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2013 P\p-hcn

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kam-lc- Ww :
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s{]m^. sI.-]m-qn

[qa-tI-Xp- Fm-sWv
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s]s-sm-cp-\m {]Xys-Sp-Ibpw GXm\pw
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imkv{X- a m- k nI
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amt\-PnMv FUn-,
imkv{X-tI-c-fw,
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tImgn-tm-Sv 673002
e mail : ksspmagazine@gmail.com
Ph: 0495 2701919
Ip-Ifpw cN-\I
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Ab-btv hnemkw:
FUn-, imkv{X-tI-c-fw,
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www.kssp.in

137

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Pn {Kqns m]-I\pw
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F {_nojv _nn-\-p-Im-c. Ctm \m\q-dn-e-[nIw I-\n-I-fpsS DS-a. bp.-sI.-bnse k-cn \mem-a.
1950 Pqsse 18\v e\nse mIvlo-n P\n
dnmUv {_mk BZyambn Hcp _nn-\v kwcw-`
-- n-s\m-cpp-Xv Xs 16mw hb-n-em-Wv. "pU v' F t]cn Hcp amK-kn {]kno-Ic- n-p-sIm-m-bn-cpp XpS-w. 1972
shPn dtmUvkv F t]cn Atlw \nc-h[n dtm-Uv tmdp-I Xpdp. ]noSv Ah shPn saKm-tmkv
Fv Adn-b-s-p. 1980 Ifn-emWv shPn {_mUv AXn-thKw hf-Xv. Am-ev shPn AvemnIv Fbthbv k v m]n- p- - X p- h - s c- s bn
{Kqns hf. dtmUv _pp apX
sam-ss_ I\n hsc-bp \m\q-dne-[nIw hyXykvXfmb _nkn-\-kp-Ifn hym]n-n-cn-p-I-bmWv {_mks
_nkn-\v taJ-e. Cu cwKv ]pXnb
Bi-b--fp-ambn hcp--hsc t{]mmln-n-p--Xn-\p Nne ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw
Atlw {]Jym-]n-n-p-v.
shdp-samcp _nkn-\-p-Im-c am{Xa {_mk. Cw-nse sSen-hnj tjmI-fn CS-bvnsS {]Xy-s-Sp Hcp hyn-bmWv At-lw. kn\n-a-bnepw Sn.hn tjmI-fnepw {]kn-oI-cW cwKpw Atlw kmn-[y-a-dnbn-n-p-v.
CsXm-p-a {_mks\ {it-b\m-n-b-Xv. temI dtmUp-I t`Zn-

pI At-l-n\v lc-am-Wv. AXv

Aw kml-kn-IX \nd--Xp-IqSnbm-hW
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thK-n Avemn-n-eqsS t_mn adp-I-c-sb-n-b-Xn-\p dtmUv
At- l - ns t]cn- e m- W p- - X v .
1987 NqSp-hmbp \nd _eq-Wn-tedn
Atlw AvemnIv kap{Zw IS-p.
1991 Pm-\n \nv Im\-U-bn-tev ]kn- ^ n- n\p apI- f n- e qsS _eqbm{X \S-n. 10800 Intem-ao-dmWv Cu bm{X-bn Atlw Xmnb-Xv. sh-nepw Ic-bnepw kcn-p hml-\-n Cwojv Nm\ Ghpw thK-n apdn-p-I-S-Xn-\p dtmUpw {_mks t]cnem-Wv.
kml-kn-I-Xsb Fpw C-sn-cp hyn-bmWv dnmUv {_mk. AXp-sImp Xs Cp Pohnn- c n- p hyn- I - f n XnIpw
hyXy-kvX-\pw.

apJ-Nn{Xw : slbv t_mv [qa-tI-Xp 1997 s{Imtb-jy-bn \np Zriyw

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2013
Pe-k-l-I-cW
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hs-n-bn-cn-p-p. Ign P\p-h-cnp tijw `qan Hcp

hw IqSn kqcys\ Npn; `qan-bn EXp--fpsS Hcp N{Iw IqSn ]qnbmbn Fsms imkv{X-`m-j-bn hnti-jn-n-mw. \Xpw No-bpamb A\p-`-h--fpsS Hcp hj-mew \fpw ]nn-p. Ctm-gnXm AXmcy-amb Hcp ap-]-Sew t]mse ]pXp-hjw apn hp \np-p.
2012 \v KWnXimkv{X-hj-am-bn-cp-p. cmPy-ns A`n-am-\am-bn-cp cmam-\p-Ps 125mw P-Zn\w hXv CXn\v \nan--am-bn. KWnX-s-n Aw {]tXy-I-ambn Nnn-m KWn-X-hjm-N-cWw Ahk-c-sam-cp-n.
2013 temIw t\cn-Sp {]iv\- ]e-Xm-Wv. DuP-ns ]gb
t{kmX-p-I hnv kqcy-\nepw Imn-ep-sams `mhn ImWm-\p {ia apt-dp-I-bm-Wv. BWh DuPw Xnc-kvI-c-W-ns ]mX-bn-emWv
(C-y-bn-sem-gn-v). BtKm-f-Xm-]\w kw_-n tIymsm t{]mtm-tm
Xmew 2020 hsc \om [m-c-W-bm-sb-nepw `mhn DS--Sn-bpsS km[y-X-I A\n-n-X-Xz-n-em-Wv. 2013 AtZ-iob Pe-k-l-I-c-W-hjambn BN-cn-m bp.-F Blzm\w sNbvXn-cn-p-p. Pe-ns kmaqly km-nI hi-, Pe amt\-Pvsans {]iv\-, AtZiob Pe-\n-b-a- XpS-nb henb Imcy- Cu hjw Nm-hn-jb-am-hpw. Pe-k-l-I-c-W-n cmPy- Xnepw tp-I Xnepw
amXr-Im-]-c-amb hoXn-s-Sp- amXr-I-I cq]-s-p-h-c-W-sav bp.-F
{]Xym-in-p-p. kpnc Pe e`y-X-bvp t{kmX-p-I hnI-kn-ns-Sp-p--Ibpw e`y-ambh aen-\o-Icns-SmsX t\mp-Ibpw thWw.
CXn-s\m-s-bp t_m[-h-c-W-amWv AtZ-iob Pe-hjm-NcWw ey-am-p--Xv.
imkv{X-tI-cfw hmb-\-mv \smcp ]pXp-hjw Biw-kn-p-p.
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P\p-hcn 2013

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hkvXp--fmWv [qa-tI-Xp- AYhm hm\-{X- (Comets). Ah Fhn-sS-\np hcpp
Fp IrXy-am-b-dn-bn. Ftm hcp-sapw {]h-Nn-m-s\-fp--a-. F{X F-ap-spw Adnbn-. ]m-sW-n, Xnf-p Dcp Xebpw
Nqep-t]m-ep hmep-ambn Ah am\p {]Xy-s-p-I-gnt \mw Adn-bp-am-bn-cp-p-q. Ctm, am\p Ip-ambn At\Iw hm\-\n-coW tI{-fpw _ln-cm-Imi \ne-b-fpw
D-Xp-sImv GXm\pw amkw apt Ah hcp
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[qa-tI-Xp- henb lna---I-fm-Wv. \nbX
cq]-sam-p-an-. kqcy-\n \nv AIse Bbncn-p-tm hmepw C. ]md--p-Ifpw [qfn-Ifpw
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Fv hnfn-p-sa-nepw AXn\v tKmfmIr- X n- s bm- p- a n- . GXm\pw ao
am{Xw hep--ap--hbpw 40 Intem-ao hsc hep--ap--hbpw Aq--nep-v.

