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25

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.
1
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- . . . .
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:
6 Touring The Universe Through Binoculars - Philip Harrington.
7 The Guiness book of Astronomy - Patrick Moore .
8 Exploring the Night Sky with Binoculars - Patrick Moore
9 The Cambridge Guide to the Constellations Michael Bakich
10 Obserevers Handbook Royal Astronomical Society of Canada
11 Short Guide to Modern star Name and their deriviations - Paul Konitzch & Tim Smart.
12 Your guide to the sky Rick Shaffer
13 Binocular Astronomy Crossen & Tirion
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26

Red Shift .
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Meteoroids

.Meteorites

2013

: .

Physical Elements

) (

Sun
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Moon

1 392 530
4 879
12 104
12 756
3 475

Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Pluto

6 792
142 984
3
120 536
3
51 118
3
49 528
2390

2
)=(1
mass
)(Earth=1

0
0
0
1/298
0

332 946.0
0.055 274
0.815 006
1.000 000
0.012 300

)/(3
mean
density
)(t/m3
1.41
5.43
5.24
5.513
3.34

1/148
1/15.4
1/10.2
1/43.6
1/58.5
0

0.107 448
317.830
95.161
14.536
17.148
0.002184

3.93
1.33
0.69
1.27
1.64
1.82

1 = ) - ( / .
2 = 2410 5.972 .Earth's mass = 5.972 1024 kg :
3 1 ).At a depth of 1 atmosphere (101.325 kPa

69

2013

Physical Elements
) (

)=(1
4

object

acceleratio
n of gravity
)(Earth=1

4
5
6
7
8

Sun
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Moon
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Pluto

27.9
0.38
0.90
1.00
0.17
0.38
2.53
1.06
0.90
1.14
0.08

)/(
escape
speed
)(km/s

)(
rotationa
l period
)(d

axial
inclinatio
n
) (

617.5
4.2
10.4
11.2
2.4
5.0
59.5
35.5
21.3
23.5
1.3

35 257
58.6462
243.0185
0.99727
27.32166
1.02596
8
0.4135
0.44401
0.71833
0.67125
6.38722

---0.0
177.4
23.4
6.7
25.2
3.1
26.7
97.8
28.3
122.5

albed
o
---0.11
0.65
0.37
0.12
0.15
0.52
0.47
0.51
0.41
0.3

.
= 9.80665/.2
.
.
) (.

A William Herschel .1781/3/13

B ) Le Verrier Adams ( . Johann Galle
.1846/9/23
C Clyde Tombaugh .1930/2/18 )( 2006
IAU .dwarf planet

70

2013

2013
Heliocentric Orbital Elements for 2013
18 )( ) JD 245 6400.5 = 2013 (Julian Date
mean ecliptic equinox
( 2000 January 1.5 = JD 245 1545.0 =) J2000.00

object

mean distance
from Sun, a

AU

Mercury
Venus
Earth4

0.387099
0.723326
0.999996

Mars

1.523714

Jupiter

5.202770

Saturn

9.515422

Uranus

19.22095

Neptune

30.06583

Pluto

39.29037

1
2
3
4

106 km

57.9092
108.208
149.597
3
227.944
4
778.323
3
1423.48
7
2875.41
3
4497.78
4
5877.75
6

orbital period

)=(1
sidereal year,
P
)(Earth=1

)(
synodic
year, S
)(d
115.88
583.94
---

1.8809

779.85

11.8621

398.87

29.3352

378.13

84.2170

369.63

164.7540

367.47

246.1249

366.73

0.2409
0.6152
1.0000

) :Astronomical Unit (AU )

semi-major axis ( 810 1.495 978 715.
365.256363 = PE.
: = /

-.

71

2013

2013
Heliocentric Orbital Elements for 2013
)(
18 )( ) JD 245 6400.5 = 2013 (Julian Date
mean ecliptic equinox
( 2000 January 1.5 = JD 245 1545.0 =) J2000.00

77.4744
131.7700
102.9681
336.0500
14.4275

60.4393
16.6127
329.5430
254.1226
57.8686
204.4220
7.5351
332.7193
257.3702

eccentricity, e

orbital
inclination
,i
)(

Mercury
Venus
Earth6
Mars
Jupiter

0.205635
0.006786
0.016711
0.093346
0.048912

7.0043
3.3947
0.0017
1.8487
1.3038

48.3150
76.6440
176.6000
49.5256
100.5129

Saturn
Uranus

0.055725
0.046104

2.4877
0.7723

113.5930
73.9542

90.1606
168.9979

Neptune
Pluto

0.010501
0.245654

1.7693
17.1614

131.7804
110.2905

49.1583
223.5923

object

longitude
of
ascendin
g node,
) (

longitude
of
perihelio
n,
)(

longitud
e at
epoch,
L
) (

5 .
6 -.
Observer's Handbook 2013 :

72

2013
) (2013/1

+20.9 1/23
-20.9 1/9
(+7.2) 1/16
:
(-6.6 ) 1/3
( -5.3) 1/30
(+6.7) 1/1
:
(+6.6) 1/28
( -6.6) 1/14
1/18
.

. 3
.1/10 -4.2 .

.
12 . 1/ 13 1/24
+1.2 .

1/30
.

1/18 .
-2.7 .

12 .
18
22 . +0.6 .

.
+5.9 .

73

2013
) ( 2013 / 2

+20.6 2/19
-20.7 2/6
(+6.0) 2/13
:
(-5.0) 2/25
(+6.6) 2/ 24
:
(-6.6) 2/10

. 2/16
18
. -1.0 0.3 2/8
15 . 5
.2/11 0.2
.2/21

.
-3.9 .
.
.
+1.2 .

. 2/18
. -2.5
.

. 2/19

. +5.9 .
2/21

74

2013
) ( 2013 /3

+20.3 3/18
-20.4 3/5
(+5.1) 3/12
:
(-5.6) 3/25
(+6.7) 3/23
:
( -6.6) 3/9
.3/4 .
.
. 3/31 +0.2

.3/28 Cytherean
.
.

. 1.8

17 .3/ 18 -2.3 .

.. +0.4 .
3 /29

.
.

75

2013

) ( 2013 /4
:

+20.2 4/15
-20.2 4/1 4/28
(+5.1) 4/8
:
( -6.6) 4/21
(+6.8) 4/20
:
( -6.8) 4/5
.4/25 )
(

+0.2 -0.3 .4/21
. 4/2
.

. . -3.9
.

.
.4/14 -2.1 .

. 4/28
+0.1 73 ) 8.82 .
18.1.
43 19
.


. .+5.9

.
.

76

2013
) ( 2013 /5

+20.20 5/8
- 20.2 5/22
(6.2) 5/12
:
(-7.4) 5/20
(+6.9) 5/17
:
(- 6.8) 5/2 5/30
)( -6.8
5/10
.
5/25 .
+0.7649 .

5/11
5/18 7
.5/21 5/27 25 1.4



. -1.0
-2.3 5/11 -1.3 .5/21

. 5/ 27 -25
.
.-3.9

.5/12 .
.
.

28
. +0.1
+0.3
.
.

