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Chapter 6 - Tour of The Cell
Chapter 6 - Tour of The Cell
Chapter 6 - Cells
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Chapter 6 - Cells Due: 9:00am on Wednesday, February 27, 2013 Note: You will receive no credit for late submissions. To learn more, read your instructor's Grading Policy
Chapter 6 Question 2
Part A
The advantage of light microscopy over electron microscopy is that ANSWER: specimen preparation for light microcopy does not produce artifacts. light microscopy provides higher contrast than electron microscopy. light microscopy provides for higher resolving power than electron microscopy. light microscopy provides for higher magnification than electron microscopy. light microscopy allows one to view dynamic processes in living cells.
Correct
Part A
_____ are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface. ANSWER: Pili Ribosomes Cell walls Mitochondria Flagella
Correct
Pili enable bacterial cells to stick to a surface.
Part B
What is the function of a bacterium's capsule?
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ANSWER: protection DNA storage protein synthesis propulsion adhesion
Chapter 6 - Cells
Correct
A bacterium's capsule has a protective role.
Part C
The DNA-containing region of this bacterial cell is indicated by the letter _____.
ANSWER: A B C D E
Correct
The nucleoid region contains DNA.
Part D
Where is a bacterial cell's DNA found? ANSWER: ribosomes nucleus peroxisome nucleoid region capsule
Correct
Bacteria lack a nucleus; their DNA is found in the nucleoid region.
Part E
In a bacterium, where are proteins synthesized? ANSWER:
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ribosomes nucleus peroxisome nucleoid region capsule
Chapter 6 - Cells
Correct
Ribosomes are involved in the manufacture of polypeptides (proteins).
Part F
What name is given to the rigid structure, found outside the plasma membrane, that surrounds and supports the bacterial cell? ANSWER: capsule pili cell wall flagella nucleoid region
Correct
The cell wall is a rigid supporting structure.
Part G
The _____ is the bacterial structure that acts as a selective barrier, allowing nutrients to enter the cell and wastes to leave the cell. ANSWER: plasma membrane nucleoid region ribosome pili cell wall
Correct
The plasma membrane is selectively permeable.
Part H
The structure that regulates the passage of material into and out of this bacterial cell is indicated by the letter _____.
ANSWER:
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A B C D E
Chapter 6 - Cells
Correct
The plasma membrane is selectively permeable.
Part A
Beginning within the nucleus, the first step leading to the synthesis of a polypeptide is _____. ANSWER: translation of a DNA nucleotide sequence into a sequence of amino acids transferring of information from DNA to messenger RNA linking of nucleotides to form a polypeptide translation of an RNA nucleotide sequence into a sequence of amino acids removal of introns from RNA and the stitching together of exons
Correct
Transcription is the first of the two main steps of protein synthesis.
Hint 1.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts each appear to have evolved from free-living bacterial forms. ANSWER:
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Both reproduce by meiosis. Both are surrounded by a single membrane. Both have their own DNA. Both are found in plant and animal cells.
Chapter 6 - Cells
Correct
Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own DNA and ribosomes.
ANSWER:
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Chapter 6 - Cells
Correct
Plant cells and animal cells have more in common than they have differences. Nevertheless, plant cells unique structures play important roles. Photosynthesis occurs in plant cells chloroplasts. The plant cells central vacuole takes up most of the space within the cell and serves a variety of functions, including storage and hydrolysis of organic compounds. Plant cell walls, which are composed primarily of cellulose, protect the cells from damage and maintain their shape. Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on the planet.
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Chapter 6 - Cells
Golgi apparatus: The Golgi is composed of a series of flattened membranous discs called cisternae. Each cisterna forms an enclosed space that houses a distinct set of enzymes used to process proteins in a sequential manner as they are prepared for transport to different sites. Mitochondria: The inner membrane of a mitochondrion has extensive infoldings, which greatly increase the surface area available for key reactions in the energy-producing processes of cellular respiration.
ANSWER:
Correct
Each organelle in a plant cell carries out a specific function. Mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus serve the same functions in both plant cells and animal cells.