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Xe-bvp-n Hcp Imv (Nucleus)
Bbn ]gb Aip lna-tKmfw nXn sNpw. kuc-hm-X-ns X
aqew ho Xe-bpsS Ipdv `mKw
]nn-tev(-kq-cy\v FXnZn-i-bn)
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tIman-nkv (\o apSn-bp--Xv) F
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]cn-{I-a-W-Imew
`qcn-`mKw [qa-tI-Xp-fpw kqcys\ Npn-tm-Ip--h-bm-Wv. (A-]qhw
NneXv kqcy-\n t\sc t]mbn hoWp
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anXpw ZoLhr--n kqcys\

{]Z-nWw hbvp--hbpw Ipd-sw am{Xw ]no-sSm-cn-epw Xncn-ph-cm--h-bp-am-Wv. {]Z-nWw hbvp-hsb cp hn`m-K--fm-bmWv Xncnm-dp-Xv: Ipd ]cn-{I-a-W-Im-e-ap-hbpw (Short period) IqSnb ]cn-{Ia-W-Im-e-ap--hbpw (long period) 200
hj-n Ipd Imew sImv
hopw {]Xy--s-Sp--hsb BWv
{lkz-Ime [qa-tI-Xp--fmbn ]cn-KWn-m-dv. ZoL-Ime [qa-tI-Xp-f- psS
Xncn-p-h-chv 200 hjw apX At\I-Z-i-ew hj-hsc BImw.
{lkz-Ime [qa-tI-Xp--sfmw {Kl- kqcys\ Npp AtX Xen ({Im-n-Xew AYhm ecliptic
plane), ZoL-hr ]Y--fn, kqcys\ Npp--h-bm-Wv. hymg-ns ]Y-n-\-Sp-p-hsc t]mbn Npn-h-cp-,
20 hj-n Xmsg Bh-\-Ime-ap [qa-tI-Xp-sf hymg-Ip-Spw_w
(Jupiter family) FmWv hnfn-m-dv.
Acw 450 Hmfw F-ap-v. ]e-hw

FUvav lmen

FsJ- [q-a-tI-Xp

hymg-n-\-pdw t]mIp-, ap {Kl--fpsS IpSpw-_-n Ds, [qa-tI-Xp- 64 F-amWv Ctm Adn-b-s-Sp--h. Chsb s]mXpth lmen hn`mKw (Halley type) Fp ]d-bpw.
CXn G-hp-a-[nIw ]T-\-p hnt[-b-am-bXv lmen-bpsS [qa-tIXp
(Halley's Comet) Xs. 76 hjtmfw ]cn-{I-aW Ime-ap lmen,
s\]vyq IpSpw-_mw-K-am-Wv.
ZoL-Ime [qa-tI-Xp- s\]vyq-Wn\pw Apdw t]mIp-, AXnZoL ]Y--fp--h-bm-Wv. 2006
Zriy-amb aIvt\mv [qa-tI-Xp-hns
(Mc Naught Comet) ]cn-{I-a-W-Imew
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C / 2000 U5, C / 2009 R1 XpS-n-bh
C\n Hcn-epw Xncn-p-h-cm-, ]mct_mfm ]Y--fn k-cn-p--hbm-Wv. ZoL-Ime [qa-tI-Xp--fn-tesdbpw kqcys\ Npp-Xv {Kl-fpsS Xe-n A F Imcyhpw
{it-b-am-Wv. Ah F{X Ncn-hp
]Y--fnepw BImw.

hp-t]m-bn-p--Xp-sImv Ch-bn
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Afhv Ipd-hm-Wv. AXp-sImv hmev
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hfsc t\ hmem-Wp--Xv.

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P\p-hcn 2013

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s\_p-e-bn- 80 iX-am-\-tmfw ssl{U-P\pw _mn
loen-bhpw A-kzw ap aqe-I-fpw BWv Dmbn-cp-X
- v. Kpcp-Xzm-IjWw aqew s\_pe km{X IqSnb
Hcp tI{-n-tev Npcp-p-Ibpw LjWw aqew Xm]\n-ebpw Hw aZhpw IqSn-h-cn-Ibpw sNbvXp. HSp-hn
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Fn-b-tm Pzen-p-Xp-S-p-Ibpw Hcp \-{X-ambn
amdp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Atm ]pd-tp henb Afhn hnIn-c-Whpw kuc-hm-Xhpw {]h-lnp XpS-n-bXp
sImv Nppw _mn-h s\_pe AI--I-p-t]m-bn.
Cu Ah-in s\_pe ]noSv ktm-Nnv At\-I-tImSn {Kl-i-I-e-fpw (Planetesimals) Ah tNv {Klfpw Dmbn FmWv IW-m-p--Xv.
kzm`m-hn-I-am-bpw, {Kl-a-e-n\p ]pd-v, s\_pebpsS km{X Xosc Ipd-hm-bn-cp CS--fn, cq]s {Kl-i-I-e- Xn BIjnp ]nSn-p-h-ep-Xmbn henb {Kl- cq]-s-n-cn-m km[yX Ipd-hmWtm? AhnsS qtm-sb-tm-ep sNdnb Ip {Klfpw AXn-epw sNdnb hkvXp-fpw BWv Dm-b-Xv.
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hmX-I-fpw XWp-p-d-p-mb lna-am-bn-cnpw IqSpX.
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imkv{X-tI-cfw

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henb {Kl-fpsS BIj-W-nstm Hs) kuc-bq-Y-n-\p`m-K-tv hcm CS-bm-Ipw. asmpw
kw`-hn-n-s-n Ah kqcy-\n hp hoWp In
\in-pw. Fm Nne-tm kqcy-\n-te-p bm{Xbvn-Sbvv hymgw, i\n, s\]vyq t]mep GsXnepw `oa {Kl--fpsS Kpcp-Xzm-IjWw aqew hgn sXn, kqcy-\n hogm-sX, AXns\ Npn k-cn-p Hcp
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Ipbv s_v

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sNpw.

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amk--fn kw`-hn-p Fm Zpc--pw Imc-W-

ambn AXns\ Nn{Xo-I-cn-pI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-p. \mn

maw, ]I-hym-[n, {]Ir-Xn-Zp-c--, (`qIw, An]h-X-kvt^m-S-\w) cmPm-hn-stbm alZvhyn-I-fpsStbm ac-Ww... As\ Fpw kw`-hn-mw. ssN\mcpw Cy-mcpw Fmw _en-I \Inbpw ]ptcmln-Xv Zm\w \Inbpw Znh-k--tfmfw {hXw A\pjvTnpw A]-ISw Hgn-hm-m {ian-n-cp-p.
{Kov Nn-I-\m-bn-cp Acn-tm-n hniz-knXv
`qan-bpsS D]-cn-A--co--n \S-p Nne Bf-epI-fmWv [qa-tI-Xp- Fm-Wv. AXp-sImv `b-s-tS Bh-iy-ap--Xmbn Atlw Icp-Xn-bn-. skt\Im
F Nn-I Cu knm--tmSp tbmPn-n-. ImcWw, sImSp-m-p--tm t]mepw Ah Nm-ey-an-msX
\np-p. AXp-sImv A-co--n-\-pdw BIWw
[qa-tI-Xp--fpsS m\w.
ssStm {_msl F Um\njv hm\-\n-co--I
1577 {]Xy--s tim`-tb-dnb [qa-tI-Xp-hns\ ImWpIbpw AXn- t e- p- - Z qcw Af- m {ian- p- I bpw
sNbvXp. N{-s\-m Npcp-n-bXv \mev Cc-n-sb-nepw
AI-se-bm-bn-cnpw AXv Fv Atlw IW-m-n.
sI-dpsS {Kl-N-e\ \nb-a- h tijw, 1610emWv

lmen [qa-tIXp

BZy-ambn [qa-tI-Xp-fpw kqcys\ Npn k-cn-p

hkvXp--fm-sWpw Ahbpw sI-dpsS \nb-a- A\p-k-cn-pp Fp-ap [mcW hneyw-tem-h F imkv{X- Ah-X-cn-n--Xv. tdm_v lpv, In\n XpSnb imkv{X- Ah-bpsS ZoL-hr ]Yw IWp-Iq-m-\p {iahpw \S-n. Kpcp-Xzm-IjW \nbaw
D]-tbm-Knv CsXms sXfn-bn-Xv sFk-Iv\yq-Wpw
kl-im-kv{X--\mb FUvav lmenbpw tNm-Wv.

hm\--{Xs hc-thm-s\m-cp-pI

smw \psS BIm-iv hncp-ns\-p hm\--{X-amWv C/2012 S1. CXv

Ctm am\-p-v. \-t\-{X- sImv

ImWm-dm-bn-n-sp am{Xw. 2013 HmKv amk-tmsS CXv sNdnb sSen-kvtIm-p-Ipw ss_t\mp-e-dp-Ipw Zriy-am-Ipw. Htm-_ HSp-hntem
\hw-_dns XpS--ntem BIpw \-t\-{X-v tKmN-c-am-Ip-I. ]ns 2014 P\p-hcn a[yw hsc
AXv A{]-Imcw XpS-cpw.
\hw-_ 28\mbn-cnpw Cu hm\-{Xw kqcy\v Ghpw ASp-s-p-I. GI-tZiw18 ew Intem-ao ASpv. B ka-bv kqcys {]`m-]qcw
\nanw AXns\ ImWm Ign-bmsX ht-mw.
Ctm-g-s-tmse Xs-bp-s-n, Ipd Znhk--fn-se-nepw CXv N{-s\-m tim`-tbmsS
Zriy-amIpw Fv {]Xo-n--s-Sp-p.
C/2012 S1 s ]Y-n\v 1680 Zriy-amb Inns hm\--{X-n-t-Xp-ambn kmayw ImWpp-v. cpw Htc hkvXp-hns `mK--fmWv Fmbn-cnmw CXv kqNn-n-p--Xv. `qan-bpsS hSt
A[-tKm-f-n \nm-bn-cnpw CXns\ \nco-nm kuIcyw FmWv imkv{X- ]d-bp-Xv. \apv {]Xo--tbmsS Imn-cn-mw. A]qhamb Hcp BIm-i-mgvN Bbn-cnmw 2013 \ap-mbn Icp-Xn-h-n-cn-p--Xv.

