THIRD EDITION

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH Dee Unglaub Silverthorn, Ph.D.

Chapter 21, part C

Digestion

PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Dr. Howard D. Booth, Professor of Biology, Eastern Michigan University
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Intestinal Phase: Reflexes Direct Digestive Action

Limit chyme entrance rate & motility Neutralize HCl, add bile & enzymes

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Intestinal Phase: Reflexes Direct Digestive Action

Figure 21-18: The intestinal phase of gastric function

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Intestinal Phase: Pancreatic Secretions

Enzymes

HCO3 Insulin Glucagon

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 21-18: The intestinal phase of gastric function

Intestinal Phase: Pancreatic Secretions

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 21-19: The hepatic portal system

Intestinal Phase: Liver-Nutrient Storage & Conversions

Bile secretion
Hepatic portal system directs absorbed nutrients

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Intestinal Phase: Liver-Nutrient Storage & Conversions

Figure 21-24: Carbohydrate absorption

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Intestinal Phase: Carbohydrate Digestion & Absorption

Hydrolysis to simple sugars

Absorption: transport Na+/ glucose symport

Fructose GLUT
To ECF capillary

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 21-23: Bile salts

Intestinal Phase: Fat Digestion & Absorption

Hydrolyzed to small peptides, dipeptides, & amino acids

Membrane transport: H+, Na+ cotransports & transcytosis

To ECF then into capillary

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Intestinal Phase: Fat Digestion & Absorption

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 21-26: Fat digestion and absorption

Intestinal Phase: Large Intestine, H2O Absorption & Defecation

(Small intestine reabsorbs 7.5 L/day of water)

Large Intestine reabsorbs 1.4 L/day

Defecation Reflex: mass movement rectal distension

internal sphincter (invol) external sphincter (vol)

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Intestinal Phase: Large Intestine, H2O Absorption & Defecation

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 21-27: Anatomy of the large intestine

Intestinal Phase: Large Intestine Digestion & Absorption

Bacterial fermentation: Vit. K , lactate & buterate Water and electrolyte secretion &/or absorption

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 21-28: NaCl reabsorption by colonocytes

Intestinal Phase: Large Intestine Digestion & Absorption

Figure 21-29: NaCl secretion by colonic crypt cells

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Digestive Health: Protection & Problems

Immune defense: M-cells, Peyer's patches, lymphocytes Irritable bowel disease chronic inflammation Diarrhea: leads to dehydration (4 million deaths/yr) Osmotic-solutes prevent H2O reabsorption Secretory- bacterial toxins ("flush out' pathogens) Vomiting (emesis) can lead to alkalosis Ulcers- H. pylori "heart-burn" acid reflux disease
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Summary

Processes of digestion: ingestion, digestion, absorption, secretion, motility, reabsorption & defecation Anatomy of digestion: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestines, rectum, anus (pancreas & liver)

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Summary

Enzyme hydrolysis of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids provide the nutrients, absorbed & conducted to liver for storage and conversion
Regulation from CNS (long reflex) and ENS (short reflex) integrate hormones & paracrines to coordinate digestion

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings