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Pemodelan Sistem 1 Rev
Pemodelan Sistem 1 Rev
Pemodelan Sistem 1 Rev
Dosen
Dosen : Asrul Harun Ismail Email :
ismael.aaron3@gmail.com asrul@dayamitra.com
Komponen Penilaian
TUGAS & LATIHAN UTS UAS
: 30 % : 30 % : 40 %
REFERENSI
_, System Engineering Fundamental, DAU, 2001. Murthy, D.N.P., Page, M.W., and Rodin,E.Y., Mathematical Modelling, Pergamon Press, 1990. Makalah dari beberapa Jurnal Nasional dan Internasional
Outline Kuliah:
Sistem Model Berpikir
(System)
Sistem (Systems Thinking) Teknik Industri Definisi, masalah khas TI, dan Kebutuhan pendekatan komprehensif untuk pemecahan masalah (pengambilan keputusan)
SISTEM
Definition:
a collection of entities (people, factory orders, cars, phone calls, data packets, ) which interact to accomplish some logical purpose.
A collection of elements that function together to achieve a desired goal
Kumpulan elemen/komponen yang bekerja bersama untuk mencapai tujuan yang diharapkan
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Komponen Sistem
Components of a system: 1. Entities: - Items processed through the system such as products, customers, and documents. 2. Attributes: - Properties of an entity. 3. Activities: - An operation carried out by entity during a specified period of time. - Tasks performed in the system that are either directly or indirectly involved in the processing of entities. -Collection of operations that transform the state of an entity
Bahan Ajar Kuliah Permodelan Sistem Jurusan Teknik Industri UP 9
Komponen Sistem
Components of a system: 4. Resources : -The means by which activities are performed. 5. Controls : -Dictate how, when, and where activities are performed, they impose order on the system. 6. System state : -a collection of variables necessary to describe a system at any given time, relative to the objectives of the study. -Define the state of the system 7. Event : -Instantaneous occurrence that changes the system state. - change in the system state. Bahan Ajar Kuliah Permodelan Sistem
Jurusan Teknik Industri UP
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Contoh Sistem
Traffic Systems Political Systems Economic Systems Manufacturing Systems Service Systems Information Systems
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Integrated System
Typical IE Questions
Is the system providing the best possible economic return to its owners? Are some products not economically viable? Which ones? Are resources being utilized appropriately? Where is capacity excessive or inadequate? Is the mix of resources appropriate? Are new technologies needed? Are the resources organized and managed properly? Are suppliers' prices, terms, delivery, and quality appropriate? Are the products/services meeting customers' needs? How could they be improved?
Model Fisik
Model Matematik
Solusi Analitis
SIMULASI
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MODEL
Representasi dari sistem
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Tipe Model Deskriptif (kondisi nyata ) Prediktif (meramalkan) Normatif ( seharusnya ) Waktu Statik Dinamik Tingkat Uncertainty Deterministik (Ketidakpastian) Probabilistik Interaksi dgn Terbuka lingkungan Tertutup Tingkat Kuantifikasi Kualitatif Kuantitatif Dimensi 2 dimensi 3 dimensi
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QUIZ
Jelaskan
apa itu sistem ! Sebutkan komponen komponen sistem, berikan penjelasannya masing-masing ! Jelaskan apa itu model ! Sebutkan Tipe Klasifikasi Model !
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A process is work performed on, or in response to, incoming data flows or conditions.
A System is a Process
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Decomposition is the act of breaking a system into its component subsystems, processes, and sub processes. Each level of abstraction reveals more or less detail.
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about phenomena as hierarchically organised wholes Identification of some common principles which enable a system to be defined and a boundary drawn around it. Defining the inputs and outputs which cross the system boundary.
of the mechanisms of control by the means of which the system maintains its identity and coherence Identification of the purpose or goals of the system, and principles by which its component, or sub-systems are organised Depict Conceptual Model
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A decomposition diagram or hierarchy chart shows the top-down, functional decomposition of a system.