Inns [qa-tIXp Nn{X-Im-cs `mh-\-bn

P\p-hcn 2013

23 [qa-tIXp ]Y- lmen kzbw \nW-bn-p-Ib

- p-mbn. AX-\p-kc- n-mWv 1531, 1607, 1682 hj-f- n {]Xy-s h [qa-tI-Xp- Fmw H [qa-tI-Xp-hns
Bhn-p hchv am{X-am-bn-cpp Fpw 75 hj-p tijw AXp hopw hcp-sapw lmen {]Jym-]n-Xv. Xncn-p-h tij-amWv B [qa-tI-Xp-hns t]cv lmen
[qa-tIXp Fv Bn-b-Xv. (AXp ImWm lmen Pohnn-cp-n-). \yqs Kpcp-Xzm-IjW \nb-a-ns kmheu-In-I-X-bpsS BZy sXfn-hmbn amdn Cu Xncn-p-h-c-hv.
lmen[qa-tIXp GXmv 20 Intem-ao--tdmfw henb
Hcp lna-]n-a- m-Wv. kqcy-t\m-SS- p-p-tm (hym-g]
- Y
-
- n\n-p-d-sa-p-tm) hm {]Xy--sp XpS-pw. kqcys kao-]v HXv tImSn Intem-ao- ASp-p-hsc
AXp t]mIpw. Atm AXns hmen\v At\-I-ew
Intem-ao- \of-ap-m-Ipw. kqcys\ Npn-k--cnv At\I-tImSn (500 tImSn-bn-e-[n-Iw)-In-tem-ao- Zqc-tv
AXp t]mIpw. Atm AXn\p hm Dm-In-. hm
t]mse \mw ImWp-Xv bYmY-n [qa-tI-Xp-hns
Imn \nv kqcys hnIn-cW
-- --tfv ]pd-t-p
Hcp {]hm-l-am-Wv. AXv AXm-Xn-Sv Dt]-n--s-Sp-IbmWv; [qa-tI-Xp-hn-s\mw k-cn-p-n-. Hmtcm {]mhiyw lmen [qa-tIXp kqcys\ Npn-tm-Ip-tmgpw samw ]n-ns cp iX-am-\-tmfw Cu hn[w \am-Ipw. ]e-X-hW hp t]mIp--tXmsS _mjv]o-I-c-Wti-jn-bp ]ZmY--sfmw Ipdp Ipd-p-h-cpw. Cs\ XsbmWv ap [qa-tI-Xp-pw kw`-hn-p-I.
HSp-hn ]md--j-W- am{Xw _mn-bm-hp-Ibpw kqcy
kao-]p hv Ah NnX-dn-tm-hp-Ibpw sNbvtX-mw.
Cs\ \in-p-t]mb [qa-tI-Xp- Dv. lmen [qatI-Xp-hn\v Bbncw Xh-W-sb-nepw C\nbpw ]cn-{I-aWw
sNm Ign-bpw. (Imew Ignbpw tXmdpw hmens hephpw ]ZmY \hpw Ipd-p-Ip-d-p-h-cpw.) lmen [qatI-Xp-hn-s\-m IqSp-X kqcy-t\mSSpp [qa-tI-Xpv Bbpv Ipd-hm-bn-cn-pw.
[qa-tI-Xp-]-T-\-ns Ghpw henb {]m[m\yw kucbqYw Dmb Imes Ah a\-n-em-m AXp
klm-bnpw F-Xm-Wv. Ap-mb {Kl-i-I-e--fm-W-

alm-[q-a-tIXp 1680

10 imkv{X-tI-cfw

tm [qa-tI-Xp--fmbn hcp--Xv. ]g-bh \in-p-Ibpw ]pXn-bh Dm-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm-n-cnpw. GI-tZiw

4200 \v ASpv [qa-tI-Xp-sf \mw Is-n-bn-p-v.
CXn 1500 Hmfw Fw kqcy\p hfsc ASp-p-IqSn
t]mIp-h (Sun grazers) BWv. `qan-bpsS ]Ys apdnp
ISp k-cn-p--hsb {]tXyIw ]T\hnt[-b-am-t-Xp-v. Imc-Ww, Ah `qan-bp-ambn Iqn-bn-Sn-m-\p
km[yX D-tm. [qa-tI-Xp--fpsS hmen-e-S-nb ]ZmY- Fsms Fpw ]Tn-m {ian-p-p-v.
sa-t\m, FX-t\m, ssl{U-P kb-ss\-Uv, t^mamUn-sslUv Nne sslt{UmIm_-Wp-I Aant\m

tlt_mv [qa-tIXp C/1995 01

Bkn-Up-I Fn-h-bpsS kmn[yw Is-n-bn-p-v.

1985 lmen [qa-tI-Xp-hn\p kao-]-tv djybpw (thKm1 Dw thKm2 Dw) bqtdm-]y bqWn-b\pw (Kn-tbm-tm)
hml-\- Abv ]T\w \S-p-I-bp-m-bn. XpSpw
Ccw ]T-\- ap [qa-tI-Xp-sf tI{o-I-cnp \Sn-bn-p-v.

[qa-tI-Xp--fpsS
\ma-I-cWw
BZy-sams [qa-tI-Xp-v t]cp \In-bXv Ahsb I hjhpw tim`bpw shm-bn-cp-p. DZm: alm[q-a-tIXp 1680 (Great Comet of 1680), 1882 sk]vw-_dnse alm-[q-a-tIXp Fn--s\. Ch-bn ]eXpw Bhn-p-hcpw Fp t_m[y-am-b-tm Cu coXn amn, Is-nb BfpsS t]cp \Im XpS-n. A-s\-bmWv lmen-[q-a-tIXp, FsJ- [q-a-tI-Xp, _nsbem [qatIXp XpS-nb t]cp-I [qa-tI-Xp-v Inn-b-Xv. Nnetm, Is-nb D]-I-c-W--fpsS t]cnepw Ch Adnb-s-p. IRAS [qa-tI-Xp- Hn-te-sd-bp-v. 1994 C\m-j-W Akvt{Sm-W-an- bqWn-b (IAU) ]pXnb
\ma-I-cW ]Xn Bhn-jvI-cn-p. Hmtcm amk-n-sbpw

hymg-n hosWm-Sp-nb

hm\- {Xw
an

- h mdpw hm\- - { X-
kqcy\p Nppw Id-p--h-bm-W-tm.
]t, CXn-\n-S-bn, hymgsa {Klns BIjW _e-n IpSpn AXns {]Z-nWw sNp
Nne hm\--{X-fpw \nco-n-s-n-p-v. jqam- sehn9 Ac-n-ep Hcp Akm-[m-cW [qa-tIXp Bbn-cp-p.
jqam-amcpw sehnbpw (I-tcmen jqam-, bqPn jqam-, tUhnUv sehn) tNv Is-nb 11
hm\--{X--fn Hm-bn-cpp jqam- sehn 9. 1993 amv 24mw XobXn cm{Xn, Ch BZy-ambn ]Inb Nn{X-ns AXns Akm[m-cWXzw {]I-S-am-bn-cp-p. hm \-{X-v km[m-cW Hcp \yqnb-km-Wtm Dm-Im-dv. Fm, Cu
hm\--{X-n\v Hn-e-[nIw \yqn-b-kp-I ImW-s-p. XpSp
\nco--W--fn \nv AXns km-c-]-Yw, kqcy-s\-p-n-b-, hymgs-Np-n-bmWv Fpw GXmv cp-

hj-sa-Sp-mWv AXv hymgs Npp-sXpw Hmtcm Np-enepw AXv hymg-tmSv ASpp sImn-cn-p-I-bmsWpw a\-n-em-bn. hymgs Npp Hcp hm\-{Xw BZy-ambn Is--s-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-p. 1960IfpsS
Ah-km-\-ntem Fgp-]-Xp-I-fpsS XpS--ntem Bbn-cn-Ww AXv hymg-ns BIj-W-n s]Xpw
kuc-bq-Y-\m-Y-\mb kqcys\ shSnv hymgs Npn-p-S-n-b-Xpw.
IqSmsX, 1992 Pqsse-bn AXv hymgn\v hfsc ASpv t]mbn-cp-spw B ka-bv hymg-ns iamb BIj-W-m On-`n--ambn t]mb-Xn-\m-emWv AXn-tm ]eXmbn ImW-s-Sp--sXpw IqSn imkv{X- a\-n-em-n.
hm\-im-kv{X-sc Ghpw Bthiw sImn hkvXpX asm-mbn-cp-p. jpam- sehn 9 Cu ]Yn XpSm, ASp Xh-W, AXm-bXv 1994 Pqsse-bn AXv hymghp-ambn Iqn-ap-pw. `qan-bpsS A-co-