Some of the following statements are true for chloroplasts; others are true for mitochondria. Which statements are true for chloroplasts? Select the three that apply.
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Chapter 6 - Cells
Drag each label to the appropriate bin. If a structure is found in both chloroplasts and mitochondria, drag it to the "both" bin. ANSWER:
ANSWER:
They have membranous sacs called thylakoids that are surrounded by a fluid called stroma. They are the sites of reactions that convert solar energy into chemical energy. They are the sites of reactions that convert chemical energy to ATP. They contain the green pigment chlorophyll. Their matrix contains enzymes that function in cellular respiration. Their inner membrane has infoldings called cristae.
Correct
The chloroplast and the chemical reactions associated with it are extremely important for all living things. The photosynthetic reactions are responsible for converting solar energy into chemical energy that is used not only by the cells in which photosynthesis occurs but also by other organisms. For example, all of the foods you eat can be traced back to a plant or other photosynthetic organism. Furthermore, the chloroplast and its reactions have had a profound influence on the constitution of Earths atmosphere due to the fact that oxygen is a byproduct of photosynthesis.
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Chapter 6 - Cells
Plants and animals are made up of billions of cells. These cells are surrounded by extracellular components that facilitate their interactions and provide a suitable environment for the construction and protection of tissues.
Correct
The three main types of intercellular junctions in animal tissues are tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions. Tight junctions and desmosomes hold neighboring cells together, and gap junctions provide channels through which neighboring cells can communicate.
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ANSWER:
Chapter 6 - Cells
Correct
A primary distinction between plant cells and animal cells is the fact that plant cells are surrounded by cell walls. If it were not for plasmodesmata, the cell walls would essentially imprison the plants cells, making intercellular communication and the distribution of nutrients nearly impossible. Animal cells have a variety of intercellular junctions, including tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions. The gap junctions of animal cells are most similar to the plasmodesmata of plants. Gap junctions tend to be limited to tissues that require rapid and coordinated signal relay systems, such as heart muscle; they play no role in nutrient distribution.
Part A
What is the function of Structure E?
ANSWER:
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detection of environmental change stabilization of the phospholipids cell-cell communication transport across the plasma membrane structural support of the cell
Chapter 6 - Cells
Correct
Cholesterol helps to stabilize the structure of the plasma membrane.
Part B
Identify Structure D.
Correct
Phospholipids can be recognized by the presence of a head and two tails.
Part C
Identify Structure A.
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Chapter 6 - Cells
Correct
Structure A is composed of both a carbohydrate and a protein.
Part A
Structure A in this animation is a(n) _____. To view the animation, click here. Then click on structure A in the image to start the animation. ANSWER: enzyme receptor molecule transport protein structural protein antibody
Correct
The protein is allowing solute molecules to enter the cell.
Part B
Which of these cannot rapidly pass directly through the phospholipids of the plasma membrane?
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Chapter 6 - Cells
Correct
Ions, such as hydrogen ions, and hydrophilic molecules, such as water and glucose, cannot rapidly pass directly through the phospholipids of a plasma membrane. To move rapidly through the membrane, they must pass through membrane transport proteins.
Osmosis
Osmosis is the net movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration. The water will continue to move across the semipermeable membrane as the system attempts to reach equilibrium, where both solutions have the same concentration.
There are three different ways a solution can be described in relation to a cell placed in the solution: isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic. Compared to a cell, an isotonic solution exerts the same osmotic pressure as the cellular fluids. In other words, it behaves as if it had the same solute concentration as the cell. A hypertonic solution behaves as if it had a higher solute concentration than the cell. A hypotonic solution behaves as if it had a lower solute concentration than the cell. If a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, nothing happens to the cell because water moves into the cell at the same rate that it moves out of the cell. If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, water will flow into the cell, causing it to swell (and possibly burst). If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, water will flow out of the cell, causing it to shrink.
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Chapter 6 - Cells
Correct
The water molecules actually move in both directions, but they move to a greater extent toward Solution B because it has a higher solute concentration than Solution A. The net movement of water molecules causes Solution A to decrease in volume and Solution B to increase in volume.