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Masukan (Input / I ): 1. Data mahasiswa Keluaran (Output / O): 1. Lembar hasil studi 2. Lap hasil studi
Catatan :
Masukan adalah data input yg bisa berupa file, dokumen atau tampilan
Keluaran adalah data output hsl proses yg bisa berupa file, dokumen atau tampilan
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38
39
40
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Jawab Soal-2 : Identifikasi Kebutuhan Sistem Komputerisasi : (c) Model Sistem Informasi
1.
2.
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Jawab Soal-2 : Identifikasi Kebutuhan Sistem Komputerisasi : (c) Model Sistem Informasi
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Jawab Soal-2 : Identifikasi Kebutuhan Sistem Komputerisasi : (c) Model Sistem Informasi
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Jawab Soal-2 : Identifikasi Kebutuhan Sistem Komputerisasi : (c) Model Sistem Informasi
7. P : Membuat bukti permintaan barang I : Data permintaan barang O : Dokumen bukti permintaan barang
8. P : Membuat laporan persediaan barang I : Data stok barang, data barang (master) O : Laporan persediaan barang (dokumen dan tampilan)
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Sebuah Toko swalayan melayani penjualan barang secara tunai dan kredit (khusus untuk karyawan toko tsb.). Agar pelayanan yang lebih cepat, sistem ingin dibantu oleh komputer dengan prosedur sebagai berikut : 1. Pembeli datang dan membawa barang yang dibelinya ke kasir. 2. Petugas kasir memasukkan barang yang dibeli ke komputer dan merekamnya ke file penjualan dan secara otomatis data saldo barang pada file barang diupdatenya. 3. Petugas menginformasikan total pembayaran ke pembeli, lalu petugas menerima pembayaran dan mencatatnya di komputer untuk direkam ke file pembayaran. Untuk penjualan kredit, petugas mencatat identitas pembeli dan jumlah uang pembayaran ke file piutang. 4. Petugas mencetakkan bukti pembayaran untuk pembeli. 5.Setiap hari petugas membuat Laporan penjualan dan laporan keuangan untuk Supervisor, serta laporan permintaan barang untuk Gudang.
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is a type of diagram that represents an algorithm or process, showing the steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by connecting these with arrows.
Teknik Industri Universitas Pancasila 49
Flow Chart
Flow Chart
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Data flows are not typically represented in a flowchart, in contrast with data flow diagrams; rather, they are implied by the sequencing of operations. Flowcharts are used in analyzing, designing, documenting or managing a process or program in various fields.
Teknik Industri Universitas Pancasila
Flow Chart
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Flow Chart
There are many different types of flowcharts, and each type has its own repertoire of boxes and notational conventions. The two most common types of boxes in a flowchart are:
a processing step, usually called activity, and denoted as a rectangular box a decision, usually denoted as a diamond.
Teknik Industri Universitas Pancasila 52
A flowchart is described as "cross-functional" when the page is divided into different swimlanes describing the control of different organizational units.
Flow Chart
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Network Diagram
Network Diagram
LS LF Activity Name
Duration
LS
ES
Activity Name
Duration
LF
EF
ES
EF
ES
EF
PRECEDENCE
ES EF LS LF : : : : Earliest Start Earliest Finish Latest Start Latest Finish
ARROW
EARLIEST FINISH (EF) (EF) = (ES) + (D) LATEST START (LS) (LS) = (LF) - (D)
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Dependency Types
Network Diagram
1. Finish-to-start
Activity A
(FS)
FS
Activity B
Activity A
(SS) (FF)
SS
Activity B
Activity A Activity B
3. Finish-to-finish
Activity A
Activity B
4. Start-to-finish
(SF)
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SF
Lag
Network Diagram
delay in the successor task. Example : FS with 4 days lag Activity B cannot start until 4 days after Activity A has finished
Activity A
Duration = 14 d
14
Activity B
Duration = 2 d
FS 4 d lag
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Activity A
Duration = 14 d
Lead
allows an acceleration of the successor task.