77

2013
) ( 2013 /6

+20.20 6/8
- 20.2 6/22
(+7.3) 6/8 6/29
:
)(+7.9
(-7.6) 6/17
(+6.8) 6/13
:
(-6.7) 6/26

.6/10 6
) 24 ( .6/12
.
1.9 6/20 )
( .
-0.4 +1.3 .6/21

) .(WNW
25 -24 .6/6 6/10
5 ). ( .
. -3.8

+1.5
.

. .6/19

) (
1 11 6/ 21 21:36 20:54 20:14 .
+0.4 .

+5.9 .

. .6/7

78

2013
) ( 2013 / 7

+20.20 7/6
- 20.1 7/20
(+7.7) 7/27
:
(-7.1) 7/15
(+6.7) 7/10
:
(-6.6) 7/23

7/9
.7/20 ) 20 ( .7/30
+3.2 +2.1
.7/21

. 7 .7/10
7/26 1.2 .
. -3.8

-
. 35 16
7/17 ) +23.58 (
0.8 . 7/22
.
+1.5 .

) ( . -1.9

.
. .7/9
+0.6 .

.7/18
+5.9 .

. +7.9

79

2013
) ( 2013 / 8

+20.1 8/2 +19.1 8/29

- 19.9 8/16
(+6.9) 8/24
:
(-6.0) 8/12
(+6.6) 8/6
:
( -6.5) 8/19

-1.1
-1.8 . 8/5
.
.8/24

. 5 8/10
)
12 ( . . -3.9

-
. 5
. 8/4 +1.6 .

- .
3 4 .8/31 . -2.0

-
.

. . +5.8

8/27
4.0 ) 29.0 ( 2.4 .

80

2013
) ( 2013 / 9

+19.6 9/21
-19.7 9/12
(+95.) 9/21
:
(-4.8) 9/7
(+6.7) 9/2 9/31
:
) (+6.8
(-6.7) 9/16

.

. 9/24 0.8
.
-1.2 . -0.2
-
. 9/5 1.8
9/8
0.4
.
. 9/21 -16
. -4.0
-4.2 .
44
600 . +1.6 .

.
5 .9/28

-2.1 .

-
. 9/21 -16
. +0.7 .

. .
+5.7 .

27
. +7.8 .

81

2013
) ( 2013 / 10

+19.5 10/23
- 19.5 10/9
(+5.3) 10/18
:
( -4.8) 10/4 10/31
) (-5.7
(+6.9) 10/27
:
( -6.8) 10/13
10/18 .
+0.0158
.

.
3 .10/6
) 25 ( . 10/9 5
.10/10 .
+0.0 10/21 . +0.5

1.6 10/16
. 10/8
5 . -4.2
-4.4 .

.
.10/15 10/1
.10/30 +1.6 .

. UT 04:32 10/12

. -2.2 .
.
10/3 .
+5.7 2.6 ) ( 19.0
3.7 3.5
.
. .
.

82

2013
) ( 2013 / 11

+19.5 11/19
- 19.5 11/6
(+85.) 11/13
:
(-6.8) 11/28
(+6.9) 11/23
:
(-6.8) 11/9
11/3
.
.
.

11/1

. ) 19(
.11/18 0.3 11/26
. 11/11 +0.3 11/21
. 0.7
) 47( 11/1
2 . 8
.11/7
. -4.5 -4.8 .

. 11/27

. +1.5
+1.3 .

. .11/7 -2.4
.
.11/6
.

+5.7 + 5.8 .
.
) ( 13
. +7.9 .

83

2013
) ( 2013 / 12

+19.6 12/17
- 19.5 12/3 (-19.6 ) 12/31
(+7.0) 12/10
:
(-7.7) 12/27
(+6.7) 12/20
:
(-6.7) 12/6


.12/29 -0.6 -1.0 .12/21
8 .12/5
) (-4.9 12/6 %26 41
3.4 .
.2014/1/11
1 .

.12/26 12/30 -27

.Porrima Virgo
+1.2 +1.0.

. . 2014/1/5
12/19 5 . -2.6
.

.
1 12/ 29
. +0.6 .

.
12/18 + 5.8
.
.
+7.9 .

84

2013

:
.

[1].

]2].
) (


10,000
.
]3].
2006

. :
- 1 .
- 2 ) ( .
- 3 .

) (
.
)

(]1].

. :

.
- -
]2].

: )
( )
( )

(]4].

85

 2013

. 950
%7 . 1801
.

] [5
4 2 ) 10 ( %50
]6].
) (
6 .5 :
[7].

[8].
: .


.
:
- 1 2006 :
http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/detail/iau0603/
- 2 :
http://www.universetoday.com/33006/what-is-the-difference-between-asteroids-and-comets/
- 3 :
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid_belt
- 4 :
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid#Distribution_within_the_Solar_System
- 5 ) ( :
)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet
- 6 :
http://iau-comm4.jpl.nasa.gov/EPM2004.pdf
- 7 :
http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/DawnCommunity/flashbacks/fb_07_rev.pdf
- 8 :
http://www.spaceguarduk.com/asteroid-quest-level-1/finding-a-observing-asteroidsneos

86

2013
2013

:
:2013

. 17






3 4.

1996

2013
1996 6 .
.35

.
)( 2012
9.1 .8.4
2012 7.3 6.6 ) (
.
2013 .
)( NGC 2518
35 )( )(
.

) ( 2013 2014
[1].

) ( .

:


.
) (
18 6.4 6.7
.



) ( 6.9 7.1 )(
7.5 7.8 )( 7.9 8.3 )( 8.2 8.6 )( 8.4 8.8
[1].

87

[2].8.9
8.6

 2013

:
.
7

.

)( )
(1.7 )(
)( .
) (1.1 )([4][3].

.

)( )
( .
[4].
:
[5].

) (
6.6

.

) ( 6.9
)( 7.5 NGC 2518
35 )( 8.2 )(
.8.4 )
( [1].
:

[6]. [7].9.6 10
) ( 30 )( 28 )(
. 21 )(

22 )( 9 ) (
[8].
:
[9].

9.6
)(
9.1 8.8 )( . )(
8.6 .

15
8 )( .
8.7 ) ( [2].8.9

88

 2013

:
] :[1 : 2012 .2013 :
http://www.skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/asteroids/Ceres-and-Vesta-July-2013148149915.html
] :[2 : 3 :2013
http://dcford.org.uk/news.php?id=20130804_15_100
] :[3 2012 ) 2013 (:
http://media.skyandtelescope.com/documents/WEB_Dec12_CeresVesta.pdf
] :[4 .
] 4 :[5 :
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_Vesta
] 2 :[6 :
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Pallas
] :[7 ) (2 .2012 :
http://www.rasnz.org.nz/MinorP/2012Pallas.htm
] :[8 2010 :2013
http://www.carolbarbeau.com/major-planetary-aspects-for-2010-to-2013.html
] 3 :[9 :
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_Juno