Correct
The water molecules actually move in both directions, but they move to a greater extent toward Solution D because it has a higher solute concentration than Solution C. This net movement of water molecules causes Solution D to increase in volume and Solution C to decrease in volume.
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Chapter 6 - Cells
ANSWER:
Correct
For a cell in an isotonic solution, water flows into the cell to the same extent that it flows out of the cell. If a cell is in a hypotonic solution, water flows into the cell, which causes it to swell and potentially burst. For a cell in a hypertonic solution, water flows out of the cell, which causes it to shrink.
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Solution A: Solution B: Solution C: Solution D: Solution E: 3.21% (m/v) NaCl 1.65% (m/v) glucose distilled H2O 6.97% (m/v) glucose 5.0% (m/v) glucose and 0.9%(m/v) NaCl
Chapter 6 - Cells
ANSWER:
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Chapter 6 - Cells
Correct
This activity shows why it is very important to use solutions that are isotonic to body fluids in intravenous solutions (IVs). If an IV solution were hypertonic to the body fluids, cells in the body would shrink. If an IV solution were hypotonic to the body fluids, cells in the body would swell.
Chapter 6 Question 9
Part A
The volume enclosed by the plasma membrane of plant cells is often much larger than the corresponding volume in animal cells. The most reasonable explanation for this observation is that ANSWER:
plant cells can have lower surface-to-volume ratios than animal cells because plant cells synthesize their own nutrients. plant cells have a much more highly convoluted (folded) plasma membrane than animal cells. plant cells are capable of having a much higher surface-to-volume ratio than animal cells. animal cells are more spherical, whereas plant cells are elongated. plant cells contain a large vacuole that reduces the volume of the cytoplasm.
Correct
Chapter 6 Question 11
Part A
Which of the following statements concerning cells of bacteria and archaea is correct? ANSWER:
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Chapter 6 - Cells
Archaea contain small membrane-enclosed organelles; bacteria do not. Archaea contain a membrane-bound nucleus; bacteria do not. DNA is present in the mitochondria of both bacteria and archaea. DNA is present in both archaea and bacteria.
Correct
Chapter 6 Question 14
Part A
If radioactive deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP) is added to a culture of rapidly growing bacterial cells, where in the cell would you expect to find the greatest concentration of radioactivity? ANSWER: nucleoid endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes cytoplasm nucleus
Correct
Chapter 6 Question 36
Part A
One of the key innovations in the evolution of eukaryotes from a prokaryotic ancestor is the endomembrane system. What eukaryotic organelles or features might have evolved as a part of, or as an elaboration of, the endomembrane system? ANSWER: chloroplasts nuclear envelope mitochondria plasma membrane none of these
Correct
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Chapter 6 - Cells
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Chapter 6 - Cells
ANSWER:
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Chapter 6 - Cells
ANSWER:
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lysosomal enzyme actin ER protein insulin ribosomal protein DNA polymerase
Chapter 6 - Cells
Correct
Most proteins that function in the cytosol (such as actin) or in the nucleus (such as DNA polymerase) are synthesized by free ribosomes. Proteins that function within the endomembrane system (such as lysosomal enzymes) or those that are destined for secretion from the cell (such as insulin) are synthesized by bound ribosomes. As a protein destined for the endomembrane system is being synthesized by a ribosome, the first amino acids in the growing polypeptide chain act as a signal sequence. That signal sequence ensures that the ribosome binds to the outer membrane of the ER and that the protein enters the ER lumen.
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Chapter 6 - Cells
become a _____ Golgi cisterna and eventually the _____ Golgi cisterna. ANSWER: cis; trans; medial cis; medial; trans medial; cis; trans trans; medial; cis
ANSWER:
Correct
As they are being synthesized, secretory proteins enter the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. From the ER, vesicles transport these proteins to the Golgi, where they are sequentially modified and concentrated in a cis -to-trans direction. Secretory vesicles bud from the Golgi and move along cytoskeletal filaments to eventually fuse with the plasma membrane, secreting their protein cargo. Each of these transport steps requires specialized proteins to ensure that the cargo is sent to the proper location and is able to fuse with the target membrane.
