar, trc trong chng ny.) Bn c th s dng hoc l thang m hoc pha trn chng. Hnh 11-17 trnh by mt li ch ra cc thang m E th ng cung v thang m blue E v tr m. Khi khng c cc note c khoanh trn, bn s c thang m th ng cung E; khi c cc note c khoanh trn cc note 5 ging (the flat-five) ( 5), hoc B trong ging ny bn s c c thang m Blue E.

Ch rng thang m trong hnh 11-17 thc cht l Hp I v v m! i vi cc ngn bm tay tri, hy chi v tr u (first position v tr s 1) - v tr ny s dng s 206

k hiu ngn bm nh s k hiu phm (that is, use the same finger number as the fret number). Bi v ngn ci th thng gy u n cc dy trm, nn bn thng thc hin cc note giai iu t cc dy cao.

Hnh 11-18 trnh by mt bi tp n gin m minh ha cho phong cch acoustic blues cn bn bng cch s dng thang m blue E, ban u l gim dn v sau l tng dn. Hy chc l bn ang chi n dng triplet feel, nh trong CD. Bn c th thy cch m bn c th chi c giai iu v nhc m nh th no cng mt thi im V vic thm ch khng kh. l bi v phn bass th rt n gin chi!

S nhc li (Repetition)

Mt mt quan trng ca acoustic blues (v electric, cng vy) l s nhc li (lp li) repetition. iu ny bao hm mt di chuyn (motive) (mt on nhc ngn) m bn lp li, thnh thong 1 ln, thnh thong lp i lp li nhiu ln. Vi acoustic blues, bn c th t c hiu ng ny theo 1 trong 2 cch sau:

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Lp li mt on nhc cng cao khi hp m nn thay i. Trong hnh 11-19, hp m thay i t E sng A. (Cc note bass khc m ngn ci chi ng s thay i hp m.) S di chuyn, tuy nhin, lp li cng cao . Ch cc note tng t vang ln khc nhau nh th no nu bn chi chng da trn cc hp m khc nhau (even an implied one). K thut ny l mt k thut c bn ca blues. Lp li mt on nhc mt cao khc khi hp m nn thay i. Khi bn s dng k thut ny, th mi lin h gia giai iu v hp m nn vn tng t. Kiu lp li ny c trnh by trong hnh 11-20. Chn ngn 5 chi hp m A khun th 2. (Chng ti trnh by cc hp m chn trong chng 8.)

Ch trong hnh 11-20, i vi mi hp m, bn s dng mt note hammer-on di chuyn t note minor third ti major third. K thut ny th ph bin trong phong cch acoustic blues. (Hy xem chng 9 bit thm thng tin chi tit v hammer-ons.)

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Cc k thut ring bit (Specific Techniques)

Bn c th s dng 2 k thut cn bn lm cho vic chi blues ca bn a dng hn. Vic xen k b cc ( l, vic kt hp cc mu nhc khc nhau, chng hn nh vic chi mt khun rhythm v sau l mt khun lead) s to ra mt m thanh khng bt ng, khng ng nht. V vic kt hp cc dy bung vi cc note phm nhn to ra mt vi kt qu khc thng bng vic cho mt vi note vang ln trong khi cc note khc di chuyn du dng. Alternation (lun phin, xen k)

Alternation ni n vic thc hnh chi giai iu v bass ti cng thi im, theo kiu xen k, thay v chi cng thi im. Thay cho vic dng ngn ci chi cc note bass lin tc trong khi cc ngn khc chi ng thi cc note giai iu, thnh thong bn c th ch chi cc note giai iu hoc ch chi cc note bass. K thut ny khng ch thm s a dng cho b cc ca m nhc, m cn cho php bn (bi v tt c cc ngn tay ca bn th hu dng) chi mt vi cu lick c m thanh tuyt hn, kh hn, kho lo hn m c th vi cch khc th khng th. Hnh 11-21 trnh by mt on nhc m bt u ch vi dng giai iu (m bn s chi theo cc note double-stop, mt k thut acoustic blues ph bin) v kt thc vi ch cc note bass (playing a boogie groove). Bn c th nhn thy phn bass thay cho vic ch chi cc note phn t ri vo cc note root thp tr nn phc tp hn nh th no nu bn khng phi lo ngh v cc note giai iu (Xem chng 7 bit thm thng tin v double-stop.)

Mt mo nh hiu qu v yu thch chi mt cu lick bass thc s ( l, mt giai iu bass thay v ch mt hnh giai iu boogie) trong m hnh alternation (xen k). V d trong hnh 11-22 bt u ging nh hnh 11-21. l phn giai iu i theo m hnh xen k (alternation). Sau , khun 2, phn bass thc hin phin ca n, v th bn c th i xung ph vi mt cu lick bass y kch ng. c bit, cc cu lick bass ny s dng

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cc note ca thang m th ng cung E (hoc E blues) vi mt vi note major thirds ( trn phm th 4 ca dy s 6) v major sixths ( trn phm th 4 ca dy s 5) c thm vo.

S kt hp dy bung v dy nhn (Open-string/fretted-string)

Mt k thut acoustic-blues quan trng khc l xen k gia mt note dy bung v mt note nhn (trn mt dy gn k) m c cng cao hoc mt note gn cao . Bn thng k thut ny trn cc dy treble, nhng bn cng c th chi n trn phn bass. Trong v d hnh 11-23, bn chi note E cao u trn dy s 2nd (note c nhn); k , bn chi note E trn dy s 1st (note bung) v sau bn chi n tr li trn dy th 2 ln na. Note E bung sau ti xut hin sau khi bn chi vi note gn trn dy s 2nd. Tip vi cng tng ny xut hin vi cc note B trn dy nhn s 3rd v dy bung s 2nd. Khung 2 (vi phn bass chi ring) minh ha cho cng tng trn phn bass. nhp 3 v 4, note D bung trn dy 4th xen k vi note D dy 5th v note gn .

Turnarounds
Trong mt cu solo acoustic blues c trng, bn chi tin trnh 12-bar blues lp i lp li; mt khc, tng th cu solo ca bn kt thc rt, rt ngn. Thng thng, mi khi bn chi on kt (khun 11 v 12), bn chi mt cu lick nh fancy c gi l 210

turnaround lick m c thit k thc hin c cho vic t du kt thc v c cho vic a bn tr li (hoc xoay vng) ti khun 1 ln na. Hiu rng ra, nu bn ang chi ging E, s xoay vng s t bn vo mt vi hp m ca B hoc B7 (bi v hp m dn dt tt nht tr v hp m E hp m trong khun 1 ca ln tr li k (next time through)). Nhng nu bn n gin chi hp m E7 khun 11 v B7 khun 12, you miss out on a world of musical delights (bn s b l nhng iu khoi cm trong th gii m nhc), nh cc v d sau chng minh. Hnh 11-24 trnh by 4 cch xoay vng ph bin c acoustic blues chi. Ch rng hu hu cc xoay vng s dng vi loi dng chromatically moving (di chuyn na cung) ( l nhng bc di chuyn theo cc na cung).

Slide guitar
Slide guitar l mt k thut quan trng na ca blues guitar. Trong vic chi slide, bn khng s dng tay tri nhn guitar bng cch nhn cc dy n xung bn phm, nh bn vn lm thng thng. Thay vo , bn gi mt thanh kim loi hoc thanh thy tinh (thanh trt the slide) ln cn n v dng ln cc dy n (lm ngn li chiu di rung ng) bng cch nhn thanh trt nh ta ln cc dy n phm c ch ra. chi ng cao , bn phi t thanh trt trc tip ln thanh chn trn bn phm, ch khng phi ng sau thanh chn nh khi bn nhn thng thng. i vi cc thanh trt, bn c th s dng bt k g t ci c chi ru vang ti mt chai thuc (thuc ho Coricidin l mt tng v chai v c Duane Allmans yu thch), ti mt ng ng ngn. The back edge of a knife works in a pinch too. Ngy nay, c bit cc thanh trt thy tinh v ng c nhiu c ng knh khc nhau c th ph hp vi cc kch c ngn tay khc nhau. Hu ht mi ngi thng x mt thanh trt vo ngn nhn hoc ngn t, lm vy cho cc ngn tay khc rnh ri thc hin nhn phm. Vt liu thanh trt s xc nh nng v m thanh (weight and tone), v bn chn mt thanh trt nng hn hoc nh hn l mt vn ch quan. Bi v thanh trt nm ngang qua cc dy n trn mt ng thng, vic chi cc hp m ti ch m cc note c nhn cc phm khc nhau tr nn kh hn. Nhiu ta guitar gii quyt vn ny bng cch ln giy guitar v mt dng open tuning, chng hn nh G hoc D. (Xem chng 10 bit thm thng tin v open tunings.) Nhiu thanh trt blues tuyt c (hoc vn c) s dng cho cc kiu open tuning. Robert Johnson chi open G; Duane Allman th chi open D hoc E; v Bonnie Raitt chi open A.

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c tnh ca guitar lead c duy tr, tr nn din cm, v ging nh vocal khi bn chi vi mt thanh trt. Bi v thanh trt lt trn chc cc dy n v khng s dng cc phm xc nh cao , m thanh p li s ging mt cy violin hn hoc mt ging ht hn, cao thay i mt m v m thanh c lin tc iu ny i lp vi m thanh tch ri khi thc hin bm phm nh thng thng. Khi bn lng nghe cc ngh s dng thanh trt tuyt vi, th hy c bit nghe s ngt cu (phrasing) ca h. l cch tt nht cm nhn sc mnh cm xc ca guitar trt trong cm xc m hoc ca dng giai iu.

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Nu bn cm thy chi tt cc hnh giai iu trong on Acoustic Blues, th bn sn sng cho vic chi bi ht Mississippi Mud, trong on sau. Get down with your bad self!

Chi cc bn nhc Blues (Playing Blues Songs)

Mt ln B.B. King ni Ti c quyn ht cc bn nhc blues, v nu bn sn sng chi i bi nhc blue ng tin, bn cng c quyn ! Hai bi ht trong on ny p dng nhiu k thut m chng ti trnh by xuyn sut chng ny.

Khi ln u tin bn th chi cc on nhc ny, th ng c y nhanh tin trnh. Trong nhc Blues, cm xc ti trc k thut, v cch tt nht pht trin cm xc l gi cho cho tc chm v c th kim sot c trong khi bn lm vic th tc s tng ln. 213

Tp trung vo cm xc ca bn v hy k thut chm vo theo cch ca ring n. N lun lun hu hiu chng ti ha. Di y l mt vi thng tin c bit v cc bi ht gip bn trong khi chi: - Chicago Suffle: chi bi ht ny, bn cn bit cch chi dng blues note n (xem on Blues lead guitar nm trc trong chng ny); cch ghp li cc di chuyn blues ring bit li vi nhau thnh mt khi dnh lin tng th (hy xem on Blues moves, nm trc trong chng ny); and how to boogie like your back aint got no bone. Guitar lead trong on nhc ny s dng vi phng cch chi lead blues: cc on ngn vi cc khong rng gia chng, s nhc li (repetition), thang m blues, cc double sotp, v mt turnaround on cui. ( bit thm thng tin chi tit v cc k thut ny, hy xem cc on trc ca chng ny.) Phn giai iu (khng c ghi ra y, ngoi tr ch c tn cc hp m) th tng t mu m bn s dng trong hinh 11-3 (Cng khng c ghi ra , nhng bn c th nghe n trn CD). Ch tin trnh c bit ny c bao gm khun Quick IV. - Mississipi Mud: chi bi ht ny, bn cn bit cch chi dng bass c lp vi ngn ci lm vic da trn phn giai iu m bn chi vi cc ngn khc (Hy xem on Steady bass vi m giai th ng cung v tr m (Steady bass with open-position pentatonic minor) nm trc trong chng ny); cch chi turnaround; and how to get your mojo working. Bi ht ny v ln nhiu nt c bit v cc khi nim acoustic blues c cp sut chng ny: thang m th ng cung E v tr m, cc note steady bass, xen k (alternation) (dng bass chi ring bit trong khun 2, chng hn), lp li (repetition) mt cu lick vi cng cao mc du hp m nn thay i (khun 5), Kt hp cc note nhn v dy bung (khun 9), v turnaround lick (khun 11-12).

