MICROCONTROLLERS

laIq md,k tall (MICROCONTROLLERS) ;ju;a

Tn fndfyda fokl=g wd.ka;l
= fhula h yels h' tfy;a
laIq md,k tall je l,a fkdhjd u tfk ;hg ke;s
j u ne Wmdx.hla njg m;a jk ,l=Kq fmkak
q lrhs'
kqre wkd.;h jk g laIq md,k tallhla wvx.= fkdjk
bf,lafg%dksl WmlrKhla fidhd .ekSug o ne ;r jkq
we;' kQ;kfha fudagr r:" iS hka;"% lei hka;"% leurd wd
WmlrK /il laIq md,k tall wka;r.; f'
th Tf wjYH;djla fjkqfjka Wmfoia wjYH ldhl
fhoh yels Wmdx.hls' WyrKhla f,i forgqjla yryd
.uka lrk ksik
q a .Kk .Kka lsu i|yd laIq md,k
tallhla l%uf,aL.; lsug ms<j
s k' m.Klhl laIq
ilikhla jeks u tfy;a Bg jvd ir, ugf Wmdx.hla
f,i o fuh ykajd h yels h'
ir mdGl Tn fjkqfjka laIq md,k tall ms<n
s |
m%fhdackj;a ,sms fm<la wm wo mgka f.k tkafka f lafIa;h
%
w<,d i;=gq hl kqula Tn fj; ,nd f wruqks' fuajd
wvx.= WmlrK w;ajehdj i|yd o f inkaOfhka
,nkakd jQ kqula Tng m%fhdackj;a h yels w;r f
lafIa;f% ha /lshd" iajhx /lshd wjia:d W lr .ekSu i|yd
o tlS kqu bjy,a jkq we;'
fa ,sms fm< i|yd wdorY jYfhka fhd .kakd laIq md,k
tall f kj, mj;sk , .Kkaj,g wkqj remsh,a 350700 w;r uqo,lg , .; yels neka uQ,l
s
w;ayne,Sj, wdr:l
s w;ska o Tng lsih
s myiqjla
ie,fikq we;'

1' yekau
fudlla o f uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh@
Tn whs iS (IC - Integraded Circuit) .ek wid fyda l
fyda we;sjd ksiel h' uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r (Microcontroller)
ndysr fmkqka tlS ix.Dys; mm:hla (Integraded Circuit)
jeks WmlrKhls' Tn fydka okakd ir, ICj, fmkqfuka hq;=
j fjf<| fmdf<ys Microcontroller mj;S' tfuka u fjd
fYaI ieliq (Packages) f,i o we;' fuh mdo lsysmhl
ir, IC ;;a;ajfha isg mdo ish .Kkla iys; ixlSrK wjia:d
olajd mq,a weiqre wdlD;s jr.j,ska iuka; h yels h'
wfkl=;a ixLHdxl (Digital) yd m%;siu (Analog) ix.Dys;
mm: fuka u fuu uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r o g%dkaisiagr ^oa O%ej&"
fCIa;% wdprK g%dkaisiagr (F.E.T), m%;sfrdaOl yd Od;%l wd
uQ,sl bf,lafg%daksl Wmdx. ,shk" ,shk" .Kkla tl;= fuka
ksr; we;s ix.Dys; mm: jr.hla f'
uhsfl%da hk jokska ish,a, ix.Dys; lr we; hk wre; o"
lkafg%da,r ^md,lh& hkak uska md,k WmlrKh hk wre; o
ms<sUq f'
b;d ir, f,i yekajqj fyd;a fuu Micro Controllers,
Nd; lrkakd yg wjYH m l%uf,aLkh lr (Program)

