Cong nghe che bien o hop heo hai lat Nhm thc hin 1/ Nguyen Thi Ngoc Ha 60500729

2/ Le Thi Hong Loan 60501504 3/ Tran My Tra My 60501713 4/ Vo Thi Hoang Tram60503072
Mc lc

I/ NGUYN LIU 1. Nguyen lieu chnh 2 2. Nguyen lieu phu 5 3. Bao b san pham 11 II/ QUY TRNH CNG NGH Ra ong 15 Cat nho 17 Xay 18 Nhoi 19 Hap inh hnh 20 Cat lat 21 Xep hop 22 Rot dich 23 Ghep nap 23 Tiet trung 25 Lam nguoi 27

Bao on Kiem tra 27 Hoan thien o hop 29 III/ SN PHM 1. Yeu cau cua thanh pham 30 2. Tieu chuan o hop thit heo (TCVN 5450-1991) 31 3. Mo ta san pham heo 2 lat 33 4. Cac dang h hong cua o hop 34 5. Cach x ly o hop h hong 36

I/ NGUYN LIU 1. Nguyn liu chnh: Tht heo Trong cong nghe che bien thit, nguyen lieu chnh la phan thit nac hay con goi la mo c. Phan nac heo chiem khoang 40-58% Bng 1: Thnh phn cc m c bn i vi heo Ten cac Ham lng mo (% so vi

trong lng song) Mo c 40-58 Mo m 15-46 Mo lien 6-8 ket 8-18 Mo 1.5-5.8 xng, sun Mo mau Gia tri thc pham cua cac mo khong giong nhau. Trong cac loai mo ke tren, mo xng, sun, mo lien ket co gia tri dinh dng rat thap do trong chung co cha collagen, elastin (protein khong hoan thien), co cau tao dang si an ket thanh li nen rat dai, kho tieu hoa, v vay gia tri dinh dng kem. oi tng che bien chu yeu la mo c do mo c chiem t le ln nhat trong c the ong va t, ham lng protein cao va la protein hoan thien, co gia tri ky thuat, t mo c co the che bien thanh nhieu

san pham thc pham ma cac mo khac khong co gia tri dinh dng va tnh nang ky thuat bang mo c. 1.1 Thnh phn ha hc ca tht Thanh phan hoa hoc c ban cua thit gom nc, protein, lipid va khoang. Nc (70-75%), cac loai thit rat beo khoang 60% Protid 15-20% Lipid dao ong nhieu: thit ln beo m co the co 30% lipid, thit be gay co khong qua 2%. Glycogen va glucose co lng rat be. Acid lactic: Lng acid lactic thay oi theo thi gian t khi giet mo, sau khi giet la 0,05%, sau 24 gi len ti 0,7%. Tro: khoang 1%... Bng 2. Thnh phn ha hc c bn ca tht heo m v tht heo nc Khoang Vitamin Lo Thanh phan (mg/10 (mg/100 ai hoa hoc g) 0 g) th (g/100 g)

it

Pro Li N Tr C B B P tei pi P Fe A c o a 1 2 P n d -

H 1 eo 47 14. 37 0. 0. 8 5 - - m .5 5 .5 7 4 6 H eo 1 0. 0. 0 60 16. 21 1. 1. 9 7 0 5 . .9 5 .5 1 5 m 8 1 3 2 H eo 73 19 7 1 - - - - - na c Bng 3: Thnh phn dinh dng trong phn nc v m ca tht heo (tnh cho 100g trng lng) Fat

2. 7

N Prote Nan Sa Mon Pol Cho in (g) g c t o y l

(g)

ln (g) g (g (MJ) )

(g) (mg )

M thi 2 21 7 2.8 29 11 75 t 6 he o Na c thi 2. 72 21 0.6 3 1 70 t 5 he o Sat: saturated Mono: monosaturated Poly: polysaturated Chol: cholesterol Bng 4: Thnh phn dinh dng nhng phn ct khc nhau ca tht heo Bo Protei Am Be Tr Nang

pha n (%) (% o o lng n ) (% (% (cal/100 cat ) ) g) ui 15.2 Tha 16.4 n Vai 13.5 53 31 0.8 340 58 25 0.9 300 49 37 0.7 390

S n heo 14.6 53 32 0.8 350 a loc thit Nc Nc la thanh phan hoa hoc phong phu nhat trong thit, no la thanh phan quan trong trong c the ong vat. Trong c the ong vat con song, nc co nhieu chc nang khac nh: can thiet cho qua trnh trao oi chat, ieu chnh nhiet o, la dung moi e hoa tan cac chat dinh

dng Nc la cha khoa trong che bien thit, chang han trong cac san pham say, xong khoi se lam giam ham am, nong o cac chat tan se tang, ngc lai trong mot so san pham dang gel neu them vao mot lng nc thch hp se c mot san pham co cau truc tot , giam c gia thanh. Protein Gia tri dinh dng cua thit chu yeu la nguon protein. Ngi ta a tm ra 30 acid amin trong t nhien , trong o co 20 loai acid amin thng c tm thay trong hau het cac protein thit. Tat ca cac acid amin khong thay the eu co the de dang tm thay trong mo c, v vay thit co gia tri sinh hoc cao. Bng 5. So snh thnh phn acid amin khng thay th trong tht heo v cc loi thc phm khc Ham lng (% trong protein) Acid amin Thi Thi Thi Trn Sa

t t bo t g heo gia ca m Lysine Methionine Trytophane 7.8 8.1 8.4 7.2 2.5 2.3 3.4 4.1 1.4 1.1 1.3 1.5 3.8 6.3 4.7 4.9 7.3 9.2 8

bo

8.4 2.2 1.4 4.6 4.8 6.2 11. 8 6.5 4.3` 2.6

Phenylalanin 4.1 4 e Threonine Valine Leucine Isoleucine Arginine Histidine 5.1 4 5

5.7 -

7.5 8.4 4.9 5.1 -

6.4 6.6 6.9 6.4 3.2 2.9 2.3 2.1

Mot nhom khac co trong thit la nhng chat cung lien quan en protein (nhng khong phai la protein thc s) nh purines, pyrimidines va nucleopeptides. ay la nhng thanh phan tan nhieu trong nc, co gia tri dinh dng t nhng chung la nhng hp chat sinh hoa co the ton tai trong dich tieu hoa. Chung tao cho thit co mau va mui ac trng. Nhng thanh phan nay co nhieu trong nhng thu gia va chung ac biet nhieu trong nhng mo c hoat ong nhieu, no lam cho mieng thit cat ra t nhng mo nay se dai, cng hn. Ngoai ra trong thanh phan cua protein co myosin, actin, tropmyozinong vai tro quan trong trong viec tao nen nhng ac tnh chc nang cua thit. Lipid. Lipid thc pham chu yeu la triglycerides trong o co cha cac acid beo no, acid beo cha no co mot noi oi va cha no nhieu noi oi. Nang lng

do chat beo cung cap gap 2.25 lan so vi glucid, protein (tnh tren cung mot n vi). Ngoai nhng gia tri nay, chat beo con ong vai tro lam tang cam quan cua mieng thit Mui khong, vitamin Ngoai ra, trong thanh phan hoa hoc con co muoi khoang, vitamin, cac nguyen to a lng nh Ca, Fe, Mg, Naanh hng ln en tnh chat keo cua cac protein cua te bao, duy tr nhng hoat ong bnh thng cua qua trnh song va can bang ap suat tham thau trong te bao va mo. Nhng yeu to nay co vai tro rat quan trong trong s teo c, hoi phuc c trong suot qua trnh song va trong bap c sau khi chet, chung co anh hng rat ln en tnh chat mem cua thit va kha nang gi nc cua thit 1.2 Ch tiu cht lng tht oi vi thit lanh ong c anh gia theo TCVN 7047 : 2002.

oi vi thit ti, phng phap anh gia cam quan thng s dung v nhanh, o chnh xac tng oi cao neu ngi thc hien co kinh nghiem. Xac inh trang thai ben ngoai, cho vet cat, o ran, o an hoi, tuy, nc canh un soi e lang Bng 6: nh gi cm quan tht ti v tht km ti Thit ti Thit kem ti, oi Trang thai ben ngoai Mang ngoai kho. M co mau sac, o ran, mui vi bnh thng. Gan trong, o an hoi bnh thng. Mat khp lang va trong. Dich hoat - Mang ngoai nht nhieu hay bat au nht. - M mau toi, o ran giam sut, mui vi oi. - Gan kem trong, kem an hoi. - Mat khp co nhieu nht. - Dich hoat uc.

trong. Cho vet cat o ran va an hoi Mau sac bnh thng, sang, kho. Ran chac, o an hoi cao, lay ngon tay an vao thit khong e lai dau vet g khi nhac ngon tay ra.