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Chng 12

Folk

Trong chng ny
- Chi theo phong cch fingerstyle - S dng capo - Chi hp m ri, thumb-brush, phong cch ca Carter, v phong cch ca Travis - Chi theo cc kiu open tuning - Chi cc bi nhc folk

Trong cc khi nim v mt phong cch guitar, folk mang ngha ca thi i ngy nay nhiu hn l ch chi Jimmy Crack Corn trong mt bui la tri vi mt m cao bi bun thm v mt ngi nu n c tn Stumpy vi ging ht kh kh trn mt cy harmonica sai tone. Mc du guitar folk c mt khi u tm thng nh mt phong cch gy n nghe bun ru ph hp cho cc bi ht n gin, nhng t lc y n tin trin thnh mt loi m nhc ph bin theo cch ca ring n.

Folk guitar pht trin t cc bi ht ngn cowboy ca th k 19th qua cc bi ht Appalachian v cc bn ballad trong nhng nm 30s v 40s, ti nhng bn hit ca cc ngh s nhc country u tin chng han5nhu7 Jimmie Rodgers, Hank Williams, v Johnny Cash, ti nhc rock chu nh hng ca nng thn v phng ty (rockability) ca cui nhng nm 50s. Trong nhng nm 60s, nhc folk c s hi sinh, bt u vi Kingston Trio v tip tc trn mi con ng sut thi hong kim ca Bob Dylan, Joan Baez, v Peter, Paul, v Mary. T , guitar folk vt ln hng chnh thng, thng qua kiu nhc pop-folk tinh t (sophisticated) ca John Denver, James Taylor, Joni Mitchell, v2 Crosby, Stills, v Nash. Trong chng ny, chng ti cp ti mt phm v rng ca vic tip cn chi folk guitar, bao gm hp m ri (arpeggio), thumb-brush, v phong cch ca Carter v Travis. Chng ti cng trnh by cho bn cch s dng capo i ging, to ra cc m thanh mi vi cc kiu open tunings, v chi cc note harmonic.

Chi theo phong cch Fingerstyle (Playing Fingerstyle)

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Folk music thin v s dng fingerstyle chi (mt phong cch m bn khy cc dy n vi cc ngn tay phi thay v dng ming khy). Hy ngh ti cc bi ht ca Peter, Paul v Mary (Puff the Magic Dragon), Boy Dylan (Dont Think Twice, Its Alright), v Arlo Guthrie (Alices Restaurant), v bn c th nghe thy d dng, cc mu rolling m cc ngn tay sinh ra trong phn nhc m. Nhng bn cng s nghe thy phong cch fingerstly trong nhc Rock (Blackbird ca the Beatles, Dust in the Wind ca Kansass, v phn intro Stairway to Heaven ca Led Zeppelin), country, v blues. V, d nhin, v chi tt c cc bi nhc c in (classical) vi phong cch fingerstyle. Vic chi fingerstyle m ra mt th gii v cc kh nng m nhc m vi phong cch dng pick n gin khng th lm c. Bn c th chi 2 hoc hn 2 dng nhc ng thi, chng hn, trong khi khy bng tay: ngn ci tay phi s chi dng bass trong khi cc ngn khc chi dng giai iu v inner voices (Cc note lm y hoc cc note nn trn cc dy gia (dy 3,4) nm gia dng giai iu v bass) cho mt m thanh y u n v phc tp hn.

K thut Fingerstyle (Fingerstyle technique)

Trong phong cch guitar fingerstyle, bn khy cc dy n vi cc ngn tay phi ring bit thay v khy chng vi mt ming khy. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, bn chi cc dy n 1 ln ti 1 thi im, trong vi trng hp v mu lp li, trong khi tay trai1 ca bn nhn 1 hp m. c bit, ngn ci, khy xung (downward), chi cc dy thp (bass), v cc ngn khc, mc ln (upward), chi cc dy cao (mt ngn/dy). Sau khi bn khy mi note, hy di chuyn cc ngn tay xa khi n khng nm ln dy gn k. K thut ny cho php tt c cc dy n vang ln v sinh ra cc hp m thay v ch n thun l cc note ring l k tip nhau. Theo cch ny, bn chi guitar dy nh khi chi mt cy n harp, ngoi tr rng vic chi theo cch ny trn guitar th trng tuyt hn khi chi trn n harp.

T th tay phi (Right-hand position)

Khi bn chi vi cc ngn tay, bn mun xoay nh tay phi cc ngn tay vung gc hoc km vung gc hn so vi dy n. Hnh 12-1 trnh by mt hnh trc v sau ca tay phi trng thi bnh thng, v tr pick-holding v sau l quay, vic t tay vung gc th ph hp hn cho vic chi fingerstyle. Bng cch gi tay phi ca bn vung gc vi cc dy n, bn s gi cho cc ngn tay ng vo cc dy n nh i nhau mt gc vung nu bn gi tay ca bn khng xoay v thng hng vi cnh tay. (Nhn tin, t th ny 218

cho l tng t hng vung gc m bn s dng cho vic chi guitar classic. Hy xem chng 13 bit thm thng tin v v tr ta phi).

Bn c th lm iu m nhiu tay guitar lm v nui mng tay phi di 1 cht , khi bn khy n, bn s tao 5ra m thanh sng hn v ln hn. Nu bn mun c m thanh cc sng, hy s dng fingerpicks cc thit b bng nha hoc kim loi m bn thc s mang vo ngn tay ci v cc ngn khc hoc bn s dnh cht cc mng tay bng acrylic ln cc mng tay tht ca bn (mt phng php thng thng ti bt k salon nail no v l mt cch x tr khn cp m nhiu tay guitar classical s dng khi h b gy mng tay ngay trc bui biu din).

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K hiu m nhc trong sch ny ch ra cc ngn tay phi bng cc k t p (thumb ngn ci), i (ngn tr - index), m (ngn gia middle), v a (ngn nhn ring). M hnh ny n t k hiu guitar c in. Cc k t p, i, m, v a l cc k t u tin ca cc t ting Ty Ban Nha ch cc ngn tay (guitar classic th rt ln Ty Ban Nha): pulgar (thumb), indice (index), medio (middle), v anular (ring). Thnh thong bn nhn thy cc k t tng ng Ting Anh t, i, m, v r. Bn khng thng s dng ngn t ca tay phi trong vic chi fingerstyle.

S dng thit b Capo (Using the Capo)

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Mt ci capo l mt thit b m kp ngang qua bn phm ti mt phm no . Cc capo c th hot ng da vo dy cao su, l xo, hoc thm ch cc bu lng c ren, nhng tt c chng c chung mc ch l lm ngn i chiu di ca tt c cc dy n cng thi im, to ra, trn thc t, mt Nut mi. Tt c cc dy m by gi cao cao hn so vi khi chng khng c Capo. Cao hn bao nhiu? Na cung cho mi phm. Nu bn t capo phm th 3, chng hn, cc dy E bung tr thnh cc dy G bung (cao hn 3 na cung v cao so vi E). Tt c cc dy n do tr nn cao hn v cao - B tr thnh D; G tr thnh Bb; D tr thnh F; v A tr thnh C. (theo cch ny, bn khng th chi bt k g ng sau capo m ch c ng trc capo trn cn n.)

ng cch thc hy t capo, ch trc phm th 3 (hng v tuning peg: nm ln dy n), nhng khng nm trc tip ln thanh phm kim loi th 3 ny. Hnh 12-2 trnh by mt thit lp capo ng cch trn guitar phm th 3. Hy xem chng 16 bit thm thng tin chi tit v cc kiu capo khc nhau. Ti sao bn s dng capo? Capo cho php bn thay i ging ca mt bi ht ngay lp tc. Ly v d bn bit cch chi bi Farmer in the Dell kha C v ch kha C thi. Nhng bn mun m cho mt ca s (c th l chnh bn) m phm vi ging th ph hp hn ht Farmer in the Dell l ging D. Chng vn g c. Hy t capo ti phm th 2 v n gin chi bi ht ging C nh bn thng chi. Capa lm cho tt c cc dy n ku cao hn 2 na cung so vi bnh thng, v m thanh ca bi nhc s l ging D! S thc, bn c th di chuyn capo ti bt k phm no, hy trt n ln v xung trn cn n, cho ti khi bn tm c phm (ging) m ph hp vi phm v ging ca bn.

D nhin, nu cc note nhc v cc hp m trong bi ht bn ang chi khng c dy bung, bn c th n gin l thay i th (v tr) trn cn n (s dng cc hp m c th di chuyn) tm thy ging tt nht cho vic ht. Hy s dng capo nu bi ht i hi vic s dng cc dy bung. Ngi ta cng s dng capo v l do m chng lin quan ti phm vi ging. Nu bn t capo trn cn n (c bit v tr cao trn cn n), guitar s c m sng hn. Thm ch m thanh s ging cy mandolin hn (bn bit, l nhc c c dy nh hnh git nc m nhng ngi cho thuyn y bng chi trong cc b phim m u Italy). 221

Cc Capo c th minh chng mt cch c bit hu ch nu bn c 2 tay guitar chi mt bi ht cng nhau. Mt ngi c th chi cc hp m m khng cn capo - ging C, chng hn. Ngi kia c th chi cc hp m, v d, ging G vi mt ci capo phm th 5, m thanh ging C. S khc nhau m sc (timbre) (m sc, l mu sc ca m thanh hoc cht lng ca m thanh) gia 2 nhc c to ra hiu ng ni bt.

Mt s ngi nhc n cc capo nh nhng ngi la o-cheaters. H ngh rng nu bn l ngi mi chi guitar th ch c th chi cc ging n gin (A v D, chng hn), bn cn ngi la o bng cch s dng mt capo nu bn mun chi ging B . Cui cng, khi bn c c s lo luyn nh mt tay guitar, bn s c th chi ging B m khng cn capo bng cch s dng cc hp m chn. Nhng trong vic chi folk-guitar, s kt hp ca cc dy bung v nhng note c nhn l im ct li ca phong cch ny. i khi s kt hp gia cc dy bung v cc note c nhn c th tr nn rt phc tp. Ngh v, chng hn, khc m u Fire and Rian, ca James Taylor, ng y nhn ging A. James chi n, tuy nhin, bng cch s dng capo phm th 3, lm cho m nhc vang ln cao hn 3 na cung, ra ging C, bi v ging ny l tt nht cho phm v ging ca ng y. Vy ti sao li khng chi bi ht ging C m khng cn capo? Bi v ngn bm bi ny khng ph hp th ; cc dy bung cn thit m James chi khng c trong ging C m ch ging A!