Based on these data, what is the most likely function of the cells in this experiment?
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Chapter 6 - Cells
Drag a label to the target beneath each graph to indicate which part of the cell the graph represents. Labels can be used once or not at all. ANSWER:
ANSWER:
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detoxification muscle contraction phagocytosis secretion
Chapter 6 - Cells
Correct
The cells in this experiment were macrophages. These immune system cells have many lysosomes for the destruction of bacteria and other invaders brought into the cell via phagocytosis. The enzymes (hydrolases) that carry out this catabolic activity are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum, modified in the Golgi, and transported to the lysosomes.
Chapter 6 Question 16
Part A
Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules? ANSWER: proteins cellulose glycogen lipids nucleic acids
Correct
Part A
The cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells are composed of _____. ANSWER: intermediate filaments tonofilaments microfilaments pili microtubules
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Chapter 6 - Cells
Correct
Eukaryotic cilia and flagella are composed of microtubules.
Chapter 6 Question 43
Part A
Movement of vesicles within the cell depends on what cellular structures? ANSWER: actin filaments and motor proteins actin filaments and ribosomes actin filaments and microtubules centrioles and motor proteins microtubules and motor proteins
Correct
Hint 1.
The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that is involved in structural organization and motion. ANSWER: maintaining the position of the nucleus in the cell determining the shape of animal cells the contraction of muscle cells in animals the beating of cilia or flagella Movement of RNA molecules from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
Correct
RNA molecules exit the nucleus via nuclear pores.
Hint 1.
Consider the composition, structure, and function of biological membranes. ANSWER:
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Chapter 6 - Cells
The hydrophilic interior of the membrane is composed primarily of the fatty acid tails of the phospholipids. The two sides of the plasma membrane have different lipid and protein composition. The plasma membrane is a covalently linked network of phospholipids and proteins that controls the movement of solutes into and out of a cell. Carbohydrates on the membrane surface are important in determining the overall bilayer structure. Phospholipids are the primary component that determines which solutes can cross the plasma membrane.
Correct
Because the membrane serves different functions on the cytoplasmic and exterior surfaces, the structure and composition of the surfaces must be different.
Hint 1.
Consider how the molecular components of a biological membrane are organized. ANSWER: a fluid structure in which phospholipids and proteins move freely between sides of the membrane two layers of phospholipids with proteins embedded between the two layers a mixture of covalently linked phospholipids and proteins that determines which solutes can cross the membrane and which cannot two layers of phospholipids (with opposite orientations of the phospholipids in each layer) with each layer covered on the outside with proteins two layers of phospholipids with proteins either crossing the layers or on the surface of the layers
Correct
The membrane proteins can be found either embedded in or attached to the surface of the phospholipid bilayer.
Part A
Which of the following factors does not affect membrane permeability?
Hint 1.
What factors allow some molecules to pass through a membrane more readily than others?
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ANSWER: The amount of cholesterol in the membrane The polarity of membrane phospholipids Temperature
Chapter 6 - Cells
Correct
Phospholipids contain both a polar head and a nonpolar hydrocarbon tail, both of which are necessary for their ability to form membrane bilayers.
Part B
How can a lipid be distinguished from a sugar?
Hint 1.
What is the definition of a lipid? ANSWER: A lipid dissolves in water. Lipids are mostly nonpolar. A lipid is made up of only hydrocarbons. Lipids are mostly saturated.
Correct
Lipids are nonpolar molecules, whereas sugars are polar.
Part C
True or false? Osmosis is a type of diffusion.
Hint 1.
What process occurs during osmosis? ANSWER: True False
Correct
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
Part D
What property of dishwashing liquid (detergent) makes it useful to wash grease from pans?
Hint 1.
Think about how oils can be isolated from water. ANSWER:
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Permeability Amphipathic nature Hydrophobic nature Solubility in water
Chapter 6 - Cells
Correct
Detergents form micelles around the grease, which are then washed away because the polar head groups facing outward on the micelle are watersoluble.