- Mat Mau sac toi hn, hi t. Tht km ti: khi an ngon tay co the e lai vet nhe, nhng tr lai bnh thng nhanh chong. -Tht i: khi an ngon tay, vet lom do ngon tay tao thanh khong tr lai bnh thng c. Tuy roc ra khoi ong tuy, mui oi, mau sac toi hn hoac nau.

Tuy

Tuy thit ti, bam chat vao thanh ong tuy, an hoi, trong.

2. Nguyn liu ph

2.1 Nc Nc a bo sung vao trong hon hp thit xay nham ha nhiet o cua khoi thit xuong di 10C gi cau truc dai, chac cua khoi nguyen lieu. Bng 7. Tiu chun nc dng trong cng nghip thc phm a .Ch tiu vt l Tiu chun Mui vi khong o trong (ong Dienert) 100 ml Mau sac (thang mau coban) 5o b .Ch tiu ha hc pH 6 7,8 o can co inh (ot 600o C ) 75 150 mg/l o cng toan phan (o c ) di 15o o cng vnh vien 7o CaO 50 100 mg/l MgO 50 Fe2O3 0,3 MnO 0,2 BO4-3 1,2 2,5

SO4-2 0,5 NH4+ 0,1 0,3 NO2- khong co NO3- khong co Pb 0,1 mg/l As 0,05 Cu 2,00 Zn 5,00 F 0,3 0,5 c .Ch tiu vi sinh vt Tong so vi sinh vat hieu kh di 100 con /ml Ch so Coli di 20 con/l Chuan so Coli tren 50 ml Vi sinh vat gay benh khong 2.2 Mui n (NaCl) Muoi co anh hng quan trong en hng vi san pham, lam cho thit co vi man. Xuc tien qua trnh oxi hoa lam thit thay oi mau. Muoi con giup trung hoa am lam cho no co kha nang gi chat beo va nc lien ket, tao ap suat tham thau va

tao o am cho san pham, co tnh sat khuan lam giam s phat trien cua vi sinh vat gay hai, giam t le oxi hoa tan c che hoat ong cua vi sinh vat hieu kh. Ion Cl- cua muoi ket hp vi protein noi peptid lam cho protease khong the hoat ong e phan huy protein. Muoi an la chat sat khuan nhe, nong o 4.4% no co the lam ngng s phat trien cua cac vi sinh vat gay be nh. Tuy nhien co mot so vi khuan chiu c nong o muoi cao hn, v du vi khuan gay thoi ra ch chet nong o muoi >12%, mot so vi khuan gay benh (vd: E.coli) va cac oc to cua chung tng oi ben trong dung dich muoi. Ngoai ra muoi con lam giam lng oxy hoa tan trong moi trng lam c chet vi sinh vat hieu kh. Di ay la bang anh hng nong o cua muoi len vi sinh vat: Bng 8. nh hng ca nng mui ln s pht trin ca vi sinh vt

Nong o pha trong nc 05% 5%

Ket qua ve mat vi sinh Rat t anh hng Lam nh tre s phat trien cua Pseudomonas lam cho thit bi xanh Phan ln vi khuan dang Clostridium hoat ong kem Ch Lactobacilles phat trien thuan li c che hau nh toan bo vi khuan, ch nam men va nam moc co the phat trien c che toan bo vi

10%

1015%

>20%

Muoi kho

sinh vat Muoi thng c s dung trong khoang 1-2.5% khoi lng san pham. Co rat nhieu dang muoi an: muoi tho, muoi tinh, muoi Iod. Trong san xuat s dung muoi cong nghiep. Tiu chun 10TCN 572 2003 cho mui cng nghip (ban hanh ngay 14/07/2003, Bo Nong nghiep va phat trien nong thon) Ch tiu cm quan: Mau sac: Trang, trang trong, trang anh xam, trang anh vang va trang anh hong. Mui vi: Khong mui, dung dich muoi 5% co vi man thuan khiet, khong co vi la. Dang ben ngoai: Kho rao, sach. Ch tiu ha l: Bng 9. Cc ch tiu ha l cho mui cng nghip Thn Hn Hn Ch tiu g hng g 1 g 2 1. Ham lng NaCl, 98.00 96.5 95.0

tnh theo % khoi lng chat kho, khong nho hn 2. o am, tnh theo 5.00 %, khong ln hn 3. Ham lng chat khong tan trong nc, tnh theo % 0.25 khoi lng chat kho, khong ln hn Ion 0.15 2+ Ca 4. Ham lng Ion cac ion, tnh Mg2 0.10 theo % khoi + lng chat kho, khong ln hn Ion SO42 0.30
-

6.00 8.00

0.30 0.50

0.20 0.40 0.15 0.40 0.70 1.10

2.3 ng saccharose. ng tao vi ngot cho san pham, lam diu muoi va lam mem thit.

Lam tang s tao mau do tao thanh cac chat kh La c chat cho vi khuan lactic hoat ong km ham vi khuan gay thoi. Ham lng cho vao khoang 0.55% trong lng thit. ng la phu gia lam giam hoat o cua nc. ng co kha nang lien ket vi nc bang lien ket hidro, lam giam lng nc t do tang lng nc lien ket e giam hoat tnh cua nc, c che s phat trien cua vi sinh vat, ong thi lam cau truc san pham tr nen mem diu hn. ng con tr giup qua trnh gi mau o cua thit do ng co tnh kh se kh Fe3+ thanh Fe+. Bng 10. Cc ch tiu cm quan ca ng RE (theo TCVN 1696 87).

Bng 11. Cc ch tiu l ha ca ng RE

Bng 12. Cc cht nhim bn trong ng RE.

2.4 Bt ngt (mono glutamate natri) La chat ieu vi (E 621) co kha nang tang khau vi, tang cam giac ngon mieng, ac biet trong cac mon an co thit ca. Bot ngot cung vi muoi khi hoa tan trong nc tao vi ngot giong nh vi ngot cua

thit, c s dung e tang gia tri cam quan cho san pham. Tuy nhien, viec s dung mononatri glutamat trong san pham thc pham phai trong gii han cho phep v thc pham cha nhieu bot ngot co the gay di ng, au au, cam giac buon non, chong matdo bot ngot anh hng trc tiep len nao ngi. Lieu lng toi a 10g/1kg nguyen lieu, neu dung nhieu th gay ngo oc cho ngi s dung Bng 13. Tiu chun bt ngt (TCVN 1459-74) Ch tieu Mo ta ch tieu Cam quan Trang thai Mau sac Mui Vi Bot min, khong von cuc, de tan trong nc, so lng iem en trong 10 cm2<2 Trang Thm, khong tanh, khong lan mui

chua va cac mui la khac Vi ngot a c trng cua bot ngot Hoa hoc Ham lng nc < 0.14 % pH cua dung dich 6.5-7 Ham lng natri > 80 % glutamate 18 % Ham lng NaCl < 0.05 % Ham lng Fe <0.002 % Ham lng SO422.5 Mui polyphosphate Vai tro chu yeu cua cac muoi polyphosphate khi p la lam gia tang kha nang lien ket cua nc vi protein cua mo c, va do o lam gia tang nang suat cua san pham sau cung, tang chat lng cua san pham. Hoat ong cua phosphate trong viec cai thien s gi nc bieu thi 3 mat: Nang pH

 Hnh thanh lien ket vi ion Ca2+ va Mg2+ Gay ra s duoi protein cua c, tao cac vi tr co kha nang lien ket am tot hn. 2.6 Tinh bt bp bin tnh (E1422) Tinh bot bap ben tnh (E1422) : Diamidon adipat a acetyl hoa. Tinh bot bo sung vao hon hp nhu tng nham muc ch: Ha gia thanh san pham Hap thu mot lng nc. Tao o nht cho san pham. Tinh bot bien tnh c s dung do trong thi gian bao quan khong xay ra hien tng thoai hoa cau truc lam giam gia tri cam quan cho san pham. Tinh bot co kha nang tao gel do s tao thanh va sap xep lai cac phan t tinh bot tao thanh cau truc mang 3 chieu do cac lien ket hydro gia cac mach polyglucoside hay gian tiep qua cau phan t nc. Tinh bot cung co kha

nang ong tao gel vi protein nh vao lien ket hydro va lc Van Der Waals. Trong trng hp nay ca protein va tinh bot eu sap xep lai phan t e tao gel. Tuy nhien viec s dung tinh bot vao san pham la co gii han, neu qua nhieu chung se tao mui cho san pham, lam giam chat lng. 2.7 Nitrit Muc ch cua viec s dung nitrit la on inh mau va tao mau cho san pham, tang tao mui, tang cau truc, ngan can s phat trien cua vi sinh vat. Neu s dung vi lng d se tao hp chat gay oc cho c the (Nitrosamin la chat dan en ung th), va no ket hp vi Hemoglobin trong c the tao thanh Methemoglobin, ngan can s hap thu oxy gay nen hien tng thieu mau nao. Thng dung hon hp nitrat 0.2%, nitrit 0.005 0.04% theo trong lng thit.

