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Ì (SK$M) Bdjdeh + - Ä-U-Ä-U Ì (SK$M) Bdjdeh + - Ä-U-Ä-U: Earth Science Earth Science
Ì (SK$M) Bdjdeh + - Ä-U-Ä-U Ì (SK$M) Bdjdeh + - Ä-U-Ä-U: Earth Science Earth Science
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Water on Earth
by Anna Padilla
ISBN 0-328-13934-3
<(sk$m)=bdjdeh< +^--U--U
Vocabulary aquifer condensation evaporation precipitation reservoir salinity sleet sublimation water table
Water on Earth
by that Anna Padilla 2. What are three ways water leaves lakes?
3. What is the difference between sleet and freezing rain? 4. Many people get their fresh water from an aquifer. On your own paper, write to explain why people should not take more water from an aquifer than they need. Include details from the book to support your answer. Sequence What are four steps in treating water?
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Illustrations: 4, 6, 12, 14, 16, 18 Studio Liddell; 23 Bob Kayganich Photographs: Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material. The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions. Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education. Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd) Opener: Raymond Gehman/NGS Image Collection; Title Page: Tom Stewart/Corbis; 2 David Puu/Corbis; 9 (T) Cosmo Condina/Getty Images, (B) Paul Linse/Corbis; 11 Tom Stewart/Corbis; 17 (TR) Graig Tuttle/Corbis, (CR) Gary W. Carter/Visuals Unlimited, 20 Dick Ruhl; 21 (TL) Patti Murray/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes, (TL) Stephen Ingram/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes, (CL) Eastcott/Momatiuk/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes, (BL) Brian Cosgrove/DK Images, (BL) James A. Sugar/Corbis; 22 (BL) Jeff Daly/Visuals Unlimited; 23 (BL, BC) Henryk T. Kaiser/Index Stock Imagery, (BC) Frans Lemmens/Getty Images, (BR) Jim W. Grace/Photo Researchers, Inc.
ISBN: 0-328-13934-3 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permissions, write to: Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V010 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05
The Pacific is the largest ocean. It is also the deepest. In its deepest spot, it is more than 11,000 meters deep. After the Pacific, the largest oceans are the Atlantic, the Indian, and the Arctic. If you look at a globe, you will see that all of the worlds oceans are connected. The oceans are all a little different from each other. Some oceans have more storms than others. They have different average temperatures and different amounts of salt. The levels of the oceans surfaces, or sea levels, are also a bit different.
Salinity
What is the difference between lake water and ocean water? If you taste them both, you will notice that ocean water is very salty. Salinity is a measure of how salty water is. If you drink too much ocean water, it can make you sick. The oceans get their salt from rivers. Rivers dissolve tiny amounts of salt from rocks and soil. They carry this salt to the ocean. There, some of the water evaporates, leaving its salt behind. Ocean water is more salty in some places than others. In warm areas, ocean water has high salinity, because water there evaporates quickly. Places where rivers flow into oceans have low salinity. Different salinities help make the oceans currents. Saltier water is heavier than less salty water, so it sinks. This sinking can cause currents. Most currents are caused by winds.
Temperature
The temperature of ocean water is different in different places. Distance from the equator affects water temperature. Water near the equator is usually very warm. Water near the North and South Poles is usually very cold. Oceans currents also affect water temperature. They can carry warm water toward the poles. They can also carry cold water toward the equator. Look at the map below to see how these currents move.
Ocean Resources
Map Legend
warm current cold current
We get many products from the ocean. We get tuna and other fish to eat. We can also get salt from ocean water. This is done by letting the water flow into shallow ponds. The water evaporates. The salt is left behind. We can drink ocean water if the salt is taken out. This way of getting drinking water costs a lot of money. So it is not very common.
This map shows currents on the surface of the water. Currents below the surface move in different ways.