89

2013

Asteroid

Name

*
103 Km

4.61
Ceres

1
4.61
Pallas

2
4.36
Juno

3
3.63
Vesta

4
4.14
Astraea

5
3.78
Hebe

6
3.69
Iris

7
3.27
Flora

8
3.69
Metis

9
5.59
Hygeia

10
3.84
Parthenope
11
3.56
Victoria

12
4.16
Irene

14
4.30
Eunomia

15
5.00
Psyche

16
3.48
Melpomene
18
3.81
Fortuna

19
3.74
Massalia

20
4.25
Thalia

23
3.60
Euterpe

27
4.08
Amphitrite
29
3.81
Isis

42
3.27
Ariadne

43
3.77
Nysa

44
3.70
Ausonia

63
.
*

413.5
414.2
398.7
352.9
385.0
362.4
356.4
328.9
356.7
470.8
366.5
349.5
386.8
395.8
437.7
344.2
365.9
360.6
360.6
350.8
380.9
365.1
329.2
362.2
358.3

932
524
266
510
124
192
202
140
170
428
162
116
166
272
264
148
200
150
110
130
218
106
64
72
108

7.4
8.0
8.7
6.5
9.8
8.3
7.8
8.7
9.1
10.2
9.9
9.9
9.8
8.5
9.9
8.9
10.1
9.2
10.1
9.9
10.0
10.2
10.2
9.9
10.2

10.2

.
433 Eros

8.3 .

. 2001

90

2013

2013

1
) (
7.3
82
7.5
18 2
7.7
28 2

- 3

- 4

17
27
7

9.9
9.7
9.5

82
18 2
28 2

7.0
7.2
7.4

7.8

17

9.3

7.6

17
27
9

8.1
8.3
8.4

27
6
16
26
5
15
25
51
15 1
25 1

9.1
9.0
9.0
9.1
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.7
9.8
9.9

17
27

7.8
7.9

- 2
8.4
41
8.2
14 1
8.1
24 1
7.9
32014 2

- 6
10.0
28
9.8
8
9.7
18
9.6
28
9.7
7
9.8
17
9.8
27

- 9
8.6
82
8.9
18 2
9.2
28 2
9.5
7
9.7
17
10.0
27

- 18
9.8
24 1
9.7
3 2014 2

- 25
10
18

- 7
28
7
17

27

7
17
27
6
16
26
5
15
25
51
15 1
25 1
42
14 2

10.0
9.8
9.6
9.4
9.1
8.8
8.5
8.2
7.9
8.0
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8
9.0
9.1
9.3
9.4

- 27
9.9
8
- 29
9.9
7
9.7
17
9.5
27
9.2
9
9.3
19
9.6
29
9.8
8
10.0
18

- 40
9.9
29
9.9
29
10.0
8

- 8
9.9
7
9.7
17
9.4
27
9.1
7
8.8
17
8.9
27
9.1
6
9.3
16
9.5
26
9.7
51
9.9
15 1
10.0
25 1

14
9.9
28 2
9.7
7
9.5
17
9.2
27
9.0
9
8.9
19
9.0
29
9.1
8
9.4
18
9.6
28
9.8
8
10.0
18

20
9.9
25
9.6
51
9.3
15 1
9.0
25 1
8.9
42
9.1
14 2
9.4
24 2
9.6
41
9.8
14 1
10.0
24 1

91

2013

42
10.00
15 1
10.00
25 1

115
9.9
17
9.9
17
9.8
27

44
10.00
51

216
9.9
25 1
9.7
42
9.5
14 2
9.6
24 2
9.9
41

89
6
16
26
5
15
25
5
15
25
41

9.9
9.7
9.5
9.3
9.2
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.6
9.9

324
9.9
17
9.6
27
9.3
6
9.0
16
8.6
26
8.3
5
8.1
15
8.3
25
8.6
5
8.9
15
9.2
25
9.4
41
9.7
14 1
9.9
24 1

511
9.9
24 2
9.8
41
9.9
14 1

533
9.8
41
9.6
14 1
9.4
24 1
9.5
3 2014 2

387
9.9
27
9.7
7
9.7
17
9.9
27

Observers Hand Book :

92

2013

2013

2011 F1
91P
2011 L4
2012 B2
2012 F6
197P
2012 F2

2002 R4
-

2012 L2
-
2010 S
2012 K6
2010 A2

2002 R1

2005 YQ127
-
2003 U2
-

2012 B1

-


2006 K2
-



Q8 2008
-
S11 2002

)246P/NEAT (2010 V2
)LINEAR (2011 F1
91P/Russell
)PanSTARRS (2011 L4
)256P/LINEAR (2012 B2
)Lemmon (2012 F6
197P/ LINEAR
)PanSTARRS (2012 F2
63P/Wild
)P/SOHO (2002 R4 = 2007 Y4
76P/West-Kohoutek-Ikemura

1
1
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
5

)LINEAR (2012 L2
114P/Wiseman-Skiff
)LINEAR (2010 S1
)McNaught (2012 K6
)P/LINEAR (2010 A2
175P/Hergenrother
)P/SOHO (2002 R1 = 2008 A3
)257P/Catalina (2012 F4
)P/LINEAR (2005 YQ127
112P/Urata-Niijima
)P/LINEAR (2003 U2
178P/Hug-Bell
84P/Giclas
)PanSTARRS (2012 B1
184P/Lovas
26P/Grigg-Skjellerup
)P/Gehrels (1997 C1
46P/Wirtanen
)P/McNaught (2006 K2
79P/du Toit-Hartley
)P/Christensen (2006 U5
98P/Takamizawa
102P/Shoemaker
)P/SOHO (2002 Q8 = 2008 E4
121P/Shoemaker-Holt
P/SOHO (2002 S11 = 2008
)G6
2P/Encke
83D/Russell

5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
10

9.0
13.9
20.3
21.2
23.1
23.6
1.1
4.4
5.8
24.3
29.0
23.1
23.2
23.3
28.5
6.0
8.2
l 9.4
2.7
23.3
31.8
5.4
1.0
10.5
8.3
26.9

11
11

21.7
7.4

83D

28.7
8.0
1.2
10.2
17.4
24.4
24.9
10.6
10.8
13.5
7.7

2.
1.82
2.62
0.30
2.69
0.73
1.06
2.90
1.95
0.05
1.60

8.08
--7.7
--9.96
--4.85
15.8
13.2
5.31
6.47

15
10
15
1
17
9
17
18
15

16

1.50
1.57
5.90
3.37
2.00
1.95
0.05
2.13
1.91
1.46
1.69
1.93
1.84
3.83
1.39
1.09
3.60
1.05
2.10
1.12
2.33
1.67
1.97
0.05
3.75
0.05

--6.67
----3.47
6.34
5.37
7.27
7.59
6.64
9.52
7.03
6.94
16.50
6.61
5.24
18.0
5.43
7.12
5.06
6.64
7.43
7.22
5.52
9.94
5.53

13
16
15
16
20
17
???
16
19
18
19
18
16
17
15
14
16
11
18
16
17
15
13

15

0.34
2.14

3.3
7.53

6
18

.
Observers Hand Book :
http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/~jds/preds13.pdf

93

2013

2013

.2013
2P/Encke 1786
. ) 2011 L4 (PanSTARRS
-1 .
.
2P/Encke
3.3 10 .
/
.
/
/
.
29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann
10
.2010
)(Hydra
.
/ 2013 /
.CCD
154P/Brewington
.1992
.
.
/ .
)2011 F1 (LINEAR
/ /
. .
)2011 L4 (PanSTARRS
. /
10 /
/ .
)2012 F6 (Lemmon

/ 2013

94

2013

.
"
"
.
.