-n\p ]pd-v, kuc-bqY IpSpw-_nse cw-K- Iqn-bn-Sn-p-Xv

AXp-hsc \ In-p-m-bn-cp-n. kZm Nqgvp \np taL-]-Se-n-S-bn hymgw Hfn-n-cn-p
cl-ky--fn-tev Hcp Xmtm-emIpw
B kwL--\-sav imkv{X- {]Xo-n-p. `qan-bn \nv AXv ImWm\m-Iptam? temIw BImw--tbmsS
Imn-cp-p. 1994 Pqsse 16mw XobXn, {]Xo-n--s-n-cp--Xp-t]mse Xs jqam- sehn9 hymg-n
]Xn-p-Xp-S-n. cp-sImw ap]p Xs AXv ]e Ij-W--fmbn Nnnbn-cp--tm. Pqsse 22 HmsS Ah-km\ Ij-Whpw hymg-n ]Xn-p. Atm `qan-bn \nv ImWm-\m-Im
`mK-m-bn-cpp jqam- sehn 9
]Xn--Xv. ]t, Keo-entbm kvt]kv
{Im^vn\v AXv Zriy-am-bn-cp-p. Cu
]X-\-hp-ambn _-s \nco--W- f mWv hymg- nse k^- d ns
kmn-[y-apssS ]e hnh-c-fpw
shfn--p-sIm-p-h--Xv.

jqam- sehn9 1994 sabv amk-n l_n sSen-kvtImv D]-tbm-Knv FSp Nn{Xw.

]IpXn Ime-n\v kqN-I-ambn Hccw \Ipw. DZm: P\p-hcn BZy

]Ip- X nv A, cmw ]Ip- X nv B,
s^{_p-hcn BZy ]Ip-Xnv C... Fn-s\. [qa-tIXp 2006 D/4 Fp ]d-

m AXn-\Yw 2006 s^{_p-h-cnbpsS cmw ]Ip- X n- b n \mem- a Xmbn Is-nb [qa-tIXp FmWv. IqSmsX {lkz-Ime [qa-tI-Xpsf kqNn-n-m P/ Fpw ZoL-

Ime [qa-tI-Xp-v C/ Fpw \sp t]mb-hbvv (Im-Wm-Xm-b-h) D/

Fpw Hs \Im-dp-v. tlt_mv [qa-tIXp C/1995 01 BWv. lmen
[qa-tIXp P/1682 QI Dw.

P\p-hcn 2013

11

Im

n-c-sap tIp-tm
\psS a\-n Hma hcp-Xv Ibv]mW-tm. AXp-sImp Xs ]epw
Cu acw ]cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cn-pw. \mn]p-d-fn agp-mb (a-gp-hns ssIn-Sn)
\nan-m-\mbn Imn-c-ns sImpI-fm-Wp-]t- bm-Kn-p-X
- v. A\p-tbm-Py-amb
hep-w, e`y-X, s]sv s]mn-tm-ImbvI Fo KpW--fm-bn-cn-Ww agpmb-bmbn Imncw D]-tbm-Kn-m-\p
Imc-Ww. ]ngn-n t]mep BbpthZ
NnIn- - b n D]- t bm- K n- p ]mn
Imncw sImmWv \nan-m-dp--Xv.
apIm-e--fn, Nne k hoSp-I-fn
Ccw Imn-c-]m-n-I Ip-h-n-cpp. Cpw BbpthZ NnInm tI{-fn Ch D]-tbm-K-n-ep-v.
Cy, {ioe- , Ctm- t \- j y, Bkvt{S-en-b Fn-hn-S--fn Ip-h-cp
Cu ac-ns imkv{Xob-\maw Strychnos

nuxvomica Fm-Wv. Cwo-jn Poison

nut tree Fp hnfn-p-p. ]c-am-h[n 25
ao hsc Imncw hf-cm-dp-v. ]bpw
Hmdpw Ie \nd-ap ]g-Iv hrm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep Ipcp--fp-mbn-cn-pw. Cu Ipcp--fpsS BIrXn \nanw Pa `mj-bn Ch "Im-v'
F-dn-b-s-Sp-p.
imkv { X- - c psS {i Imn- c n ]Xn-Xv AXns hnj-kz-`mhw
sImm-Wv. CXn\v Imc-W-amb kwbp--fn {][m\n kv{SnIv\n (Strychnine)
F B-tem-bn-Um-Wv. (Alkaloid :
Ch kky-P\y kwbp---fm-Wv. ss\{SP AS-nb Im_-WnI he-b-kw-bp--fm-Wn-h. ]e-Xn-\pw, ico-c-n {]th-in-m hyXy-kvX--fmb ^e- Dm-m\pw Ign-hp-v. DZm: Nmb, Imn
Fn-h-bn-eS-nb I^o, ]pI-bne \ntm-n). 1818 Xs kv{SnIv\n Ip-

tUm.]n. apl--Zvjm^n

Imn-cpcp

12 imkv{X-tI-cfw

Bbp
th-Z-nepw
tlman-tbm--Xn-bnepw
Imncw D]-tbm-Kn-ph-cp-p-v. ]pdsa
]pc-m-\p Huj-[--fn
ipn-sN-msX Xs
Imn-c-pcp D]-tbm-Kn-mw.
k. tdm_Sv tdm_nk

s-nepw IqSp-X-ep-Xv Ipcp-hnse

]cn-n-em-Wv.
]pd-tmSv Zl-\-n\v hnt[-b-amIm--Xn-\m, A_--n Hcp Ipcp hngp-n-bmepw {]iv\-a-. A]I-S-sampw krn-msX AXv ae-n-eqsS ]pd-p-t]m-Ipw. Ipcp ISn-p-s]m-n-m Ak-l-\ob-amb Ibv]pw ZpkzmZpw A\p`-h-s-Sp--Xn-\m Nh-n-dm-\p km[y-Xbpw Ipdhm-Wv. kv{SnIv\n DmZn-n-m-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-

]n-Sn--s-n-cp-s-nepw AXns LS\ IrXy-ambn a\-n-em-m-\m-bXv

1946 am{X-am-Wv. kwbp--ns
LS-\m-]-c-amb koWX (Nn{Xw
ImWp-I) sImpw C-s-tmse
anI kvs]Ivt{Sm-kvtImn D]-I-c-W Cm- X n- c p- - X p- s Im- p- a mWv
C{Xbpw Ime-Xm-a-k-ap-m-b-Xv.
Cu Ip-]n-Sp--n {][m\
]p-h-ln k. tdm_Sv tdm_nk 1947 s\mt_ km-\-n\v Al-\m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. (HmKm\nIv sIankv{Sn ]Tn--h tdm_nk F {]Xn-`m-im-ensb ad-m\n-S-bn!)
Hcp ISp hnj-am-bn-mWv kv{SnIv\n Adn-b-s-Sp--Xv. Imn-c-ns Ce, sXmen, Imb Fo `mK-fn-semw kv{SnIv\n AS-n-bn-p-

kv{SnIv\n

p-Xv Imn-c-p-cp-hm-Wv. hjp apv ]{X--fn {]kn-oI-cn-n-cp "AmSn \ne-hm-c-n'