Groundwater
Rain or melted snow that sinks into the ground is called groundwater. As it sinks, this water fills spaces between small bits of soil and rock. It keeps sinking until it reaches something it cannot pass through, such as rock or clay. A layer of this material will cause groundwater to flow sideways instead of down. An aquifer is a layer of rock and soil that contains groundwater. Many people get their water from wells drilled into an aquifer. The top level of groundwater in an aquifer is the water table. The level of a water table changes. It rises when water is added by rain or melting snow. It falls when a long time passes without rain. The level will also fall when water is pumped out through wells faster than it is replaced.
Rivers
Rivers, streams, and lakes are surface waters. They are formed by groundwater, rainwater, and melting snow. Water from rain and melting snow flows downhill. It flows in small streams. These streams join to form larger streams and rivers. Groundwater also seeps into rivers. Each river collects water from a certain area of land. That area is the rivers watershed. Pollution in a watersheds soil will flow into the river. The river can carry the pollution far away. This can affect ecosystems wherever the river flows.
Lakes
Lakes form when water collects in a low spot. This happens when water flows into a place surrounded by higher land. Sometimes people build dams to make new lakes. These artificial lakes are called reservoirs. Reservoirs are often created as a place to collect fresh water. When you look at a lake, the water doesnt seem to be going anywhere. But water is leaving lakes all the time. It flows into rivers, seeps into the ground, and evaporates into the air.
Ice
About 10 of Earths fresh water is frozen. This frozen water is difficult for people to use for drinking. It is too far away from most cities. Much of Earths ice is near the poles. Thick ice sheets cover much of Greenland, which is near the North Pole. They also cover much of Antarctica. These ice sheets can be several kilometers thick. The North Pole is covered with ice as well. But there is no land there, so the ice floats on the ocean. Some glaciers and ice sheets are smaller than others. Glaciers that form in high mountain valleys are called valley glaciers. These glaciers flow downhill slowly. They crush and move the rocks beneath them, changing the shape of the land.
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Glaciers and ice sheets form when more snow falls than melts. The weight of the new snow presses down on the old snow. After many years, the snow at the bottom is squeezed into ice. Icebergs are large chunks of ice floating in the ocean. They form when pieces of ice sheets or glaciers break off and fall into the water. Icebergs can be huge. One iceberg was twice the size of the state of Rhode Island! Ice is not salty. When ocean water freezes, the salt gets pushed out. This makes the ocean saltier where new ice is forming.
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Getting water to homes and businesses is not easy. So we should be careful not to waste water. We should use no more than we really need. There are many easy ways to save water. You can run the faucet only as long as you need it. You can take shorter showers. And you can water lawns and gardens in the evening. That way, less water will be evaporated by the Sun. If a faucet leaks, it should be fixed. One dripping faucet can waste gallons of water every day.
Average Daily Water Use (Per Person) Toilet Flush Laundry Shower/ Bath Other 71 L 57 L 49 L 38 L
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The drawing on these two pages shows the steps in water treatment. First, water is pumped from the source to a treatment plant. The source may be a well or it may be a lake. As the water enters the plant, screens remove large objects as water flows through them. Next, small bits of dirt floating in the water are removed. To do this, chemicals are added to the water. The chemicals form tiny, sticky particles. Bits of dirt get stuck to the chemical particles. The growing particles get heavier and sink to the bottom of a tank.
Next, the water is passed through filters. The filters are often made of layers of sand and gravel. Smaller particles still in the water do not pass through the filters. Finally, other chemicals are added to the water. These chemicals kill germs. Many treatment plants use a chemical called chlorine. Fluoride may be added as well. It helps your teeth resist decay.
Pumping station
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Water often changes form as it goes through the water cycle. In evaporation, liquid water changes to water vapor. This usually happens when water is heated by the Sun. In condensation, water vapor changes to liquid water. Water vapor may turn to droplets of liquid water in clouds. This also happens when dew forms on grass. In precipitation, water falls from clouds as rain, snow, sleet, or hail. In sublimation, ice changes directly into water vapor. It doesnt melt first and become water. This is what happened when ice cubes shrink after being in a freezer for a long time. Some ice in the cubes changes to water vapor. Water vapor may freeze into ice without first becoming liquid. The ice crystals that form on surfaces are called frost.