.
.

.


.

.

.

.

.



Meteoroids .
.

.Meteor

.
.
70 -11/
.

95

110

80 . .
.
110 - 80 .
-:

 2013

:Sporadic
.
.
: Meteor shower
.




-
-
.


.


.



.
.
)(
.
.


- .

.
.



.

.
) (
.

96

110 70 80 .
.

2013

2013
: .
Perseids

. Quadrantids
Geminids Orionids Leonids
.
-Centaurids
- Aquariids - Aquariids

.
-Delphinids 1930
. ZHR

4/22
5/6
7/30

23.32
45.5
127

287
338
340

7/11

312

+17

8/12
11/12

140.0
230

48
058

+58
+22

4/25 4/16 Lyrids

5/28 4/19 -Aquarids
8/23 7/12 S -Aquarids
-Delphinids

8/24 7/17 Perseids

12/10 10/1 Northern
Taurids

+44
-01
-16

49
66
41

---

---

2.1
2.4
3.2

18
55
16

57

59
29

2.2
2.3

100
15

: .
. : ; : :
.
.J2000
) (.
: .
:

) 6.5

(.
.1998

. ZHR
.
") Var." = variable (.
2013 Alastair McBeath
International Meteor Organization
.Juergen Rendtel

97

2013

Quadrantids

Cancrids

120
4

1 / 5-1
1 / 24-1

41
28

1/ 3 283.16230 +49
1 / 17 297
130 +20

- Centaurids

2 / 21 1 / 28

56

-59

210

Leonids
-Normids
Virginids
Lyrids

Puppids

Aquarids
Sagittarids
Pegasids
July
Phoenicids
Piscis Austrinids

Southern
Aquarids

Capricornids
Southern

Aquarids
Northern

Aquarids
Perseids

Cygnids
Northern

Aquarids

Aurigids

Aurigids
Piscids
Draconids
Geminids

2 / 7 319.2

2.0

2
8

3 / 10 2 / 15
3 / 22 2 /25

23
56

+16
-51

168
249

336
353

2 / 24
3 / 13

3.0
2.4

5
15
Var.
60
5
3
Var.

4 / 15 1 / 25
4 / 25-16
4 / 28-15
5/28 4/19
7/15 4/15
7 / 17 3
10 16

30
49
18
66
30
70
47

-04
+34
-45
-01
-22
+15
-48

195
271
110
338
247
340
032

)(004
032.1
033.5
045.5
)(059
107.5
111

3 / 25
3 / 22
4 / 24
5/6
5 / 20
7 /10
7 / 13

3.0
2.9
2.0
2.7
2.5
3.0
3.0

8 / 10 7 / 15

35

-30

341

125

7 / 28

3.2

20

7 / 19 12

41

-16

339

125

7/ 28

3.2

4
2

8 / 15 7 / 3

23
34

-10
-15

307
334

127
132

7 / 30
8/ 4

2.5
2.9

8 /25 - 7 / 15

42

-05

335

136

8/9

3.4

140
3
3

8 / 24 7 / 17
8 / 25 3
8 / 31 11

59
25
31

+58
+59
-06

046
286
327

8 / 12 140.0
8 / 18 145
9/ 20 147

2.6
3.0
3.2

10
6
3

9 / 5 8 / 25
10/10 9 / 5
9 / 30 1

66
64
26

+42
+47
-01

084
060
005

9 / 1 158.6
9/ 9 166
9/ 20 177

2.5
3.0
3.0

10 / 10 6
10/ 27 14

20
70

+54
+27

262
102

10 / 9 195.4
10 / 18 205

2.6
3.0

11/ 7 10/ 2
11 / 25 10 / 1

66
27

+16
+13

095
052

208
223

10 / 21
11 / 5

2.9
2.3

29

+22

058

230

11 / 12

2.3

71

+22

11 / 17 235.16 153

2.5

Var.
2
20

Orionids
Southern
Taurids
11 / 25 10 / 1
Northern
Taurids
11 / 21 -14 100+ Leonids

98

Shower Name

ZHR

2.1
3.0

 2013

Monocerotids

Var.

Orionids
Phoenicids
Monocerotids

Var.
3

Puppid-Velids
Hydrids

10
2

Geminids

Coma Berenicids

Ursids

120
5
10

11 / 25 - 15

65

+01

11 / 22 239.32 117
250

2.4

28

+23

082

12 / 2

3.0

/ 15 11 / 26
12
12 /9 11 / 28
/ 17 11 / 27
12
12 / 15 1
12 / 15 3

18
42

-53
+08

12 / 6 254.25 018
12 / 9 257
100

2.8
3.0

40
58

-45
+02

123
127

)12 / 7 (255
12 / 12 260

2.9
3.0

12 / 71 7
1/ 23 12 / 12
12 / 26 17

35
65
33

+33
+25
+76

112
175
217

12 / 14 262
12 / 20 268
12 / 22 270.7

2.6
3.0
3.0

: Solar longitude .

: & K
Right Ascension

.Declination

( Zenithal Hourly Rating ) : ZHR

) (
6.5 .

International Meteor

) . Organization (IMO 2011

2001 :
.

99

2013

)
1200 (
. .

.

. 300


) + + ( ... +
.

. 500
.
.



.
.


.
.
.
2012 183 confirmed
unconfirmed


.
/ .
. .
...
.
. .
. .

100

 2013

impact craters
. ) (.

.
.


.
) Mass Extinction
(Doomsday Science .
) (

.

: 1997
.
.

. 1995 157 183
20 .
10 / unconfirmed
) ( .

.
.




. .
2007
:
) (1
) (2 .
:


)) (1
Astrogeology
) (2 .

) (
) Earth Impact Database = ( EID
.

.

101

2013

. :

: (1)
Table (1): the largest named craters in the solar system

102

Diameter

Planet/

KM /

Moon

Crater

No.

2500

Moon

South Pole Aitkin Basin

-1

2100

Mars

Hellas Basin

1600

Mercury

Skinakas Basin

-2
-3

1550

Mercury

Caloris Basin

-4

1100

Moon

Mare Imbrium

1100

Mars

Isidis Planitia

-5
-6

870

Moon

Mare Tranquilitatis

800

Mars

Argyre Planitia

-7
-8

700

Moon

Mare Serenitais

-9

700

Moon

Mare Nubium

625

Mercury

Beethoven

-10
-11

600

Callisto

Valhalla

-12

590

Moon

Hertzsprung

540

Moon

Apollo

-13
-14

470

Mars

Huygens

440

Titan

430

Moon

400

Schiaparelli

- 15
-16

Menerva

-17

Mercury

Korolev

400

Tythes

Dostiveski

-18
-19

390

Mercury

Odysseus

-20

2013

) : (1
Table (1): The Largest Named Craters in the Solar System

Crater

No.

