Tm hiu giao thc nh tuyn OSPF

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NI DUNG HM NAY

A
B C D

GII THIU CHUNG

GIAO THC NH TUYN OSPF

NGUYN L HOT NG CA OSPF

TNG KT

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A.GII THIU CHUNG

1: nh tuyn l g?: nh tuyn l qu trnh la chn ng i trn mng gi d liu. 2: Chc Nng nh Tuyn: nh tuyn gip ch ra hng v ng i tt nht t ngun n ch thng qua cc node trung gian l cc router 3: Phn loi: Gm c 2 loi:
1)

nh tuyn ng : l nh tuyn m c trng thi ng i (link State) thay i lin tc, c cc router cp nht lin tc do mang tnh linh ng cao OSPF(Open Shortest Path First) l mt nh tuyn ng nh tuyn tnh: ng i l c nh khi c thay i trong mng th phi cu hnh li. Ch ph hp vi mng nh.
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1)

B.Giao thc nh tuyn OSPF

1. GII THIU V OSPF:

OSPF(Open Shortest Path First):giao thc ng i ngn nht. OSPF l giao thc nh tuyn dng Link-State in hnh da trn chun m c pht trin thay th phng thc Distance Vector (RIP). OSPF c AD(Administrative distance:tnh nng phn loi mc tin cy)= 110 OSPF chy trc tip trn nn IP, c protocol id l 89.

OSPF l mt giao thc chun quc t,v c s dng rng ri.

Lch s pht trin giao thc OSPF

Qu trnh pht trin OSPF (bt u nghin cu t 1987).OSPF c m t trong chun ca IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force). OSPF c tnh m (cng cng), khng mang tnh c quyn 1989 1991 1998

1999

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Mt s c im chnh ca giao thc OSPF

2. u im ca OSPF: Tc hi t nhanh. H tr mng con (VLSM),H tr xc thc (Authenticate).

Chn ng theo trng thi ng link hiu qu hn distance vector. C th p dng cho mng ln. OSPF c th cu hnh theo nhiu vng (area), bng cch ny c th gii hn lu thng trong tng vng. Thay i vng ny khng nh hng n vng khc . Do vy kh nng m rng rt cao. ng i linh hot hn.

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C.NGUYN L HOT NG CUA OSPF.

Hot ng

Bu chn Router id.

Thit lp quan h lng ging (neighbor).

Trao i LSDB.

xy dng bng nh tuyn.

1. Bu chn Router id: Khi mt router chy OSPF, n phi ch ra mt gi tr dng nh danh duy nht cho n trong cng ng cc router chy OSPF. Router id trn router chy OSPF c nh dng ca mt a ch IP.(bn thn n k phi l ia CH IP) Tin trnh OSPF trn mi router s t ng bu chn gi tr router id l a ch IP cao nht trong cc interface ang active, u tin cng loopback( trng thi up/up mi c tham gia bu chn)

 Ta cng lm r ny thng qua v d: a ch IP cao nht trong cc interface ang active .

Vy R s tham gia OSPF vi gi tr nick name router id l 192.168.2.1.

 u tin cng loopback.

Ln ny ta khng xem xt cc a ch ca cc interface vt l. Hai a ch ca hai interface loopback 1 v 2 s c so snh chn ra router id cho router R router R s chn 2.2.2.2 lm router id khi tham gia OSPF .

2. Thit lp quan h lng ging(neighbor). Sau khi chn xong router id, router chy OSPF s gi ra tt c cc cng chy OSPF mt loi gi tin c gi l gi tin hello. o c nm loi thng tin sau bt buc phi match vi nhau trn hai router chng c th thit lp c quan h lng ging vi nhau: 1) Area id. 2) Hello timer v Dead timer. 3) Hai a ch IP u ni phi cng subnet (mt vi trng hp cn yu cu cng c subnet mask). 4) Tha mn cc iu kin xc thc. 5) Cng bt hoc cng tt c stub.

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 1) Area id.
khi hai router lng ging kt ni vi nhau qua mt link, chng phi thng nht vi nhau v area id ca link ny( tc l n phi cng 1 vng)

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2) Hello timer v Dead timer. o Hello timer l khong thi gian nh k gi gi tin hello ra khi mt cng chy OSPF. Khi mt router nhn c hello t lng ging, n s khi ng Dead timer. o Gi tr mc nh ca hello timer v dead timer l 10s v 40s. 3) Cng subnet Hai a ch IP1 v IP2 u ni nhau gia hai router bt buc phi cng subnet th hai router ny mi c th thit lp quan h lng ging vi nhau. 4)Tha mn authentication Trong trng hp tng cng tnh bo mt ca hot ng trao i thng tin nh tuyn, chng ta thc hin ci t cc pasword trn hai router hai u ng link.

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3.Trao i LSDB. LSDB Link State Database Bng c s d liu trng thi ng link l mt bng trn router ghi nh mi trng thi ng link ca mi router trong vng (tm bn mng) m router s cn c vo tnh ton nh tuyn. LSDB phi hon ton ging nhau gia cc router cng vng. Cc router s khng trao i vi nhau c mt bng LSDB m s trao i vi nhau tng n v thng tin gi( LSA Link State Advertisement). Cc n v thng tin ny li c cha trong cc gi tin c th gi l LSU Link State Update m cc router thc s trao i vi nhau. Lu : LSA khng phi l mt loi gi tin m ch l mt bn tin. LSU mi thc s l gi tin v n cha ng cc bn tin ny.

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 Khi Router nhn c cc gi LSA, n s xy dng link-state database v dng thut ton Dijkstra's shortest path first (SPF) to ra SPF tree.Khi nhn thng tin mng thay i tnh li SPF.

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OSPF 5 nh nga nm loi mng. o Mng im - im. o Mng qung b. o Mng a truy nhp khng qung b. o Mng im - a im. o Cc lin kt o. Mng im - im (Point to point) Loi link point to point in hnh l kt ni serial im im chy giao thc HDLC hoc PPP ni gia hai router. Gi ton b bng LSDB chuyn trng thi quan h t 2 WAY sang mt mc mi gi l quan h dng FULL.

 Broadcast Multiaccess(qung b a truy nhp). Mi trng Broadcast Multiaccess in hnh chnh l mi trng Ethernet LAN o Cc router s khng trao i trc tip vi nhau m s tin hnh trao i thng tin thng qua mt router u mi gi l DR Designated Router. o Mt router khc s c bu lm Backup DR (BDR) d phng cho DR trong trng hp DR down. o Cc router cn li ng vai tr l DROther.
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 Chn DR & BDR gii quyt vn LSA b gi i trn lan trong mng nh hng n bandwidth. Thay v gi trn lan trong mng, cc Router ch gi LSA n DR v DBR.

Sau DR s gi LSA ca Router 1 n cc Router khc .

Cc Router (DROther) gi LSA n DR & BDR thng qua a ch multicast ( 224.0.0.6 ).

DR li gi LSA n cc router khc thng qua a ch multicast 224.0.0.5.

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 Qu trnh chn la DR v BDR s theo quy tc sau:

1.DR: Router c s priority cao nht. 2.BDR : Router c s priority cao th 2. 3.Trong trng hp cc Router c s priority bng nhau th Router c s ID (router ID)cao nht s lm DR.

 Trong trng hp DR b li, BDR s lm DR v s c tin trnh la chn chn ra Router mi lm BDR. Khi c Router c a ch IP ln nht tham gia vo mng th DR v BDR vn khng thay i (khng chn li DR, BDR). Nu Router DR c ht li, tham gia vo mng th vn b coi l DROther (Router thnh vin).

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