Bng 14. iu kin s dng nitrite v nitrate San San He nhu pham pham tng khong say va say va len men len men Muoi <= <= 0.2% <=0.05% nitrate 0.05% Muoi < 2% <= 2.5% nitrite Muoi <= <= 0.1% <= hon hn 0.02% <= 2% 0.01% nitrate + <= 1.7% <= 2% nitrite Trong thc te ngi ta thng s dung hon hp nitrat va nitrit chung do nhng nguyen nhan sau ay: Mui nitrate

u im

Nhc im

Tao vi ac trng Kho d oan c cua qua trnh p lng nitrit trong muoi cham san pham cuoi neu khong inh lng t au Tao mau va cau truc thch hp Con d lng nitrat trong san pham cuoi

Ton tai mot lng Can kiem tra tha nitrat trong thng xuyen nc muoi nc muoi, chat beo bi oxy hoa Mui nitrite u im Qua trnh khong bi anh hng bi s phat trien cua vi sinh vat nitrate

Nhc im Tao mau khong bnh thng nhat la khi co mot lng ln nitrite

hoa De han che nong o nitrite trong san pham nh biet c nong o ban au trong nc muoi Nong o muoi nitrite trong thit thng nho hn trong trng hp muoi bang nitrate

trong thit

Lng nitrite trong nc muoi giam nhanh, ch co the s dung lai sau khi them mot lng muoi mi vao, nhng kho xac inh bang phng phap inh lng hoa hoc Vi sinh vat phat trien thuan li trong trng hp dung thit cua gia

Ket qua on inh hn

suc met moi Han che phan ng oxy hoa chat beo Qua trnh nhanh hn do phan ng tao mau nhanh Tac dung diet khuan ngay t au

2.8 Mt s nguyn liu ph khc Natri ascorbat: Ascorbate hoat ong giong nh chat chong oxy hoa, lam giam oc tnh cua nitrit. Tiu la mot loai gia vi. Hat tieu co vi cay nong, mui thm ac biet. Khi tieu co mat trong thc pham, no se lam tang them hng vi, tao s hap dan. Tieu con co tac dung tieu hoa, giai oc, khang khuan va mot so tnh nang khac.

Hnh ti: co vi hang cay, thm diu, nang cao tnh cam quan cho thc pham. Hoat chat chu yeu co tnh khang sinh cua toi la allicin. Ngoai ra toi con co tac dung tr tieu va khang sinh. Toi s dung phai trang thai kho, khong bi h hoang, khong bi dap, khong bi moc , va phai sach se. 3. Bao b sn phm Hien nay, bao b o hop heo 2 lat la bao b kim loai, trong o chu yeu la sat tay, hop nhom. Bao b kim loai co u iem la nhe, truyen nhiet tot, co o ben c hoc tot, nhng co o ben hoa hoc kem, hay bi r va bi an mon. 3.1 Yu cu bao b hp Khong gay oc cho thc pham, khong lam cho thc pham bien oi chat lng, khong gay mui vi, mau sac la cho thc pham. Ben oi vi tac dung cua thc pham. Chiu c nhiet o va ap suat cao. Truyen nhiet tot, chac chan, nhe.

De gia cong, re tien. Hnh thc hap dan, thch hp vi san pham. S dung van chuyen, bao quan tien li. 3.2 Chun b bao b ng sn phm Trc khi s dung, cac loai bao b phai kiem tra lai pham chat va ra sach. Bao b kim loai u tieu chuan c ra sach bang nc la, nc nong, khi can thiet co the dung dung dich kiem loang hay nc xa phong loang, soa, e lam sach tap chat bui cat, dau khoang con dnh vo hop khi gia cong, e rao hoac say kho. 3.2.1 Nguyn tc chung khi ra hp st Cac loai hop sat can phai c ra trc khi s dung v qua trnh gia cong va bao quan khong bao am o sach can thiet. Qua trnh ra nguyen lieu va bao b co the chia lam 2 giai oan:

- Giai oan ngam: ngam trong nc, nc nong, hoac nc co pha hoa chat. Muc ch cua giai oan nay la lam trng nuc, giam lien ket cua cac can ban, bi b ti ra. Thi gian ngam tuy thuoc vao loai bao b, nguyen lieu va ac tnh cua can ban. - Giai oan ra: Lam sach sau khi ngam bang cach dung lc c hoc nh tia nc manh hoac choi, ban chai hoac ma sat lam troi can ban. Tuy theo cau truc cua nguyen lieu, can phai co phng phap ra thch hp nham tranh lam xay xat h hong nguyen lieu nhng van at c hieu qua toi a. oi vi nguyen lieu, kch thc, hnh dang thng khong ong nhat nen qua trnh ra kho sach ong eu, do vay phai ra lai bang tay. Vi hop sat, thng can nang suat ln nen hau het cac nha may san xuat thc pham s dung he thong ra bang may.

Yu cu v hp trong khi ra Vo hop phai c kiem tra chat lng va phai c ra sach trc khi cho vao hop Phai dung nc sach ap ng yeu cau qui inh 28 TCN 130: 1998 e ra hop. Nc nong hoac hi nc nong phai am bao u ap lc va nhiet o can thiet. Tranh lam dap, mop meo hop trong khi ra. Vo hop sau khi ra phai c sap xep sao cho hop roc nc va kho rao. 3.2.2 Tc dng ca mi trng ra Nguyen tac lam viec cua may e ra sach bao b thc pham la da tren c s gia cong bang dung dich nong cac hoa chat tay ra. Pho bien nhat e ra hop la dung dich NaOH co nong o 1,53%.Tac dung cua dung dich NaOH la : Hoa tan cac chat ban, dung dich co tac dung hoa hoc len can ban, v du nh xa phong hoa chat beo tren thanh chai

Lam n can kho en trang thai mem, b Sat trung Nhiet o co tac dung lam cho cac phan ng hoa ly xay ra nhanh hn, toc o tham t nhanh. Hop ra sach c la nh ca tac dung hoa hoc va tac dung nhiet cua dung dich. 3.2.3 My ra hp st Hop sat thng bam dau, bui trong qua trnh gia cong va bao quan, do o can ra sach trc khi s dung. Do hop trc khi ra hoan toan la hop mi nen cac loai can ban khong nhieu va tng oi de ra. ac tnh cua cac loai bao b sat la khong chiu c cac loai hoa chat manh, tuy nhien co kha nang chiu nhiet tot, do o thong thng cac may ra hop s dung nc nong va hi nc bao hoa e lam sach hop. Qua trnh ra nhiet o cao con co tac dung tieu diet cac vi sinh vat co san trong hop, lam

giam c hien tng h hong san pham sau nay. Nguyen tac lam viec cua cac may ra hop sat la phun nc nong co nhiet o 90 -95 oC vao trong hop, lam cho cac hat bui trng n rat nhanh, bong ra khoi be mat hop va c mang ra ngoai nh dong nc. Sau khi ra bang nc nong, hi co nhiet o cao 105-120 oC c phun vao ben trong hop. Muc ch cua viec phun hi la tieu diet tat ca cac vi sinh vat con sot lai trong hop trc khi cho thc pham vao, nh o tang kha nang bao quan cua o hop. cuoi qua trnh ra, hop c say kho bang khong kh nong.
My ra hp st kiu bng chuyn

May ra hop sat kieu bang chuyen gom mot he thong bang tai bang thep khong r va cac buong phun nc lanh, buong phun nc nong, buong phun hi nc, buong say hop. Bang tai mang hop nam ngang di chuyen lan lt qua cac buong. Ben trong buong co cac voi

phun nc hoac hi nc c bo tr doc hai ben thanh cua bang chuyen. Cac voi phun c bo tr thanh hang lien tiep nhau nh o hop c phun nhieu lan trong suot thi gian di chuyen trong moi buong. Hop lan lt c phun nc lanh, nc nong, hi nc va sau o say kho bang khong kh nong. Bui ban se c mang ra theo dong nc. Trong buong say kho, mot he thong quat thoi khong kh nong lam kho hop trong khi di chuyen. e tiet kiem nc, thong thng cac may ra co he thong loc nc a s dung, ch bo sung them phan hao hut.

