LATEX 2-

LATEX 2 - 141

, ,
4.26, 2008 09- 25

ii
1995-2005 (Tobias Oetiker) . .
(Free Software
Foundation)- GNU (GNU General Public
License; 2 )- .
,
. GNU .
GNU
;
(Free Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA
02139, USA)- .



LATEX 2.09- :
(Hubert Partl)

<partl@mail.boku.ac.at>

(Irene Hyna)

<Irene.Hyna@bmwf.ac.at>

(Elisabeth Schlegl)

<>

, (Jorg Knappen) LATEX 2 -

CTAN://info/lshort/german

iv

,
.
,
.
Rosemary Bailey, Marc Bevand, Friedemann Brauer, Barbara Beeton, Jan Busa,
Markus Br
uhwiler, Pietro Braione, David Carlisle, Jose Carlos Santos,
Neil Carter, Mike Chapman, Pierre Chardaire, Christopher Chin, Carl Cerecke,
Chris McCormack, Wim van Dam, Jan Dittberner, Michael John Downes,
Matthias Dreier, David Dureisseix, Elliot, Hans Ehrbar, Daniel Flipo, David Frey,
Hans Fugal, Robin Fairbairns, Jorg Fischer, Erik Frisk, Mic Milic Frederickx,
Frank, Kasper B. Graversen, Arlo Griffiths, Alexandre Guimond, Andy Goth,
Cyril Goutte, Greg Gamble, Frank Fischli, Morten Hgholm, Neil Hammond,
Rasmus Borup Hansen, Joseph Hilferty, Bjorn Hvittfeldt, Martien Hulsen,
Werner Icking, Jakob, Eric Jacoboni, Alan Jeffrey, Byron Jones, David Jones,
Johannes-Maria Kaltenbach, Michael Koundouros, Andrzej Kawalec,
Sander de Kievit, Alain Kessi, Christian Kern, Tobias Klauser, Jorg Knappen,
Kjetil Kjernsmo, Maik Lehradt, Remi Letot, Flori Lambrechts, Axel Liljencrantz,
Johan Lundberg, Alexander Mai, Hendrik Maryns, Martin Maechler,
Aleksandar S Milosevic, Henrik Mitsch, Claus Malten, Kevin Van Maren,
Richard Nagy, Philipp Nagele, Lenimar Nunes de Andrade, Manuel Oetiker,
Urs Oswald, Lan Thuy Pham, Martin Pfister, Demerson Andre Polli,
Nikos Pothitos, Maksym Polyakov Hubert Partl, John Refling, Mike Ressler,
Brian Ripley, Young U. Ryu, Bernd Rosenlecher, Kurt Rosenfeld, Chris Rowley,
Risto Saarelma, Hanspeter Schmid, Craig Schlenter, Gilles Schintgen,
Baron Schwartz, Christopher Sawtell, Miles Spielberg, Matthieu Stigler,
Geoffrey Swindale, Laszlo Szathmary, Boris Tobotras, Josef Tkadlec, Scott Veirs,
Didier Verna, Fabian Wernli, Carl-Gustav Werner, David Woodhouse, Chris York,
Fritz Zaucker, Rick Zaccone, Mikhail Zotov.


LATEX [1]
, TEX [2]
.
LATEX 2 . [1, 3] LATEX
.
6 :
1: LATEX 2 , LATEX- . LATEX .
2: , LATEX .
3: LATEX
. LATEX
.
4: , EPS
, pdfLATEX PDF

.
5:
LATEX .
6: LATEX , /
.

vi

.
LATEX PC Mac UNIX VMS
. LATEX Local Guide [5]

. LATEX
.
LATEX-
CTAN (Comprehensive TEX Archive Network) http://www.ctan.org
ftp ftp://www.ctan.org
(mirror sites) .
, ,
CTAN:
.
LATEX , CTAN://systems .

LATEX
.
(Tobias Oetiker)

<tobi@oetiker.ch>

OETIKER+PARTNER AG
Aarweg 15
4600 Olten
Switzerland

CTAN://info/lshort

iii

1
1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.1 TEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.2 LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.1 , ,
1.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.3 . . . . . . .
1.3 LATEX . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.3 LATEX . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5 . . . . . . .
1.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6.1 . . . . . . . . . .
1.6.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6.3 . . . . . . . . . .
1.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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1
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2
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3
4
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5
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9
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13
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14

2
2.1 . . . . . . .
2.2
2.2.1 . . .
2.2.2 . . . .
2.3 .
2.4

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21

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viii

2.5

2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11

2.12
2.13

2.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.2 . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.3 () . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.4 () . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.5 (e) . . . . . . . . .
2.4.6 (. . . ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.8 . . . .
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2.5.1 . . . . . . .
2.5.2 . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.3 . . . . . . . . .
2.5.4 . . . . . . . .
2.5.5 . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.6 . . . . . . . . .
2.5.7 . . . . . . . . .
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2.11.1 ,
2.11.2 ,
2.11.3 . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.11.4 () . . . . . . . . . . .
2.11.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.11.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .

3
3.1 AMS-LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.1 . . . . . . . . .
3.3 .
3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.2 . . . .
3.5 . . . . . . . .
3.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6 . . . . . . . . .
3.6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7 , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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21
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22
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27
28
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31
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42
45
48

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49
49
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51
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57
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59
60
60
61


3.8

ix
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63

4
4.1 Encapsulated PostScript . . . . . .
4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5 Verbatim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7 pdfLATEX- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7.1 PDF . . . . . . .
4.7.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7.4 . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7.5 . . . . . . . .
4.7.6 .
4.8 (presentation) . . . . . . . . . . . .