Planet/
Moon

Diameter
KM /
380

-21
-22

Tolstoj

Mercury

Goethe

Ganymede

350

-23

Mare Orientale

Titania

340

-24
-25

Epigeus

Callisto

320

Gertrude

Earth

300

Asgard

Venus

300

Mead

Ganymede

270

-26
-27

): (1
the Moon

: 3476

Callisto

: 4840

Ganymede

: 5270

Titan

: 5150

Tethys

: 1060

Titania

: 1610

103

2013

) : (2
Table ( 2 ): Energy Released due to Terrestrial Impact Crater Formation
) ( 2012

) ( TNT

35

500

75

4500

15

120

20000

35

23

450

370

50

11

1600

55

1.1

15

1900

90

1.8

60

4400

155

3.1

310

12000

250

1400

28500

350

6.9

3600

51000

500

7.1

3700

55000

500

10

11000

100000

610

12.2

20000

142000

1.5

20

87000

350000

1.5

31

310000

720000

2.5

50

6+1.3

4.5

100

1.1 E+7

26

10

200

8.7E+7

150

50
20
2

In Real impacts = Projectiles less than 50 m, are destroyed in the atmosphere
Crater Diameter / Projectile Diameter = 20
Crater formatting energy = projectiles kinetic energy = 1/2 MV2

104

2013

) : (3
Table ( 3 ): Energy Released by an Impact with Comet or Meteorite
) ( 2012

10

100 TNT

50

9 TNT

300

2000 TNT

250

TNT
10000

10

.
) : ( 4 ) (13
Table(4) : Largest 13 impact craters known on earth
) ( 2012

) (

) (

-1

Verdefort

South africa

20234

300

-2

Sudbury

Canada

18503

250

-3
-4

Chicxulub

Mexico

65

170

Manicuagan

Canada

2141

100

-5
-6

Popigai

Russia

35.70.3

100

Chesapeake bay

USA

1673

90

-7

Puchez katunki

Russia

1450.8

80

-8
-9

Morokweng

South Africa

Beaverhead

USA

Too koo noo ka

Australia

600

1285

70
60
55

- 10
- 11

Charlevoix

Canada

34215

54

- 12

Siljan

Sweden

376.81.7

52

- 13

Kara - kul

Tajikistan

<5

52

105

2013

) (5
Impact craters known in the Arab world
) ( 2012

Amquid

450

Oarkziz

3500

Talemzane

1750

Tin Bider

Aouelloul

3.1

400

Bp Structure

120

Oasis

18

120

Tenoumer

1.9

210009700

3 Al - Wabar

Amquid

116 , 64 , 11

144

450

) : (6 15
)Oldest 11 craters known on earth (June 2012

Suvasein

Finland

)(
4

)(
<1000

11

Keurusselka

Finland

30

<1800

Passel ka

Finland

10

<1800

Lumparn

India

1000

12

Dhala

Russia

11

1700-2100

Jannisjarri

South Africa

14

7005

13

Vredefort

Canada

300

20234

Holleford

Mexico+ USA

2.35

550100

14

Sunta Fe

Canada

6.13

18503

10

Sudbury

Australia

250

1640-600

Amelia creek

Australia

20

1402440

Matt Wilson

Australia

7.5

16305

Shoemaker

Australia

Suavjarvi

Russia

16

2400

106

Yarra bubba

30

2000

2013

:
)(



)(



... .

) (
.
.
....


.
)(
)(
.

.

.
:

:

107

:Date :
:H
:M
:S
.
:Al : . )
( 0 . )
( 90 . ) 0 (90 45 .
) 0 90(
:Azi :
) (... 360 0
90 180 270 0

 2013

360 Azi 270 .

Azi 100 )
10( .
:Dir : ) ( :
0 90
180 270
0 360 Dir 90 .
200 .
.
:Mag : ...
6 . 4 6
1 - 0 . 13- .27-
.
:A/D A ) Ascending ) (( D ) Descending )
(( . .
: Tim . .
:

:
.1
.2 .
.3 90.
.4 .

.1 .
.2 :
.
.3 .

:
.1 :
6.
.2 : .
.
.3 : ) (

.
.

108

:
.

:
http://www.heavens-above.com

.

2013

2013
:
- 1 NASA
#
-1

2013/1

-2

2013/2/11

V-401

-3

2013/2/12

ISS 50

-4

2013/2/27

XL

-5

2013/3/28

-6

2013 /4

TMA-08M
S34 :
36/35
/

-7

2013/4/24

ISS 51

-8

2013/5/28

-9

2013/7/24

TMA-09M
:
S35
37/36
ISS 52

-10

2013/8/12

-11

2013/9/25

-12

2013/10/16

V /

B0
TMA-10M
S36 :
: 38/37
ISS 53

-13

2013/11/25

-14

2013/12/11

TMA-11M
:
S37
: 39/38

R3 :

-15

2013/12/24

ISS 54

A0

ISS 52

-
/TDRS-K 41

) )(LDCM

)(LADEE

) (
)(ERA

109

 2013

- 2 ESA
Sentinel-1

.
Sentinel-2

"
.
Sentinel-3


.
Sentinel-4

) (Eumetsat's

.
Sentinel-5

) (Eumetsat's ) UVNS
) ( Spectrometers .
Sentinel-5P
) ( Envisat)Nasa-
(Aura
. 2015
- 3

StraitsTimes .

- 4
110

2007 Chang One

.
2017 2013
.2020

 2013

2013
) (ISRO " :
27 2013 " K.
:Radhakrishnan
"
"
.2016
2009 " " Chandrayaan-1
.
2010 .
:
-1
-2
-3
-4

:
:
:
:

http://www.nasa.gov/missions/highlights/schedule.html
https://earth.esa.int/web/guest/missions/esa-future-missions
http://www.gizmochina.com
http://dawn.com/2012/09/17/india-to-launch-mars-mission-in-2013-official

111

2013

And
And
And
And
And
Aqr
Aqr
Aqr
Aqr
Aqr
Aql
Aql
Aql

112

Aql
Aql
Ari
Ari
Ari
41C Ari
Aur
Aur
Aur
Aur
Boo
Boo
Boo
Boo
Boo
1 Boo

Alpheratz
Sirrah
Mirach
Alamak / Almak
Aldhil
Sadalmelik
Sadalsuud
Sadachiba
Skat
Albali
Altair
Deneb Al Okab ( Borealis )
Deneb Al Okab (Australis ) /
Deneb
Althalimain
Al Thalimain
Hamal
Sheratan
Al Butain
Nair Albotein
Menkarlina / Mikalinan
Almaaz
Alanz
Kabdhilinan
Nekkar
Haris
Muphrid
Izar
Mirak
Alazal

ACubens
Sertan
Altarf
Mirzam / Murzim
Muliphen
Wezen
Adhara

Can
Can
Can
Cma
Cma
Cma
Cma

( )
( )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

( )

14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29

30
31
32
33
34
35
36

Cma
Cma
CMi
Cap
Cap
Cap
Cap
Cap
Car
Car
Cas
Cas
Cas
Cas
Cen
Cen
Cen
Cen
Cen
Cen
Cep
Cep
Cep
Cep
Cep
Cep
Cep
Cet
Cet
Cet
Cet
Cet
Cet
Cet
Cet
Cet
1Cet
Col
Col
CrB
CrB