Imn-c-pcphns hnebpw ImWmam-bn-cp-p.
]v, t]-n-`o-jWn `b-v, Ae-

p \S-p \mbvsf sImm

Imn-c-ns thcnse sXmen D]tbm-Kn-n-cpp (Ipcp Fm Imepw
e`y-a--tm). sXmen s]mSnp tN
`Ww sImSp- mWv \mbv sf
sImn-cp--Xv.
B[p-\nI sshZy-im-kv{X-n
Hcp Dt-P-I-ambpw ae-tim-[-\bvpw
kv{SnIv\n ap Ime--fn D]-tbmKn-n-cp-p. Bbpth-Z-nepw tlmantbm--Xn-bnepw Cpw Imncw D]tbm-Kn-p-h-cp-p-v. Zn-tW-y-bnse BbpthZ tUmam hfsc
]cn-an-X-amb tXmXn-emWv Imncw
AS-nb Huj-[- {]tbm-Kn-p-Xv. tkhn-m-\p acp-p-I-fn
D]-tbm-Kn-m Imn-c-pcp ipnsN-t--Xp-v. CXv Ipcp-hn-e-S-nb
kv{SnIv\n Afhv Ipd-p-sIm-p-h-cm\m-bn-cn--Ww. Imn-c-pcp tKmaq{X-n-enpw As-n {]tXyI Ijm-b-n-enp Xnf-n-p-amWv ipn-sNp-Xv. ]pdsa ]pc-m-\p Huj-[
- fn ipn-sN-msX Xs Imn-cpcp D]-tbm-Kn-mw. Cu Huj-[ ITn\ thZ\ ian-n-p--Xn\pw
ap NnIn--I ^e-{]-Z-a-msX hcp ]m-LmXw t]mep tcmKm-h-I-fnepw ^e-{]-Z-am-W-s{X.
tlman-tbm--Xn-bnepw "\IvkvshmanI' Huj-[-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-p-p-v.
hnjhpw Huj-[hpw Xn-ep
hyXymkw AXns am{X-bn-em-sW
Imcyw kv{SnIv\n ASn-h-c-bn-Sp-p.

P\p-hcn 2013

13

Pn tPmk^v

ku

c-bq-Y-n kqcy-\n
\npw {Kl-f- n-te-bvp Zqcw hniI-e\w sNp-tm Hcp {]tXyI {Ian- e mWv Ah- b psS m\w (s\]vyq Hgn-sI) Fp ImWm-hp--XmWv. "t_msU-bpsS \nbaw' F-dn-bs-Sp Cu {Iao-I-cW {]Imcw sNmbvpw hymg-n-\p-an-S-bn Hcp {Klw Dm-bn-cn--W-sav As
tPymXn-m-kv{X- IW-p-Iq-n.
{Kln-\p-th-n-bp At\z-jWw
XIr-Xn-bmbn \S-p. 1801 Cm-enb sshZn-I\pw tPymXn-m-kv{X-\p-am-bn-cp Kznk-n-]n-bmkn Hcp \{X amv \nan-p thf-bn-emWv
BZy eLp-{K-ls Is-p--Xv.
knsdkv (Ceres) F-dn-b-s-Sp Cu
eLp-{K-la- mWv hep-w-sImv h.
(kn-sdkv Ctm "Ip {Klw'
(Dwarf Planets) F KW-n-emWv
Ds-n-cn-p--Xv) GXmv 950 In.ao
BWv skd-kns hymkw.
sNmbvpw hymg-n-\p-an-S-bn
Ins-SmsX ad-n-cp {Klw
CXp Xs-bm-Im-sav Icp-Xn. ]t
Hcp {Kl-sa ]cn-K-Wbntev hcptm knd-kns hepw AXn\p aXn-bm-hp--Xm-bn-cp-n-. knsdkv Is-n-b-Xn-\p-tijw Npcp-nb Imew sImp Xs ]m-kv, PqtWm,
sh XpS-nb sNdp {Kl--sf-qSn Is-n. ]t AXn-sempw

Ah-km-\n-p--Xm-bn-cp-n Ah-bpsS temIw. t_msU \nb-a-{]-Imcw

ImtW {Kl-ns m\v kqcys\ hew hbvp-Xv Ccw sNdp
{Kl--fpsS Hcp Iq-am-sWv hyam-bn. {Kl- Fp hnfn-m X hep--an-m Cu Ah-in {Kl-fmWv eLp-{K-l
- AYhm On{K-l-.
GXmv 460 tImSn hj-,
AXm-bXv \psS kuc-bqYw cq]wsIm-p Ime-tmfw ]g--ap
IY-bm-Wv On-{K-l-fp-tS-Xv. hymg{K-l-ns cq]o-I-c-W-n-\p-tijw
sNmbvpw hymg-n-\p-an-S-bn-ep
AXn hnime taJ-e-bn Ah-tijn {Kl-i-I-e- Iqn-bn-Snv NnXdn-b-Xn sNdpXpw
hep-Xp-amb ]md-j- W - - f p- v . 100
Intem-ao- hymkap-h Xs-bpv
Ccp-\q-dn-te-sd. GXmv Ggc ew
On-{K-l
- Hcp
Intem-ao- hymkap- - h - b msWv
imkv{X- IWm-p-p. Ah-sbm sNdnbh-bpta-sd-bm-Wv. Isn-bn-pXn

hv Ghpw sNdnb eLp-{Klw 1991

BA F eLp-{K-l-am-Wv. CXns hymkw Bdv ao am{X-am-Wv.
{Kl-i-I-e- Iqm-Sp AXnhn-im-e-amb Cu s_v "As-tcmbvUv s_v' (Asteroid Belt) FmWv
Adn- b - s - S p- - X v . As- t cmbv U v
s_n D-h-sbmw On-{K-l- f - . hm\- - { X- - t fbpw ASp Imev Cu taJ-e-bn Isn-bn-p-v. apv kqNn-n--Xp-t]mse, On-{K-l-ambn BZyw IW-m-s-n-cp knsdkv Ctm Ip
{Kl--n-I-bn-emWv CSw-]n-Sn-n-cn-p-Xv. On-{K-l- Cu s_n\v ]pdp-ap-v. DZm-l-c-W-n\v hymg-{K-lns {`a-W-]m-X-bn "t{SmPkv'

As-tcmbvUv s_v

Lp- { K- l - fpw (binary asteroids) sImv \nan--s--h-bmWv Ccw

Is-n-bn-p-v. {Kl-ns Kpcp- On-{K-l-.
Xz-_ew aqew "shn-emb' Nne On{K-l--fp-ap-v. sNm-bpsS D]-{K-lOn-{K-l--fpsS tmkv--A]v
-fmb t^mt_mkpw Zn tamkpw CNn{Xw
BZy-am-sb-Sp _ln-cm-Imi
{]-Imcw {Kl-ns BIj-W-h-et]SIw
\mk-bpsS Keo-entbm Bbnb-n-e-I-sv D]-{K-l--fmbn amdncp
p.
1991
embn-cpp CXv. XpSv
b-Xm-sW-mWv Icp-X-s-Sp--Xv. sNm1994

CtX
t]SIw Xs On-{Kbvp ]pdta hymgw, i\n, bpdm-\ls
hew
hbvp Hcp D]-Onkv, s\]vyq Fo {Kl--fpsS ]{
Kl
s
Xncn - d n- p. 2001
e _mly D]- { K- l - fpw Cq- \mkb
psS
"\nb'
(NEAR) kv t ]ns-Spw. Hcp km[m-cW On-{Kl-nse Xm]-\ne
icm-icn -730c BWv.
kuc-bq-Y-ns Bcw`w apX Cp-hsc Imcy-amb hyXnbm-\--sfm-p-an-msX \ne-\n-p-t]m-cp-h-bm-Wv eLp-{K-l. AXp-sImp
Xs kuc-bq-Y-ns Dn clky-f- n-tepp t\mkvt]kv{Im^v-v "\nb'
p--hv eLp-{Kl- - s f- p- d n- p
]T\w Gsd shfnw
kv{Im^vv "Ctdmkv' F On-{K-l]I-cpw.
s-p-dnv ]T\w \S-n. Hcp hjn- t esd {`a- W - ] - Y - n \npsImv On-{K-l-s-p-dnv ]T\w
aqv Xcw On-{K-l--fmWv {]- \S-nb kvt]kv{Im-^vns\ On- n-en-d
- m X coXn-bn cq][m-\-ambpw Df-f-Xv. Ah-bpsS B- {K-l
cnI tNcp-hsb A\p-k-cn-mWv Ah I\ sNbvX-Xm-bn-cp-ns-n
hKo-I-cn--s-n-p--Xv. Adn-b-s- IqSn AhnsS hnP-b-I-c-ambn Cd-pSp On-{K-l--fn GXmv 75 I-bp-m-bn. As\ BZy-ambn Hcp
iX-am-\hpw "Im_-tW-jykv' hn`m- On-{K-l-n-en-d-nb t]SIw F
K-ns-Sp-p. Ah Nmc-\n-d-ap--h- _lp-aXn \nb kvt]kv{Im^vv t\bm-Wv. Ifn-a-v, knen-tv ]md-I Sp-I-bp-m-bn. 2006 Pms "lbmXpS- n- b - h - b m \nan- X - a m- W - h . _pkm' kvt]kv {Im^vv BZy-ambn
ASp hn`mKw "knen-t-jykv' hn- Hcp On-{K-l-n-en-dn kmn-fp-I`m-K-am-Wv. Ah ]-\n-d-nepw Nph- fp-ambn `qan-bn aS-n-sb-nb t]Sp-\n-d-nepw Zriy-am-Wv. GXmv 17 I-am-bn. 2010 PqWn lbm-_pkm
iX-am\w On-{K-l- Cu hn`m-K- sImp-h kmn-fp-I Ctm ]Tns-Sp-p. Ah knen-t-v, \n- \-hn-t[-b-amn hcn-I-bm-Wv.
2007 Ab \mk-bpsS "tUm
Ccpv XpS-n-b-h-bm \nanX-am-Wv. C\n-bp-Xv sam-enIv eLp- ZuXyw' 2011 "sh' eLp-{K-ls
{K-l--fm-Wv. Ah Nph-p-\n-d-n- kin-p-Ibpw 2015 HmSp IqSn knsdemWv ImW-s-Sp-I. \n Ccpv kn Fp-Ibpw sNpw.