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71
71
73
75
76
78
78
79
80
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82
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85
86
88

5
5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 picture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.6 \multiput \linethickness . . . . . . . .
5.2.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.8 . . . . .
5.2.9 . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.11
5.3 TikZ & PGF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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91
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92
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102

6 LATEX-
6.1 , . .
6.1.1 . . . . . . . .
6.1.2 . . . . . . . .
6.1.3 . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1.4 LATEX-
6.1.5 . . . . . . .
6.2 . . . . . . . . .
6.2.1 . . . .
6.2.2 . . . . . . . . .

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105
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112

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6.3

6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7

6.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . .
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6.3.1 . . . . . .
6.3.2 . . . .
6.3.3 . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . .
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A LATEX
A.1 . .
A.2 TEX- Mac OS X- . .
A.2.1
A.2.2 TEX . . . .
A.2.3 PDFView
A.3 TEX- Windows- . . .
A.3.1 TEX- .
A.3.2 LATEX
A.3.3
A.4 TEX- Linux- . . . . .

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112
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123
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127

129


1.1
1.2

LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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7
8

4.1
4.2

fancyhdr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
beamer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

77
89

6.1
6.2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117


1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

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LATEX- . . .
LATEX-

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10
11
12
13

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

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3.2
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3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.15
3.16
3.17
3.18

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AMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AMS . . . . . . . . . .
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AMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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xiv

3.19 AMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

70

4.1
4.2

graphicx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

72
75

6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5

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12

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2.11

39

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2.11

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2.11.1

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1.
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40

2.11.2

flushleft flushright
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2.11.3

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quotation verse
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2.11

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Humpty Dumpty had a great fall.\\
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again.
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2.11.4

41

Humpty Dumpty .
Humpty Dumpty sat on a
wall:
Humpty Dumpty had a
great fall.
All the Kings horses and all
the Kings men
Couldnt put Humpty
together again.

()

. LATEX- abstract . abstract .
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2.11.5

\begin{verbatim} \end{verbatim}

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() :
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+ .
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10 PRINT "HELLO WORLD ";
20 GOTO 10
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10 PRINT "HELLO WORLD ";

20 GOTO 10

42

\begin{verbatim*}

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2.11.6

tabular . LATEX .
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.

2.11

43

\begin{tabular}{|r|l|}
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44

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\\
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23 \rule ( ) .
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2.12

45

Pitprop . . .
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[!hbp] LATEX- (h) (b)
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46

LATEX
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47

48

2.13

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3.1

AMS-LATEX

AMSLATEX- . AMS-LATEX
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3.2

. :
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CTAN:macros/latex/required/amslatex .

50

$a$
$b$ $c$
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\TeX{}- $\tau\epsilon\chi$
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100 3

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.
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\begin{equation}
E = mc^2 \label{clever}
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\begin{equation}
1 + 1 = 3 \tag{dumb}
\end{equation}
\eqref{clever}
.

a b c .
a2 + b2 = c2

(3.1)

E = mc2

(3.2)

1+1=3

(dumb)

(3.2) .

LATEX- equation equation*, \[ \] :3

2

amsmath .
LATEX- displaymath
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amsmath-. LATEX equation . amsmath/LATEX amsmath
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3.2

$a$
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a^2 + b^2 = c^2
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:
\[ a^2 + b^2 = c^2 \]

51

a b c .
a2 + b2 = c2
:
a2 + b2 = c2

:
:
$\lim_{n \to \infty}
\sum_{k=1}^n \frac{1}{k^2}
= \frac{\pi^2}{6}$.
:
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= \frac{\pi^2}{6}
\end{equation}

Pn
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:

1
k2

n
X
1
2
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n
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2
6 .

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k=1

\smash- LATEX
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3.2.1

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52

3. ( ) \text{...}
(60- 3.6- ).

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\qquad x^{2} \geq 0$

x R :

$x^{2} \geq 0\qquad

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x2 0

x2 0

x R

amssymb \mathbb (blackboard bold) .4 .

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67- 3.14-
111- 6.4- .

3.3

amsmath
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63- 3.2- .
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^ _
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4

amssymb AMS-LATEX LATEX

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L TEX 2 - Alpha, Beta
A, B. . . . .

3.3

53

{...}
.
64- 3.3-
.
$p^3_{ij} \qquad
m_\text{Knuth} \\[5pt]
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p3ij

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2

ex 6= ex 2

ax + y 6= ax+y

\sqrt; n- \sqrt[n] LATEX .

\surd .
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65- 3.6- .
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x x1/2

x2 +

[x2 +y 2 ]

\cdot . \cdots, \ldots,
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= v1 v2 . . .

n! = 1 2 (n 1) n

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0.3 = 1/3

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z }| { z }| {
a + b + c d + e + f = 42
|
{z
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54

63- 3.1- . \widetilde \widehat . \hat \widehat \bar .
:

$f(x) = x^2 \qquad f(x)

= 2x \qquad f(x) = 2\\[5pt]
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f (x) = x2

XY

d
XY

f 0 (x) = 2x
x0

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x
0

\vec
. A- B \overrightarrow \overleftarrow
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\overrightarrow{AB}$

~a

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AB

AB

LATEX,
:
\arccos \cos
\csc \exp
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\lg
\ln
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\det \hom
\lim
\log
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\DeclareMathOperator
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.
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3 argh = 2 Nut
x=1

: \bmod a mod
b , \pmod x a (mod b) :

3.3

$a\bmod b \\
x\equiv a \pmod{b}$

55

a mod b
x a (mod b)