113

Aludra
Furud / Phurad
Gomeisa
Algedi / Giedi
Dabih
Nashira
Deneb Algedi
Al Shat
Suhel
Tureis
Schedir/ Shedar
Caph
Ruchbah
Marfak
Rigil Kentaurus / Rigil Kent
Toliman
Muliphain
Alnair
Menkent
Haratan
Alderamin
Alfirk
Errai / Alrai
Kurhah / Kurdah
Al Kidr
Erakis
Al Kalb Al Ral
Menkar
Diphda
Deneb Kaitos
Kaffaljadhma
Baten Kaitos
Alnair
Dheneb
Deneb Al Shemali
Baten Kaitos Shemali
Alnitham
Phact / Pheat
Wazn
Alphecca / Alphekka
Nusakan

2013

( )

37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77

114

Cru
Crv
Crv
Crv
Crv
Crt
Cyg
Cyg
Cyg
Cyg
Cyg
Cyg
Del
Del
Dra
Dra
Dra
Dra
Dra
Dra
Dra
Dra
Dra
Dra
Dra
Dra
Equ
Eri
Eri
Eri
Eri
Eri
Eri
Eri
1 Eri

Hadar
Alchiba / Alkhiba
Gienah/ Gienah A Ghurab
Algorab
Mikar
Alkes
Deneb
Arided
Sadr / Sadir
Gienah
Azelfafage
Ruchba
Deneb / Deneb Dulphine
Al Deneb Al Dulfim
Thuban
Adib
Rastaban
Alwaid / Alkwaid
Eltanin / Etamin
Altais
Aldibah
Aldhibain
Edasich
Alrakis / Arrakis
Alsafi
Dziban
Kitalpha
Achernar
Kursa / Carsa
Zaurak
Zibal
Azha
Acamar
Dalim
Beid

2 Eri

Keid

2 Eri

Angetenar

Gem
Gem

Alhena
Almeisan

2013

( )

( )
( )

78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112

( )

113

114

115
116

115

2013

Gem
Gem
Gem
Gem

Wasat
Mebsuta
Mekbuda
Tejat Prior

117
118
119
120

Gem
Gem
Gru
Gru
Her
Her
Her
Hya
Hya
Hya
Hya
Ind
Leo
Leo
Leo
Leo
Leo
Leo
Leo
Leo
Leo
Leo
Leo
Lep
Lep
Lib
Lib
Lib

121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

31
31

Lyr
Lyr
Lyr
Lyr
Lyr
Lyn
Lyn
Oph
Oph

Tejat Posterior
Alzirr
Alnair
Aldanab
Ras Algethi
Marfik
Maasym
Alphard
Alminhar Alshuja
Ukda
Al Sharasif
Alnair
Denebola
Algieba
Dhur
Algenubi
Ras Alasad Australis
Aldhafera
Chertan
Alminhar Alasad
Alterf
Rasalas / Ras Elased Borealis
Subra
Arneb
Nihal
Zubenel Genubi
Zubenel Schamali
Zubenel Akrab / Zuben El
Hakrabi
Vega
Sheliak
Sulaphat
Aladfar
Alathfar
Alsciaukat
mebsuthat
Ras Alhague
Cebalrai / Cheleb

149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157

Oph
Oph
Oph
Oph
Ori
Ori
Ori
Ori
Ori
Ori
Ori
Ori
Ori
Ori
Ori
Ori , or
3 Ori
Peg
Peg
Peg
Peg
Peg
Peg
Peg
Peg
Peg
Peg
Per
Per
Per
Per
Per
Per
Per
h Per
Pho
Pho
Psc
Psc
Psc
Psc
PscA
PscA
Pup
Pup
Pup
116

Yed Prior
Yed Posterior
Marfik
Sabik
Betelgeuse
Rigel
Mintaka
Alnilam
Alnitak
Saif Al Jabbar
Nair Alsaif
Saiph
Meissa
Heka
Thabit
Markab
Scheat
Algenib
Enif
Fom
Homam
Matar
Biham
Sadalbari
Alsuud Alnujam
Fum Al Faras
Mirphak
Algenib
Algol
Menkib
* Schedir
Atik
Misam
Ankaa
Nair Alzaurak
Alrescha
Okda
Kaitain
Alpherg
Fomalhaut
Fumel Samakah
Tureis
Alsuhail / Suhail
Hadar

2013

( )

158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201

Sge
Sgr
Sgr
Sgr
Sgr
Sgr
Sgr
Sgr
Sgr
Sgr
Sco
Sco
Sco
Sco
Sco
Sco
Sco

1 Sco
Ser
Ser
Ser
Tau
Tau
Tau
Tau
Tri
UMa
UMa
UMa
UMa
UMa
UMa
UMa
UMa
UMa
UMa
UMa
UMa
UMa
UMa
UMa
UMa
UMa
UMa
UMa
117

Sham/ Alsahm
Alrami
Rukbat
Arkab
Alnasl
Nushaba
Kaus Media
Kaus Australis
Kaus Borealis
Albaldah
Acrab
Dschubba / Dschubbah
Shaula
Jabbah
Alniyat
Alniyat
Lesath
Jabat Alakrab
Unuk Alhai
Alava
Alya
Aldebaran
Alnath
Ain
Alheka
Muthallah
Dubhe
Merak
Dubhe
Merak
Phad / Phecda
Megrez
Alioth
Mizar
Mizar
Alkaid
Benet Nasch
Alhaud
Sarir Banat Naash
Talitha / Talita
Alkaprah
Tania Borealis
Tania Australis
Alula Borealis
Mizar

2013

( )
( )
( )

( )

202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
228
229
230
231
232
233
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
233

UMa
UMa
UMa
80 UMa
UMi
UMi
UMi
UMi
UMi
Vel
Vel
Vel
Vel
Vir
Vir
Vir
Vir
Vir
Vir
Vir

118

Alkaid
Alula Australis
Alkafzah/ El Koprah
Alcor
Alruccabah
Kochab / Kokab
Phercad
Alifa/ Alifa Al Farkadain
Anwar Al Farkadain
Suhail
Suhail
Alwazn
Markeb
Azimech
Zavijava
Auva
Zaniah
Alaraph
Almuredin
Rigi Al Awwa

2013

)
(

)

234
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261

2013

119

2013

359
21185




154
248

15693 36 -
128

61
]
61


1915 59 +
1915 59 +

1061

6375 -1845
6375 -1845

1652+0253

Sun
Proxima Cent C
a Cent A
A Cent B
Barnards
Wolf 359
Laland 21185
Sirius A
Sirius B
)BL Cetus (A
)UV Cetus (B
Ross 154
Ross 248
Eri
CD-36 15693
Ross 128
EZ Aqr
A
EZ Aqr
B
EZ Aqr
C
61 Cyg
A
61 Cyg
B
Procyon
A
Procyon
B
BD+59 1915 A
BD+59 1915 B
GX And A
GQ And B
Ind
A
Ind
B
Ind
C
DX can
Cet
GJ 1061
YZ Cet
Lutenens
SCR 1845-6375 A
SCR 1845-6375 B