]cy-th-jWw

Btamkv, Atm-tfmkv

F-dn-b-s-Sp \nc-h[n eLp-{K-l Dv. Btamkv, Atm-tfmkv

XpS-nb On-{K-l- Nne-b-h-kc--fn sNm-bp-tSbpw `qan-bp-tSbpw
{`a-W-]mX apdn-p-I-S-m-dp-v.

`uXn-I
-k-hn-ti-j-X-I
eLp-{K-l--fn Gdnb ]pw
{Ia-c-lnX BIr-Xn-bp--h-bm-Wv. Npcpw NneXv am{Xw GXmv tKmfmIr-Xn-bp-f-f-h-bpw. henb K-fpw
sNdp Ipgn-Ifpw \nd--Xm-W-h-bpsS
D]-cn-X-ew. DZm-l-c-W-n\v sh F On-{K-l-n\v 460 In.-ao. hymkap Hcp `oa K-ap-v. GXmv
150 Hmfw eLp-{K-l-v Ahsb
Npm sNdp-On--{K-l--fp-v. Htc
hep-ap cv eLp-{K-l- ]ckv]cw hew hbvp ss_\dn e-

ss_\dn eLp-{K-l-

hKo-I-cWw

tUm. _n CIv_m

t\m: cmP-hm-gvNb- n \npw

P\m-[n-]Xy ]co-W
-
- f- n-tev
ln

am-e-b-km-\pp-fnse sNdp
cmPy-amb t\m ASp--Im-ev
AhnsS \S-p-h-cp cm{o-b-am- aqew temI-{i--bm-Ijn-p-h-cnI-bm-Wv. cmP-hmgvN Ah-km-\n-snepw hnhn[ cm{o-b-mn-I Xn \S-p A[n-Imc Xw aqew
kpn-c-amb P\m-[n-]-Xy-`-c-W-IqSw
m]n-m t\m-fn\v CXphsc Ign-n-n-.
]h-X-

-fpsS ssIp-n-fn Hcnp shw

t]mse-In-S-p {]tZ-i-amWv t\m. ]h-X-n\v Nph-n FYap \o]m-ebw F kwkvIr-X-]-Zn \nv t\m F t]cp-mbX-Xp-sIm-m-Wv.

ssN\-bpsS `mKamb Sn_v (jn-bmv kzbw-`-cW {]tZ-iw) BWv. lnam-eb ]h-X-\n-c-I apX Cy-bnse KwKm-k-a-X-e-ns `mK-amb Xcmbv ka-Xew hsc \ofp--XmWv t\m-fns `q{]-Ir-Xn. Ipp-Ipw ]h-X-p-an-S-bn-ep Xmgvh-c-I-fnemWv P\-Po-hn-Xw. Ch-bvn-S-bn Hgp-Ip tImkn, \mcm-b-Wn, IWmen
aqp-h-ihpw Cy-bm Np-sv XpS-nb KwK-bpsS t]mj-I-\-Zn-I
ZoL-N-Xp-cm-Ir-Xn-bp t\m C- ka-X-e-`q-ansb ]cn-t]m-jn-n-p-p.
ybv pw ssN\- b v p- a n- S - b n- e mWv
nXn-sN-p--Xv. t\m-fns hS- A_n.kn 250 aucy km{am-Py-nXnn sbpw G.Un \memw \qm-n Kp]vX-m-cp-sSbpw ]Xn-s\mmw \qmn Nm- e p- I r- m- c p- s Sbpw \nb-{-Wn-

`q{]-IrXn

Ncn{Xw

16 imkv{X-tI-cfw

tImkn

em-bn-cpp t\m {]tZ-iw. ]Xns\mw \qm-p-hsc t\m sNdp

cmPy--fmbn NnX-dn-n-S-p-I-bm-bn-cpp. 1768 \mp-cm-Py-amb KqJ-bnse
]rYn-\m-cm-b jm ImTvaWvUp IogSn cmPys GIo-I-cn-p. KqJ
hwi-P t\m-fns\ X-fpsS kzm[o\-n-em-n. {_n-\p-ambn BZy-Imev Gp-ap-nb t\m ]noSv Ahcp-ambn kulr-Z-n-em-bn. Cy {_n `cn-n-cp Imev {_nojv ]mf-ns kp{]-[m\ LS-I-am-bn-cpp
KqJ sdPn-sa v. 1940 ItfmsS t\mfn P\m-[n-]Xy ]mn-I i-ambn. t\mfn tIm{K-m-bn-cpp {][m\ cm{o-b-]mn. cmP-`-cWw \ne\nn-smv cmP-`-c-Whpw P\m-[n]-Xy-]mn-Iv ]p ]me-sapw tN `c-W-kw-hn-[m\w t\mfn \ne-hn hp. Fm cmP-`-cWhpw P\m-[n-]Xy kwhn-[m-\hpw Xn-ep Gp-ap-epw cmP-Ip-Spw-_-n\p-nse A[n-Imc a-c-fpw t\m-fns hnI-k-\s XS-s-Sp-n-sm-ncp-p.

\mcm-b-Wn

P\-Iob {]tm-`-fn-tev
P\--fpsS PohnXw Zpcn-Xab-amb-tXmsS hym]-I-amb P\-Iob {]tm-`-fpw Xo{h-hmZ cm{ob {]m-\-fpw t\m-fn Dbp-h-p.
1996 amthm-bnv Iayq-Wnv ]mn
cmP-hmgvN Ah-km-\n-nv P\-Iob
dn-nv m]n-m thn kmbp[-k-acw Bcw-`n-p. cmPy-ns ]IpXn-bn-tesd {]tZiw Ch-cpsS \nb-{W-n-em-bn. 2001 PqWn Inco-Sm-hIm-in-bmb Zot]{ Xs ]nXm-h-S-ap IpSpw-_mw-K-sf shSn-h-p-sImp-Ibpw ]noSv kzbw shSn-hv acnp-Ibpw sNbvXp. XpSv A[n-Im-cta Kymt\{ cmPmhv 2005 s^{_ph-cn-bn P\m-[n-]Xy km-cns\
]ncnp-hn-p. Fm \nc-h[n t]cpsS
Poh \-s-Sp-nb P\-Iob {]tm-`s XpSv G{]n 24\v ]me-sa v ]p\x-m-]n-m cmPmhv \n_-n-X-\m-bn. cmPm-[n-Imcw ]cn-an-Xs-Sp-n-smv tdmb F hntijWw cmPy-ns t]cn \npw
]mfw Ds-sS-bp m]-\-fn \npw \ow
sNbvXp.