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Mt li im na ca vic s dng capo: Bi v cc phm tr nn gn nhau hn khi bn di chuyn ln pha trn cn n, vic chi vi capo i hi gin ra ca tay tri km hn, lm cho mt s bi ht c th chi d dng hn mt cht. Thng qua chng ny, bn s chi nhiu bi tp khc nhau v cc bi ht, th nghim vi capo. Hy xem bn c th s dng capo nh th no tm thy ging tt nht cho phm vi ging ca bn. V ngay c vi cc chn la nhc c, hy th nghim vic t capo cc phm khc nhau xem s tc ng n m sc nh th no vi s sp t . Bn s chc chn thch iu m bn nghe thy.

Thnh thong, vic gn v tho capo ra khi lm cho cc dy n lch cao i. Nh kim tra b chnh dy v thc hin cc hiu chnh cn thit bt k khi no bn gn hoc g capo ra.

Phong cch hp m ri (Arpeggio Style)

chi theo phong cch hp m ri (arpeggio) (cng c bit l phong cch broken chord), hy nhn mt hp m bng tay tri, v chi tng note ti mt thi im, mt cch lin tip, bng tay phi, hy cho cc note ngn vang hoc duy tr. K thut ny sinh ra mt m thanh tri chy sng hn cho m nhc so vi vic bn chi tt c cc note ti cng thi im, nh khi bn thc hin strumming (gy di nhanh).

Chi theo phong cch hp m ri (Playing arpeggio style)

chi theo phong cch hp m ri, hy t cc ngn tay phi ln cc dy n t th(v tr) fingerstyle c bn ngn ci (p) ta ln dy s 6th, ngn tr (i) ta ln dy s 3, ngn gia (m) ta ln dy s 2nd, v ngn nhn (a) ta ln dy s 1st. Tt c cc ngn tay by gi sn sng khy. Ngay c khi khng c cc ngn bm thc s ln mt hp m (bi v tt c cc dy n m bn s gy l cc dy bung trong hp m Em), bn vn c th chi hp m ri Em bng cch u tin khy (plucking) p, sau i, sau m, v cui cng l a. Bn s nghe thy mt hp m Em p ngn vang. Ch bn bit mu ny trng th no dng k hiu, hy xem hnh 12-3, hnh ny trnh by cho bn cch chnh xc chi cc dy bung ca hp m Em theo phong cch hp m ri (arpeggio).

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By gi hy th ri ln v xung trn hp m Em m. Mt ln na ch s dng cc dy s 6th, 3rd ,2nd, v 1st. Thay v chi p-i-m-a, nh trc y, th bn hy chi p-i-m-a-m-i. Hy tham kho k hiu trong hnh 12-4 kim tra rng bn ang chi cc note chnh xc.

Tip theo th cc ngn bm nhng hp m khc nhau m bn hc chng 4 v chng 6, v vic chi s dng cc ngn p-i-m-a hoc p-i-m-a-m-i. Nhng vi mi hp m mi, hy chc rng ngn ci ca bn nh ng dy bass note gc (root) ca hp m (dy s 6 i vi tt c cc hp m E v G, dy s 5th i vi tt c cc hp m A v C, v dy 4 cho tt c cc hp m D). (note gc ca mt hp m th n gin l note c t tn cho hp m ; chng hn, note gc ca hp m C l note C.) Nhiu mu hp m ri th hu dng, bi v bn c th khy cc dy n theo nhiu th t khc nhau. Cc mu p-i-m-a v p-i-m-a-m-I l 2 mu ph bin nht.

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 chi mt bi ht ngay by gi hy dng mu hp m ri p-i-m-a-m-i, nhy ti on Chi cc bn nhc Folk (Playing Folk Songs), nm sau trong chng ny, v hy kim tra bi House of the Rising Sun.

Mu Lullaby (bi ht ru con Lullaby pattern)

Mt vi tay guitar tham kho mu nhc m trnh by trong hnh 12-5 l mu lullaby bi v l mt mu m thanh p v ph hp cho vic m cc bi ht ru con. Mu ny kt hp vi double-stop (2 note vang ln cng mt lc; hy xem chng 7) vo mu hp m ri. Sau khi chi p v i mt cch ring l, bn hy chi m v a cng nhau (ti cng thi im) trn 2 dy cao. Nh gi tay bm mi hp m trong khi cc note ang ngn vang. Mt ln na, hy s dng capo tm thy ging tt nht ca bn ht.

chi mt bi ht ngay by gi m c s dng mu lullaby, hy nhy ti on Chi cc bn nhc Folk (Playing Folk Songs), nm sau trong chng ny, v kim qua bi The Cruel War Is Raging.

Phong cch Thumb-Brush (Thumb-Brush style)

Phong cch thumb-brush l mt mu nhc m c m thanh boom-chick. y, ngn ci chi mt cch thng thng (khy a dy bass hng xung), nhng cc ngn khc khy (qut, gi) 3 hoc 4 dy cao t pha lng ca mng tay theo chuyn ng hng xung (hng xung sn nh). Cc ngn tay thc s gy vo cc dy n nh mt ming khy nhng bn s khng phi di chuyn bn tay hoc c cnh tay. Mt cch c bn, bn hy un cong cc ngn tay vo pha lng bn tay v sau m cc ngn tay ra mt cch tht l, vic thay i t t th nm tay sang t th m tay, s to ra ng tc khy cc dy n vi cc mng tay. 225

Thumb-brush dng n gin (Simple thumb-brush)

Hnh 12-6 trnh by 2 khun ca mu thumb-brush hp m C. ng lo lng v vic khy mt cch chnh xc 3 dy n vi ngn brush. chi mt cch mt m, th chuyn ng tri chy tay phi l quan trng hn.

Thumb-brush-chiu ln (Thumb-brush-up)
S a dng ca simple thumb-brush n l thumb-brush-up (k thut to ra m thanh boom-chick-y). Sau khi khy vi lng ca cc mng tay ngn gia v ngn nhn, bn hy s dng the flesh (tht, ci) ca ngn tay tr khy dy s 1st (hng ln). Lc no cng vy bn thc thi k thut ny trong giai iu mt note phn 8 nhp th 2 v 4 (one, twoand, three, four-and). (Hy xem Ph lc A bit thm thng tin chi tit v cc note phn 8). Hnh 12-7 trnh by mt mu gm 2 khun c s dng k thut thumbbrush-up. Hy khy xung v ln u n, v khng b ngt qung trong nhp iu. (Hy chc rng bn s lng nghe CD v k thut ny, v ng nn lng nu mu ny c g hi quen thuc)

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ng ngh v upstroke (nh hng ln) vi cc ngn tay nh l chuyn ng fingerpicking, nhng phi l upward brush (chi qut) vi c bn tay. Mt khc, hy gi tay phi lng v lu lot khi bn ko tay hng ln khy dy s 1 vi ngn tr. Bn c th s dng mu thumb-brush hoc thumb-brush-up chi bt k bi nhc no m c m thanh boom-chick hoc boom-chick-y, chng hn nh Jingle Bells hoc bi Ive Been Working on the Railroad.

Phong cch Carter (Carter Style)

Trong phong cch Carter (c t tn nh vy sau khi gia nh ni ting Carter, gm nhng thnh vin June Carter, Mother Maybelle, v Uncle A.P), bn chi giai iu trn cc dy thp vi ngn ci trong khi cc ngn khc cung cp ph trch phn nhc m theo dng cc brush. Phong cch ny kh ph hp vi cc bi ht c cc note giai iu nm hu ht cc nhp 1 v 3. (Cc brush xut hin beat 2 v 4. Nhng nu mt giai iu khng nm trn cc nhp 2 hoc 4, bn c th n gin b brush trn cc nhp .

Bn c th chi theo phong cch ny mt cch d dng bng cch s dng ming khy nh bn c th lm vi cc ngn tay, vy hy th theo c 2 cch v xem cch no ph hp vi bn hn. Hnh 12-8 trnh by mt on nhc m bn c th chi bng phong cch Carter, phn giai iu nm hon ton trn cc dy thp. Giai iu c t mt giai iu truyn thng, c gi l Wildwood Flower, m gia nh Carter lm nn s ni ting. Woody Guthrie vit li ring ca ng y v gi n l The Sinking of the Ruben James.

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 chi mt bi ht ngay lc ny theo phong cch Carter, hy nhy ti on Chi cc bn nhc Folk (Playing Folk Songs), nm sau trong chng ny, v hy kim th bi Gospel Ship.

Travis Picking
Travis picking, c t tn nh vy sau khi tay guitar nhc country Merle Travis, c k thut folk fingerstyle ph bin nht. y, ngn ci lun phin gia 2 (v thnh thong 3) dy bass mt cch u n cc note phn t trong khi cc ngn khc khy cc dy treble (dy cao), thng thng gia cc note phn t (vo cc off-beat). Kt qu l 1 cm gic iu khin, c giai iu m bn c th s dng lm a dng vic ph nhc t nhc ragtime ti blues, ti mu nhc m 4/4 lun phin m bn nghe trong bi The Boxer Simon and Garfunkel v Dust in the Wind ca Kansas. K thut ny th phc tp hn cc k thut m chng ta tho lun trong cc on trc, v th chng ti s trnh by cho bn tng bc bit cch chi n.

Chi cc mu (Playing the Pattern)

Bn c th to ra cc mu Travis khc nhau bng cch thay i s nh thi gian m bn s khy cc dy treble. iu tng t vn cn l giai iu u n m bn chi vi ngn ci. Mt mu ca cc dy treble th qu ph bin m chng ti gi n l mu Travis c bn. Bn c th chi n theo cc bc sau: 1. Hy bt u bng cc ngn bm hp m D ca tay tri v gi hp m nh vy sut c khun. 2. Ch s dng ngn ci, khy lun phin cc dy 4th v 3rd u n theo cc note phn t, nh trong hnh 12-9a. Phn ca ngn ci l nn tng ca mu. K hiu chun nh du phn ngn ci bng cch s dng cc downstem (Cc vch thng ng i xung c gn vi cc notehead). Hy chi phn ca ngn ci vi ln n c u n vng chc. 3. By gi thm dy s 2nd vo mu bng cch khy n vi ngn tr sau nhp th 2 (gia cc note ca phn ngn ci), nh trnh by trong hnh 12-9b.

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Hy chc rng dy s 2nd vn tip tc ngn vang khi ngn ci ca bn khy dy s 4th nhp th 3. Hy chi phn ny ca mu vi ln cho ti khi bn cm thy n t nhin. Hy lng nghe CD bit phn nhp iu. 4. By gi hy thm dy s 1st vo mu bng cch khy no vi ngn gia sau nhp th 3 (gia cc note ca phn ngn ci), nh trong hnh 12-9c. Hy chi phn ny ca mu vi ln cho ti khi cm thy thoi mi. 5. Cui cng, thm dy s 1st (m bn chi bng cch s dng ngn gia) vo nhp 1, hy chi dy s 4 cng lc vi ngn ci, nh trnh by trong hnh 12-9d. Trong Travis picking, vic chi cc dy treble v bass cng nhau c gi l pinch.