\frac{...}{...}
.
\tfrac .
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:
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:
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:
3
8

3/8

3
8

: 1 21

\partial :
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x^\frac{2}{k+1}\qquad
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x2
k+1

x k+1

2f
x2

amsmath- \binom
:

\begin{equation*}
\binom{n}{k} =\binom{n-1}{k}
+ \binom{n-1}{k-1}
\end{equation*}

  
 

n
n1
n1
=
+
k
k
k1

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f_n(x) \stackrel{*}{\approx} 1
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fn (x) 1

\int , \sum
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56

\begin{equation*}
\sum_{i=1}^n \qquad
\int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \qquad
\prod_\epsilon
\end{equation*}

n
X

i=1

amsmath- \substack :
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j\subseteq i}}
P(i,j) = Q(i,j)
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n
X

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0<i<n
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LATEX- ( [ h k l)
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1+

1
1 x2

3

,
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3.4

3.4
3.4.1

57

equation equation* align align* 6 .

align* .
align \\ ,
& .
\\ \nonumber :

\begin{align}
f(x) &= (a+b)(a-b) \label{1}\\
&= a^2-ab+ba-b^2 \\
&= a^2+b^2 \tag{}
\end{align}
\eqref{1} .

f (x) = (a + b)(a b)
2

(3.4)
2

= a ab + ba b
2

=a +b

(3.5)
()

(3.4) .

. :
\begin{align}
f(x) &= 3x^5 + x^4 + 2x^3
\nonumber \\
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&= g(x) - h(x)
\end{align}

f (x) = 3x5 + x4 + 2x3

+ 9x2 + 12x + 23
= g(x) h(x)

(3.6)
(3.7)

amsmath : flalign,
gather, multline split. ,
.

3.4.2

array .
tabular . \\ :
6

align amsmath- . LATEX- eqnarray

.

58

\begin{equation*}
\mathbf{X} = \left(
\begin{array}{ccc}
x_1 & x_2 & \ldots \\
x_3 & x_4 & \ldots \\
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x1
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X=
..
.

...
...

..
.

x2
x4
..
.

array \right- . :7
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-x & x < 0 \text{ }\\
0 & x = 0 \text{ }\\
x & x > 0 \text{ }
\end{array} \right.
\end{equation*}

x x < 0
0 x = 0
|x| =

x x > 0

array- amsmath-
matrix .
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!):
\begin{equation*}
\begin{matrix}
1 & 2 \\
3 & 4
\end{matrix} \qquad
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1 & 2 & 3 \\
4 & 5 & 6 \\
7 & 8 & 9
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\end{equation*}

3.5

1
3

2
4

1
4
7

2
5
8

3
6
9

LATEX- 3
: \, 18
quad
4
5
( ), \: 18 quad ( ) \; 18 quad ( ).
7

amsmath- cases .

3.5

59

\ \quad ( ) \qquad (
) . \quad-
M . \!
3
18
quad ( ) .
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1

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1

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\[ \iint f(x)g(y) \ud x \ud y \]

ZZ

f (x)g(y) dx dy
f (x)g(y) dx dy
ZZ
f (x)g(y) dx dy

testmath.tex (AMS-LATEX- )
The LATEX Companion [3] 8- .

3.5.1

LATEX- ^ _
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{}^{14}_{6}\text{C}
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\end{equation*}

14
6 C

14
6C

60

mhchem .

3.6

67- 3.14- .
$\Re \qquad
\mathcal{R} \qquad
\mathfrak{R} \qquad
\mathbb{R} \qquad $

<

amssymb amsfonts .
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:
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, LATEX- :
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\begin{equation*}
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\sum_{i=1}^n (x_i-\bar{x})
(y_i- \bar{y})}}
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n
X
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i=1
n
X

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i=1

n
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LATEX- . \mathbf
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, M

, M

3.7 , , . . .

61

amsbsy (amsmath- )
tools bm \boldsymbol
:
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3.7

, M

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, , . . .

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\newtheorem{}[]{}[]

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:
\theoremstyle{definition} \newtheorem{law}{Law}
\theoremstyle{plain}
\newtheorem{jury}[law]{Jury}
\theoremstyle{remark}
\newtheorem*{marg}{Margaret}

62

\begin{law} \label{law:box}
Dont hide in the witness box
\end{law}
\begin{jury}[The Twelve]
It could be you! So beware and
see law~\ref{law:box}.\end{jury}
\begin{marg}No, No, No\end{marg}

Law 1. Dont hide in the witness box

Jury 2 (The Twelve). It could be you! So
beware and see law 1.
Margaret. No, No, No

Jury Law .
.
\newtheorem{mur}{}[section]
\begin{mur}


.\end{mur}

3.7.1.

.

- .
.
amsthm proof .
\begin{proof}
\[E=mc^2\]
.
\end{proof}

.
E = mc2
.

\qedhere
.
\begin{proof}
\[E=mc^2 \qedhere\]
.
\end{proof}

.
E = mc2
.

ntheorem .

3.8

3.8

63

.
3.123.88 - amssymb
AMS
.
CTAN:macros/latex/required/amslatex . CTAN:info/symbols/
comprehensive .
3.1: .
a

a
`
a

\hat{a}
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a
~a
a

[
AAA
]
AAA

\check{a}
\dot{a}
\vec{a}
\breve{a}

\tilde{a}
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\widehat{AAA}
\widetilde{AAA}

3.2: .
\Alpha, \Beta A, B. . .
.