Condensation
Precipitation
Evaporation
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Very slowly, snow and ice turn into water vapor by sublimation.
Water evaporates with warm temperatures and winds. Water runs off the land into streams and rivers that flow into lakes and oceans. Some rain or melted snow soaks into the ground and becomes groundwater.
Groundwater slowly moves through aquifers into rivers, lakes, and the ocean. This can take thousands of years.
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Cirrus clouds form at high altitudes. They form more than 6,000 meters above ground. They are thin, wispy, and white.
Thunderstorm clouds, called thunderheads, have rising air inside them. The bottoms of these clouds may be as low as 1,000 meters above ground. They might be as tall as 12,000 meters.
Altocumulus clouds look like small, puffy balls. Their sides are white, because sunlight bounces off them. The bottoms of these clouds can look dark because sunlight may not reach them. The bottoms are 2,0007,000 meters above ground.
These are lowaltitude clouds. They are called stratus clouds. They cover the whole sky and block out the Sun. Stratus clouds are often seen less than 2,000 meters above ground.
Fog is a cloud at ground level. It forms when air near the ground is cool. Water vapor condenses and forms a cloud near the ground.
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Precipitation
In the United States, most of our rain starts as snow and melts as it falls. The temperature of air that is high above ground is often freezing. If the air is cold all the way to the ground, the snowflakes will not melt. If the air is warmer near the ground, they will melt into rain. Sometimes rain turns back into ice before it hits the ground. This is called sleet. Freezing rain is water that falls as rain, but freezes when it hits the ground.
Ice crystals fall from clouds. Ice crystals melt as they fall through a thin layer of warm air high above the ground.
Ice crystals melt to form raindrops as they fall through warm air.
Hail Formation
Hail forms when very strong winds blow upward into a cloud. These winds blow raindrops into the freezing air high in the cloud. The raindrops freeze. As the frozen raindrops blow around inside the cloud, more and more water freezes and they grow. The ice becomes heavy and falls to the ground as hailstones.
Ice crystals melt as they fall through warmer air. They fall to the ground as rain.
A layer of air close to the ground is colder than 0C. This cold air makes the ground very cold. Rainwater freezes when it lands.
If raindrops fall for a long time through cold air, they freeze before they land. Frozen raindrops are called sleet.
Ice crystals will fall as snow if the air between the clouds and ground has a temperature below 0C.
Most hailstones are about the size of a pea. Some can get larger than a baseball.
Rain
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Freezing Rain
Sleet
Snow
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What did you learn? 1. Why is there sometimes warm water near the poles? 2. What are three ways that water leaves lakes? 3. What is the difference between sleet and freezing rain? 4. Many people get their fresh water from an aquifer. On your own paper, write to explain why people should not take more water from an aquifer than they need. Include details from the book to support your answer. Sequence What are four steps in treating water?
evaporation
evaporation
precipitation reservoir
precipitation
salinity reservoir
salinity sleet sleet sublimation sublimation water table water table
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Illustrations: 4, 6, 12, 14, 16, 18 Studio Liddell; 23 Bob Kayganich Photographs: Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material. The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions. Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education. Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd) Opener: Raymond Gehman/NGS Image Collection; Title Page: Tom Stewart/Corbis; 2 David Puu/Corbis; 9 (T) Cosmo Condina/Getty Images, (B) Paul Linse/Corbis; 11 Tom Stewart/Corbis; 17 (TR) Graig Tuttle/Corbis, (CR) Gary W. Carter/Visuals Unlimited, 20 Dick Ruhl; 21 (TL) Patti Murray/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes, (TL) Stephen Ingram/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes, (CL) Eastcott/Momatiuk/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes, (BL) Brian Cosgrove/DK Images, (BL) James A. Sugar/Corbis; 22 (BL) Jeff Daly/Visuals Unlimited; 23 (BL, BC) Henryk T. Kaiser/Index Stock Imagery, (BC) Frans Lemmens/Getty Images, (BR) Jim W. Grace/Photo Researchers, Inc.
ISBN: 0-328-13934-3 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permissions, write to: Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V010 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05
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