Hnh 1. My ra hp st kiu bng chuyn

Hnh 2. Phun ra bn trong hp trn bng ti 3.3 Thnh phn v trng lng tnh ca sn phm cho vo bao b a. Thnh phn a so cac loai o hop gom co phan ran chiem t 60 - 70 % va phan long chiem t 30 - 40 %. T le cac thanh phan nguyen lieu trong mot loai o hop co y ngha rat quan trong en viec che bien o hop co chat lng cao. Khi thanh phan nc rot trong hop d nhieu se lam giam gia tri dinh dng cua o hop v ham lng chat kho thap. Nhng neu khong u thanh phan nc rot th giam gia tri cam quan, lam cho mot phan san pham bi kho, kho thanh trung. Do o phai

am bao ung t le phan ran va phan long trong hop, t le nay con goi la t le cai - nc, ay la ch tieu pham chat quan trong cua o hop. Khi anh gia ch tieu nay, ngi ta xac inh o hop thanh pham a thanh trung va e on inh t nhat 15 ngay. V trong thi gian thanh trung va bao quan, cac thanh phan chat kho trong san pham se khuech tan, tien ti on inh phan ran va long. Nen t le cai - nc khi bao quan se thay oi. Thng t le cai vao hop phai cao hn t le cai quy inh trong thanh pham t 10 - 30 %, tuy theo loai nguyen lieu. b. Trng lng tnh La tong so trong lng san pham cha trong o hop. Trong san xuat ta phai am bao trong lng tinh cua o hop. Trong lng tinh cua tng c hop phu thuoc vao tng loai mat hang, c phep sai so t 1 - 3 %

II/ QUY TRNH CNG NGH Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut hp heo 2 lt
Tht heo ng lnh

R ng Ct nh
Nguyn liu ph

Xay Nhi Hp Ct lt

V lon Nc st Rt dch Ghp np Tit trng

Lon

Np

Lm ngui

Bo n

Quy trnh chun b nc st

Nc

Gia nhit Mui, bt ngt

Phi ch

Lm ngui

Nc st

Qu trnh r ng Thit heo c ra ong trc khi cat va che bien, ra ong la qua trnh ngc lai cua qua trnh lanh ong. Ra ong (hay tan gia) la qua trnh chuyen bien

nc ang trang thai ran( tinh the a ) trong san pham ong lanh sang dang long ma van gi nguyen thuoc tnh cua san pham a co trc khi lam lanh ong. Thit heo khi ong lanh se thanh mot khoi rat cng nen kho khan trong khi a vao may xay va thc hien qua trnh xay. V vay can phai thc hien qua trnh ra ong khoi thit. Mc ch: Qua trnh ra ong nham muc ch chuan bi cho qua trnh che bien tiep theo: nang cao nhiet o cua thit en nhiet o theo yeu cau trong qua trnh che bien. Qua trnh lam tan gia c coi la tot nhat khi thit heo khoi phuc c trang thai ban au cua no. Cc bin i trong qu trnh r ng: Vt l : Thit khi tr ong thng co nhiet o tam at -180C -200C. Khi tien hanh ra ong, nhiet o thit tang dan t be mat en tam khoi thit, cac tinh the a tan ra

dan en cac bien oi trong cau truc thit va lam cho thit mem hn, viec xay de dang hn. Khoi lng giam 1.5 2 % so vi khoi lng ban au. Ha hc : Khi ra ong, do cac tinh the nc a trong cac to chc c thit va te bao chay ra se keo theo mot so chat dinh dng hoa tan va lam giam chat lng cua nguyen lieu. Ho l : Co s chuyen pha trong qua trnh ra ong, tinh the a trong san pham tan ra. Kha nang hut nc cua te bao e khoi phuc lai trang thai ban au phu thuoc vao ieu kien lam lanh ong trc o : Neu lam lanh ong cham kha nang hut nc cua te bao giam Neu lam lanh ong nhanh va am bao cac ieu kien bao quan tot th te bao van co kha nang hut am tr lai va gi am.

Ha sinh : Cac enzym c hoat hoa tr lai. Phan ng phan huy glycogen, tang ham lng axt lactic lam giam pH. Sinh hc : Cac vi sinh vat trong thit heo c hoat hoa tr lai. So lng vi sinh vat co the bi nhiem tang len. Cm quan : thit tr nen mem hn, be mat co the bi hoa nhay, thit co the bi x va tho. Nguyn l r ng: Khi thc pham lam ra ong trong khong kh hoac nc, be mat a chay ra hnh thanh lp nc. Nc co tnh dan nhiet thap, v vay toc o dan nhiet vao tam a giam dan. Tac ong cach li truyen nhiet nay cang tang be mat thc pham ra ong cang day. Qua trnh ra ong ve can ban se lau hn qua trnh ong lanh trong cung ieu kien nhng khac biet nhiet o.

Trong suot qua trnh ra ong (hnh), thi k au (AB), nhiet o tang nhanh. Giai oan nay keo dai en khi nhiet o cua thc pham gan at iem tan a (BC). Trong suot giai oan nay, bat k s pha huy te bao gay ra bi s ket tinh cham lam cho no chay nho giot. ieu nay lam cho mat chat dinh dng hoa tan trong nc. V du thit bo mat 12% Thiamine, 10% Riboflavine, 14%

Niacine, 32% Pyridoxine, va 8% axit folic Them vao o, s chay nho giot tao chat nen cho hoat ong cua enzyme va s phat trien cua vi sinh vat. quy mo phong th nghiem hay gia nh, thc pham c ra ong trong s sai biet ve nhiet o rat nho (v du 25-400C, so vi 50-800C trong san xuat cong nghiep). Giai oan ra ong cang keo dai cang lam tang nguy c nhiem vi sinh va t. Trong san xuat, thc pham thng c ra ong bang cach t t nang nhiet o, tranh s chenh lech nhiet o ln ot ngot so vi iem ong, e gi cho cau truc chac cho qua trnh tiep theo sau. Khi thc pham c ra ong bang lo vi song hoac lo ien moi (dielectric heater), nhiet c sinh ra ben trong thc pham, va nhng qua trnh bien oi dien ta tren khong xay ra. Nhng iu lu trong qu trnh r ng l:

Tranh nhiet o len qua cao Cc tieu thi gian ra ong Ton that dich bao t nhat. It ton that khoi lng Bao am ve sinh Phng php thc hin: Ra ong trong hon hp khong kh va hi nc co nhiet o 4-50C trong 16h va sau o nhiet o 20-250C trong 1112h.

Khong kh phai bao hoa am o e tang truyen nhiet va ngan can s kho be mat lam xau be san pham, ton hao trong lng. Qu trnh ct nh Mc ch cng ngh: Qua trnh cat nho co muc ch chuan bi, lam giam kch thc cua khoi thit. Bin i trong qu trnh ct: Trong qua trnh cat chu yeu la bien oi ve vat ly: Cat t mo lien ket, lam giam kch thc khoi thit. Tang nhiet o khoi thit do ma sat vi dao cat, lam thng ton cac cau truc te bao dan en kha nang gi nc giam. Hien tng chay dich xay ra dan en ton that mot so cac hp chat nh: vitamin, khoang, acid amin Cac bien oi khac khong ang ke. Thit b thc hin: Yu cu ca my ct tht:

Dao phai cat thit ma khong bt xe chung ra, khong lam nc ep trong thit chay ra. Li dao khi mai mon phai ong eu theo tat ca chieu dai cua no va de mai sac. Dao phai gi c chat lng cua thit ban au Mot so may cat thit co kha nang cat thit sau ra ong vi cac kch thc theo mong muon nh vao s linh hoat cua dao cat thit.

Hnh 3. My ct tht Model J9-A Thng s k thut: + ng knh dao ct dc t 4.8 n 50.8 mm + ng knh dao ct ngang t 3.2 n 76.2 mm

Qu trnh xay Mc ch: Chuan bi cho qua trnh nhoi thit, phoi tron vi nguyen lieu phu, lam ong nhat khoi nguyen lieu. Hon hp c xay nhuyen ti kch thc 0.1-1 mm. Bin i: Vt l : Tng thanh phan trong khoi nguyen lieu giam kch thc, tr nen ong nhat va thay oi khoi lng rieng cua hon hp. Nhiet o cua khoi nguyen lieu tang. Thit b thc hin: My cutter

Hnh 4. Vacuum-Cutter K 754 AC 8 750

Qu trnh nhi tht Mc ch: Tao hnh cho san pham, chuan bi cho qua trnh hap, qua trnh cat lat sau nay. Bin i: Khong co bien oi g ang ke Thc hin: Hon hp sau khi at yeu cau c chuyen qua may nhoi. oi vi san pham heo 2 lat, hon hp c nhoi thanh cay, ng knh 80mm. Trong qua trnh nhoi co he thong hut chan khong lam tang chat lng san pham, tao o chat va loai bot kh. Thit b thc hin: May nhoi t ong F-LINE F220 cua hang Heinrich Frey Maschinenbau GmbH, Fischerstr. 20, D-89542 Herbrechtingen, Germany