\alpha
\beta
\gamma
\delta
\epsilon
\varepsilon
\zeta
\eta
\Gamma
\Delta
\Theta

\theta
\vartheta
\iota
\kappa
\lambda
\mu
\nu
\xi
\Lambda
\Xi
\Pi

o
\pi
\varpi
\rho
\varrho
\sigma
\varsigma
\tau
\Sigma
\Upsilon
\Phi

\upsilon
\phi
\varphi
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\psi
\omega

\Psi
\Omega

(David Carlisle) symbols.tex (Josef Tkadlec) .

64

3.3: .

\not .
<

@
v

`
|
^
:
a

<
\leq or \le
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>





A
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6=

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latexsym

3.4: .
+

4




+
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5



\mp
\div
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\rhd a
\unrhd a

/
.
?


]
q

\triangleleft
\triangleright
\star
\ast
\circ
\bullet
\diamond
\uplus
\amalg
\dagger
\ddagger
\wr

3.8

65

3.5: .
P
Q
`
R
L

\sum
\prod
\coprod
\int
\bigoplus

S
T
F
H
N

\bigcup
\bigcap
\bigsqcup
\oint
\bigotimes

W
V
U
J

\bigvee
\bigwedge
\biguplus
\bigodot

3.6: .

7
(
)

%
.
;
a

\leftarrow or \gets
\rightarrow or \to
\leftrightarrow
\Leftarrow
\Rightarrow
\Leftrightarrow
\mapsto
\hookleftarrow
\leftharpoonup
\leftharpoondown
\rightleftharpoons
\uparrow
\updownarrow
\Downarrow
\nearrow
\swarrow
\leadsto a

=
=

7
,
*
+

m
&
-

\longleftarrow
\longrightarrow
\longleftrightarrow
\Longleftarrow
\Longrightarrow
\Longleftrightarrow
\longmapsto
\hookrightarrow
\rightharpoonup
\rightharpoondown
\iff (bigger spaces)
\downarrow
\Uparrow
\Updownarrow
\searrow
\nwarrow

latexsym

3.7: .

AB

AB

AB

\underrightarrow{AB}

\overleftarrow{AB}

AB

AB

\overleftrightarrow{AB}

AB

\underleftrightarrow{AB}

\overrightarrow{AB}

\underleftarrow{AB}

66

3.8: .
(
[
{
h
|
/
b
e

)
]
}
i
k
\
c
d

(
[ or \lbrack
\{ or \lbrace
\langle
| or \vert
/
\lfloor
\rceil

)
] or \rbrack
\} or \rbrace
\rangle
\| or \Vert
\backslash
\rfloor
\lceil

\uparrow
\downarrow
\updownarrow
\Uparrow
\Downarrow
\Updownarrow

3.9: .

\lgroup
\arrowvert
\rmoustache

w
w

\rgroup
\Arrowvert

\lmoustache
\bracevert

3.10: .
...
~
<

\dots
\hbar
\Re
\forall

\nabla
\bot
\diamondsuit
\neg or \lnot
a

0
4
>

\cdots
\imath
\Im
\exists
\prime
\triangle
\top
\heartsuit
\flat

..
.

\vdots
\jmath
\aleph
\mho a
\emptyset
\Box a
\angle
\clubsuit
\natural

..

\ddots
\ell
\wp
\partial
\infty
\Diamond a
\surd
\spadesuit
\sharp

latexsym

3.11: .
.

\dag
\ddag

\S
\P

\copyright
\pounds

\textregistered
\%

3.8

67

3.12: AMS .
p
|

\ulcorner
\lvert

q
|

\urcorner
\rvert

x
k

\llcorner
\lVert

y
k

\lrcorner
\rVert

3.13: AMS .
z

\digamma

\varkappa

\beth

\gimel

\daleth

3.14: .
111- 6.4- .

ABCDEabcde1234
ABCDEabcde1234
ABCDEabcde
ABCDE
A BC DE
ABCDEabcde1234
ABCDEa1234

\mathrm{ABCDE abcde 1234}

\mathit{ABCDE abcde 1234}
\mathnormal{ABCDE abcde 1234}
\mathcal{ABCDE abcde 1234}
\mathscr{ABCDE abcde 1234}
\mathfrak{ABCDE abcde 1234}
\mathbb{ABCDE abcde 1234}

mathrsfs
amsfonts or amssymb
amsfonts or amssymb

3.15: AMS .
u
n
d
Y



|
g

\dotplus
\ltimes
\doublecup
\veebar
\boxplus
\boxtimes
\intercal
\curlyvee


o
e
Z

~
f

\centerdot
\rtimes
\doublecap
\barwedge
\boxminus
\boxdot
\circledast
\curlywedge

>
r
[

}
i
h

\divideontimes
\smallsetminus
\doublebarwedge
\circleddash
\circledcirc
\rightthreetimes
\leftthreetimes

68

3.16: AMS .
l
6
0
5

.
/

Q
S
4
2
w
j
q
J
B
I
D
C
E

\lessdot
\leqslant
\eqslantless
\leqq
\lll or \llless
\lesssim
\lessapprox
\lessgtr
\lesseqgtr
\lesseqqgtr
\preccurlyeq
\curlyeqprec
\precsim
\precapprox
\subseteqq
\shortparallel
\blacktriangleleft
\vartriangleright
\blacktriangleright
\trianglerighteq
\vartriangleleft
\trianglelefteq

m
>
1
=

&
'

R
T
<
3
%
v
k
c
A

b
a
p

\gtrdot
\geqslant
\eqslantgtr
\geqq
\ggg
\gtrsim
\gtrapprox
\gtrless
\gtreqless
\gtreqqless
\succcurlyeq
\curlyeqsucc
\succsim
\succapprox
\supseteqq
\Supset
\sqsupset
\because
\Subset
\smallfrown
\shortmid
\therefore