2
3
4
5
6
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

13
14
15
16
17

18
19
20
21
22
23

24
25

4.24
4.36
5.98
7.78
8.29
8.58
8.73
9.67
10.31
10.48
10.69
10.94
11.27

11.40
11.44
11.49
11.65
11.81

11.83
11.91
11.99
12.12
12.25
12.57

-26.72
11.05
0.01
1.34
9.57
13.53
7.47
-1.43
8.44
12.61
13.06
10.44
12.29
3.73
7.34
11.16
13.03
13.27
15.07
5.20
6.03
0.37
10.70
8.90
9.69
8.08
11.06
4.68

4.83
15.48
4.38
5.71
13.25
16.64
10.44
1.47
11.37
15.47
19.92
13.08
14.79
6.20
9.76
13.53
15.34
15.58
17.38
7.48
8.31
2.65
12.98
11.17
11.96
10.31
13.29
6.89

14.90
3.49
13.09
12.10
9.85
17.40
15.14

8.85 12.57 SO 0253+1652

6.67 12.76 Kapteyns

768.85
747.23

0.29
1.17

545.51
419.10
393.25
380.20

0.29
2.10
0.57
1.28

38.53
37.10
37.24
103.58
46.96
48.02
13.39

373.70

2.70

33.68

337.22
316.37
311.22
305.08
298.14
289.50

1.97
0.55
0.09
0.70
1.37
4.40

666.00
1617
977.00
6896.00
1361.00
3254.00

286.08

0.48

285.17

0.64

5281.00
5172.00
1259.00

283.83

0.46

279.87

0.60

2238.00
2313.00
2918.00

276.06

0.28

4704.00
4823.00

17.10
5.68
15.26
14.25
11.98
19.47
17.21

275.80
273.97
272.01
269.08
266.23
259.50

3.00
0.17
1.30
2.99
0.66
1.11

1290.00
1922.00
831.00
1372.00
3738.00
2558.00

10.89
8.69

259.41
255.67

0.89
0.91

5050.00
8670.00

120

2013

8
)(
9
310
37
4
25
42

-------------

-------------

6 45.7
6 24.2
14 16.2
14 40.5
18 37.3
5 17.5

-16 44
-52 42
+19 07
-60 53
+38 48
+46 01

5 15.1
7 40.0
1 38.2
5 55.8
14 04.7
19 51.4
4 36.6
13 25.9
16 30.2
7 46.1

-8 11
+5 12
-57 10
+7 24
-60 26
+8 54
+16 32
-1 11
-26 28
+28 00
-29 33

--------------

-26.75

4.8

7
8
9
9
11
12
13
14
15
16

)(




+

-1.44
-0.62
-0.05
-0.01
0.03
0.08

1.5
-5.4
-0.6
4.2
0.6
-0.8

17

1.17

1.6

25

22 58.3

18

0.18
0.44
0.45
0.45
0.58
0.76
0.87
0.98
1.06
1.16

-6.6
2.8
-2.9
-5.0
-5.5
2.1
-0.8
-3.6
-5.8
1.1

800
11
144
520
500
17
65
260
600
34

1.25

-4.0

320

12 27.3

-63 10

1.25
1.25

-4.0
-7.5

350
1500

12 48.5
20 41.9

-59 45
+45 20

1.35
1.36
1.50

6.2
-0.6
-4.1

4
78
400

14 40.4
10 09.0
6 59.1

-60 53
+11 54
-28 59

1.59

-0.7

88

12 31.9

-57 11

30
31
32
33
34
35
35

Miaplacidus

--

1.62
1.64
1.64
1.65
1.67

-3.6
-2.8
-3.6
-1.3
-1.1

360
240
320
130
111

17 34.5
5 25.8
12 27.3
5 27.1
9 13.3

-37 07
+6 22
-63 10
+28 37
-69 46

1.69
1.73
1.74
1.75
1.76
1.79
1.79

-6.6
-0.9
-5.5
-5.8
-0.2
-4.9
-1.4

1000
101
800
800
81
600
140

5 36.8
22 09.0
5 41.4
8 09.9
12 54.6
3 25.2
18 25.0

-1 12
-46 54
-1 56
-47 22
+55 54
+49 54
-34 23

1
2
3
4
5
6

18
18
21
22
23
24
25
26
26
28
29

121

 2013

37
38
39
40
40

42
43
44
44

44
47
48
49
50

Avior

Sargas

Atria

- -

1.81
1.83
1.85
1.86
1.86

-1.3
-7.2
-1.8
-4.8
-3.0

124
2000
101
600
270

11 04.5
7 08.9
13 48.0
8 22.8
17 38.2

+61 41
-26 25
+49 15
-59 33
-43 00

1.90
1.91
1.93
1.93

-0.2
-5.0
-0.6
0.6

82
400
100
52

6 00.4
16 50.0
6 38.4
7 35.4

+44 57
-69 03
+16 23
+31 52

1.93
1.94
1.97
1.98
1.99

0.0
-2.1
-4.1
-4.0
-2.1

80
180
400
500
180

8 45.0
20 26.6
2 46.9
6 23.2
9 28.2

-54 45
-56 42
+89 19
-17 58
-8 43

122

2013

Introduction

) :(1-1
) star
(clusters -
.
) (2-1 )( )(Binary Stars
)(
)-1
. (1
.


1973)(Batten


.
.

) : (1-1
http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2010-03/fastest-binary-stars-ever-discovered-spin310-miles-second

) (
.

.


) (Stellar Evolution .

. 1992) 1992; Plavec (Batten
) (3 -1 )( some classifications
:
) :(1 -3-1 :
-1 ) :(Visual Binaries

123

 2013

.
-2 ) :(Spectroscopic Binaries
. .
-3 ) : (Eclipsing Binaries

-4 ) : (Astrometrical Binaries
) (
.
-5 ) : (Interferometric Binaries
.

. 1992)(Batten
) :(2-3-1 ) (.


Hertzsprung Russell Diagram .
Krat Struve . Sahade
) ( 1973Batten :
main

- 1
. sequence region
- 2 :
) (2/a .
) (2/b .
- 3 giants
.subgiants
- 4
:
) (4/a .
) ( 4/b .
- 2
.
Batten W
)( 1973Batten

Geminorum
) -(1 YY YY
).( 1973Batten
1992) 1992; Plavec(Batten :
) (3 -3 -1 :

124

) : (Wide Binaries
-1
) (
.

 2013

-2 ) : (Close Binaries
.

) (Cataclysmic Variables ).(X-Ray Binaries
1959) (Kopal 1959 ] -
[) (Roche Model :
-1 detached binary systems

-2 semi detached binary systems
) )( (

-3 contact binary systems
.

" :
" ) (Kopal <1959
mass ratio normalized potential
C1 C2
.
) C0 (
q .
:
:

) .( 1992Hilditch
) (
) (/
) (.

M .

red giant
) Hilditch
. (1992 ) (1992
.
.
: high mass X-
). ray binaries (HMBX's
: :

125

.
. subgiants
) Algol systems
(.

 2013

low mass X-
) ray binaries (LMXB's )(
)cataclysmic varibles ( - .