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FS 4 d lead
Activity B
Duration = 2 d
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12
Lead = - Lag Example : FS with 4 days lead Activity B can start 4 days before Activity A has finished
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Network Diagram
example
ACT.
PRED. DEPENDENC Y, LAGS
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A20
S T A R T
A30
F I N I S H
A10
A60
A40
A50
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CPM Calculations
time variable based (Forward & Backward)
4 A 20 7 7 A 30 8
2
S T A R T 0 0 0 A 10 2 2 2 2 2
6
8 8 A 60 5 13 13
F I N I S H 13
A 40 4
6 6
6 6
A 50 2
8 8
LEGEND
Backward Forward
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Context Diagram
Context Diagram
Context Diagram (CD) adalah kasus dari DFD (bagian dari DFD yang berfungsi memetakan model lingkungan), yang dipresentasikan dengan lingkaran tunggal yang mewakili keseluruhan sistem.
Context Diagram
Context Diagram
Aturan-aturan CD
Bagian termudah adalah menetapkan proses yang hanya terdiri dari satu lingkaran tunggal dan diberi nama yang mewakili sistem. Jika terdapat terminator yang mempunyai banyak masukan dan keluaran, diperbolehkan untuk digambarkan lebih dari satu kali. Jika terminator mewakili individu (personil) sebaiknya diwakili oleh peran yang dimainkan personil tersebut. Antara terminator tidak
Context Diagram
Lambang-lambang CD
Rest of the world
Terminator
Data Masuk dan Data Keluar
Context Diagram
Bag. Penjualan
Lap. Penjualan Daftar Customer Daftar Bayar Daftar Retur Lap. Retur
Pim pinan
Context Diagram
Prosedur Proses :
Customer menyerahkan data customer dan daftar pembelian produk ke bagian penjualan. Penjualan menerima daftar pembelian barang, kemudian mengecek daftar pembelian tersebut dengan melihat data produk yang berasal dari bagian gudang. Bagian penjualan membuat daftar pembelian rangkap 3. Daftar pembelian yang pertama diserahkan kebagian gudang, yang ke2 digunakan untuk membuat nota pembayaran rangkap 3 dan laporan data customer. Laporan data customer dibuat rangkap 2, lembar 1 diberikan kepada bagian pimpinan dan lembar 2 sebagai arsip sedangkan nota pembayaran 1 diserahkan ke bagian keuangan, rangkap ke2
Context Diagram
Prosedur Proses :
- Setelah bagian produksi menerima daftar pembelian dari bagian penjualan, bagian produksi menghitung data produk dan mengecek daftar pembelian serta membuat data produk sebanyak rangkap 2. - Lembar 1 diberikan lagi ke bagian penjualan, lembar 2 akan diolah untuk membuat laporan data produk yang akan diserahkan ke pimpinan. - Pada bagian keuangan, nota bayar yang berasal dari bagian penjualan diolah menjadi faktur penjualan. - Faktur hasil pengolahan untuk selanjutnya akan digunakan dalam pembuatan laporan penjualan yang masing-masing rangkap 2. - Lembar 1 diberikan kepada bagian pimpinan dan lembar 2 sebagai dokumen. - Pimpinan Operasional memeriksa dan meng ACC laporan-laporan tersebut dan dijadikan arsip.
Context Diagram
Penjualan
Customer Bag. Penjualan
B Data Customer Data Pembelian Barang Data Customer Data Pembelian Barang
Bag. Gudang
A
Bag. Keuangan
C F
Pimpinan
E G
Data Barang
Daftar 1 Pembelian
Data Barang Data Barang Daftar 3 Pembelian Daftar 2 Pembelian D Daftar 1 Pembelian B Buat Laporan Data Barang Faktur Penjualan
Nota 2 Pembayaran
Lap. Data Barang Buat Nota Bayar, lap customer Nota 3 Pembayaran Nota 2 Pembayaran
Lap. 2 Penjualan
E F
that uses a small number of symbol shapes to illustrate how data flows through interconnected processes
Most natural way to document processes Emphasis on processes rather than data
B-72
DFD Symbols
Data stores which are data repositories. In other words, data at rest.