IWmen

t\cs cmP-Io-b-km Fm-bncpp t\m Adn-b-s-n-cp--Xv. am{X-a lnp-cm-Py-sa ]Z-hnv ]Icw

aX-\n-c-t]--cm-Py-ambn t\m-fns\
{]Jym-]n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. cmPys
Hcp s^U-d dn-n-mbn {]Jym]n-p-sImpw cmP-`-cWw Ah-km-\nnv sXc-s-Sp--s-Sp {]kn-Un A[n-Imcw \nn-]vXa- m-n-smp _nv ]me-sa v ]mm-n.
CXn-se-mbn `c-WL
- S- \
- m-X
- m-dm-p-Xn-\p `c-WL
- S- \
- \
- namW kanXn
hnfnp tNm\pw Xocp-am-\n-p.

kmbp-[-k-a-cn \npw
]me-sadn
{]h-\-n-tev
{]N F-dn-b-s-Sp ]pjv]
IaZm 1986 cq]o-I-cn ]mnbmWv Iayq-Wnv ]mn Hm^v t\m (am-thm-bn-v). kmbp-[-hn--h-neqsS A[n-Imcw ]nSn-s-Sp-p-sImp am{Xta cmPyv tkmjy-enkw
sIn--Sp-m-\m-hq FmWv amthm-bnp-I {]Jym-]n-n-cp-X
- v. ]mn-bpsS
ssk\n-I-hn-`m-K-amb ]onkv en_td-j Banv t\XrXzw sImSp-ncp-Xpw {]N--bm-bn-cp-p.
ImjnI imkv{X-n
_ncpZw t\Sn

P\p-hcn 2013

17

Iw
temI-Pm-e

Iznv

-amb
cmPy -Pm
n{^
B
mI
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w te
k tm Ign--e
p-
-f-bm-bn-c
AwtKm e hnj-bw.
e-I-ns
-
cmPy

n{^
v B
t N m Z y w k-p a

F
-fw,
mw?
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GsX
k
m
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:
w
c

3
n
D
cn
Iz
m-eIw
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temI-P nem-k-n 20 p-I.
Ab-bv
F h

]pjv] IaZm

kvIq imkv{Xm-[ym-]-I-\mbn tkh\w A\p-jvTn-n-cp IaZm-ens

kuay-kz-`mhw aqew injy-m Atls Xma-c-qhv Fm-bn-cpp hnfnn-cp--Xv. amthm-bnv ]mn-bpsS
t\Xm- h m- b - X n- s \- X p- S v ]cm- { I- a imen Fv AYw hcp {]N
F t]cv A\p-bm-bn-I At-ln\v \In.
]onkv en_-td-j Ban-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-n cmP-`-c-W-n-s\Xnsc P\-Iob hntam-N-\-bpw F
t]cn B`y-c Kdnm bpw 1996
s^{_p-h-cn-bn {]N Bcw-`n-p.
13,000 tmfw t]cpsS Poh B`y-c-bp--n \-s-p. 2005 {]N av Ggp ]mn-I-fp-ambn tNv ]{-n\ ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fpsS ASnm-\-n P\-Iob sFIy-ap-Wn
cq]o-I-cn-p. CtXmsS kmbp-[-k-a-c-]mX shSnv _lp-In ]me-sadn
k{-Zmbw amthm-bn-p-I AwKo-Icn-p.
2006 Pq 16\v Im \qm-tmfw
Hfn-hn-em-bn-cp {]N ImTva-p-hnsen {][m-\-a{n KncnP {]kmZv
sImbn-cm-em-bp-ambn N \S-n. XpSv B`y-c bpw Ah-km-\n-nv
amthm-bnv ]mn P\m-[n-]-Xy-`-cWw
m]n-p--Xn-\p \S-]-Sn-I kzoI-cn-p--Xn-\p CS-me kmcn ]m-fn-I-fm-bn. Fnepw 2007
sk]vw-_ 18\v amthm-bnv ]mn
km-cn \npw ]nm-dn.
2008 G{]n 10\v \S s]mXp

18 imkv{X-tI-cfw

sXc-s-Sp-n Iyq-Wnv ]mn

Hm^v t\m (am-thm-bn-v), Ghpw
henb H In-bm-bn. 2008 sabv 28
\v 289 hjw \op-\n cmP-`-c-Wn\v Ayw Ipdn-p-sImv t\m
dn-n-mbn {]Jym-]n--s-p. Pq
11\v Ah-km-\s cmPmhv Kymt\{

v se\n-\n-v) P\-d sk{I-dn

am[hv Ipam ]pXnb {][m-\-a-{n-bmbn sXc-s-Sp--s-p. 2011 s^{_phcn apX BKv hsc AtX ]mnbnse Pe \mY I\m-em-bn-cpp {][m-\-a-{n. 2011 BK-n amk-
\o A\n-n-X-Xzsm-Sp-hn
amthm-bnv ]mn t\Xmhv _m_pdmw
`-dmbn {][m-\-a{n Bbn A[n-Imc-ta-p. ]e-Xh
- W An-aX
- o-bXn \nbn-s-nepw cmPy-n\v `c-W-L-S\
Xmdm-m Ign-bm-X
- p-aq-ea- p `cW-]-c-amb An-cX XpS-cp-I-bm-Wv.

k-ZvL-S\

_m_pdmw `-dmbn

sImmcw hnp. 2008 HmKv 18\v amthmbnv ]mn t\Xmhv {]N t\m dn-n-ns {]Ya {][m-\-a{n-bmbn Npa-X-e-tb-p. 2009 sabv amk-n {]N cmPn-h--Xn-s\-pSv sabv 23\v Iayq-Wnv ]mn Hm^v t\m (bq-Wn-ss^Uv amIvkn-

temIs Ghpw Ahn-I-knX

cmPy--fn-sem-mWv t\m. hyhkm-bn-I-ambn ]nmw \np
cmPyv Irjnsb B{i-bn-p-I-gn-bp-h-cmWv `qcn-`m-K-hpw. {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-fpsS Ipdhpw cm{ob An-cXbpw aqew km-nI hf apcSnv \n-bm-Wv. ]mkvt]mns
Bh-iy-an-m-sX-Xs t\m Imv
Cy-bn tPmen tXSn-sb-m Ign-bpw. Cy-bp-am-bp kulrZ _-amWv t\m k-ZvL-S-\sb \ne-\np--Xv.

t\m: cmPyhpw P\-fpw

cmPy-\maw
t\m.
hnkvXrXn
P\-kwJy
`mj

km
Xe-m\w
\mWbw
aXw
hwiob hn`m-K-

km-cX
BbpssZLyw
inip-a-cW \ncv
PnUn]n {]Xn-iojw
sXmgn-en-mbva
Zcn-{Z-tc-Jbvv Xmsg
{]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-

Ib-p-aXn hn`-h-
Cd-p-aXn hn`-h-

: s^U-d Utam-{Im-nv dn-nv Hm^v

: 1,47,181 N.-In.-ao.
: 29,890,686 (2012)
: t\mfn (47.8%), ssaXmen (12.1%),
t_mPv]pcn (7.4%), Xmcp (5.8%), XaMv (5.1%),
s\hm (3.6%), amK (3.3%), Ahm[n (2.4%),
ap-h (12.5%)
: s^U-d dn-nv
: ImTvap
: dpn
: lnp (80.6%), _p-aXw (10.7%), apow (4.2%),
IncZv (4.2%), ap--h (0.9%)
: sNn (15.5%), {_-ln (12.5%),
aKm (7%), Xmcp (6.6%), Xmcp (5.5%),
s\hm (5.4%), apow (4.2%), bmZhv (3.9%),
Imhn (3.9%), ap--h (35.5%)
: 60.3%, ]pcp-j-m: 73% kv{XoI : 48.3%
: 66.51 hbv (]p-cp-j-m : 65.26 kv{Xo: 67.82)
: 43.13 (B-bn-c-n-\v)
: 1200 tUmf (2011)
: 46%
: 25.2%
: Ccp--bn-cv, Pe-ssh-Zyp-Xn, tIm_mv, XSn,
sh-v, enss-v, Acn, Icn-v, tNmfw,
tKmX-v.
: ]c-h-Xm-\n-I, XpI D--
Ic-Iu-i-e-h-kvXp-, NW D--
: s]t{Sm-fn-bw, cmk-h-fw, In-fn-\q

Im- KwK

t\m
khn-ti-j-X-I
$ Im-KwK, A-]qW XpSn
temIs Ghpw Db-c-ap ]v ]h-X- nXn-sN-p
cmPyw.
$ temIs Ghpw Db-c-ap lnam-e-b sImSp-apSn t\m ssN\ AXnn-bn
$ imn-bpsSbpw kam-[m-\-n-sbpw {]hm-N-I-\mb KuX-_p-s
(_n.-kn.563483) P--ew.
$ temIs Ghpw Ahn-I-kn-Xhpw Zcn- { Z- h p- a mb cmPy- - f nsem-v.
$ ac-W-in dm-nb temI-cm-Py-fn-semv