S thay i ca mu c bn i khi c gi l the roll. Mu ny khng c s dng cc pinch, v bn s khy mi off-beat, nh trnh by trong hnh 12-9e. c bit, bn chi off-beat cui ch khi bn khng thay i cc hp m khi bn i ti khun k tip. Nu bn thay i hp m, th hy b i off-beat cui. Bn c th to ra s thay i khc ca mu c bn bng cch thm vo hoc b i cc note pinch v cc off-beat nhng ng bao gi b cc note phn ngn ci. Bn c th to ra cc s thay i khi bn chi, b i tnh n iu ca mt mu mt khc l lp i lp li.

i vi cc mu Travis c bn, mt cch d nh cc dy n phi khy v th t khy l ngh v nhm 4 note ca cc dy n m bn khy l mt tp hp ca cc dy pha ngoi (outside string) v mt tp hp cc dy pha trong (inside string). Trong hp m D, chng hn, dy s 1st v dy s 4th l pha ngoi v dy 2nd v dy 3rd l pha trong. Hy xem hnh 12-9d mt ln na. Hy c cc chui sau khi bn chi: Pinch, insides, outsides, thumb. Cc bc sau lin kt cc chui ny vi cc hnh ng tng ng bn thc hin: 1. Pinch: beat 1, hy chi cc dy pha ngoi (4th v 1st ) l note pinch ngn ci khy dy s 4th v ngn gia khy dy s 1st ng thi. 229

2. Cc dy pha trong (Insides): nhp 2, hy chi cc dy pha trong (3rd v 2nd ) 1 dy ti mt thi im ngn ci khy trc sau ti ngn tr. 3. Cc dy pha ngoi (Outsides): nhp 3, hy chi cc dy pha ngoi (4th v 1st) 1 dy ti mt thi im ngn ci khy trc v sau ti ngn gia. 4. Ngn ci: nhp 4, ch chi ngn ci trn dy bass thuc dy pha trong (dy s 3rd). Ch rng thng thng bn khng s dng ngn nhn khi chi cc mu Travis.

Phong cch nhc m (Accompaniment style)

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Sau khi bn bit cc mu c bn, bn c th to ra ton th nhc nn cho mt bi ht bng cch ghp ni n gin mt chui cc hp m li vi nhau v p dng mu thch hp cho mi hp m. Bn c th chi mu i vi bt k hp m no bng cch ghi nh thng tin sau: Nh nhm 4 dy chi cho mi hp m. (Hy xem s trong hnh 12-10.) Nh cc ngn tay phi s dng trn cc dy . (Ngn ci v ngn gia chi cc dy pha ngoi, ngn ci v ngn tr chi cc dy pha trong.) Nh chui pinch, insides, outsides, thumb. Bng cch s dng chui ny, bn c th chi bt k mu no cho bt k hp m no.

Hnh 12-10 trnh by 4 dy m bn c th s dng cho a dng cc hp m v nhn bit cc dy inside v outside cho mi nhm. Hy th cc nhm c ch i vi mi hp m, thc hin trn c mu c bn v mu the roll.

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 chi mt bi ht ngay by gi bng cch s dng nhc m phong cch Travis-style, hy nhy ti on Chi cc bn nhc Folk (Playing Folk Songs) nm sau trong chng ny, v hy kim th bi All My Trials.

Phong cch solo (Solo style)

Bn c th s dng Travis picking to ra cc on solo nhc c hng th bng cch bng phn giai iu ca bi ht trn cc dy treble (nh cc note pinch hoc cc off-beat) trong khi c cc dy bass i cng, cc off-beat c t vo mt cch chin lc cung cp mt nhc nn. Trong phong cch solo ny, bn khng nhn thit phi chi chnh xc cc nhm 4 dy (theo nh on phong cch nhc m trn) phn giai iu hu nh ch ra cc nhm ri, thnh thong m rng ra 5 giy.

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Hnh 12-11 trnh by cch chi mt giai iu theo phong cch solo Travis picking. Ch rng nhp 1 v nhp 2 trong mi khun l cc note pinch (ngn ci v ngn khc chi cc dy cng nhau), bi v c phn giai iu v bass u ri vo cc beat . Cc note giai iu khc ri vo cc off-beat, n t gia cc note bass.

chi mt bi ht bng cch s dng phong cch Travis solo ngay by gi, hy nhy ti on Chi cc bn nhc Folk (Playing Folk Songs), nm sau trong chng ny, v hy kim qua bi Freight Train.

Open tuning
Bn c th to ra mt hiu qu th v nu bn Travis pick theo cc dng open tunings. Hnh 12-12 l mt on trong open-G tuning (D-G-D-G-B-D, cao thp ti cao) m thanh ny mt cht g ging Joni Mitchell chi trong mt trong nhng album u ca c y. Ch mt iu bt thng y l bn hiu chnh guitar theo mt cch khc. Chng c g tay phi thay i so vi Travis pick thng thng. c c open-G tuning hy theo cc bc sau: 1. H dy s 6th cho ti khi m thanh ca n thp hn 1 octave so vi dy bung 4th . 2. H dy s 5th cho ti khi m thanh ca n thp hn 1 octave so vi dy bung 3rd . 3. H dy s 1st cho ti khi m thanh ca n cao hn mt octave so vi dy bung 4th.

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Ch rng trong hnh 12-12, bn ch s dng 1 nhm 4 note (5th, 4th, 3rd, v 2nd). Cc dy 5th v 3rd th bung cho ti cui, khi bn chi cc note harmonics phm 12 chn (hy xem on sau bit thm v vic sn sinh ra cc note harmonics). Hy ngh ti pinch, insides, outsides, thumb xuyn sut v d ny.

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Mt note harmonic l mt note p, cao cao, ging ting chung m bn to ra bng cch chm nh vo mt dy n (vi phn mm th ca mt ngn tay tri) mt phm no (thng thng l phm 12th, 7th, hoc 5th) nm trc tip trn thanh phm kim loi ch khng phi nm trc thanh phm kim loi, nh khi bn nhn thng thng, v sau khy dy n.

Chi cc bn nhc Folk (Playing Folk Songs)

Phm vi cc bi nhc m chng ti trnh by y xoay quanh ton b t mt mu nhc m n gin m bn lp i lp li ti vic x l phong cch solo ca mt giai iu (tune), vi phn bass c lp, phn giai iu c xp chng ln, v i mnh khe c thm vo. Trong 5 bi ht ny, bn ch s ch thy v mi cch tip cn bng fingerpicking m ph hp cho cc bi ht theo phong cch folk. ng v t nhin n gin ca cc bi ht la gt bn, tuy nhin; cc phn guitar y s to cho chng m thanh y v hon ho. Sau khi bn h c cc bn son li ny, tt c bn cn l mt chic o s mi vi flannel v i dy hiking boot v bn trn con ng ti ngh lm rong, t chc lao ng, v phn i chnh tr. y l mt s thng tin v cc bi ht gip ng hnh vi bn. Mt vi bi ht p dng k thut c gi l bass run. K thut ny l mt dng note nhc n c chi bi ngn ci s dn ti hp m kt tip v ng vai tr ph v s n iu ca mu c lp li. House of the Rising Sun: chi bi House of the Rising Sun, bn cn bit cch chi mu hp m ri up-and-down (hy xem on Phong cch hp m ri (Arpeggio Style) nm trc trong chng ny); cch bm cc hp m trng v th c bn (xem chng 4); v cch thc hin mt bi ht v s lng ph cuc i trong mt cn nh vi nh sng m thanh bnh tt v v tch s. Mu hp m ri up-and-down (p-i-m-a-m-i) l mt mu nhc m p cho bi House of the Rising Sun v cc bi ht khc ging nh vy. Tay tri ca bn nn nhn gi mi hp m trong c khun nhc. Hy ngh rng hp m ri (broken chords) ( y cc note nhc vn ngn vang) v khng phi l cc note ring l (individual notes) (l cc note m ngng mau). Ch rng cc ngn khy ch chi 3 dy cao cho mi hp m trong bi ht, thm ch khi ngn ci thay i cc dy t hp m ny ti hp m khc. The Cruel War Is Raging: chi bi The Cruel War Is Raging, bn cn bit cch chi mu lullaby (hy xem on Phong cch hp m ri (Arpeggio Style) nm trc trong 235

chng ny); cch bm cc hp m trng v th c bn (xem chng 4); v cch d mt a tr ng vi mt bi ht v s tiu dit v tn ph. Hy nh nhn gi cc hp m vi tay tri trong khi cc note ang ngn vang. Hy s dng capo tm ra ging tt nht ht. Gospel Ship: chi bi Gospel Ship, bn cn bit cch chi mt on solo theo phong cch Carter (hy xem on Phong cch Carter (Carter Style) nm trc trong chng ny); cch chi cc note hammer-on pull-off (xem chng 9); v khng bit c mt ai trn hnh tinh ny thc s bit li bi ht ny. Cc note hammer-on, pull-off v bass run l phn quan trng ca phong cch Carter, nh khi bn nhn thy trong bn son ny, t c s mt cch lng lo theo bi ht truyn thng Gospel Ship. (Hy xem Chng 9 bit thm thng tin v cc note hammer-on v pull-off). K hiu chun gip bn xc nh cc note m bn cn chi vi ngn ci (ngn ny c chiu khy hng xung) v cc note m bn chi vi cc ngn khc (cc ngn c chiu khy hng ln). Bi ht ny cng lm vic tt, tuy nhin, nu bn s dng ming khy. Hy th c 2 cch. All My Trials: chi bi All My Trials, bn cn bit cch chi mt mu nhc m phong cch Travis (hy xem on Travis Picking, nm trc trong chng ny); cch chi cc note hammer-on (xem chng 9); v cch ht mt bi ht mt cch li cun v cng vic vt v v s th thch gay go m khng cn vang ln s kiu cng bi v bn tri qua mt cuc sng ca s thanh thn v c quyn tng i. Khun 1 s dng nhm dy thp hn cho hp m G, bi v nu bn s dng nhm cao hn, bn s kt thc vi mt hp m cha y . Bi v khun 2 ch c 2 nhp, bn ch chi na mu trong khun . Khun 5 bt u khi bn s dng b dy cao hn (chuyn thun tai mt cch mt m note cao ca khun trc) , nhng sau nhp 2, li chuyn v b dy thp hn, mt ln na trnh hp m khng y (incomplete). Khun 9 kt hp cht ch dng bass ngn vo trong mu m theo li t hp m G ti Em. khun 12, mt note pinch hammer-on lm tng thm hng v folk (extrafolky). Freight Train: chi bn Freight Train, bn cn bit cch chi mt on solo theo phong cch Travis (hy xem on 236

Travis Picking, nm trc trong chng ny); cch chi cc note hammer-ons (xem chng 9); v cch pht m nh mt ngi bn hng rong n gin trong khi chi mt bn son li vi fingerpicking phc tp cng 4 k thut mi. Mt bass run ph v s n iu trong khun 4 v 8. Trong khun 9, trong khi ang n hp m E, v bn c th s dng ngn tr, c t dt vo mt thanh chn, chi dy s 1st, phm u tin. Hy s dng ngn ci tri, m quanh cn n, nhn dy s 6th trong khun 11 v 12. Khun 14 l nt c trng ca mt mnh kha nh c tnh trang hong bn hammer mt note treble vo cng thi im m bn khy note bass. Trong khun 15, note bass lun phin gia 3 note, ch khng phi 2.