+
:
;
P
$
,
l
m

u
v
w





G
t
`
@

\doteqdot
\risingdotseq
\fallingdotseq
\eqcirc
\circeq
\triangleq
\bumpeq
\Bumpeq
\thicksim
\thickapprox
\approxeq
\backsim
\backsimeq
\vDash
\Vdash
\Vvdash
\backepsilon
\varpropto
\between
\pitchfork
\smallsmile
\sqsubset

3.8

69

3.17: AMS .
L99


W




"
x

(



\dashleftarrow
\leftleftarrows
\leftrightarrows
\Lleftarrow
\twoheadleftarrow
\leftarrowtail
\leftrightharpoons
\Lsh
\looparrowleft
\curvearrowleft
\circlearrowleft
\multimap
\downdownarrows
\upharpoonright
\rightsquigarrow

99K


V




#
y




!

\dashrightarrow
\rightrightarrows
\rightleftarrows
\Rrightarrow
\twoheadrightarrow
\rightarrowtail
\rightleftharpoons
\Rsh
\looparrowright
\curvearrowright
\circlearrowright
\upuparrows
\upharpoonleft
\downharpoonright
\leftrightsquigarrow

70

3.18: AMS .

*
$

\nless
\lneq
\nleq
\nleqslant
\lneqq
\lvertneqq
\nleqq
\lnsim
\lnapprox
\nprec
\npreceq
\precneqq
\precnsim
\precnapprox
\subsetneq
\varsubsetneq
\nsubseteq
\subsetneqq














)
!
+
%

\ngtr
\gneq
\ngeq
\ngeqslant
\gneqq
\gvertneqq
\ngeqq
\gnsim
\gnapprox
\nsucc
\nsucceq
\succneqq
\succnsim
\succnapprox
\supsetneq
\varsupsetneq
\nsupseteq
\supsetneqq

&
'
"
#

.
/


0
2
1
3
6
7
5
4

\varsubsetneqq
\varsupsetneqq
\nsubseteqq
\nsupseteqq
\nmid
\nparallel
\nshortmid
\nshortparallel
\nsim
\ncong
\nvdash
\nvDash
\nVdash
\nVDash
\ntriangleleft
\ntriangleright
\ntrianglelefteq
\ntrianglerighteq

8
:

\nleftarrow
\nLeftarrow

9
;

\nrightarrow
\nRightarrow

=
<

\nleftrightarrow
\nLeftrightarrow










(

3.19: AMS .
~

M
O


@

\hbar
\square
\vartriangle
\triangledown
\lozenge
\angle
\diagup
\nexists
\eth

}

N
H

]

`
^

\hslash
\blacksquare
\blacktriangle
\blacktriangledown
\blacklozenge
\measuredangle
\diagdown
\Finv
\sphericalangle

k
s
{
a
F

\Bbbk
\circledS
\complement
\Game
\bigstar

\backprime
\varnothing
\mho

LATEX ,
. LATEX- LATEX Manual [1] The LATEX Companion [3] .

4.1

Encapsulated PostScript

LATEX figure table ,

.
LATEX- 5- .
The LATEX Companion [3] LATEX Manual [1]
.
1
LATEX-
, /
Encapsulated PostScript (EPS)
. EPS PostScript
2 .
. graphicx . graphics .3
PostScript graphicx
1

XFig, Gnuplot, Gimp, Xara X . . .

PostScript- GhostScript support/
ghostscript . Windows OS/2
GSview .
3
macros/latex/required/graphics
2

72

:
1. EPS .4
2. graphicx

\usepackage[]{graphicx}

, dvi- postscript dvips . TEX-

. , .dvi
graphicx
.eps
.
3. .

\includegraphics[=, . . . ]{}

, ,

. 4.1-
.

4.1: graphicx .
width
height
angle
scale

4
EPS PostScript
( , Apple LaserWriter )
EPS . EPS
. .

4.2

73

:
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[angle=90,
width=0.5\textwidth]{test}
\caption{ .}
\end{figure}
test.eps 90
2 .
1.0
.
115- 6.5- ,
[9] [13] .

4.2

thebibliography ,
\bibitem[]{}

, .
\cite{}

. \begin{thebibliography} .
{99} LATEX- 99
.
[1]- . . .

~\cite{pa}-
\ldots
\begin{thebibliography}{99}
\bibitem{pa} H.~Partl:
\emph{German \TeX},
TUGboat Volume~9, Issue~1 (1988)
\end{thebibliography}

[1] H. Partl: German TEX, TUGboat

Volume 9, Issue 1 (1988)

74

Specialities
BibTEX . BibTEX TEX-

. BibTEX

.

4.3

75

4.2: .

\index{hello}
\index{hello!Peter}
\index{Sam@\textsl{Sam}}
\index{Lin@\textbf{Lin}}
\index{Jenny|textbf}
\index{Joe|textit}
\index{ecole@\ecole}

4.3

hello, 1
Peter, 3
Sam, 2
Lin, 7
Jenny, 3
Joe, 5
ecole, 4

hello-

. LATEX makeindex5
. The LATEX Companion [3] .
LATEX- makeidx
:
\usepackage{makeidx}

\makeindex

.
,
\index{ }

. 4.2- .
LATEX, \index
,
(.idx) . .idx
5

8-
makeidx .

76

Specialities
makeindex .
makeindex

makeindex ,
.ind
LATEX LATEX
\printindex

.
LATEX 2 - showidx

. .
\index
.
\index{}.
\index{}.
.