ImTv a p

P\p-hcn 2013

19

F. Fkv. AcpIp-am

w Fp tIp-tm \psS a\-n-tes-p Nn{Xw \Sp-smcp \yqn-bpw AXn\p Nppw

hrm-Im-c]
- Y
-
- f- n Id-p Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-Ifpw FXm-W-tm. \p am{X-a-, temI-nse `qcn-`mKw
t]pw B-sa-m Cu cq]-am-Wv. BW-thmP-hpambn _-s m]-\--fpsS Nn--fntmepw
B-ns C-c-samcp LS\ Dtn-cn-p-Xv
ImWm Ign-bpw. kqcys\ Npp {Kl--fp-tS-Xn\p kam-\-am-bn-p Cu Atm-anI LS\ BZy-ambn Ah-Xcn-n-Xv GWv dpYt^mUv F imkv{X--\m-Wv.
1911. H-t\m--n kuc-bq-Y-ns LS-\-t]mse

GWv dpYt^mUv

kqcys\ Npp {Kl--fp-tS-Xn\p

kam-\-am-bn-p Atm-anI LS\
BZy-ambn Ah-X-cn-n-Xv GWv
dpYt^mUv F imkv{X--\mWv. Gsd {]i-kvX-amb Cu AtmanI amXr-I-bpsS 100mw hmjnIw
2011 embn-cp-p.
20 imkv{X-tI-cfw

tXmn--Xn-\m AXn\v asmcp t]cpw hp-tN-cp-I-bpmbn ""m\-dn tamU'' (Planetary Model). Gsd {]ikvX-amb Cu Atm-anI amXr-I-bpsS 100mw hmjnIw
2011 embn-cp-p.

amn-sb-Sp-Xv
""w-]p-UnMn''s\!
dpYt^mUv Xs Atm-anI amXrI Ah-X-cn-n
Imev B-ns LS\ shfn-sp XpS-p-tX
Dm-bn-cp-p-q. ]ZmY--fpsS ASn-m\ IW-
B-am-sW--dn-bm-sa-nepw B-sa-m Fm-sWv
Adn-bm ]m-Xn-cp Ah-. C-s-tm-ep \ncoW kt-X--sfmpw \ne-hn-en-m-bn-cp Amev {][m-\-ambpw km[yXm k--sfbpw NnI-tfbpw ASn-m-\-am-n-bm-bn-cpp imkv{X-
knm-- cq]-s-Sp-n-bn-cp--Xv. A-c-n-sem-mbn-cpp Bw-L-S-\sb kw_-nv sP. sP. tXmwk
aptm-p-h Bi-bw. "w' ]g- Dn Anv
hnX-dnb "]pUnwMv (Hcp Xcw a[p-c-]-e-lm-cw) t]msebmWv B-ns LS-\-sb-mWv Atlw ]d-Xv.
Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-I-fmWv "w' ]g-. Ah t]mkn-ohv

"w' ]g- Dn
Anv hnX-dnb
"]pUnwMv t]mse-bmWv
B- ns
LS-\-sb-mWv
sP. sP. tXmwk
Bw-L-S-\sb kw_nv aptm-p-h
Bi- b w
NmPns a[p-cpgn As\ InS-p-I-bmWv.
lmbv! F{X "a[pc'ap Bw amXrI! Cu D]a sImmsWp tXmpp Fm-hpw tXmwk-Wns amXrI
Gsd CjvS-am-bn. hnZymYn-I Gsd-mew AXv ]Tnp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Fm AXv sXm-sWv Xd-np
]d-bp--Xm-bn-cp-p dpYt^mUns ]co--W-^-efpw AXns ASn-m-\-n Xm-dm-nb Bw
tamU-epw.

sXfn-hm-bXv
Hcp eLp-]-co-Ww

sP.sP. tXmwk

"w ]pUnwMv' Bw amXrI

1909emWv kw`hw ams- kh-I-em-im-e-bnse

dpYt^mUns ]co--W-im-e-bmWv cwKw. B^mI- W - - t fbpw _om- I - W - - t fbpw Is- n- b nv
Atm A[n-I-Im-e-am-bn-n-. AXp-sImv ImWp
hkvXp--fn-eq-sS-sbmw Ah IS-n-hnv ]co-Ww \Sp-I-bm-bn-cpp dpYt^mUns kl-K-th-j-I-\mb
lmkv sKbvKdpw GWv amkvsU-\pw. AXn-\n-S-bnsemcp Znhkw dpYt^mUv Ah-tcmSv khn-ti-j-amb
Hcp ]co-Ww sNm-\m-h-iy-s-p. hfsc I\w-Ip-dsmcp kzW--In-Sn-tev B^m-I-W-sf ]Xnn-m ]d Atlw GsX-nepw B^m-IWw
{]Xn-^-env Xncn-s-p-ptm Fv ]cn-tim-[n-m\pw
\ntZiw \In. sKbvKpw amkn-sU\pw dpYt^mUv
]d--Xp-t]mse sNbvXp. IW--fn-te-sX-nepw {]Xn^-en-p-p-tm-sbv kqva-ambn \nco-n-p. ApXw! Atm-p-t]mb B^m-I-W--fn NneXv
AXm AXp-t]mse Xncn-p-h-cpp! Nne-Xm-I-s, Fntem sNp Xn-b-Xp-t]mse hiw-Xn-cn-v, Ncn-mWp
t]mbn-cn-p--Xv. Ah \nco-W ^e-hp-ambn dpYt^mUns ASp--se-n. Atm-gmWv t\ct Xs
a\-n-ep-m-bn-cp k\w Ah-tcmSp ]d--Xv.
B-n-\p-n t]mkn-ohv NmPv tXmwk ]d-bpP\p-hcn 2013

21

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sKbvK- amkvU ]co-Ww

-Xp-t]m-se, Fm-bn-S-p-an-, B-n\p \Sp-hn, hfsc hfsc sNdnb Hcp _np-hn-emWv tI{o-I-cn-n-cnp--Xv. B-ns samw hen--hp-ambn Xmc-Xayw
sNp-tm, Cu tI{-_n-p-hns henw hfsc sNdpXm-Wv. AXn-\m-emWv `qcn-`mKw B^m-I-W-fpw kzW-X-In-Sns\ IS-p-t]m-b-Xv. A]qhw Nne-XmWv t]mknohv NmPns Cu a[y-_n-p-hp-ambn Iqn-ap-n-b-Xv. B^m-I-W-pw t]mkn-ohv NmPm-b-Xn-\m Ah
hnIjnv Xncn-p-t]m-p. As-n Aw hgn-amdn
aptm-p-t]m-bn. Cu A\p-am-\s ASn-m-\-amnbmWv dpYt^mUv Xs Bw-am-Xr-Ibvv cq]w sImSp-Xv. AtXmsS B ]co--Whpw {]i-kvX-am-bn. "sKbvK- amkvU ]co-Ww' (Geiger- Marsden Experiment) FmWv CX-dn-b-s-Sp--Xv.

22 imkv{X-tI-cfw

dpYt^mUv
amXrI ]d-Xv
dpYt^mUns amXrI kqcy\p Npp-ap {Kl-Ne-\--tfm-Sp kam-\-X-bn-eq-sS-bmWv {it-b-am-b-sXnepw AXp-am-{X-am-bn-cp-n dpYt^mUv AXn-eqsS
]d-bm-\m-{K-ln--Xv. B-ns DL-S-\-bn `qcn-`mKhpw ""iq\y-e'' amsWv {]kvXm-hn-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p
Atlw sNbvX-Xv. Cu iq\y--e-n\p \Sp-hn-ep
Hcp _np am{X-amWv t]mkn-ohv NmPv tI{o-I-cn-n-cnp \yqn-b-kv. Bs Hcp ^pSvt_m tUn-bhp-ambn Xmc-X-ay-s-Sp-p-I-bm-sW-n, Ahn-sS-bp
Hcp ^pSvt_m-fns henw am{X-ta-bpq \yq{In-b-n\v!
_mn-bp ev Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-I hnl-cn-p-I-bmWv. Fm, Chbvv NmPv am{X-tabp-q. `mcw Xptemw \nm-c-am-Wv. AXn-\m B-ns `mcw apgp-h tI{o-I-cn-n-cn-p-Xv AXns \yqn-bn-em-Wv.
dpYt^mUv ]d Hcp Imcyw
am{X-amWv ]nm-ev imkv{Xw sXm- s Wv sXfn- b n- - X v . B- n- \ pn \npw DuPs ths]-Spn-sb-Sp-m-sav Nnn-p-Xv hnUvVn--am-sW At-l-ns A`n-{]m-b-am-W-Xv. BWh dnbm-IvS-dp-Ifpw Bw-t_mw-_p-Ifpw AXv bmYmYy-am-p--Xn\p apt Atlw acnp-Ibpw sNbvXp.