Hnh 5. My nhi t ng F-LINE F220 Thng s k thut The tch thung cha: 230 L Dong ien: 400V, 50Hz, 9.5 KW

au nhoi: Chieu cao cach mat at 1055mm Ap suat nhoi: 35 bar c tnh k thut: May nhoi t ong, hoat ong lien tuc, co he thong chan khong hoan toan chay bang ien thch hp vi cac san pham xuc xch va san pham dang paste. Thiet bi lam bang thep khong g, hp tieu chuan ve sinh, Co he thong banh rang lien ket, hoat ong nhe nhang, Man hnh ieu khien bang LCD. Toc o hoat ong, khoi lng tng san pham nhoi co the t ieu chnh, Dng t ong, co bo phan hut san pham tr lai neu nhoi d khoi lng, Co bo phan cat chay bang xung ong ien. Qu trnh hp Mc ch: Chun b: cho qua trnh cat lat Ch bin: lam chn thit Hon thin: lam ngng cac qua trnh sinh hoa xay ra ben trong nguyen lieu,

gi cho mau sac cua nguyen lieu t hoac khong bi bien oi. Bin i: Vt l: nhiet o tang, khoi lng va the tch nguyen lieu bi thay oi. Ha hc: Nhng cau t man cam vi nhiet o bi mat. Phan ng Maillard: ng kh co the phan ng vi acid amin giai phong t protein bi bien tnh, tao thanh mui va mau cho san pham. Cm quan:m tan chay trong qua trnh che bien tao o bong cho san pham. Ha l: Kh co trong gian bao cua nguyen lieu thoat ra. Cac protein c tng giai phong t cac te bao khi xay nghien se tao thanh mot nen keo ket noi cac cau phan khi nau. Protein bi thoai hoa va bien tnh hoan toan. Khi o enzyme bi tieu huy va gel

tao thanh t cac protein hoa tan at o ben vng toi a. Trong moi trng am, xay ra s co rut cac chuoi protein lien ket cua colagel. Nhiet o gia tang lam mot phan protein hoa tan, tao nen gel khi e nguoi. Ha sinh: c che hoac vo hoat enzyme Vi sinh: tieu diet mot phan vi sinh vat va cac oc to Phng php thc hin: San pham sau khi nhoi se c chat len cac xe ay chuyen vao tu hap. Hap nhiet o 75-100oC, hap trong 315 phut. Lam nguoi bang nc lanh trong 5 Thiet bi thc hien: Dung thiet bi hap Auto clave

Hnh 6. Thit b hp Auto clave Qu trnh ct lt Mc ch: Chuan bi: cho qua trnh vao hop, tao hnh san pham Bin i: Bien oi vat ly: san pham giam kch thc, hnh dang thay oi Thc hin: San pham sau khi hap chn se c lam lanh e cay san pham chat lai. Trc khi cat lat phai thao lp vo boc, moi lan cat t 4-5 cay, ngi ta ieu chnh o day sao cho moi lat co trong lng 45g.

Kch thc cua lat thit sau khi cat: ng knh khoang 80mm, be day t 10-20mm. Thit b thc hin: may cat Co the ch la 1 dao hay gom mot bo dao lap tren 1 hay vai truc song song, san pham a vao pha dao bang cach cho an dao cng bc hay t an dao.

Hnh 7. Nguyn l cu to my ct lt Tren hnh la s o may a a san pham cng bc nh mot bang tai at nam ngang (khi cat thit). Toc o vong cua li dao tng ng vt, toc o cap lieu la vn. at thit tren mat bang lam viec cua bang tai c tien hanh t do hay dung lc t vao tam ay lap tren bang.

vt vn: Vie c cat t lam bien dang san pham kha ln. Neu vt >> vn: san pham t bi bien dang hn nhieu, do lam cac vau ta e gi san pham co inh. C cau cat nay gom co mot, hai hay vai a lap tren mot, hai, hay nhieu truc. Co the dung may cat nhieu ca co dao a trong trng hp cat vat ran hay cac san pham dang deo, cuc nho. Ta s dung dao a co li nhan, co hnh nh ben. Thiet bi s dung: my ct Model-260 multi-purpose slicer cua hang Tan Far Engineering & Development Co., Ltd. No gom 1 banh xe co rang ca, 1 banh vt, 1 banh xe truyen ong, nh vay thiet bi hoat ong 1 cach em ai, va hieu qua, nhng lat thit cat ra co be day ong nhat vi nhau. Toan bo thiet bi c lam bang hon hp Magie va Nhom co chat lng ac biet chuyen dung cho may che bien thc pham nh thep

khong g. Be mat c anh bong, chong s hoen g, s an mon nen hoan toan an toan, khong oc hai vi sc khoe

Hnh 8. My ct Model-260 multipurpose slicer Qu trnh xp hp Mc ch: Chuan bi cho nhng qua trnh sau Bin i xy ra trong qu trnh: Khong co bien oi xay ra trong qua trnh nay. Thit b: Qua trnh vao hop co the thc hien bang thiet bi hay thu cong nhng thng la tien hanh thu cong. Khi tien hanh thu cong can lu y:

Cong nhan cho san pham vao hop phai thc hien ay u cac quy inh ve ve sinh va cac yeu cau cua quy trnh ky thuat a quy inh. Cong nhan phai mac trang phuc theo quy inh (quan, ao, mu, khau trang, giay dep, gang tay ...) Phai ra tay bang thuoc sat trung Chlorin va khong co benh truyen nhiem. Tm li, khi cho sn phm vo bao b cn phi t nhng yu cu sau: Khoi lng tinh va thanh phan theo t le quy inh. Hnh thc trnh bay ep. Khong lan cac tap chat. d.Tin hnh: Hop trc khi s dung phai c ra sach, say kho, am bao khong co vat la, chat ban bam vao. Ben trong mat hop phai c phu mot lp vecni tranh an mon. Moi hop c xep vao 2 lat thit. Qu trnh rt dch Mc ch:

Bao quan: dich sot se chiem khoang khong trong hop giup cho qua trnh bai kh dien ra de dang hn, va dich sot con co tac dung han che s gay v khoi thit khi van chuyen. Chuan bi cho qua trnh tiet trung. Qua trnh rot nong giup bai kh o hop.
Gim p su t bn trong hp khi tit trng Nguyn nhn lm tng p sut bn trong hp khi tit trng ch yu l do tn ti lng kh trong hp sau khi ghp m. Bi kh c tc d ng lm gi m lng kh bn trong h p, nn khi ti t trng s trnh c tnh tr ng hp b bin dng. Hn ch s oxy ha cc ch t dinh dng c a th c phm Oxy khng kh t n t i trong hp s xc tin cc qu trnh oxy ha bn trong hp, dn n cc ph n ng oxy ha di n ra mnh m hn, lm tn tht vitamin, nh t l vitamin C. Ngoi ra, khi cc ch t hu c b oxy ha s lm thay i hng v, mu sc ca sn phm. Hn ch s pht tri n ca cc vi khu n hiu kh c trong hp Sau khi ti t trng h p, trong s cc loi vi sinh v t cn sng, tn ti cc vi sinh v t hiu kh v nha bo c a n. Nu trong mi tr ng cn nhi u oxy, cc vi sinh v t c iu kin pht tri n, gy h hng hp. Khi bi kh, cc vi sinh v t hi u kh khng c iu kin pht tri n. To chn khng trong hp khi lm ngui hp thc phm cn phi c mt chn khng nh t nh, khi v n chuyn, bo qun trong cc iu kin kh hu khc nhau. hp khng c cc bi u hin phng y, np, ngi s dng c th phn bit c hp tt hay x u do cc vi sinh v t to thnh kh gy ra. V v y chn khng c coi l m t ch s ph m ch t ca hp. chn khng t hng l 3.22 5.98.104 N/m2 (250 450 mmHg) trng hp c bi t mi ti 8.65 9.05.104 N/m 2 (650 680 mmHg)

Tin hnh Rot dich sot vao en e khoi lng tinh at c 150g. Dich sot la mot hon hp: Nc: muoi: bot ngot = 100:1:0,5. Hon hp nay se c un nong e hoa tan hoan toan va cham nc sot vao hop tai 80oC

Bin i xy ra trong qu trnh: Hoa hoc: giam lng kh Sinh hoc: c che mot phan vi sinh vat hieu kh Cam quan: khong co bien oi Qu trnh ghp np Mc ch: Bao quan: Giup ngan cach gia san pham ben trong va moi trng khong kh va vi sinh vat ben ngoai. Hoan thien: tao hnh dang va mau ma ac trng cho san pham Bin i xy ra trong qu trnh: khong co bien oi Thit b: 1. ong c ien 2. Banh rang 3. Con lan 4. Hop 5. Mam 6. Truc mam

7. C cau a con lan tien sat vao may 8. Ban ap Hnh 9: Cu to h thng ghp np hp kim loi (Bn t ng)

Hnh 10.Thit b ghp np bn t ng

Hnh 11. My ghp np t ng

Lu khi ghp m hp Nang suat lam viec cua cac may ghep m phai tng ng vi nang suat cua day chuyen san xuat. May ghep m phai c ky thuat vien co kinh nghiem ieu chnh trc moi ca san xuat va trong qua trnh san xuat, am bao cho kch thc m hop nam trong gii han an toan. Kiem tra m hop * Kiem tra m hop bang mat thng 15 phut mot lan * Lay mau hop trc moi ca va t nhat 30 phut mot lan khi may ghep m ang lam viec. Cat m hop e kiem tra cac thong so: o cao, day, rong cua m hop: kch thc moc than, moc nap, o chong m hop va cac khuyet tat cua m hop. * Neu phat hien m hop co khuyet tat phai dng may, tien hanh kiem tra va hieu chnh may.