4.4

. .
.

(Piet van Oostrum) fancyhdr 6 , .

.
, LATEX- . ,
\rightmark \leftmark ,
.
\chapter \rightmark \leftmark \chaptermark,
\sectionmark, \subsectionmark .
\chaptermark .
4.1- , fancyhdr .
.
6

macros/latex/contrib/supported/fancyhdr .

4.4

\documentclass{book}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\pagestyle{fancy}
% ,
% .
\renewcommand{\chaptermark}[1]{%
\markboth{#1}{}}
\renewcommand{\sectionmark}[1]{%
\markright{\thesection\ #1}}
\fancyhf{} % ,
\fancyhead[LE,RO]{\bfseries\thepage}
\fancyhead[LO]{\bfseries\rightmark}
\fancyhead[RE]{\bfseries\leftmark}
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0.5pt}
\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt}
\addtolength{\headheight}{0.5pt} %
\fancypagestyle{plain}{%
\fancyhead{} %
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
}
4.1: fancyhdr .

77

78

Specialities

4.5

Verbatim

verbatim . verbatim .
verbatim verbatim . verbatim
\verbatiminput{ }

, ASCII verbatim .
verbatim tools
.
[10]- .

4.6

LATEX .
CTAN (http://www.ctan.org/).
geometry, hyphenat,
: .ins .dtx . ,
readme.txt .
,
(a) TEX , (b) . :
1. LATEX .ins .sty .
2. .sty .../localtexmf /tex/latex (Windows OS/2
) .
3. LATEX : teTeX, fpTeX texhash; web2c maktexlsr;
MiKTeX initexmf -update-fndb GUI
.
.dtx :
1. .dtx LATEX .dvi .
LATEX
(cross-reference) .

4.7 pdf LATEX-

2. LATEX, .idx .
5- .
3. :
makeindex -s gind.ist
(
).
4. .dtx LATEX .
5. , .ps .pdf
.
.glo ( ) 4-5-
:
makeindex -s gglo.ist -o .gls .glo
5- .dtx LATEX
.

4.7

pdfLATEX-

(Daniel Flipo) <Daniel.Flipo@univ-lille1.fr>

PDF
, .
. LATEX-
\ref \pageref . , ,
.
HTML (HyperText Markup Language) . :
1. HTML .

.
2. HTML LATEX-
.
LATEX- HTML
LATEX
. LATEX-

79

80

Specialities
, PDF (Portable Document Format, )- . PDF .
DVI PS Acrobat Reader Xpdf PDF
. PDF
.

4.7.1

PDF

H`an The Th`anh pdfTEX LATEX PDF .

pdfTEX TEX- DVI PDF
pdfLATEX LATEX PDF .
pdfTEX pdfLATEX TEX teTEX,
fpTEX, MiKTEX, TEXLive CMacTEX .
DVI PDF latex file.tex pdflatex file.tex . LATEX- TEX-
.
LATEX a4paper letterpaper pdfLATEX- pdfTEX pdf
. hyperref (83- )
.
:
\pdfpagewidth=\paperwidth
\pdfpageheight=\paperheight
LATEX pdfLATEX .
: , , .

4.7.2

pdfLATEX- (PK bitmaps, TrueType, PostScript

type 1. . . ) LATEX bitmap PK Acrobat Reader
PostScript Type 1

4.7 pdf LATEX-

. TeX . PDF ,

.
PostScript Type 1 Computer Modern AMSFonts Blue Sky Research Y&Y, Inc. . 1997
TEX .
LATEX EC, LH, CB
(OT1 26- ) .
EC/TC, EC Concrete, EC Bright LH
cm-super CTAN:/fonts/ps-type1/cm-super TEXLive7 MiKTEX . (Apostolos Syropoulos) type 1
CB CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/cb .
Blue Sky/Y&Y- Type1 CM , EC/LH/CB bitmap ,
.
.
aeguill Almost European Computer Modern with Guillemets
\usepackage{aeguill} AE EC
.
mltex pdfTEX- .
MlTEX AE , TEX- CM 256 , EC , type 1 CM
T1 . AE Acrobat Reader
PDF
.
C1 ftp://ftp.vsu.ru/pub/tex/font-packs/c1fonts
. Bluesky CM
type 1 Paradissa BaKoMa CMCYR type 1 CTAN- . Paradissa
C1 .

81

82

Specialities
PostScript type 1 . Acrobat Reader .

.
CM . , Times, Helvetica Courier
.
, , Palatino pxfonts ,
Times txfonts
:
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{pxfonts}
: .log
Warning: pdftex (file eurmo10): Font eur... not found
. PDF
.
, type 1 CM EC Latin Modern (LM) TEX
\usepackage{lmodern}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{textcomp}
pdf
.

4.7.3

graphicx (71-
). pdfLATEX- driver pdftex :
\usepackage[pdftex]{color,graphicx}
color
.
Encapsulated PostScript PdfLATEX- . \includegraphics

4.7 pdf LATEX-

graphicx , , driver , pdftex .eps .png, .pdf, .jpg .mps (METAPOST)
.
epstopdf EPS PDF .
PDF PNG JPEG
bitmap (, ) . PNG , JPEG
.
METAPOST , TEX

.

4.7.4

hyperref . \usepackage[pdftex]{hyperref}
.
hyperref :
pdftex
\usepackage[pdftex]{hyperref}
\hypersetup{}
.
pdftex ,
hyperref7
. (default)
:
bookmarks (=true,false )

unicode (=false,true ) Acrobat-

pdftoolbar (=true,false ) Acrobat-
(toolbar)
7
hyperref pdfTEX- LATEX DVI
PDF- , dvips
PS PS PDF
Adobe Distiller .