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Chng 13

Classical
Trong chng ny
- Ngi ng - T th tay phi v tay tri - Ct v gia mng tay - Free strokes v rest strokes - Vic chi hp m ri - Vic chi i m - Vic chi cc on nhc c in.

Classical guitar khng ch cp ti mt phong cch m nhc no , m cn m ch cc tip cn vi nhc c m rt khc so vi bt k phong cch no, hoc l folk, jazz, rock, hoc blues. Classical guitar cha ng mt truyn thng lu i ca k thut v thc tin m cc nh son nhc v ngi trnh din tun theo nhiu nm thng v chng vn c gi vng, thm ch vi vic xut hin ca cc tc phm m nhc hin i hn v mi hn. chi cc bn nhc tuyt vi ca Bach, Mozart, v Beethoven v c c m thanh xc thc bn phi chi n theo phong cch classical. K c khi bn khng c nh tr thnh mt tay guitar classical thc s, bn c th pht trin m sc ca bn, k thut v ngt cu bng cch thc hnh cc k thut classical.

ng gi mt n tng rng, bi v n gn lin vi cc quy tc no , nn nhc c in tt c l nhng quy tc v lut l cng nhc. Nhiu tay guitar c ngh nghip trong c 2 lnh vc nhc pop v classical cm thy rng mt vi kha cnh ca guitar classical ang c chi t do, v nhng ngi theo ch ngha c nhn c v th kch ny thc s c gng a cc k thut classical vo vic chi pop v rock. Steve Howe of Yes, Michael Hedges, v Chet Atkins c cc k thut classical classical ph hp theo phong cch ca ring h m khng th bt trc c. Thm na, chng ta hon ton khng th hnh dung ra Metallica t c cng hiu ng headbanging khi h ngi trn cc gh straight-backed chair vi chn tri nng ln v c tay vng theo nhng gc vung. Trong chng ny, chng ta s cp ng n v classical guitar v trnh by ngi ng t th v v tr ng cho tay phi v tay tri. Thm na, chng ti trnh by cho bn cch kt hp 245

cc giai iu to ra i m v cch s dng rest strokes v free strokes a ra mt giai iu t trong mt mu hp m ri.

Hy sn sng chi Classical Guitar (Getting Ready to Play Classical Guitar)

Bn lun lun chi guitar classical trn mt cy guitar dy nylon (ngc li vi cc mu dy thp s dng cho nhiu phong cch khc), theo mt t th ngi. Ngoi ra, bn phi p dng cc kiu stroke tay phi no (cc phng php khy cc dy n) c c m thanh nh mong i. Thm na, bn phi chp nhn mt cch tip cn mi i vi t th tay tri.

Ngi th no (How to it)

Nhng tay guitar classical thc th ( l, hu ht cc tay guitar thc th) ngi khc so vi cc tay guitar khc ch h gi cy guitar trn i tri thay v trn i phi. H cng nng i tri ln khong 6 inch bng cch s dng mt ci gh chn. Nu bn thc hin hnh ng cn bng ny, bn s t c cc mc tiu sau: - Bn dng pha treble ca guitar (mt gn hn cc dy n c cao cao hn) trn i tri, vi phn lng ca nhc c dng ta vo bng ca bn. Sc nng ca tay phi nm trn pha bass s gi cho nhc c nm ng v tr (c cn bng, y l ni nh vy). Hai tay ca bn v th hon ton thoi mi chi v ch chi. Bn khng cn phi dng i tay gi guitar khi ri xung sn (tr khi bn nhy ln t ngt tr li in thoi). - Bn sp t guitar nh th tay tri ca bn c th chi bt k phm no theo gc ng (vung gc) hy xem on sau T th tay tri (Left hand position) ca chng. iu ny cho php bn chi cc v tr cao hn (v tr 7th v cao hn) mt cch d dng hn so vi bn c th chi trong v tr ngi chi guitar mc dy thp (xem chng 3). S tht l, tuy nhin, c nhiu ngi th classical guitar mt cch n gin thm ch khng bn tm vi cc cch lm sao gi nhc c. Ti sao? Bi v n c qu nhiu vn . Ni no bn c th mua c mt ci gh chn? (OK, bn c th mua c 1 ci ti ca hng m nhc a phng c l vy.) Nu bn ch mun th mt vi on classical guitar cho vui, th bn hy m guitar nh bnh thng. Cnh st m nhc s khng c quyn m ngn cn bn, v bn vn c th nghe bn son li cc note nhc tht p, thm ch khi bn khng chi theo lut mt cch nghim ngt.

Tuy nhin, nu bn thc s ng n v vic chi classical guitar, hy mua mt gh k chn v tham kho hnh 13-1, m trnh by t th ng ngi. Bn cng c th s dng vt dng y guitar ln t i ca bn, cho php c hai bn chn ca bn nm bt trn sn nh. Cc thit b ny c yu thch bi v chng khng to ra s g gh ca vic ko 246

cng i v cc c lng ca bn m thng l kt qu t vic nhc cao 1 i v gi i kia nm bt. Oh, v nu bn mun theo ui classical guitar, th hy hc cch c nhc (nu bn cha c th c), bi v rt nhiu bn nhc classical guitar c in m khng c tab. (Kim tra ph lc A khi u vic c nhc.)

iu quan trng l phi m bo rng bn ngi theo t th thng ng v ti cnh ca gh, nng cao i tri ca bn (hoc nng cao guitar) v gi nhc c nm gia thn ngi bn. Gi u guitar (ni kt ni tuning pegs) cao ngang vi vai ca bn, nh trong hnh 13-1.

Tay phi (The right hand)

Sau khi ni v t th, cch tip cn ca tay phi l mt mi quan tm quan trng nht t c m thanh classical guitar thc s. Bn phi chi vi tay phi theo t th ng v thc hin khy tay ng.

T th tay phi (Right-hand position)

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Khi nim quan trng nht v t th tay phi l bn phi gi cc ngn tay tr, gia, v nhn vung gc vi cc dy n khi thc hin gy. (Thng thng bn khng s dng ngn t trong classical guitar). Vi vic sp t t th ny th khng d dng di chuyn mt cch kho lo. Ti sao? Bi v tay ca bn, l phn ko di ca bn tay, mt cch t nhin nghing 1 gc khong 60o so vi cc dy n. Hy th n. Xem sao? Nhng nu bn gi cc ngn tay ca bn mt gc nh, bn khng th c c m lng ln nht t cc dy n. t c m thanh mnh nht (which you need to do to bring out melodies from the bass and inner voices), bn phi khy cc dy n gc vng 90 .

Hy xoay tay phi ca bn ch c tay cc ngn tay nm vung gc vi cc dy n v ngn ci nm cch khong 1 inch bn tri (t im li th ca bn) ca ngn tr, nh trnh by trong hnh 13-2. Dng ngn tay ci phi, v cc ngn khc (ngn tr, gia, v nhn) trn dy s 6th, 3rd, 2nd, v 1st, tng ng, nh trnh by trong hnh. Bc thit lp ny l t th classical guitar cn bn cho tay phi. Cc ngn tay ca bn c vung gc vi cc dy n khng?

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Nu bn ng n v vic hon thin k thut tay phi classical, y l mt mnh p buc cc ngn tay ca bn nm vo ng t th: Hy t 4 ngn tay (ci, tr, gia, v nhn) trn cng dy (dy s 3rd, chng hn), xp chng thnh mt hng. Bng cch sp t cc ngn tay theo kiu ny, ngn ci khng th dng v pha phi ca ngn tr. Sau , ng c xoay tay ca bn, nhng hy di chuyn cc ngn tay ti v tr thng thng ca n: ngn ci v dy 6th, ngn tr v dy 3rd, ngn gia v dy 2nd, ngn nhn v dy 1st. Tham kho hnh 132 m bo rng ngn ci ca bn nm v tr ng so vi cc ngn khc (bn cnh v khng nm sau chng).

Cc mng tay (The fingernails)

Cc mng tay trn tay phi nh hng ti m sc ca vic chi guitar. Nu mng tay ca bn tht ngn, ch c phn mm tht ngn tay khy dy n, v m sc to ra s du v nh hn. Ngc li, nu mng tay ca bn tht di, ch c mng tay khy cc dy n, th m sc s bn hn v kim loi hn. Hu ht cc tay guitar classical nui mng tay ca h di mt mc no cho c mm tht v mng tay u khy vo dy n cng lc, s sn sinh ra mt m sc d chu, trn ting. Mt vi tay guitar s hu mt bt cng c chm sc mng tay c bit bao gm cc ci ko hoc km ct mng tay, cc ci gia mng tay, cc tm nhm, v cc ming vi nhm tt cho php h gi mng tay di mong mun, hnh dng, v s trn tru.

Nu bn ng n v vic chi classical guitar, hy nui mng tay ca bn di mt cht v ct chng, chng c trn, theo ng vin cc u ngn tay. Sau gia hoc nh bng chng vi mt ci gia mng tay hoc tm nhm. Ch nui cc mng tay phi. Bn phi gi cc mng tay tri ngn chng khng chm vo bn phm khi bn nhn cc dy n, chng khng ngn chn cc note nhc khi vic vang ln mt cch chnh xc. Nhng nu bn chi classical guitar tnh c, vui hoc ch th thi, th ng lo lng v chiu di ca cc mng tay phi ca bn. Nhiu ngi chi classical guitar bng cc mng tay ngn (v vi cy guitar c t trn i phi).

Thay i mu sc m thanh (Changing tone color)

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Bn c th thay i mu sc m thanh ca cc dy n bng cch t tay phi ca bn ti cc im khc nhau dc theo dy n gn nhng hn hoc gn bn phm hn hoc trc tip trn l cng hng. Nu bn chi trc tip trn l cng hng, m thanh s y v bo. Khi bn di chuyn hng v pha nhng, m thanh tr nn sng hn v kim loi hn; khi bn di chuyn hng v pha bn phm, m thanh tr nn trn hn v m du hn. Ti sao bn cn thay i timbre (m sc: tone color)? Hu ht l v mc ch a dng ha. Nu bn ang chi mt khc nhc vi mt on lp li, bn c th chi vi m thanh ti l cng hng cho ln u v sau lp li th chi gn ch nhng hn. Hoc bn c th ang t ti im cao tro nht trong mt on nhc v bn mun lm tng thm na hiu qu bng cch chi nhng m thanh sng hn, kim loi hn. Bn c th chi nh vy khi gn pha nhng. Cc n bn nhc classical guitar thng ch ra cc v tr ny, v bn c th nghe n thy r s thay i m thanh ny trong cc bn thu m ca cc on nhc classical guitar.