* Co lap cac hop a ghep m sau lan kiem tra cuoi cung theo qui inh. So hop nay ch c phep nhap chung vao lo o hop sau khi c kiem tra at yeu cau va co quyet inh cho phep bang van ban cua ngi phu trach chat lng hoac quan oc phan xng Ra hp sau khi ghp m Hop sau khi ghep m phai c ra sach dau m va cac tap chat khac bam ben ngoai. Khi ra khong c gay bien dang hop. Nc ra hop phai sach ap ng yeu cau cua 28 TCN 130: 1998. Neu s dung chat tay ra cho phep e ra hop th phai ra lai bang nc sach e loai bo het chat tay ra con lai. Qu trnh tit trng Mc ch: Che bien: lam chn san pham Bao quan: tieu diet vi sinh vat

Hoan thien: cai thien cau truc san pham Bin i xy ra trong qu trnh: Vat ly: nhiet o tang Hoa hoc: chat beo co the bi oxy hoa, protein bi bien tnh Hoa sinh: enzyme a bi vo hoat nhiet o cao Sinh hoc: vi sinh vat bi tieu diet Cam quan: tang gia tri cam quan cho san pham Thit b: Thiet bi hap tiet trung loai at nam ngang Than thiet bi at nam ngang, ben trong khong co gia gio ma co ng ray e cho xe ng cac gio o hop ay vao. Loai nay co kha nang lam viec cao, nhng thao tac phc tap, chu ky lam viec keo dai, ton hi va nc nhieu. Cng thc tit trng i vi hp heo 2 lt 150g:

Che o tiet trung bang hi: (55-1535)*2.3at/121

Hnh 13. Thit b tit trng hi dng nm ngang Yu cu qu trnh tit trng theo TCN 130: 1998 Ngi van hanh thiet bi tiet trung phai c ao tao va co tay nghe theo yeu cau qui inh. Khi van hanh thiet bi phai theo ung hng dan cua nha che tao. Moi thiet bi tiet trung phai co ong ho o ap suat, nhiet ke thuy ngan va nhiet ke t ghi e theo doi cac ch so ve ap suat,

nhiet o trong qua trnh tiet trung tng lo o hop. Nhiet ke va ong ho o ap suat cua thiet bi tiet trung phai c kiem inh t nhat 3 thang mot lan bang cach s dung thiet bi chnh xac hn. Hang nam cac thiet bi nay phai c kiem inh theo qui inh cua nha nc. Tren moi bieu o nhiet o cua nhiet ke t ghi phai ghi gi, ngay thang, so cua thiet bi th tiet trung: ten san pham tiet trung va ma so cua lo o hop c tiet trung. Bieu o nhiet o cua lo o hop c tiet trung phai c lu gi t nhat 3 nam ke t ngay lo o hop c tiet trung. Khu vc tiet trung phai c thiet ke, bo tr va quan ly e loai tr kha nang bi lan lon gia lo o hop ang ch c tiet trung va lo o hop a c tiet trung C s san xuat phai tien hanh khao sat s phan bo nhiet o ben trong thiet bi

tiet trung va nghien cu, thc nghiem s truyen nhiet vao ben trong san pham trong hop e xay dng cong thc tiet trung phu hop cho moi loai o hop. Cac ket qua nghien cu khao sat cho cac san pham / ieu kien khac nhau phai lu gi ay u va cap nhat t nhat 2 nam. Cong thc tiet trung cho moi loai o hop phai bao gom nhng noi dung sau: + Nhiet o tiet trung + Thi gian nang nhiet + Thi gian gi nhiet + Thi gian lam nguoi Qu trnh lm ngui Mc ch: Bao quan: tranh bi tiep tuc gia nhiet nau chnh san pham, se anh hng en chat lng o hop. Bin i: Nhiet o san pham giam Thc hin

Sau khi tiet trung, o hop phai c lam nguoi nhanh cho en khi nhiet o san pham tam hop xuong di 40oC. Nc lanh dung lam nguoi san pham phai sach, ap ng yeu cau qui inh cua 28 TCN 130: 1998, phai la nc uong c, a x ly chlorin trong thi gian khong qua 30 phut vi ham lng clor d trong nc phai at 1 ppm. C s phai tien hanh o va lu gi ket qua o d lng clor trong nc lam nguoi o hop. o hop sau khi lam nguoi phai c e yen trong gio t nhat la 24 gi mi c lay ra. Sau khi lam nguoi o hop roi ra sach hop bang nc nong hay xut loang. Sau o say kho va in han s dung. Qu trnh bo n: Mc ch:

Hoan thien: Nham kiem tra chat lng san pham sau mot thi gian bao quan. Neu co sai sot th phai tm nguyen nhan va hng khac phuc. Trong thi gian bao on, cac thanh phan trong o hop c tiep tuc on inh ve mat pham chat va co the phat hien c cac o hop hong Bin i xy ra trong qu trnh: Vat ly: cac thanh phan trong hop tiep tuc tng tac vi nhau. Neu bai kh khong triet e co the dan en phong hop Hoa hoc: s oxy hoa co the xay ra neu bai kh khong triet e, lam giam pham chat cua san pham. Sinh hoc: vi sinh vat co the phat trien neu qua trnh bai kh va tiet trung khong tot Cam quan: mau va mui cua san pham c cai thien Thc hin:

Cac loai o hop sau khi tiet trung, dung nc ra e lam nguoi ve nhiet o phong, c chuyen en kho thanh pham e bao on. Nhiet lng con lai trong san pham sau khi lam nguoi co tac dung lam bay hi nc tren be mat bao b. Bao b kho se tranh c qua trnh han r than hoac nap bao b. Neu nc tren hop khong bay hi het, hop t th trong thi gian bao quan hien tng hen r xay ra nhanh,co khi ch trong vai ngay sau khi san xuat. Nh vay nhiet o lam nguoi sau tiet trung quyet inh phan nao s h hong cua bao b. San pham sau khi lam sach (khi hop a kho hoac kho gan het) c em i bao on trong phong kn hay kho thanh pham. Nhiet o va o am trong kho phai am bao tranh c hien tng ngng tu am tren be mat hop. Bao quan trong kho

thanh pham 37oC, o am tng oi t 70 80%, trong 7-15 ngay. Kho can phai kn, kho rao sach se, de thoat nc, thong gio va thoat nhiet. Kho bao on phai co u anh sang, u rong am bao u dung tch cha dng theo yeu cau cua san xuat. Trong kho phai co ke chac chan, c lot giay hoac vai trc khi xep hop o hop c xep theo tng lo (cung loai, cung pham cap, ngay va ca san xuat), chieu cao khong qua 10m. Cac hop trong lo xep xen ke nhau, cach tran t nhat 0,75 m va cach nhau hoac cach loi i truc 2m e tien cho viec boc d hang hoac kiem tra khi can thiet. Trong thi gian nay cac hp phan khac cua o hop tiep tuc on inh ong thi phat hien sm cac hop bi h hong. o hop khong c xuat xng trc thi gian nay.

Sau thi gian bao on neu khong co hien tng bat thng xay ra co the em san pham i lau sach, dan nhan, ong thung roi a xuong kho thanh pham bao quan va a i tieu thu. Ket thuc thi gian bao on, san pham c kiem tra, loai bo nhng n vi h hong. Neu t le h hong, phong vt qua mc cho phep, can phai xem xet lai qua trnh san xuat, tm nguyen nhan h hong e khac phuc. Neu can thiet co the huy bo ca lo san pham. Cc dng h hng hp trong qu trnh bo n: hp b mt gi tr thng phm. Nguyn nhn: Bi phong hop (qua ay, bai kh). o hop bi bien dang, bep meo (va cham, van chuyen). hp cha c t, mt gi tr cm quan. Nguyn nhn:

An mon lp ma, phan ng tao H2 lam phong hop. San pham bi bien mau, mui kho chiu (H2S, NH3) San pham phan ng vi bao b kim loai, tao ra mau mui vi la. Sn phm vn c, va nt, bt, c mi l, phng hp. hp cha c t, mt gi tr cm quan. Nguyn nhn: nhim vi sinh vt do Thanh trung, tiet trung khong ung che o. Phng phap lam nguoi khong thch hp. Moi ghep h, nhiem trung. ieu kien bao quan khong phu hp Kim tra thnh phm C s san xuat phai tien hanh lay mau o hop thanh pham cho tng ca san xuat e kiem tra m ghep va cac ch tieu chat lng co lien quan.

o hop mau phai c u nhiet o va thi gian qui inh va tien hanh kiem tra vi khuan chiu nhiet. Lo o hop khong c a ra thi trng tieu thu khi viec kiem tra mau u cha ket thuc. Cac lo o hop phai c kiem tra chat lng theo qui inh, phai co phieu ket qua kiem nghiem cac ch tieu ve chat lng va an toan ve sinh mi c phep a i tieu thu. Lu gi h s Cac bieu mau giam sat qua tr nh san xuat, ket qua kiem tra chat lng o hop thanh pham phai c lu gi trong bo ho s kiem soat chat lng. Thi gian lu gi ho s t nhat phai bang thi han s dung cua san pham o hop a c kiem soat chat lng. Ho s kiem soat chat lng phai luon san e cung cap cho c quan nha nc co tham quyen khi c yeu cau.