B-74
Mail
Customer
Sales Manager
B-75
Use only a single process symbol Label the process symbol to represent the entire system Do not number the single process symbol Include all terminators for the system Show all the data flows between the terminators and the system
B-76
Customer
1. Open mail
Sales manager
Figure n Diagrams
Documents a single process of a DFD in a greater amount of detail n represents the number of the process on the next higher level that is being documented The term leveled DFDs describe the hierarchy of diagrams ranging from context to the lowest-level figure n diagram
B-78
Commission amounts
B-80
levels. 3. Show proper disposition of records deleted from a data store. 4. When documenting a computer program, do not include reads/writes. 5. Avoid read-only processes. 6. Write-only processes are permissible when time serves as the trigger.
B-81
EXAMPLE :
Development :
EXAMPLE :
Function Symbol :
Directed Lines :
AND symbol :
Exclusive OR Symbol :
Inclusive OR Symbol :
What is IDEF?
Definition: IDEF is the common name referring to classes of enterprise modeling languages. Objective: IDEF is used for modeling activities necessary to support system analysis, design, improvement or integration. Originally, IDEF was developed to enhance communication among people trying to understand the system. Now, IDEF is being used for documentation,
IDEF History
IDEF0- Function Modeling Method
In the 1970s, IDEF0 originated in the U.S. Air Force under the Integrated Computer Aided Manufacturing(ICAM) program from a well-established graphical language, the Structured Analysis and Design Technique (SADT).
IDEF Family
IDEF0- Function Modeling Method
IDEF Family of Methods:
IDEF0: for Function Modeling (purpose:description) IDEF1: for Information Modeling. (purpose:description) IDEF1x: for Data Modeling. (purpose:design) IDEF3: for Process Modeling. (purpose:description) IDEF4: for Object-Oriented Design. (purpose:design) IDEF5: for Ontology Description Capture. (purpose:description)
the functions that are performed, what is needed to perform those functions, IDEF0 was released as a standard for Function Modeling by the Computer Systems Laboratory of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. (1993)
Inputs
Function Name
Outputs
Inputs: items that trigger the activity Controls: guide or regulate the activity Mechanisms: systems, people, equipment used to perform the activity Outputs: results of performing the activity
Mechanisms
STRENGTHS
The model has proven effective in detailing the system activities for function modeling. IDEF0 models provide an abstraction away from timing, sequencing and decision logic. However, it is easy to use IDEF0 for modeling activity sequences whenever needed. (Order the activities from left to right in the decomposition diagram). Provides a concise description of systems, by using the ICOMS. (Inputs, Controls, Output, Mechanism) The hierarchical nature of IDEF0 allows the system to be easily refined into greater detail until the model is as descriptive as necessary for the decision making task.
WEAKNESSES
IDEF models might be so concise that only the domain experts can understand. IDEF models are sometimes misinterpreted as representing a sequence of activities. The abstraction away from timing, sequencing and decision logic leads to comprehension difficulties for the people outside the domain.
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE (2):
Approach:
Box Syntax:
Decomposition Structure
Detail Reference
IDEF-1
IDEF1 is a method for both analyzing and communicating the structure and semantics of information within a system. IDEF1 models are used to:
Identify what information is currently managed in a realworld system, both automated system components, and non-automated objects (e.g. people). Identify the rules for managing the information. Identify deficiencies in the current management of the information. Specify what information will be managed in a TO-BE implementation. (TO-BE implementation: Design of the functional architecture)
IDEF-1
Attributes:
IDEF-1
STRENGTHS IDEF1 requires active participation of the information users, which serves to accurately model where and how the information is used and managed. An effective method for documenting the informational requirements of an enterprise, providing a foundation for database design. IDEF1 enforces a modularity that eliminates the incompleteness, imprecision, inconsistencies, and inaccuracies found in the modeling process.