. 0.2
0.3 ) (1992De Greve
7.5 .
" " Algol paradox 1950
"
) ( "). 1992(De Greve
1955
) ( .
)(
.
.
: :
"
Gerard
"
Kuiper 1941
W
. -
" "

fractional radii

0.75 )
(
-
) (
WUMa
.


WUMa ) Leung
.(1992

126

common envelope binaries over- contact binaries
)(2 -1

 2013

) :(2 -1
- a -b -c 1959) (Kopal .
) (4 -3-1 : 1992) Leung
- ) : ( Late-Type
G K ) (

) . (Convective Common Envelope ) ( Leendert Bennendijk
: A ) (Transit
W
) ( Primary Eclipse ) . (Occultation

- ) : ( Early-Type
O B ) (
) . (Radiative Common Envelope
- ) : ( Intermediate-Type
A F G .
) (
.
- ) : (Supergiant
G K .
- ) : ( Double Contact
) (Potential Surface Limit ) (
) ) (Rotational Potential Surface
(
(Non Synchronized Rotational
) System )(
) (3 -1 .
) krat (1944
) Sturve (1950) Sahade(1960
- (1964) Plavec
.

127

 2013

) :( 3 -1 : -
.

____________________________________________
) (1 .
) (2 .

128

2013

.

.
) ( %85 .

.

.
:


. ) (Serius
( Serius B -
.
40 10
""
.
.
.
: )(
50 .

"" 75x 100x
.
.
.
)( .
.
Phil Harington

129

2013

:
1

) Epsilon (

14h45.0m

'27 04

4.9 2.5

"3

100x

) Xi (

14h51.4m

'19 06

7.0 4.7

"7

50x

) Iota (

8h46.7m

'28 46

6.6 4.2

"30

15x

) Zeta (

8h12.2m

'17 39

6.0 5.6

"6

50x

12h56.0m

'38 19

5.5 2.9

"19

25x

) Alpha (

14h39.6m

'-60 50

1.4 0.0

"14

25x

) Acrux (

12h26.6m

'-63 06

1.9 1.4

"4

100x

10h20.0m

'19 51

3.5 2.2

"4

100x

Mizar () Ursa

13h23.9m

'54 56

4.0 2.3

"14

25x

) Porrima (

14h45.0m

'27 04

4.9 2.5

"3

100x

) Cor Caroli (

) Gamma (

) Gamma (

2h03.9m

'42 20

5.5 2.3

"10

50x

22h28.8m

'-00 01

4.5 4.3

"2

100x

) Gamma (

1h53.5m

'19 18

4.8 4.8

"8

50x

) Lambda (

1h57.9

'23 36

7.7 4.9

"37

25x

0h49.1m

'57 49

7.5 3.4

"12

50x

) Sigma (

23h59.0m

'55 45

7.1 5.0

"3

100x

32

3h54.3m

'-02 57

6.1 4.8

"7

50x

) Eta (

2h50.7m

'55 54

8.5 3.8

"28

50x

) Iota (

2h12.4m

'30 18

6.9 5.3

"4

50x

) Polaris (

2h 31.8m

'89 16

9.0 2.0

"18

50x

) Zeta (

) Eta (

130

2013

) Gamma (

2h03.9m

'42 20

5.5 2.3

"10

50x

22h28.8m

'-00 01

4.5 4.3

"2

100x

) Gamma (

1h53.5m

'19 18

4.8 4.8

"8

50x

) Lambda (

1h57.9

'23 36

7.7 4.9

"37

25x

0h49.1m

'57 49

7.5 3.4

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50x

) Sigma (

23h59.0m

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7.1 5.0

"3

100x

32

3h54.3m

'-02 57

6.1 4.8

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50x

) Eta (

2h50.7m

'55 54

8.5 3.8

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50x

) Iota (

2h12.4m

'30 18

6.9 5.3

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50x

) Polaris (

2h 31.8m

'89 16

9.0 2.0

"18

50x

) Zeta (

) Eta (

h3945

7h16.6m

-23 19

6.8 4.8

"27

50x

5h44.5m

'-22 27

6.3 3.7

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7x

) Castor (

7h34.6m

'31 53

2.9 1.9

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) Theta (

4h28.7m

15 52

3.8 3.4

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6h28.8m

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5.2 4.7

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50x

) Lambda (

5h35.1m

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5.5 3.6

"4

100x

) Mintaka (

5h32.0m

'-00 18

6.3 2.2

"53

10x

) Rigel (

5h14.5m

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6.8 0.1

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131

2013

variable stars
.

.
3 :
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3.04 2.01
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) ( Nova 5
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5.1 6

z 8. 7.2
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.

132

 2013

:
:
" "racketing . c
) ~0.1
(
: )

(

:
) (

" "R" "s " "T
. R Borealis Borealis S
suti ) (S cutum
" "z RR
RS RT RZ SS SZ ZZ
AA AZ BB BZ JZ
QZ 334
) (
334 7335
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Andy Beaton
- " . " "
60 ) (10 " Glenn
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.
) (AAVSO
.
AAVSO
.

Phil Harington

133

2013

)(

8h16.6m

'6.1-11.8 11 43.9

360

15h48.6m

'5.7-14.8 28 09.4

'5.8-10.0 11 25.8

310

9h47.6m

6.1-12.1

146

12h38.5m

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6.0-9.6

364

SS

12h25.3m

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)(

19h6.4m

'08 14

5.5-12.0

284

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19h50.6m

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407

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18h50.1m

12.94

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3.3-4.3

)(
R

18h47.5m

15h50.7m

-05

4.5-9.0

140

'42.7
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357

134

2013

RZ

) Delta (
)Mira (

)(

2h48.6m

'6.4-7.8 69 38.5

1.2

22h29.2m

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5.4

332

-02

2h19.4m

2.0-10.0

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3h08.2m

2.9

'5.4-12.6 34 15.9

2h37.0m

267

)(

5h17.3m

'6.8-14.2 53 35.1

458

7h07.4m

'7.1-13.2 22 42.7

370

7h55.1m

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4h59.6m

427

5h55.8m

-14

6.8-9.8

'48.4
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368

135

2013

88

)( .
2001 : . .

. " "
. .

Andromeda

Antlia

Apus

Auriga

Bootes

10

11

12

13

14

Canis Major

15

Canis Minor

16

Capricornus

17

18

Aquarius
Aquila
Ara
Aries

Caelum
Camelopardalis
Cancer
Canes Venatici

Carina

136

Cassiopeia

2013

19

Centaurus

20

Cepheus

21

Cetus

22

Chamaeleon

23

Circinus

24

25

Coma Berenices

26

Corona Australis

27

Corona Borealis

28

Columba

Corvus

29

Crater

30

31

32

33

34

35

Equuleus

36

Eridanus

37

Fornax

38

Gemini

39

Grus

Hercules

41

Horologium

42

Hydra

43

Hydrus

44

Indus

45

Lacerta

46

40

Cygnus
Delphinus
Dorado
Draco

Leo
Leo Minor

137

47

Crux

2013

48

Lepus

49

Libra

50

Lupus

51

Lynx

52

Lyra

53

54

55

Mensa
Microscopium
Monoceros

56

Musca

57

Norma

58

Octans

59

Ophiuchus

60

Orion

Pavo

61
62

Pegasus

63

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