Hon thin hp Mc ch: Hoan thien san pham: tang gia tri cam quan va cung cap thong tin cho khach hang. Bin i xy ra trong qu trnh: Khong co bien oi nao xay ra trong qua trnh nay. Tin hnh Sau thi gian bao on neu khong co hien tng bat thng xay ra co the em i lau sach, dan nhan, ong thung roi a xuong kho thanh pham bao quan va a i tieu thu. o hop c ong thung vi quy cach 60hop/thung va c bao quan nhiet o bnh thng. Cac hop ng san pham a vao dan nhan phai sach, nguyen ven, khong nt me, phong hop, hop phai kn hoan toan. Cac hop bi ban sau khi tiet trung nhat

thiet phai ra hay phun hi nong, lam kho roi mi a vao dan nhan. Cac lo o hop xep trong kho phai co nhan, bang ghi hoac cac phng tien anh dau phu hp khac e tranh nham lan. Tren nap moi hop va bao b phai in ma so lo hang. Ma so phai c in am bao ben chac, khong de tay xoa. Tien hanh dan nhan o hop co the dan bang tay hay bang may. Hien nay cac nc san xuat o hop phat trien, ngi ta in nhan hieu ngay tren than hop, va lam cho hop khoi bi g, ben, va co hnh thc ep.

Hnh 13 . Thit b dn nhn III/ SN PHM 1. Yu cu ca thnh phm Khi a ra thi trng e cung cap cho ngi tieu dung phai at cac yeu cau: V hnh thc bn ngoi o hop phai co nhan hieu nguyen ven, ngay ngan, sach se, ghi ro cac muc : c quan quan ly, c s che bien, ten mat hang, pham cap, ngay san xuat, khoi lng tinh va khoi lng ca b.

Hop sat hay cac hop kim loai khac khong bi r, nap hop khong bi phong di moi hnh thc. V vi sinh vt o hop khong h hong do hoat ong cua vi sinh vat, khong co vi sinh vat gay benh, lng tap trung khong qua qui inh. V ha hc Khong vt qua qui inh ve ham lng kim loai nang : Thiec : 100 - 200 mg/kg san pham ong : 5 - 80 mg/kg san pham Ch : khong co Kem : vet am bao cac ch tieu ve thanh phan hoa hoc, chu yeu nh nong o ng, acid, muoi... V cm quan Lp vecni phai nguyen ven, phai am bao hnh thai, hng vi, mau sac ac

trng cua san pham theo nhng qui inh cua tng loai san pham. . 2. Tiu chun hp tht heo (TCVN 5450-1991) Bng 14. Thnh phn dinh dng ca tht heo ng hp (tnh trn 100 g thc phm) Thi b (%) 0 Nng lng (kcal) Protein (g) Cht bo (g) 344 17.3 29.3

Carbohydrate 2.7 (g) Cht x (g) 0 Cholesterol 60

(mg) Canxi (mg) Photpho (mg) St (mg) Natri (mg) Kali (mg) Beta carotene (mcg) Vitamin A (mcg) Vitamin B1 (mg) Vitamin C (mg)

9 200 1.2 0 0 0

0 0.19 0

2.1 Ch tiu cm quan Dng bn ngoi hp cha sn phm Hop phai sach, nhan, khong bien dang, thung, r va loi moi ghep. Hop khong co vet en va ban, khong co vet rang ca moi ghep, cung nh nap, ay hop khong co bieu hien phong. Hop khong c ay com ca pha ay hoac nap, hoac an hoi. Nhan hieu phai c dan chat vi than hop. Nhan in lito ro net, cho phep say sat nhe. Tren nap hop can co k hieu bang cac ch so va ng gan, nhng khong lam hong lp thiec ma, ky hieu can phai ro rang. Dng bn trong hp sau khi ly sn phm ra Tren mat trong cua hop khong trang vecni, cho phep co vet en nhe, khong anh hng ti san pham. Vi hop trang

vecni, be mat pha trong phu eu khong bi bong, khong nt, khong co bot. Mu sc trn b mt v trn mt ct Mau sac ac trng cua thit heo khong muoi va a thanh trung. Sot ong mau ho phach. Khong cho phep co vet tham tren be mat san pham. Trng thi nhit 150C Thit tng oi chac, khong qua nh, sot ong chac. Dng bn ngoi ca cc thnh phn Cac khuc thit ket vi nhau thanh khoi. Mi v v ac trng cho o hop cua thit heo khong p muoi, co mui thm ac trng cua gia vi. g) Khi lng hp Khoi lng o hop phu thuoc vao chat lieu, nguyen lieu va sc cha cua hop. Cho phep sai lech ve khoi lng tinh tng hop cu the nh sau:

T -3.0 en +5.0% oi vi hop 300g. T -2.5 en + 5.0% t 301 en 500g. T -1.5 en +2.5% t 501 en 1000g. Trong moi lo o hop, c lay e kiem tra, tong so hut khoi lng phai nho hn hoac bang tong so vt khoi lng. 2.2 Ch tiu ha hc Ham lng m va sot ac tach ra trang thai nong : Khong ln hn 40% Ham lng muoi an : T 1.5 en 2.0 % 2.3 Ch tiu ha l Bng 15 . Ch tiu ha l Gii hn cho Tn ch tiu php

1. Ch so peroxyt, so mililit natri thia sulphua (Na2S2O3 ) 0.002 N dung e trung 5 hoa het lng peroxyt trong 1 kg, khong ln hn Theo tieu chuan a c 2. Ty le "cai/nc" cong bo cua nha san xuat 2.4 Ch tiu vi sinh nhiet o 370C: Ket qua phan tch am tnh, cac ch tieu cam quan cua o hop khong thay oi. o kn cua hop: hoan toan. S co mat cua vi trung gay benh va co the gay benh: ket qua phan tch am tnh. Trc khuan trong 1g: Ket qua phan tch am tnh.

Vi trung k kh dang co nha bao trong 1g: Ket qua phan tch am tnh. Cho phep s co mat vi khuan hieu kh song, khi nuoi cay 1g tren moi trng long. Vi khuan hieu kh dang nha bao, phan tch bang cach pha loang, trong 1g: Khong ln hn 10-3 Bng 16. Ch tiu vi sinh Gii hn ti Tn ch tiu a 1. Tong so nam men - nam moc, so khuan lac trong 1 g 0 san pham 2. E.coli, so vi khuan trong 1 0 g san pham 3. Staphylococcus aureus, so 0 vi khuan trong 1 g san pham 0 4. Clostridium perfringens ,

so vi khuan trong 1 g san pham 5. Clostridium botulinum, so 0 vi khuan trong 1 g san pham 2.5 D lng kim loi nng Bng 17. Ch tiu v d lng kim loi nng Gii hn ti Tn ch tiu a (mg/kg) 1. Ch (Pb) 2. Cadimi (Cd) 3. Thiec (Sn) 4. Thuy ngan (Hg) 0.5 0.05 250 0.03

2.6 D lng thuc th y Tn ch tiu Gii hn ti a (mg/kg)

1. Ho tetraxyclin 2. Ho cloramphenicol

0.1 Khong phat hien

2.7 D lng hoocmon Gii hn ti Tn ch tiu a (mg/kg) 1. Dietylstylbestrol 0.0 2. Testosterol 3. Estadiol 0,015 0.0005

2.8 c t nm mc Ham lng aflatoxin B1 cua thit hop khong ln hn 0.005 mg/kg. 3. M t sn phm heo 2 lt

Hnh 14. Heo 2 lt Vissan(17.000) - Ma SP: VIS_HL150 - Trong lng: 150g - Thanh phan: Thit heo ti, hanh tay, toi, ng, muoi. - Dang thanh pham: Hop thiec - Han s dung: 4 nam ke t ngay san xuat Cch ch bin: Lam nong san pham trc khi an. Nhng khi ban ron, chi em phu n chung ta co the them thit hop vao thc n v mon an thit hop gi ay rat a dang va phong phu, lai rat tien li khi che bien, khong ton nhieu thi gian. Thit hop Heo hai lat lam t thit heo ti con nong c p cung vi gia vi cho ra mon Heo hai lat thm ngon am bao ve sinh, Heo hai lat co the dung lam mon an

trong mam cm hang ngay cua ban, an kem vi banh m, cho vao to m goi nong hoi, hoac an cung bun ti rat ngon. Thch hp cho nhng ngi ban ron congviec. Mon an nay cung cap u can xi cho ba an va con rat ngon mieng na. Hay luon e thit hop Heo hai lat trong nha ban nhe. Cch bo qun: Bao quan ni kho rao, thoang mat. San pham a m nap ch dung trong 24 gi hoac co the bao quan lanh. Bo qun v phn phi sn phm Bao goi thng pham la cac hop sat tay theo quy inh hien hanh. Bao b van chuyen la hop carton, go, va cac mang chat deo. Nhan hieu tren bao b s dung vi noi dung nh sau: Ten o hop. Khoi lng tinh san pham.