y,

2005 cqks ui 8 - n

;dlaIK wxYh

Odldr wjYH;d i|yd Nd; l< yels nyqldrh bf,lafg%daksl

Wmdx. jr.hla f'
l%uf,aLkh (Program) m.Klhla Nd; lr ksrudKh
lr.; yels w;r" m.Klhg u i lrk ,o fYaI wu;r
tallhka Nd; lr tu l%uf,aLkh w< uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh
;=<g we;=<;a l< yels h'
l%uf,aLkh (Program) lrk ,o uhsfl%dlkafg%da,rh w<
ksr; mm:hg we;=<;a lsfuka miqj Tng wjYH ls%hdld;ajh
,nd foka lghq;= lrkq we;'
fuys Tn wjfndaO lr.; hq;= jeo.;a lreKqla jkqfha
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg lsis nqoauh yelshdjla fkdue;s nj h'
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh hkq Odldr ixLHdxl bf,lafg%daksl
moaO;Ska f.a (Co unters, flip-flops, ALU's, A/D Converters) tl;=fjka ksuefjk tallhla u Bg fya;=jhs' Tn f.a
md,k moaO;sh ls%hd l< hq;= wdldrh" ls%hdmmdh yd ksje/
Ndjh' imQrKfhka u / mj;skafka Tn iska ilia lrkq
,nk l%uf,aLkh u; f' Tn iska faI iys; widr:l l%u
f,aLkhka we;=<;a l< fyd;a Tn f.a mm:h o tf,i u faI
iys;" m%fhdackhla ke;s tallhla jkq we;'
tfia u uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh hkq jev lsug Wmka" wdYdjka
iys; b;d lSlre fiajlhl= f,i u;l ;nd .ekSu j' th
l%uf,aLkfha we;s Wmfoia tlla fkd yer lsis wvqmdvqjlska f;dr
j ls%hd lrk w;r th lsis gl;a l%uf,aLkfha fkdue;s
ls%hdldrlula is fkd lrhs'
fuu ,sms fm< ;=<ska uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhla Nd; lr mm:
ksrudKh lr .ekSu yd Bg w< l%uf,aLkhla (Program)
ksrudKh lsu;a" th uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ;=< msysgqu;a (Install) hk ldrhhka ms<sn| wjfndaOhla m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrl
lsysmhla ;=<ska mdGlhdg bm;a lsug wms n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjuq'
tfia u" bf,lafg%daksl lafIa;%fha uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rj, fh yd
jdis wjdis ms<sn| j yekaula bm;a lsug o wms
n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjuq'
uhsfl%dfm%dfiirh hkq uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhla o@
m.Kl Nd;h ms<sn| b;d ir, kqula we;s whl=
mjd uhsfl%dfm%dfiirh hk jok ykkq we;' fndfyda fokd
okakd m m.Klhl m%Odk o;a; ieliq yd mmd,k
WmlrKh uhsfl%dfm%dfiirh (P) fjhs' tfy;a Pys tl u
fhu mqoa., m.Klj, (PC) uOHu ieliq tallh
(C.P.U) f,i Nd; lsu muKla fkd jk nj isys ;nd
.kak'
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh (C) hkq uhsfl%dfm%dfiirfhka ir,
lrk ,o fhula f,i yekah yels f' tfy;a P yd
C w;r m%Odk fjkila we;' uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhla hkq
'Single Chip Computer' tlla f,i yekah yels h'
fuu mdNdIsl jpkfhys ksje/ wr:h jgyd .ekSug my;
lafjk whqka mqjk' idudkH m.Kl hka;%hla tl,ia
we;af;a ieliq yd md,k tallfhka (Processors), u;l
.nvdfjka (Memory units) yd o;a; ,nd .ekSf yd msg
lsf
tallj,
(Input/Output units)
tl;=fjks'
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r IC tlla ;=< by; lS m.Klhl
wvx.= jk ish u uQ,sl tall wvqje jYfhka ixCIsma;
lr mj;S' tu ksid tjeks Chi p tlla ;ks m.Klhla
f,i ykajd h yels h'
P iy C w;r ieiul
ieiula
(1) Pg idfmaCI j Cys o;a; ieliSf yelshdj wvq
h'
(2) ls%hdld f.h w;ska P b;d by< h' ^kQ;k
m.Klj, 2GHz muK moaO;s >ld mj;S& Cys
lsh
% dld >ld f.h 50MHz (System clock) muK f'
(3) u;l moaO;s mmd,kh inkaOfhka Cg jvd P
b;d Yd, u;l m%udKhla md,kh lsf yelshdj iys; h'
f ksid P uQ,sl moaO;sj, (Microprocessor base
system) tljr fh (Applications) rdYshla Nd;
lsf yelshdj mj;S' idudkHfhka fuh C md,l
moaO;shlg u|la wmyiq ldrhhla f' fndfyda g C
Nd; lrkqfha tla fYaIs; fhula mu' th idr:l f,i
bgq lsu Cys we;s fYaI;ajhhs' fndfyda g ls%hdlrejl=
(User) wjYH fkd f'

,nk i;sfha ( uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfhys m%dfhda.sl fh

fudrgqj Yaj oHd,hfha oHq;a iy ,s ixfoaY wxYfha

.d chisxy
flda,;
s Orum%h
s
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhl ndysr fmkqu ^Wv me;a;&

msgj
q 21

wkqudk ;rl l%uh

(FUZZY LOGIC)