IDEF-1
IDEF-1X
IDEF1X is a method for designing relational databases. IDEF1X Model: Graphical and Textual depiction of What must I know to do what I do? IDEF1X is most useful for logical database design after the information requirements are known and the decision to implement a relational database has been made. IDEF1X was released as a standard for Data Modeling by the Computer Systems Laboratory of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. (1993)
EXAMPLE (ref:[2])
IDEF-1X
EXAMPLE (ref:[2])
IDEF-1X
STRENGTHS
Powerful tool for data modeling. IDEF1X dont have numerous variants, unlike ER. Depicts the rules governing the management of information. Used to validate the concepts in the associated IDEF0 model. Helps to discover underlying causes for problems.
IDEF-1X
WEAKNESSES
The modeler must be experienced in order to create good models. Not suited to serve as an AS-IS analysis tool.
Data Model
focuses on: Actual data elements in a relational database Representation & structure of the data
used for: Logical design of databases & applications Physical design of database implementation
Source: http://www.idef.com/idef3.html
IDEF-3
IDEF-3
The development of an IDEF3 Process Flow Description consists of expressing facts, collected from domain experts, in terms of five basic descriptive building blocks.
Activity Denoted as arcs Logic Denoted as junction boxes Unit of Behavior Denoted as boxes Object State Denoted as circles State Transition Denoted as arcs Process Description Diagram Object State Transition Network
Source: http://www.idef.com/idef3.html
IDEF-3
A scenario can be thought of as a recurring situation, a set of situations that describe a typical class of problems addressed by an organization or system, or the setting within which a process occurs.
Example
Scenario: Parts enter the shop ready for the primer coat to be applied. We apply one very heavy coat of primer paint at a very high temperature. The paint is allowed to dry in a bake oven after which a paint coverage test is performed on the part. If the test reveals that not enough primer paint has been sprayed on the surface of the part, the part is re-routed through the paint shop again. If the part passes the inspection, it is routed to the next stop in the process.Source: http://www.idef.com/idef3.html
IDEF-3
Source: http://www.idef.com/idef3.html
IDEF-3
Source: http://www.idef.com/idef3.html
Other Example
IDEF-3
Other Example
IDEF-3
Discussion
The statement of IDEF3 sounds like
IDEF-3
Schema Process
Model
Source: http://www.isye.gatech.edu/~lfm/8851/ISyE8851.html
IDEF-4
IDEF-4
An ontology is a domain vocabulary complete with a set of precise definitions or axioms that constrain the meanings of the terms sufficiently, to enable consistent interpretation of the data that use that vocabulary. General ontology construction steps: 1. catalog the terms; 2. capture the constraints that govern how those terms can be used to make descriptive statements about the domain; and 3. build the model.
IDEF-5
IDEF-5
REALITY INTERVENE
NARRATIVE MODEL
PLANNING MODEL
SYMBOLIC MODEL
COMPUTATIONAL MODEL
NORMATIVE MODEL
SYNTHETIC MODEL
Map 1: Domain, tasks, and user in context Map 2: Knowledge base Map 3: Road maps for navigation Map 4: Knowledge representation in design Map 5: Display composition
IDEF0 (IDEF Function Modeling) IDEF1 (IDEF Information Modeling) IDEF1X (IDEF Data Modeling) IDEF3 (IDEF Process Modeling) IDEF4 (IDEF ObjectOriented Design) IDEF5 (IDEF Ontology Description Capture)
context diagrams
Means-Ends Goals, constraints Abstract functions General functions Physical processes Physical form
Representations/Properties
WHY WHAT WHAT WHAT HOW
WHY
WHY
HOW HOW
Key
Both require an expert in the field to use and understand the model
This is a result of the method being a very high level concept and developing the details for any single application is not a trivial matter
Advantage of IDEF
Manufacturing System
Kapasitas Kuantitas Tipe Gaji Kuantitas
Mesin/peralatan produksi
Energi
Produk Jadi
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PLANNING
RAW MATERIALS
Flow of
Information
PROCESS
Materials
PRODUCTS
CONTROL
Flow of
Flow of cost
INPUTS - FINANCIAL - HUMAN - MATERIAL - INFORMATION - TECHNOLOGY TRANSFORMATION PROCESS LABORS EFFORTS MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY OPERATIONS
EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
Firm Level
Manufacturing at the firm level involves several variables which can be broadly grouped into the following three categories:
Technical Commercial Management
Technical
The technical side has been discussed before and involves various issues related to the science, engineering and technology aspects of manufacturing.