Ten ngi san xuat hay c quan giao hang. Ten nc san xuat san pham. Ngay, thang san xuat hay thi han bao hanh. ieu kien bao quan va van chuyen o hop phai khoang nhiet o t 00C en 180C Kho bao quan o hop thanh pham phai am bao ve sinh, thoang mat, kho rao; ngan chan c con trung va loai gam nham; co gia, ke chac chan e xep cac kien hang theo tng lo thuan tien cho viec theo doi, kiem tra va xuat hang. Trong kho bao quan thanh pham phai co nhiet ke, am ke e theo doi nhiet o va o am cua kho trong qua trnh bao quan o hop. Tng hop carton, go, va o hop c boc kn trong mang chat deo e co the at tren van nang. S van chuyen o hop,

bao goi, trong bao b a la chon tren tam o ray trong container hoac trong cac phng tien van chuyen khac ,can c tien hanh trong ieu kien gi cho o hop khoi bi anh hng xau cua kh quyen va bao am c nhng yeu cau ve chat lng san pham Thi han bao quan o hop: 24 thang tnh t ngay san xuat 4. Cc dng h hng ca hp o hop h hong hay mat pham chat la cac hop cha thc pham a bien chat, co the lam hai en sc khoe ngi s dung hoac cac bao b co nhng bien oi lam anh hng xau en gia tri dinh dng va gia tri thng pham cua o hop. o hop h hong do rat nhieu nguyen nhan, co the phat hien qua hnh thc ben ngoai cua bao b hoac phai qua kiem tra vi sinh va hoa hoc mi xac inh c. Thng phan biet theo 3 nguyen nhan :

4.1 hp h hng do vi sinh vt Hien tng o hop h hong do vi sinh vat la pho bien nhat trong so cac loai o hop h hong. Cac vi sinh vat phat trien, phan huy cac chat hu c cua thc pham, tao ra kh CO2, H2S, NH3...hay tiet ra cac oc to. Co loai vi sinh vat phat trien khong sinh ra chat kh. V vay o hop h hong do vi sinh vat co the gay phong hop hay khong gay phong hop nen kho phat hien. Cac nguyen nhan gay h hong o hop do vi sinh vat : a. Do tit trng khng ch Cac o hop tiet trung khong u che o tc la cha u nhiet o va thi gian tiet trung can thiet. Cac vi sinh vat trong o hop ay con song, phat trien lam san pham bi chua, o hop bi mat pham chat

co the tao thanh cac chat kh lam phong hop. Viec tiet trung khong u che o co the do thieu sot cua cong nhan van hanh : qua trnh van hanh thiet bi tiet trung khong ung qui tac, lng khong kh con lai nhieu trong thiet bi tiet trung, lam nhiet ke va ap ke ch khong con tng ng vi nhau na. Khi xep hop vao gio va xep gio va thiet bi tiet trung khong ung qui tac, se lam can tr s truyen nhiet va oi lu, cung lam cho o hop khong at u che o tiet trung. Co mot so o hop do bi nhiem trung qua nhieu do thiet bi va do cac qua trnh che bien trc khi tiet trung gay ra, ta khong phat hien c ma van tien hanh tiet trung theo cong thc qui inh, cung coi nh tiet trung khong u che o. b. Do lm ngui khng thch hp

Cac vi sinh vat a nhiet lam hong o hop, phat trien nhanh chong nhiet o khoang 49 - 71oC. V vay neu khong lam nguoi nhanh o hop en nhiet o thap di khoang nhiet o o, th cac vi sinh vat co the phat trien lam h hong o hop. c. Do mi ghp b h Hien tng nay cung xay ra kha pho bien trong san xuat o hop. o hop bi h co the do may ghep nap lam viec khong ung qui tac, hay cac moi han doc cua bao b khong c kn. Khi thanh trung do ap suat trong o hop tang len qua mc, lam h cac moi ghep, vi sinh vat nhiem vao (nguon nhiem vi sinh vat chu yeu vao o hop bi h la nc dung e lam nguoi o hop sau khi thanh trung) phat trien lam hong o hop. d. Do nhim vi sinh vt gy h hng trc khi tit trng

Hien tng nay xay ra khi thc hien khong ung qui trnh ky thuat va che o ve sinh thc pham, lam cho vi sinh vat xam nhap va phat trien thc pham trong thi gian che bien. Thi gian t luc vao hop en luc ghep kn va mang i tiet trung qua lau. nhiet o khong cao lam o, la ieu kien thch hp cho cac vi sinh vat phat trien lam hong o hop trc khi tiet trung 4.2 hp h hng do cc hin tng ha hc o hop bi hong do cac hien tng hoa hoc xay ra co the do cac phan ng gia cac thanh phan cua thc pham vi nhau hay gia cac thanh phan thc pham vi bao b. Cac phan ng hoa hoc nay, phan ln lam cho thc pham co mau sac, hng vi giam i nhieu. Trong thi gian bao quan o hop thanh pham, ta thng thay cac o hop ng trong bao b sat

tay, bi an mon kim loai mat ben trong cua bao b, lp trang thiec bi an mon. Kim loai nhiem vao san pham. Hien tng nay thng thay nhieu cac o hop co o acid cao. Lng kim loai nang nhiem vao san pham, co the gay bien oi mau sac, mui vi cua san pham, va gay oc oi vi c the. Qua trnh an mon, kh hydro thoat ra lam cho hop bi phong. Nhiet o cang cao, s an mon kim loai cang xay ra nhanh. Tuy thuoc o acid cua san pham, pham chat cua bao b, ma ham lng kim loai nang tch tu trong san pham nhieu hay t. 4.3 hp h hng do cc nh hng c l Xay ra trong qua trnh thanh trung, bao quan va van chuyen.

a. hp h hng do sai thao tc thit b tit trng Trong giai oan cuoi cua qua trnh thanh trung, neu giam ap suat hi qua nhanh, th tao thanh hien tng cang phong hop, co the bi bien dang, h moi ghep. Do ap suat trong hop c tao ra chenh lech vi ap suat ben ngoai qua nhieu. b. hp h hng do bi kh khng Trong qua trnh thanh trung bang nhiet, cac o hop bai kh con lai se dan n gay cang phong hop. Ve hnh dang ben ngoai cac o hop nay sau khi bao quan, thng thay bi phong nhe, nap hop co the an len xuong c. c. hp h hng do xp hp qu y Khi san pham xep trong o hop qua ay, san pham se dan n the tch khi thanh trung bang nhiet, lam cho o hop bi phong, hien tng nay de xay ra hn

khi cho san pham vao hop luc nguoi, thanh trung san pham cang bi dan n nhieu. d. hp h hng v b mp, mo, r Mot so san pham o hop ng trong bao b sat tay kch thc ln, khi ghep kn vi o chan khong qua cao, chenh lech ap suat ln, bao b sat tay mong th de bi meo. Hoac khi xep hop vao gio thanh trung va van chuyen trc khi thanh trung, lam hop bi mop, meo, luc o ap suat trong hop ln, khi thanh trung san pham dan n se lam cang phong hop, co the lam h moi ghep kn cua hop. o hop vi bao b sat tay de co cac vet r: khi bao quan ni am. Khi tren be mat sat co cac vet ban cua chat beo, trong qua trnh bao quan, cac chat beo bi oxy hoa e lai cac vet r. Hoac o hop bi thung do cac vet nhon gay ra khi van chuyen, luc bao quan nc trong hop

chay ra va co the gay r cho cac hop chung quanh no. 5. Cch x l hp h hng Tat ca cac o hop co dau hieu hong do vi sinh vat gay ra, du hop bi phong hay khong bi phong, cung eu khong the s dung lam thc an. Phai huy bo. Cac o hop h hong do hien tng hoa hoc, neu mc o nhe th co the che bien thanh cac san pham khac co gia tri thap hn ( nh lam mt, nau ru, thit xay...). Nhng khi a co mui cua kim loai nhieu, mc o nhiem kim loai nang a cao, th khong the s dung lam thc an. Cac o hop h hong do cac anh hng c ly, th ve chat lng san pham co the khong giam. Nhng khong co gia tri hay kem gia tri thng pham. Co the thay bao b khac, tien hanh nau lai, co the x ly e che bien thanh cac san pham phu.