T th tay tri (Left hand position)

Khi bn ang nhn cc phm theo phong cch classical, hy c gng ngh rng tay tri ca bn nh mt b phn my mc m bn kha vo 1 v tr (t th) mt v tr m bn c th m t c im bng cc gc vung (right) v thng gc ( to c s thoi mi trong khi chi v m thanh tt nht). Khi bn di chuyn ln v xung trn cn n hoc ngang qua cc dy n, b my nh (cc ngn tay tri) s khng bao gi thay i dng iu ca n. n gin bn ch di chuyn n (cc ngn tay tri) dc theo hai hng ca mt h thng cc ng dy as you would an Etch-a-Sketch. Di y l cch b my nh (cc ngn tay tri) lm vic: Hy gi cc ngn tay un cong v vng m cc u ngn tay hng vo bn phm theo gc 90 v hy t chng vung gc vi cc dy n. Dui thng ngn ci v gi n i din nhiu mt cht vi ngn tr khi bn nhn nh ngn tay ci ta ln lng ca cn n. Khi bn di chuyn ln cc phm cao hn, hy di chuyn ngn ci theo cng, hy lun gi cho ngn ci i din vi ngn tr. Bn c th di chuyn n ngang qua cn n khi cc ngn khc lm vic, nhng ng bao gi n nm ln trn bn phm. Hy di chuyn cnh tay ca bn vi bn tay bn tay vn vung gc vi cc dy n. Khi bn chi cc phm thp, hy gi khuu tay ca bn cch xa thn bn. cc phm cao, hy khuu tay ca bn nm gn thn bn hn. 250

V l thuyt m ni, chng c vn g v dy n hoc phm m bn chi, t th thay tri ca bn u nhn tng t - nh trnh by trong hnh 13-3. D nhin , nhng i hi c bit ca m nhc c th bt buc bn phi b t th c bn ca tay tri t nhng thi im khc nhau. V th hy quan nim nhng ch dn trc cng ch l: ch dn thi.

Nu bn ang chi theo cc phong cch guitar khc (chng hn nh rock hoc blues) mt lc, bn c th thng thy u ngn ci tay tri nm mi hng quanh cn n, v nh ra pha trn dy s 6th. Thi quen nh ngn ci ra th b gii hn trong classcal guitar: Ngn ci lun lun nm sau cn n. May thay, chng ta c mt cch hay cha cho bn khi thi quen ny (mc du vy bn phi quyt tm chu ng au mt cht). Nh mt ngi bn gi mt vt nhn (chng hn nh mt cy bt ch) trong khi bn ang chi. Mi ln ngn tay ci nh ln khi cn n, bn ca bn s chc nh ngn ci ca bn vi vt nhn ! Phng php hun luyn c th gy au mt cht, nhng sau vi ln b chc, ngn ci ca bn nm su ng sau cn n, ni n thuc v. Phng php ny l cch Charles Dickens thi tr c hc hon thin k thut tay tri.

Free Strokes and Rest Strokes

Nu bn c mt hun luyn vin golf hoc bowling, ng y c th din thuyt ch oban5 v tm quan trong ca mt c pht bng tt. Vy th, tin hoc khng, iu tng t trong vic khy mt dy n guitar. Cc ngn tay ca bn c th pht sau khi khy mt dy n theo mt trong 2 cch, tng ng 2 cch khy (stroke). Cch th 1 l khy t do (free stroke), l cch m bn s dng cc hp m ri v cc on thang m nhanh. Cch khc l, rest troke, bn s s dng nhn trng m cc note giai iu. Ngn ci, tuy nhin, gn nh lun lun bn chi theo free stroke, thm ch khi bn chi cc giai iu. (Free stroke c s dng trong 251

c vic chi classical v folk; rest stroke l k thut chi classical guitar.) Hy theo cc on sau c din t c 2 cch stroke.

Playing free Strokes

Nu bn khy mt dy n theo mt gc hng ln nh, ngn tay ca bn s dng trong khng kh, trn dy gn k. (D nhin, ngn tay s khng nm lu, v bn phi a n v v tr khi u bnh thng ca n khy ln tip theo.) Kiu khy ny, ni m ngn tay ca bn u a t do trong khng kh, th c gi l free stroke. Hnh 13-4, c nhng bc hnh v ngn tay trc v sau khi khy, trnh by cho bn cch chi free stroke. (Kiu ny Vit Nam cn gi l gy mc).

Trong classical guitar, bn s s dng free stroke chi cc nguyn liu phi giai iu, chng hn nh hp m ri (cc hp m c chi tng note mt ti mt thi im thay v chi tt c cc note ti mt thi im). Th khy ri cc dy m (ngn ci dy 6th, ngn tr dy 3rd, ngn gia dy 2nd, ngn nhn dy 1st), tt c s dng free strokes. Hnh 13-5 l mt on trch t bn nhc Ty Ban Nha, Malaguea, m mi tay guitar gp c lc ny hoc lc khc. Bn hy chi phn giai iu vi ngn ci trong khi ngn gia chi free stroke trn dy bung E cao. K hiu classical guitar ch ra cc ngn tay phi bng cc k t p,I,m, v a, m i din cho cc k t u tin ca Ty Ban Nha t tn cho cc ngn tay: ngn ci l p (pulgar), ngn tr l i (indice), ngn gia l m (media), v ngn nhn a (anular). Bn cng s nhn thy cc k hiu ny c s dng trong fingerstyle folk guitar.

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Playing rest strokes

Rest stroke s dng mt kiu pht khc so vi free stroke. Thay v khy dy n theo mt gc hng ln nh, hy khy ngang thng gc qua (khng hng ln) ngn tay ca bn b, hoc dng, ta ln dy n c cao thp hn gn k. Bng di chuyn ngang thng gc vi dy n (thay v l di chuyn theo gc hng ln), bn c c m thanh ln nht ca dy n. l l do ti sao rest stroke th tt i vi cc note giai iu; cc note giai iu l nhng note ni bt cc note m bn mun nhn mnh. Hnh 13-6, l hnh nh trc v sau khi khy theo kiu rest stroke, trnh by cho bn cch chi rest stroke. Hy s dng rest stroke nhn cc note giai iu trong cc bn nhc classical m bao gm inner voice l cc note lm y (filler notes) hoc cc note lm nn trn cc dy gia (middle) (c chi vi free stroke) v cc note bass.

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Hy chi 2 octave thang m trng C c trnh by trong hnh 13-7 mt cch chm ri, tt c s dng rest stroke. Thay i t v tr th 2 ti v tr th 5 ti phn kt ca khun 1 bng cch trt mt cch trn tru ngn tr ca bn dc theo dy th 3rd, ln ti phm th 5. (Hy xem chng 7 bit thm thng tin v chi theo v tr). Theo hng i xung (nh ngc li), tr v v tr th 2 bng cch trt mt cch trn tru ngn tay th 3 dc theo dy s 3rd, v phm th 4. Hy lun phin gia ngn i (ngn tr) v ngn m (ngn gia) khi bn thc hin.

V li ch v s tc v chnh xc, vic lun phin gia 2 ngn tay phi (thng l i v m) l thng l trong vic chi cc giai iu classical guitar.

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Phong cch hp m ri(arpeggio) v phong cch i m(contrapuntal) (Arpeggio Style and Contrapuntal Style)
Bn chi hu ht cc bn nhc classical guitar hoc l theo phong cch hp m ri hoc l theo phong cch i m. Theo phong cch hp m ri, bn gi cc hp m vi tay tri trong khi khy cc dy n lin tip vi tay phi ( mi dy n ku ln v ngn vang). Thng thng, bn chi ng thi phn giai iu trn cc dy cao (s dng rest stroke) thng qua cc hp m ri. m nhc classical guitar i m thng c 2 phn phn bass l phn m bn chi vi ngn ci, v phn treble (phn giai iu) m bn chi (thng s dng free stroke) lun phin vi cc ngn tay (chng hn, i v m). T i m (contrapuntal) ch phong cch i m (counterpoint), ni m bn chi 2 hoc hn 2 giai iu (thng cc giai iu khc nhau hoc tng phn) mt cch ng thi phn no ging nh iu bn thy khi 2 ngi vi 2 tng i nghch cng ni ti mt thi im. Trong m nhc, tuy nhin, cc dng phn bit h tr ln nhau hn l ph nhn nhau. Hy tng tng khi cc cuc tranh lun chnh tr c kt qu.

Kt hp free strokes v rest strokes trong cc hp m ri (Combining free strokes and rest strokes in arpeggios)
Hnh 13-8 trnh by mt bi tp theo phong cch hp m ri. Bn hy chi note u tin ca mi khun v cc note c ui quay xung trong k hiu chun bng 255

ngn ci; cc note khc th bn hy chi vi cc ngn cn li (i trn dy s 3rd, m trn dy s 2nd, v a trn dy s 1st). Cc note m bn chi trn dy s 1st c mt du nhn (accent mark) (>) nm bn trn chng trong dn k hiu chun. Cc du nhn ch cho bn bit hy nhn (accentuate hoc stress) nhng note no bng cch chi chng ln hn lm cho chng ni bt. Mt khc, hy s dng rest stroke mt cch mnh m nhn mnh cch note v free stroke cho cc note khc. K hiu sim. ngha l hy chi mu ngn bm tng t xuyn sut bi tp. Nh gi tt c cc note ca mi khun ng thi bng tay tri, trong sut thi gian ca khun.

Trc khi kt hp rest stroke v free strokes, hy chi hnh 13-8 tt c s dng free stroke c c cm hng ca bi nhc. Sau khi bn thoi mi vi bi nhc, hy thm vo rest stroke cho cc note trn dy s 1st.

Point/counterpoint(i m)
Hnh 13-9 l mt trch on t tc phm ca mt nh son nhc v danh ca k nguyn Baroque mt k nguyn m m nhc i m rt ph bin. Hy chi nhng note c ui quay xung(downstem) ( dng k hiu chun) bng cch s dng ngn ci. Hy lun phin cc ngn khc (free stroke) chi phn giai iu. Bi nhc khng ch ra bt k ngn bm tay phi c bit no. Min l bn p dng khi nim v lun phin cc ngn tay (thm ch lng lo) t c tc v chnh xc, bn c th s dng bt k ngn bm no m cm thy thoi mi nht i vi bn. Chng c cch no l thc s ng hoc thc s sai. Chng ti s ch ra cc ngn bm tay tri, tuy nhin, bi v ngn bm c bit ny l ngn duy nht m ph hp cho bi nhc ny. ng nghing nm trc s 2 nhp th 2 ca khun 3 v nhp th 3 ca khun 5 ch rng bn hy dng cng ngn bm m bn s dng chi note trc .

Hy thc hnh bng cch ch chi phn cao vi (lun phin) cc ngn vi ln. Sau chi dng bass mt mnh vi ngn ci vi ln. Sau chi c hai phn ng thi. Hy lng nghe CD gip bn v phn nhp iu (rhythm).

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Chi cc on nhc c in (Playing Classical Pieces)

Vic chi cc tc phm c in th khng bao gi l iu rc ri phc tp bi v bn khng cn hat bn khng cn c amply. Bn c th chi n bt k lc no, bt k ni no (min l bn c mt b dy guitar nylon).