Part E
Which of the following particles could diffuse easily through a cell membrane?
Hint 1.
Remember that small nonpolar molecules pass most easily through cell membranes. ANSWER: Hydrogen ion (H+) Sodium ion (Na+) Oxygen (O2) Glucose
Correct
Small nonpolar molecules such as oxygen can diffuse across cell membranes.
Part F
True or false? The water-soluble portion of a phospholipid is the polar head, which generally consists of a glycerol molecule linked to a phosphate group.
Hint 1.
Think about the orientation of the phospholipids that make up a cell membrane. ANSWER: True False
Correct
The hydrophilic, or water-loving, portion of a phospholipid is the polar head, whereas the hydrophobic portion is the nonpolar tail.
Part G
If a red blood cell is placed in a salt solution and bursts, what is the tonicity of the solution relative to the interior of the cell?
Hint 1.
Consider the movement of water when the solute concentration inside the cell is different from that of the surrounding environment. ANSWER:
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Hypertonic Hypotonic Isotonic Osmotic
Chapter 6 - Cells
Correct
The salt concentration in the solution is lower than it is in the cell, so water enters the cell, causing it to burst.
Part A
What distinguishes facilitated diffusion from simple diffusion?
Hint 1.
What is facilitated diffusion? ANSWER: Membrane proteins help move molecules across the membrane. No energy is used to move molecules across the membrane. Molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Molecules move from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration.
Correct
Membrane proteins facilitate the movement of molecules across the membrane.
Part B
Which of the following transporters does not use passive transport to move molecules across a membrane?
Hint 1.
Which of following transporters uses energy? ANSWER:
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Valinomycin GLUT-1 glucose transporter Gramicidin ion channel Sodiumpotassium pump
Chapter 6 - Cells
Correct
This pump uses the energy provided by ATP hydrolysis to transport sodium and potassium ions across the membrane.
Part C
True or false? Active transport differs from passive transport in that active transport does not require an input of energy.
Hint 1.
What is the definition of active transport? ANSWER: True False
Correct
Active transport requires the input of energy, whereas passive transport is primarily driven by the gradient.Active transport requires energy, whereas passive transport does not.
Part D
Which membrane protein would be used to move glucose across a membrane from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration?
Hint 1.
Consider what type of molecule is being transported under these conditions. ANSWER: Ion channel Pump Transporter No protein is necessary.
Correct
The GLUT-1 transporter assists the diffusion of glucose through the membrane.
Part E
Which of the following statements is true about the net movement of an ion across a membrane by passive diffusion through a membrane channel?
Hint 1.
Consider the requirements that must be met for passive diffusion to occur. ANSWER:
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Chapter 6 - Cells
For every ion that diffuses through the membrane, a different ion diffuses in the opposite direction. The cell expends energy as the ion passes through the membrane. There is a higher concentration of ions on the side of the membrane toward which the ion diffuses. The charge on the other side of the membrane is generally the opposite of the ion's charge.
Correct
Ions tend to move toward regions of unlike charge.
Part F
True or false? During active transport through the sodium-potassium pump, ATP hydrolysis provides the energy to pump three sodium ions into the cell for every two potassium ions pumped out of the cell.
Hint 1.
The concentration gradients of the ions are a form of potential energy that can be used to perform work. ANSWER: True False
Correct
The sodium-potassium pump maintains a state in which the concentration of sodium is low inside the cell relative to the outside and the concentration of potassium is high inside the cell relative to the outside; thus, three sodium ions are pumped out of the cell and two potassium ions are pumped into the cell against the electrochemical gradient.
Part G
Lactose transport by membrane proteins occurs under conditions in which the concentration of lactose inside the cell is higher than the concentration outside the cell. What type of transport is used to move lactose into the cell?
Hint 1.
Consider how lactose moves in relation to its concentration gradient. ANSWER: Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion Osmosis Active transport
Correct
Under these conditions, lactose moves against its concentration gradient, so its transport will require energy. Score Summary: Your score on this assignment is 89.2%. You received 15.16 out of a possible total of 17 points.
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