83

84

Specialities
pdfmenubar (=true,false ) Acrobat-

pdffitwindow (=true,false ) pdf

pdftitle (={text}) Acrobat- (Document
Info)
pdfauthor (={text}) PDF
pdfnewwindow (=true,false )

colorlinks (=false,true )
(false) (true) .

( ):
linkcolor (=red) ( , , ..),
citecolor (=green) ()
filecolor (=magenta)
urlcolor (=cyan) URL (, )


\usepackage[pdftex]{hyperref}
, (=true ):
\usepackage[pdftex,bookmarks,colorlinks]{hyperref}
PDF , ,
:
\usepackage{hyperref}
\hypersetup{colorlinks=false}
:
\usepackage{hyperref}
\hypersetup{colorlinks,%
citecolor=black,%
filecolor=black,%
linkcolor=black,%
urlcolor=black,%
pdftex}

4.7 pdf LATEX-

85

PDF Document Info :

\usepackage[pdfauthor={Pierre Desproges},%
pdftitle={Des femmes qui tombent},%
pdftex]{hyperref}

\href{url }{text}

\href{http://www.ctan.org}{CTAN}.
CTAN , CTAN

.
URL ( ) \href :
\href{manual.pdf}{}
manual.pdf . (
).

\author \href :
\author{Mary Oetiker $<$\href{mailto:mary@oetiker.ch}%
{mary@oetiker.ch}$>$

,
\href{mailto:mary@oetiker.ch}{Mary Oetiker}
Acrobat
.

4.7.5

, book \mainmatter :
! pdfTeX warning (ext4): destination with the same
identifier (name{page.1}) has been already used,
duplicate ignored

86

Specialities
, 1- , 1
.
hyperref- plainpages=false .
hypertexnames=false
.

4.7.6

(bookmark) LATEX hyperref

:
Package hyperref Warning:
Token not allowed in a PDFDocEncoded string:

:
\texorpdfstring{TEX }{ }

:
\section{\texorpdfstring{$E=mc^2$}%
{E=mc^2}}
\section{$E=mc^2$} E=mc2 .
:
\section{\textcolor{red}{Red !}}
redRed! . \textcolor
(red) .

\section{\texorpdfstring{\textcolor{red}{Red !}}{Red\ !}}
.
hyperref unicode
. \texorpdfstring
.

4.7 pdf LATEX-

LATEX, pdf LATEX
LATEX pdfLATEX
. , \includegraphics

.
. LATEX .eps pdfLATEX .png, .pdf,
.jpg .mps .
PDF ifpdf 8 . MiKTEX
. (conditional code)
\ifpdf . ,
PostScript , PDF
.
\RequirePackage{ifpdf} % pdfTeX ?
\ifpdf
\documentclass[a4paper,12pt,pdftex]{book}
\else
\documentclass[a4paper,12pt,dvips]{book}
\fi
\ifpdf
\usepackage{lmodern}
\fi
\usepackage[bookmarks, %
colorlinks,
plainpages=false]{hyperref}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
\usepackage[english]{babel}
\usepackage{graphicx}
...
hyperref PDF- . \href .
TEX ( TEXLive) TEX
, pdf
dvi pdfTEX .
, pdf pdflatex
8

TEX FAQ-
http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=ifpdf.

87

88

Specialities
, dvi latex
.

4.8

(presentation)

(Daniel Flipo) <Daniel.Flipo@univ-lille1.fr>

(transparency)
( ) .
pdfLATEX- beamer , PowerPoint
, Acrobat
Reader PDF .
beamer graphicx, color
hyperref .
4.2- PDFLATEX- ,
PDF .
beamer , PDF , prosper PostScript
ppower4
.
beamer
. .
beamer PDF .
trans .
handout .
beamer
\documentclass[10pt,handout]{beamer} .
beamer
.
beamer beameruserguide.pdf
.
4.2- .
\mode<beamer> ,
Goettingen .
( 22 ) ( )
. hideothersubsections
. \mode<trans> \mode<handout> .

4.8 (presentation)

\documentclass[10pt]{beamer}
\mode<beamer>{%
\usetheme[hideothersubsections,
right,width=22mm]{Goettingen}
}
\title{ }
\author[. ]{ }
\institute{U.S.T.L. \& GUTenberg}
\titlegraphic{\includegraphics[width=20mm]{USTL}}
\date{2005}
\begin{document}
\begin{frame}<handout:0>
\titlepage
\end{frame}
\section{}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{ }
\begin{block}{ \ldots}
\begin{itemize}
\item \dots \pause
\item \pause
\item \pause
\end{itemize}
\end{block}

\end{frame}
\end{document}
4.2: beamer

89

90

Specialities
\title{}, \author{}, \institute{}, \titlegraphic{}
. \title[]{} \author[]{}
Goettingen .
frame \section{} \subsection{} .
. .
frame
(< >) (optional)
. <handout:0>
.
. \frametitle{} block . , \section{}
\subsection{} .
itemize \pause .
\only, \uncover, \alt \temporal
. .
beamer beameruserguide.pdf , .
http://latex-beamer.sourceforge.net/
.

LATEX- . ,
LATEX . LATEX-,

.

5.1

LATEX- picture .
LATEX Manual [1] . ,
, LATEX 2 - picture
\qbezier (q ) ,
,
. Java , LATEX \qbezier
picture
.
LATEX

,
.
epic, eepic (The LATEX Companion [3]- ) pstricks
picture LATEX .
picture pstricks pspicture
. pstricks PostScript- .