K hiu chun classical guitar s dng mt vi k t c bit ch ra cc hp m chn (hy xem chng 8 bit thm thng tin v cc hp m chn). K t C vi mt k s La M (Roman) t sau n ch mt hp m chn ngang qua tt c 6 dy n. (K s La M ni cho bn bit phm no chn.) K t C vi mt gch ng (I) xuyn thng qua n ch rng hy chn mt phn (t hn 6 dy). V mt ng ngang chm nm bn phi ca k t C ni cho bn bit phi gi hp m chn bao lu. Cc bi ht m bn chi trong chng ny l cc bi ht m mi ngi chi classical gp phi ln ny hay ln khc. Chng tht tuyt nu bn mun mt cuc sng y nh Romanza, lun lun hng th v khng bao gi Bourree. 258

- Romanza: chi Romanza, bn cn bit cch chi free stroke v rest stroke (hy xem on Free Strokes and Rest Strokes, nm trc trong chng ny); cch chn cc hp m (kim tra chng 8); and how to roll your Rs trong khi ni t Romanza ( pht m thc s nh lc a). Romanza l mt bi nhc hp m ri n gin m cho bn mt c hi nhn mnh cc note giai iu bng rest strokes (tt c bn chi trn dy 1st vi ngn a). tp luyn, bn c th chi bi nhc tt c s dng free stroke, sau mi thm rest stroke vo. Hy s dng ngn ci chi tt c cc note bass (cc note c ui quay xung dng k hiu chun). Hy s dng cc ngn tay phi m chng ti ch cho bn trong khun u tin xuyn sut bi nhc. Trong khun 9-10, hy m bo rng bn gi ngn tr chn phm th 7 vi ngn gia nhn phm th 8 (dy s 3rd) xut c thi gian. Ch rng y l phn nh ca nhng ch dn cho ngn bm tay tri. - Bourree in E minor: chi bi Bourree in E minor, bn cn bit cch chi phn giai iu bng cch s dng cc ngn khy lun phin trong khi chi dng bass vi ngn ci (hy xem on Point/counterpoint, nm trc trong chng ny); cch chn cc hp m (xem chng 8); v cch pht m v nh vn t bourree. Bourree l mt ngi khiu v sng cch y vi trm nm (ch trc s xut hin ca funky chicken). Bn nhc i m ny l mt on trch m phi mang s hi hc chi bi v m thanh ca n p v phc tp, nhng n thc s n gin chi. Leo Kottke chi bn nhc theo phin bn fingerstyle, v Jethro Tull son li theo phong cch jazz. Hy chi tt c cc note bass (l cc note c ui quay xung trong k hiu chun) bng cch s dng ngn ci. Hy lun phin cc ngn tay (chng hn, m-i-m-i v vn vn) vi tay phi. S lun phin khng cn phi hon ton. Hy s dng theo cch thoi mi nht vi bn. Chng ti s ch ra mt vi ngn bm tay tri cc khun u v bn tip tc. Sau , hy s dng bt k ngn bm no cm thy t nhin. c cm hng, hy lng nghe cc bn thu m ca bn nhc ny bi tay guitar John Williams, cng nh phin bn folk bi Kottke v phin bn swingjazz bi Jethro Tull. Tay guitar Heavy metal Yngwie (hy pht m l ING-vay) Malmsteen thm ch chi phin bn vi m thanh distortion n ic tai. Mc du J.S. Bach khng bao gi tng tng ra tt c cc nhc ph lp d ny cho on khiu v ngn khng hp dn ca ng y, nhng tt c u tuyt.

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Chng 14 Jazz
Trong chng ny
Hiu jazz guitar ngha l g Jazz rhythm comping Chi cc tc phm jazz solo Chi jazz lead Chi cc bi ht jazz. Jazz l mt dng m nhc m cc nhc cng to ra kh h bt u t c s t do vi cc dng bi ht hin hnh, ngu hng cc giai iu c son, v a dng ha cu trc ha m. Cc tay guitar i theo nhng n lc u tin ca cc nhc cng khc nh tay kn trumpet v i Louis Armstrong, l mt trong nhng bc thy u tin ca vic ng khu giai iu.

Jazz guitar c th l kh lm ch bi v ng tu (improvisation) (to ra m nhc ngay lp tc making up music on the spot) l mt phn quan trng ca phong cch ny. Thng thng, to ra m nhc l cng vic ca cc nh son nhc. Nhng trong jazz, nhng ngi trnh din thng s ng tu v lm iu tt, bn cn bit nhiu hn nhng iu bn c th hc trong 1 chng ca cun saach1 For Dummies! Nhng ng bun phin. Chng ti s ch cho bn vi iu n gin lm cho bn vang ln nh mt tay guitar jazz, iu s gip bn tm c bn thn theo cch ca bn. Trong chng ny, chng ti put on our shades and help you get hip to jazz chords, jazz progressions, chord melody style, chord substitutions, and single-note lead playing. We also show you the difference between inside and outside chords, and how to jazz up a melody.

Gii thiu v ha m mi ton b (Introducing a Whole New Harmony)

Jazz guitar th khc vi rock v blues guitar ng k theo cc cch sau: - Jazz guitar khng s dng distortion, thin v m thanh mm hn, du hn. - Giai iu Jazz th phc tp mt cch hi ha hn, tin hnh cc cu trc hp m mt cch cht ch hn m bn thn cc cu trc hp m phc tp hn. - Cc dng Jazz thng p dng nhiu s nhy dy (skips) (cc khong cch m nhc m nhiu hn mt bc chng hn nh, A ti C) hn so vi cc dng rock hoc blues. Cch tip cn cc hp m ca mt Jazz guitar th su sc hn(deeper) so vi cch ca nhng tay chi rock hoc blues. Trong rock v blues, cc tay guitar c bit s dng mt thang m chi trn tt c cc hp m, nhng trong nhc jazz, h c th s dng nhiu thang m. 263

H cng phi nhn thc v cc note m to thnh mi hp m, khi chi hp m ri (arpeggiating), hoc vic chi cc m sc hp m theo chui, l mt iu m bo phm cht ca m thanh jazz.

Hu ht m nhc m bn nghe pop, rock, blues, folk, v classical (c bit l nhc classical t th k 17th v 18th, nh ca Bach v Mozart) da vo ha m truyn thng (cc hp m c bn v cc tin trnh, nh c th thy t chng 4 cho ti chng 13). Nhng ha m jazz s dng ci m hu ht mi ngi gi l (ngc nhin ln) cc hp m jazz. Cc hp m Jazz thng cha nhiu note hn cc hp m cn bn, hoc thnh thong chng c th c cng s lng note nh cc hp m cn bn, nhng mt hoc hn mt note ca chng c thay i theo na cung (thng ln hoc ging xung na cung).

Cc hp m m rng (Extended chords)

Cc hp m trng v th n gin c to thnh ch t 3 note (bc 1st, 3rd, 5th ca thang m trng hoc th m note khi u ca thang m l trng vi note root ca hp m trng hoc th ). ( bit thm v bc thang m v vic xy dng cc hp m hy xem chng 10.) Cc hp m ny c gi l b ba (triads) (3 note). Cc hp m 7th c to thnh t 4 note bc 1st, 3rd, 5th, v 7th ca thang m trng tn ca hp m. Trong jazz bn s thy nhng hp m c to thnh bi 5 hoc hn 5 note. Bng cch tip tc nhm cc bc thang m khc, bn c th i xa hn bc 7th to ra cc hp m 9th (s dng cc bc 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, v 9th), hp m 11th(1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th, v 11th) v hp m 13th (1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th, 11th, v 13th).

Cc hp m ny bao gm cc note xa hn bc 7th c gi l cc hp m m rng (extended chords). Thng thng, khng phi tt c cc note thnh vin ca mt hp m m rng u thc s c chi. Chng hn, trong hp m 13th, bn ch c th chi 4 hoc 5 trong 7 note, v th ch c th chi mt hp m 13th bng cch ch s dng 4 dy.

Cc hp m thay i(Altered chords)

Cc hp m Jazz thng cha cc note c gi l b thay i (altered) (b thng hoc b ging xung na cung). S thay i ny sn sinh ra tt c cc loi ca cc tn hp m nghe ng ng nh C7 9, B 13#11, v G7#5. V mi hp m jazz ny v c hng t v chng c mt m thanh duy nht. Trong vic chi theo phin bn jazz cho cc bi nhc ph bin, cc hp m thay i (altered chord) c dng thay th (substitued) cho cc hp m truyn thng nhng vic bit hp m no thay th, v khi no, th khng d dng t c s iu luyn, v i hi v k nng ca mt nhc s jazz t ti hon ho. ( thm thng tin v cc hp m thay th, hy xem on Thc hin nhng thay th (Making Substitutions), nm sau trong chng ny.) Cng vy, hy nhy ti on Chi cc bn nhc Jazz (Playing Jazz Songs) trong chng ny thy vi s thay th hp m c trng.

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Rhythm Comping

Comping l khi nim m nhng ngi chi jazz s dng khi ni n vic chi nn hoc nhc m. i vi mt tay guitar, comping dch l rhythm guitar tc vic chi cc hp m. Thng thng cc tay guitar Jazz dng cc hp m pha trong (inside chords), cc hp m pha ngoi (outside chords), v cc hp m full, m chng ti trnh by trong cc on trc.

Cc hp m bn trong(inside chords)
Cc hp m pha trong/bn trong (inside chords) l cc hp m khng s dng dy 1st (E cao). Cc hp m ny thng c chi 4 note trn cc dy 2nd, 3rd, 4th, v hoc 5th hoc 6th. Cc tay guitar nhc Jazz thch chi cc hp m pha trong (inside chord) v c rt nhiu hp m dng ny.

Inside voicings (Cc dng/th hp m pha trong)

Hnh 14-1 trnh by 15 th hp m jazz pha trong c trng. Th (voicing) l s sp xp li t bit ca cc note trong vic chn la mt hp m qua mt kiu sp xp khc tha mn mc ch m nhc hoc trng thi m nhc. Mi hp m trong hnh 14-1 l dng c th di chuyn v c trnh by v tr thp nht c th trn cn n. sn sinh ra cc hp m khc cng loi, ch cn di chuyn hp m 1 phm theo mi na cng. Chng hn, hp m u tin c trnh by l B7#9. chi C7#9, hy di chuyn hp m ny ln 1 phm.

Mt vi tn hp m c th nghe l. y l cch pht m 3 hp m u tin, i t tri sang phi dng trn cng (sau bn nn c cch ni ring (the hang of it: cch ni ring)): B by thng chn, B by ging chn, v F thng su chn. Mt vng trn nh trong tn mt hp m i din cho gim bt (diminished). Hp m tip cho ti cui (trong dng y) c pht m l F thng gim 7. Nu bn khng lm g ngoi vic khy vi hp m ny, bn s to ra m thanh jazzy ng cch. Thc t, nhng ngi chi jazz c bit thch bng/nh cc hp m ny phn gia ca cn n, hoc ln trn mt cht (thng gia, khi ni, l phm th 4th v phm th 11th). Hy th khy cc hp m .

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Cc di chuyn pha trong (Inside moves)

Cc tay guitar Jazz thch tp luyn good voice leading; l, bi v h thch s thay i hp m phi nghe mt m v kinh t (economical). Thng trong cc tin trnh jazz, s khc nhau duy nht gia hp m hin ti v hp m k l mt trong nhng note c di chuyn mt phm hoc 2 phm (xem hnh 14-2 v 14-4). Tnh kinh t ca di chuyn ny lm cho bi nhc d chi hn v, ti cng thi im, lm cho m thanh ca bi nhc d chu. Hnh 14-2 trnh by 3 di chuyn c trng (cc tin trnh) bao gm cc hp m pha trong m nhng ngi chi jazz s dng. Hy chi mi hp m mt ln, v sau chi hp m k tip bn s vang ln nh mt ngi chi jazz. Hy th cc tin trnh cc phm khc nhau cc di chuyn ny thuc dng c th di chuyn!

Cc hp m bn ngoi(outside chords)

Hp m pha ngoi (bn ngoi- Outside chord) l khi nim c s dng cho mt hp m, c bit l mt hp m jazz, ch s dng 4 dy cao dy E thp v A b qua. Vi cc hp m pha ngoi, bn thng khng c note root (note m c dng t tn cho hp m) pha y, hoc bn s khng a note root vo.