Commercial
The commercial side deals with issues such as costs, sales, revenue and profits. Each of these involves many variables. For example, the costs can be investment costs, unit manufacturing costs, cost of rework and so on. The basic bottom line for a firm is that it must make reasonable profit for its investment.
Management
Deal with managing the various activities at strategic and operational levels taking into account the many different legal and socio-political aspects and various constraints. Another very important issue relates to the organizational side that deals with the human related issues organisational structure, communication and flow of information, skill base of the workforce and so on.
National Level
In the national level, a manufacturing firm is influenced by factors such as market competition and government policies. Obviously, the market competition is not only determined by manufactured goods within the nation but also affected by imported manufactured goods.
National Level
Some of the government policies that affect the manufacturing enterprise are indicated below. Industry or Technology development policies, Taxation policies, Environmental policies. Trade policies export and import subsidies, protection Financial investment
Level 3
Research and Development Finance
Strategic Level
Partnerships
Level 2
Accounting Legal
Operations Level
Planning
Level 1
Process Level
SUPPLIERS
Inputs
Processes
Outputs
CUSTOMERS
Human Resource
Environmental
Marketing
New Technologies
Socio/Political
New Markets
Level 1
This level corresponds to the shop floor level and has three key elements - Inputs, Process and Outputs.
Level 2
This level includes Level 1 as well as six new elements. The focus of this level is management of business at the operations level and the six new elements with a range of operational issues.
Level 3
This level includes the Levels 1 and 2 and six new elements. Here, the management focus is long term and strategic. This is important, as survival of businesses in the fiercely competitive global market requires long term strategies. The six new elements deal with a range of long term issues.
Pendekatan sistem
Pendekatan sistem adalah metodologi sistematis untuk mendefinisikan masalah dan mengevaluasi solusi sebuah metode umum untuk menginvestigasi sistem fisik (Ossenbruggen, 1994) Karakteristik Memisahkan pengambilan keputusan menjadi beberapa tahapan untuk masalah yang kompleks Menyediakan kerangka analitik (berbasis rasional) untuk pengambilan keputusan Dapat diterapkan untuk proses yang kompleks, interaktif, dan mahal Menyeluruh (Comprehensive)
Pendekatan sistem
Proble m Definition Obje ctiv es Criteria
Data Collection
M odels
Rev ie w
Resources
Constraints
Alternatives
Imple me ntation
Se le ction
Ev aluation
Problem
Perbedaan antara apa yang diharapkan dan yang sebenarnya
PROBLEM
Mendefinisikan masalah secara benar berarti setengah penyelesaian Sangat sulit untuk mengekstrak jawaban yang benar dari permasalahan yang salah
Objective:
Suatu hal yang akan dicapai Objective harus SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Timed) Objective bertujuan untuk mengarahkan hasil dari sistem Untuk memastikan keberhasilan sebuah sistem dapat dicek / dibandingkan dengan tujuannya setelah diimplementasikan
OBJECTIVE
Index
yang akan merepresentasikan derajat pencapaian tujuan Berfungsi untuk mengevaluasi dan ukuran performa Dapat dirangking dan dibandingkan dengan tujuan Harus relevant dan dapat diperoleh (collectable) Contoh: suhu, waktu, kecepatan,