wkqudk ;rl ms<n

s | isoO
a dka;" kg jvd;a u Nd; jkqfha
lD;su
% nqo
a h (Artitical intelligene) yd inkaO mrfhaIK
yd jHdmD;s i|yd h' kg m.Kl inkaO Wmd yrk
YsIHhkag fuu ;rl l%uh b.ekSug is f' u;= ld,fha
w'fmd'i Wiia fm< .;h yrk isik
q g
a o fuu ;rl l%uh
bf.kSug is ug bv ;sf' wka werfUk fuu ,sms fmf<ys
wruqK fuu ;rl l%uh yd tys uq,l
s isoO
a dka; ms<n
s |j
jegySula ir, WyrK u.ska ,nd u h'
WyrKh 1 ( msis iy b;d wmsis c,h Ndck 2lg fjk
fjk ouuq' bkamiq fuu Ndckfha we;s c,h msis h' hk
m%ldYh i,luq' msis c,h we;s Ndckhg fuu m%ldYh i;H
jk w;r wmsis c,h we;s Ndckh i|yd m%ldYh wi;H f'
idudkH ;rl l%uh hgf;a h m%ldYhl i;H;dj fyda wi;H;dj
jYfhka oaudk f,i i,lk uq;a f i;H;dj fyda wi;H;dj
w;r w;rueo wjia:djkaa ms<sn|j ie,lSula ke;'
jvd msis fkd jk tfuka u b;d wmsis fkd jk w;rueo
wjia:djl mj;sk c,h Ndckhlg ouuq' tg tu Ndckh
ms<sn|j by; jdlHfha i;H wi;H;dj .ek Tng mjikq
yelafla l=ula o@

1'1 (a) msis c,h m%ldYh wi;H f'

1'1 (b) wmsis c,h m%ldYh wi;H f

rEm igyk 1'1

1'1 (c) w;rueo

wjia:dj - m%ldYh@

tg fuu m%ldYfha wi;H wi;H;dj ug mejish fkdyels h

lshd Tng lsj yels h' thska yefkqfha tu Ndckh ;=< we;s
c,fha msislu ms<sn|j Tf kqula ke;s nj o@ wms fuh
;jrg;a .%y lr .ekSu i|yd ;j;a WyrKhla i,luq'
WyrKh 2 ( Ndck 3la f.k tu Ndck 3g msis c,h iy
wmsis c,h 3 ( 1" 1 ( 1" iy 1 ( 3 hk wkqmd;j,ska
ms<sfj<ska Y% fldg tu Ndckj,g ouuq' tys fuu Ndckh
;=< we;s c,h msis h hk m%ldYh ms<sn|j Tf woyi l=ula
o@
wkqmd;h = msis c,h ( wmsis c,h

3 ( 1
1'2 (a)

1 ( 1
1'1 (b)
rEm igyk 1'2

1 ( 3
1'2 (c)

m%ldYfha i;H wi;H;dj flfia fj;;a fuu Ndck w;=ka

jvd;a u msis c,h we;af;a 1'2 (a)ys o jvd;a u wmsis
c,h we;af;a 1'1 (c)ys o nj meye,s h' 1'2 (b) Ndckh ;=<
1'2 (c) Ndckhg jvd msis c,h we;s w;r 1'2 (a) ;=< we;s
c,h 1'2 (b) ;=< we;s c,hg o jvd msis f' tk 1'2 (a)
Ndckh i|yd by; m%ldYh jvd;a i;H;djg wdikak nj;a 1'2
(c) Ndckh i|yd th jvd;a wi;H;djg wdikak nj;a lsj
yels h' ta wkqj h m%ldYhl i;H wi;H wjia:djg wu;r j
O w;rueo wjia:djka we;s nj meye,s h'
idudkH ;rl l%uh hgf;a h m%ldYhl fyda h lreKl fyda
i;H fyda wi;H fyda nj muKla ;rlhg Ndckh f' tfyhska
fuu w;rueo wjia:dj ie,lSu i|yd wkqudk ;rl (Fuzzy
logic) Nd; f'
fuu w;rueo wjia:dj ie,lSf tu wjia:df i;H;dj
fldmuK o@ tk i;H;djg fldmuK wdikak o hk .egj
mek kef.a' fuys i;H wi;H;df m%udKd;aul jkdlula
(Quantified value) ,nd .ekSug wjYH f' f i|yd
m%ldYh" lreK fyda ;rlh i;H g 1 w.h o" wi;H g
0 w.h o fhh yels h' w;rueo wjia:dj i|yd 0 yd 1
w;r we;s kE u w.hhla .; yels h' i;H f m%udKh
ms<sn| ukd wjfndaOhla we;s g tu w.h o ksje/ j
m%ldY l< yels h' 1'1 j.=fjka by; WyrK fol i|yd
i;H;df m%udkh laf' fuyss z hkq 0 iy 1 w;r kE u
w.hhla h yels h'
20 jeks msgj
q g
fudrgqj YAj oHd,hfha hdka;l
%s wxYfha

wdpdrh md,s; oikdhl