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Outside voicings (Cc dng/th hp m pha ngoi)

Hnh 14-3 trnh by 11 hp m jazz pha ngoi c trng. Mt ln na, mi hp m c trnh by v tr thp nht c th trn cn n, v c th di chuyn c. Hy th chi chng mt v tr no gia phm th 4th v phm 11, v tr m cc tay guitar jazz hu ht thch chi vi nhng hp m ny.

Cc di chuyn pha ngoi (Outside moves)

Cng nh cc di chuyn pha trong (inside moves), cc di chuyn pha ngoi trnh by im c bn ca good voice leading, m rt quan trong trong jazz guitar. Di chuyn cui cng, Hnh 14-4c, trng nh mt cht g ngoi l bi v bn phi nhy quanh cn n, nhng y li l mt di chuyn p ph bin. Bn c th bm hnh dng hp m 7th gim (diminished) v di chuyn n ln hoc xung 3 phm m khng cn thay i hp m (bn s thay i th (voicing), hoc th t ca cc note, nhng bn vn chi cng 4 note ). Khi cc tay guitar jazz chi mt hp m 7th gim, h thng di chuyn n tng trn cn n theo kiu ny nhm mc ch lm a dng hoc to ra s cm nhn ca di chuyn. 267

Cc hp m y (Full chords)

Khng phi tt c cc hp m jazz b gii hn trong cc hp m 4 note pha trong hoc pha ngoi. Hnh 14-5 trnh by 5 hp m jazz y khc nhau (l cc hp m m s dng 5 hoc 6 dy) m c th chi bt k phm no (nhng trnh by y c t v tr thp nht c th).

Chi solo: Phong cch giai iu hp m (Chord-Melody)

Phong cch giai iu hp m (Chord-melody), nh tn ca n ng , mt phong cch solo jazz m kt hp cht ch giai iu v cc hp m ca mt bi ht. Bn c th nghe phong cch chi ny trong m nhc ca nhng bc thy jazz nh Johnny Smith, Jim Hall, v Joe Pass. Phong cch giai iu hp m thng bao hm vic lm jazz ha mt bi ht khng phi 268

nhc jazz. Mc du giai iu ca bi ht thng c chi trung thc (straight) (nh c son), ngi trnh din s thay i cc hp m t cc hp m truyn thng sang cc phin bn jazz. Cc hp m jazz ny, khi chng thay th ca cc hp m trung thc, th c gi l cc hp m thay th (substitutions).

Mc du vic chi mt on solo phong cch giai iu hp m c vit th c bit khng kh, nhng vic to ra 1 on theo phong cch ny bi chnh bn (iu m cc tay guitar jazz lm) l mt nhim v khng d. Vi nhng ngi mi bt u, bn cn bit cch lm ha hp (tc l t nhng hp m bn di) mt giai iu; sau bn cn bit cch p dng nhng hp m thay th. Cc k nng ny vt xa hn vic chi guitar n thun chng vo lnh vc son nhc v bin son li. l l do ti sao chng ti s khng dy bn cch thc hin n. Thay vo , chng ti s cho bn mt tng v iu g cn v sau trnh by cho bn mt cch d dng x l (cheat: la o), bn vang ln nh l bn to ra mt on solo giai iu hp m. Sau on Chi cc bn nhc Jazz (Playing Jazz Songs) ca chng ny, bn c th chi Greensleeves l mt bn soan li theo phong cch giai iu hp m bng cch c tab.

Thc hin nhng thay th (Making Substitutions)

Nhng hp m thay th l cc hp m mang mu sc jazz (jazzy) m bn s dng v tr ca nhng hp m trung thc. Cc hp m ny n 1 trong 2 dng thng thng: - Cng note root: Thnh thong bn thay th mt hp m vi cng note root, nhng s dng mt phin bn m rng (extended) hoc s thay i na cung (hy xem on Gii thiu v ha m mi ton b (Introducing a Whole New Harmony) nm trc trong chng ny). V d, nu tin trnh hp m ca mt bi ht bt u vi C v sang A7, bn c th thay th Cmaj7 v A7 9, lm cho m thanh jazz ha. - Khc note root: trng hp khc, bn c th thay th cc hp m m thm ch khng c cng note root. Thay vo , hp m thay th c th c nhng note chung khc vi hp m gc. Ly v d, thay v chi C v A7, bn c th chi cc hp m nh C6/9 v E 7, bi v A7 v E 7 c 2 note chung (C# v G). Cch no cng c, c v s nhng s thay th hp m m bn c th thc hin, v n c th mt nhiu nm chi jazz pht trin cm nhn trc gic bit c cc hp m c th thay th mt v tr.

ng tu vi 3 hp m (Faking it with three chords)

Thay cho vic hc hng trm s thay th, hy th ng tu mt on solo giai iu hp m bng cch s dng 3 hp m n gin. Hy xem li ln na hnh dng 3 hp m u tin c di chuyn c trong Hnh 14-3: cc th hp m pha ngoi i vi hp m m7, o7, v 6/9. Bi v cc hp m ny c m thanh cht g kh hiu, thng chng s khng vang ln sai (ngang) bt k u m bn chi chng, hoc th t bn t chng: Chng ch vang ln mi jazz.

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Bn c th gi mt hp m trong mt thi gian di, khi di chuyn n ti cc phm khc vic trt ln hoc xung 1 phm ti mt thi im lm cho m thanh tht tuyt. Hoc bn c th chuyn gia cc hp m mt cch t do, bng vic chi chng cc phm khc nhau. Hy to ra iu nhc khi bn chi. Nu bn thch, bn c th s dng Hnh 14-6 bt u v hy xem mt v d v iu chng ti ang ni v. Hy vui vi n!

Thc hin Lead: giai iu Jazz (Taking the Lead: Jazz Melody)

Vic chi lead trong jazz th tng t nh cch tip cn chi lead trong blues hoc rock. Bn chi hu ht nhng giai iu note n hoc l son trc hoc ngu hng v nhng cu licks (nhng on nhc ngn c c tnh phong cch). Bn khng cn phi lm a dng k thut ca bn nhiu hoc; bn hy chi cc note vi mt ming khy, theo li khy lun phin (hy xem chng 5). iu thay i l cm hng v cch tip cn ti giai iu. Vn t, cch phn nhp, v m sc s phn bit vic chi lead jazz vi cc phong cch guitar khc. Vt xa hn v cht lng ca nhng hp m, bn c th to ra mt giai iu hoc lm cho vic chi lead ca bn vang ln jazz hn bng cch p dng vi nguyn l n gin. Ba k thut sau y c th gip bn vang ln nh mt hnh tng jazz ngay tc th.

Cc thang m(scales/gam) vi cc tone thay i lun phin (Scales with altered tones)

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Mt iu m jazz lm l gii thiu cc tone (m sc) lun phin, hoc m sc khng nm trong kha (key). Trong Blues, cc note c thm vo mt cch tit kim; trong jazz bt k m sc no cng c th c thay i lun phin v bao hm trong giai iu ngu hng. Ch cn mt note lun phin c l cho thun ti (a ra ti mt s kt thc hp l thng qua mt note giai iu trong kha/thuc kha hoc mt m sc hp m), th bt k note nhc no u c i x cng bng. Hnh 14-7 trnh by mt giai iu c chi theo 2 cch: u tin theo cch trung thc, theo li c son; v sau vi cc m sc lun phin c thm vo. Ch rng hnh nhp iu ny theo cm hng triplet, cng c gi l cm hng swing (swing feel). Nhiu tc phm nhc jazz c chi vi swing feel. ( bit thm thng tin v triplet feel, hy xem chng 11.)

Tip cn nhng note ch (Approaching target notes)

Mt phn phm cht phng tng v lng lo ca jazz l kt qu t cch m bn thnh thong dng tip cn mt note giai iu chnh (hoc ch) t mt phm trn hoc bn di. Trong lc lm nh vy, bn thm vo hng v v a dng cho vic chi ca bn. 271

Hnh 14-8 trnh by mt giai iu c chi theo 2 cch: 1 theo ng cnh trung thc ca n, v sau vi cc note giai iu chnh c tip cn t mt phm bn trn hoc bn di (cc mi tn ch ra cc note chnh).

Thc hin/to giai iu t cc hp m dng ri (Making melodies from arpeggiated chords)

Thnh thong, sn sinh ra mt dng mang m thanh jazz, mi iu bn phi lm l chi cc m sc hp m cha ng trong phn nhp iu. Bi v cc hp m jazz thng phc tp nh hp m C7 9#5 hy chi cc m sc hp m l mt hp m ri (1 note ti mt thi im, k tip nhau) s to ra jazz ngay lp tc (hy xem hnh 14-9). Thng thng, mc du, vic chi jazz tt th kt hp cht ch mt hn hp lnh mnh ca nhng hp m ri v vic chi tuyn tnh (stepwise: bc thang).

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Chi cc bn nhc Jazz (Playing Jazz Songs)

Trong cc bn nhc di y, bn s tm thy mt dy m rng cc k thut jazz: cc hp m m rng, cc hp m lun phin, cc hp m pha trong v pha ngoi, cc s thay th hp m, cc m sc thay i lun phin, v cc giai iu c hnh thnh t cc m sc hp m ri. Bn c th chi bi Greensleeves hoc vi mt ming khy hoc fingerstyle. Hy chi bi Swing Thing vi mt ming khy (c cc hp m v giai iu). y l mt vi gi gip bn hiu v chi cc bi ht: - Greensleeves: Chng ti x l bi nhc dn ca Anh c thnh mt bn son li solo giai iu hp m. Cc hp m trung thc cho bi nhc ny l Em, D, C, B, v vn vn, nhng y, c bit l mt bn son li giai iu hp m jazz, chng ti s dng cc s thay th hp m lm jazz ha. chi bi ht ny, bn cn bit cch chi cc dng hp m jazz, cch kt hp giai iu note n vi cc hp m (hy xem on Chi solo: Phong cch giai iu hp m (Playing Solo: Chord-Melody Style)), v cch trng tht tuyt trong khi chi mt bi dn ca th k 16th. Thc hin mt cch mt m vic kt hp cc note giai iu n vi cc note giai iu ta trn hp m. Khi chi cc hp m, hy chc rng a ra cc note cao nht bng cch khy n mnh hn mt cht hoc vic lun phin hp m (ri n) nh nhng m thanh ca giai iu c ni ln. - Swing Thing: Bi ht ny p dng mt vi di chuyn jazz c trng trong c phn nhp iu v lead. swing bi nhc ny, bn cn bit cch chi cc dng hp m pha trong (hy xem on Cc hp m bn trong(inside chords) trong chng ny), cch chi cc note th 8th dng n pha trn cn n (hy xem chng 7), v cch m nm cho ti khi bn ngng li (how to bop till you drop.) Tin trnh bt u vi mt hnh nhp iu c son c bit ging F. Phn lead theo mt tin trnh II-V-I-VI (Gm7-C7-F-D7), i vi mt chui cc s thay i c vit. Hy ch mu ri trong na u ca khun 6, c theo sau bi mt triplet ca cc m sc c thay i lun phin. y l 2 v d v cc k thut jazz c trng c tho lun trong chng ny. Hy xem cch bn c th kim thy nhiu hn.

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