CRITERIA
Kendala
akan membatasi derajat ketersediaan sumberdaya atau kondisi output dari proyek shg tidak bisa diterima. Isu finansial, hukum, sosial, dan politik akan membatasi alternatif yang akan menjadi pertimbangan
CONSTRAINTS
Alternatif
adalah pilihan-pilihan potensial yang dimiliki untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan (problem) Analis harus kreatif dan inovatif Alternatif do nothing harus menjadi salah satu alternatif yang dipertimbangkan dan digunakan sebagai dasar untuk membandingkan performa alternatif yang lain
ALTERNATIVES
Data collection
Dapat
berupa data primer atau data sekunder Data primer: langsung dari sumber data kepada pengumpul data Data sekunder: tidak langsung dari sumber data, misalnya melalui orang lain atau dokumen Teknik pengumpulan data: wawancara, kuisioner, observasi
Model matematis
Merupakan sebuah sistem persamaanpersamaan dan ekspresi matematis yang mendeskripsikan esensi dari masalah Simbol-simbol matematis digunakan untuk merepresentasikan variabel-variabel Diasumsikan bahwa semua variabel bisa dikuantifikasikan Hubungan antara variabel diekspresikan sebagai fungsi matematis untuk mendeskripsikan perilaku sistem Teknik matematis digunakan untuk menyelesaikannya, misalnya linear programming
Contoh
Pembakaran bahan bakar A menghasilkan 3kg polutant , sedangkan B menghasilkan 5kg polutant per tonnya. Per tonnya, A menghasilkan 10 unit energi, sedangkan B menghasilkan 12 unit. Maksimum 4 ton bahan bakar dapat diproses setiap jamnya dan tidak lebih dari 15kg polutant yang diijinkan untuk dihasilkan setiap jamnya. Untuk memaksimalkan energi yang dihasilkan, berapakah masing-masing bahan bakar dapat diproses?
Model simulasi
Merupakan replikasi atau imitasi perilaku dari sebuah sistem Variasi acak dapat diperhitungkan Hubungan yang kompleks dapat dimodelkan Sample design dan teknik statistik digunakan untuk menganalisis hasil
Evaluation
Merupakan perbandingan metodikal dari alternatif, berdasarkan kriteriakriteria tertentu, seperti ekonomi, sosial, finansial, dsb. Dilakukan pula perbandingan akan prediksi konsekuensi dari setiap alternatif. Teknik multi-attribute analysis biasanya digunakan, seperti AHP (analytical hierarchy process).
Sensitivity analysis
Merupakan investigasi variabilitas efekefek yang diprediksi dari alternatif, kaitannya dengan asumsi yang dibuat. Contoh parameter:
Prediksi kondisi ekonomi, mis. suku bunga Tingkat demand, mis. Tingkat pertumbuhan Umur asset atau teknologi Biaya operasional dan pemeliharaan
Implementation
Review
Setelah implementasi sangatlah penting untuk mengetahui bagaimana performanya. Tujuan:
Apakah masalah awalnya sudah terselesaikan??? Apakah tujuannya sudah tercapai???? Memberikan feedback baik untuk prosesnya maupun untuk perencanaan di masa depan
Merupakan kegiatan mengidentifikasi komponen penting dan interaksi dalam sistem yang diidentifikasi
Systems Synthesis
Untuk memastikan bahwa model tersebut merupakan representasi yang cukup akan sistem.
Validation
Application
Menggunakan model untuk menghasilkan estimasi ukuran-ukuran performa dan efek yang lain yang akan digunakan untuk mengevaluasi alternatif. Efek alternatif diprediksi menggunakan model Parameter model dan variabel input dapat diubah untuk melakukan analisis sensitifitas
EXAMPLE
Model penjadwalan Model matematika LP Model transportasi Model penugasan Model antrian
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