92

XY-pic
. The
LATEX Graphics Companion [4] (The LATEX Companion [3] )
.
LATEX-
METAFONT- METAPOST METAFONT- ,
, (bitmap) LATEX- encapsulated PostScript METAFONT-
. A Users Manual for METAPOST [15],
[17] .
TEX Unbound [16] LATEX TEX () .

5.2

picture

(Urs Oswald) <osurs@bluewin.ch>

5.2.1

picture 1
\begin{picture}(x, y). . . \end{picture}

\begin{picture}(x, y)(x0 , y0 ). . . \end{picture}

x, y, x0 , y0 (picture ) \unitlength
\setlength{\unitlength}{1.2cm}

\unitlength- 1pt. (x, y)

,
(x0 , y0 )
.
1

picture LATEX 2 .

5.2 picture

\put(x, y){}

\multiput(x, y)(x, y){n}{}

\qbezier(x1 , y1 )(x2 , y2 )(x3 , y3 )

93

94

5.2.2

\setlength{\unitlength}{5cm}
\begin{picture}(1,1)
\put(0,0){\line(0,1){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(1,0){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(1,1){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(1,2){.5}}
\put(0,0){\line(1,3){.3333}}
\put(0,0){\line(1,4){.25}}
\put(0,0){\line(1,5){.2}}
\put(0,0){\line(1,6){.1667}}
\put(0,0){\line(2,1){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(2,3){.6667}}
\put(0,0){\line(2,5){.4}}
\put(0,0){\line(3,1){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(3,2){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(3,4){.75}}
\put(0,0){\line(3,5){.6}}
\put(0,0){\line(4,1){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(4,3){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(4,5){.8}}
\put(0,0){\line(5,1){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(5,2){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(5,3){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(5,4){1}}
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103

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109

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111

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2
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6.7

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PDFView

LaTeX PDF PDFView

LaTeX . PDFView
http://pdfview.sourceforge.net/ . PDFView- ,
automatically reload documents PDFSync TextMate-
.

A.3
A.3.1

TEX- Windows-
TEX-

MiKTeX http://www.miktex.org/
. LATEX
. MiKTeX- LATEX
.

A.4 TEX- Linux-

A.3.2

LATEX

LATEX .
TeXnicCenter Windows MiKTeX
LATEX . http://www.toolscenter.org
.
LEd (http://www.latexeditor.org) .

A.3.3

LATEX- Postscript (eps) PDF

GhostScript
GhostView http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/
.
bitmap ( ) photoshop Gimp http://gimp-win.sourceforge.net/ .

A.4

TEX- Linux-

Linux LATEX
.
(package manager) :
texlive TEX/LATEX .
emacs (auctex-) LATEX- AucTeX
Linux .
ghostscript PostScript .
xpdf acrobat PDF .
imagemagick bitmap .
gimp photoshop .
inkscape illustrator/corel draw .

125


[1] Leslie Lamport. LATEX: A Document Preparation System. AddisonWesley, Reading, Massachusetts, second edition, 1994, ISBN 0-20152983-1.
[2] Donald E. Knuth.
The TEXbook, Volume A of Computers and
Typesetting, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, second edition,
1984, ISBN 0-201-13448-9.
[3] Frank Mittelbach, Michel Goossens, Johannes Braams, David Carlisle,
Chris Rowley. The LATEX Companion, (2nd Edition). Addison-Wesley,
Reading, Massachusetts, 2004, ISBN 0-201-36299-6.
[4] Michel Goossens, Sebastian Rahtz and Frank Mittelbach. The LATEX
Graphics Companion. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1997,
ISBN 0-201-85469-4.
[5] LATEX LATEX Local Guide local.tex
.
LATEX .
[6] LATEX3 Project Team. LATEX 2 for authors. LATEX 2
usrguide.tex .
[7] LATEX3 Project Team. LATEX 2 for Class and Package writers.
LATEX 2 clsguide.tex .
[8] LATEX3 Project Team. LATEX 2 Font selection. LATEX 2
fntguide.tex .
[9] D. P. Carlisle. Packages in the graphics bundle. LATEX graphics grfguide.tex
.
[10] Rainer Schopf, Bernd Raichle, Chris Rowley. A New Implementation
of LATEXs verbatim Environments. LATEX tools
verbatim.dtx .

128

[11] Vladimir Volovich, Werner Lemberg and LATEX3 Project Team. Cyrillic
languages support in LATEX. LATEX 2 cyrguide.tex
.
[12] Graham Williams. The TeX Catalogue TEX LATEX .
CTAN://help/Catalogue/catalogue.html
[13] Keith Reckdahl. Using EPS Graphics in LATEX 2 Documents,
EPS LATEX
. CTAN://info/epslatex.ps
[14] Kristoffer H. Rose. XY-pic Users Guide. CTAN XY-pic

[15] John D. Hobby. A Users Manual for METAPOST.
http://cm.bell-labs.com/who/hobby/
[16] Alan Hoenig. TEX Unbound. Oxford University Press, 1998, ISBN 019-509685-1; 0-19-509686-X (pbk.)
[17] Urs Oswald. Graphics in LATEX 2 , picture
Java source ,
METAPOST - A Tutorial. http://www.
ursoswald.ch
[18] Till Tantau. TikZ&PGF Manual. CTAN:
//graphics/pgf/base/doc/generic/pgf/pgfmanual.pdf


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130

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132

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136

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137
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138

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139
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140

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\mathnormal, 111
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141
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