TI LIU THC TP

1

A. SO DO MACH
1. MACH NGUON
C1
2200uF 50V
C4
100uF
+15V
C6
100uF
R1
5K
D2
DIODE
J5
CON2
1
2
U6
LM317
3
1
2
VIN
A
D
J
VOUT
U5
7912
2 3
1
VIN VOUT
G
N
D
T2
TRANSFORMER
1 5
6
4 8
C2
10uF
- +
D1 BRIDGE
1
4
3
2
C3
100uF
U2 7812
1 3
2
VIN VOUT
G
N
D
C9
10uF
+
J2
CON3
1
2
3
C8
10uF
C7
2200uF, 50V
+
C5
10uF
J1
CON3
1
2
3
+5V
J4
220V AC
1
2 +12V
U4 7905
2 3
1
VIN VOUT
G
N
D
R3
2.2K
D3
LED
-5V
R2
240
-12V
U3 7805
1 3
2
VIN VOUT
G
N
D
+15V

2. MACH DAO DONG DA HAI
R1
1K
+5V
BATTERY
R6
470
C2
100uF
Q3
R5
470
R2
10K
Q2
D1
LED
R3
10K
D2
LED
C1
100uF
R4
1K

R1 = R4 = 1 K ; R2 = R3 = 10K; C1 = C2 = 100F/16V; Q1 = Q2 (C1815) ;Hai n Led; Ngun Vcc= 5Vdc
TI LIU THC TP

2

Gii thch nguyn l hot ng : Khi cp ngun , gi s Q1 dn trc, p Uc Q1 gim => thng
qua C1 lm p Ub Q2 gim => Q2 tt => p Uc Q2 tng => thng qua C2 lm p Ub Q1 tng =>
xc lp trng thi Q1 dn bo ho v Q2 tt , sau khong thi gian t , dng np qua R3 vo t C1
khi in p ny > 0,6V th Q2 dn => p Uc Q2 gim => tip tc nh vy cho n khi Q2 dn bo
ho v Q1 tt, trng thi lp i lp li v to thnh dao ng, chu k dao ng ph thuc vo C1,
C2 v R2, R3.
3. Tboc bicn Iam macb dao dong dong lC SSS:

R
2
R
1
R
2
R
2
+9V
+
_
C
1 C
2
+
_
IC 555
8
4
7
2
6
1 5
U
RA
R
1
= 6 K
R
2
= 680
1K
1.6K
C
1
= 1 F
C
2
= 0.22 F

3

a. tan 1:
Voi 3 gia tr| dicn tro k
1
, k
2
, bay xac d|nb cac bang so tboi gian () va tan so (f) song voong
dooc tao tbanb (to dang song do dooc o cban 3 coa lC SSS va to cong tboc dooi).

1tt
= (k
1
+ k
2
) x C
1
,
2tt
= k
2
x C
1
.
TI LIU THC TP

3

T
tt
= T
1
+ T
2
0.7(
1tt
+
2tt
). Va f
tt
= .
1
tt
T

Vi T
1
o va T
2
o tnh t dang xung vuong tren man hnh Dao ong ky.
T
o
= T
1o
+ T
2o.
f
o
=
do
1
T
.
Ket qua tm c sau khi tnh toan, ghi vao bang 4 sau ay:Bang 1





b. Lan 2:Thay gia tr tu C = 4.7 F. Roi tien hanh lam nh cau (a). Ket qua tm c sau khi
tnh toan ghi gia tr vao bang 5:Bang 2.





H
I
0
R2
R1
D1
LED
0
R3
U1
LM555
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
GND
TRIGGER
OUTPUT
RESET
CONTROL
THRESHOLD
DISCHARGE
VCC
0
C1
1n
0
C2
CAP

Gia tr cua R
2

1tt

2tt
T
1o
T
2o
T
o
T
tt
f
tt
f
o

R
2
= 500 []
R
2
= 1000 []
R
2
= 1500 []
Gia tr| coa k
2

1tt

2tt
T
1do
T
2do
T
do
T
tt
f
tt
f
do

k
2
= S00 |]
k
2
= 1000 |]
k
2
= 1S00 |]
TI LIU THC TP

4

4. MACH DFM 4017

S. MACH DFM NHl FHAN ()kFF74S112)
+5V
J
3
Q
5
CLK
1
K
2
Q
6
S
4
R
1
5
U1:A
74S112
J
11
Q
9
CLK
13
K
12
Q
7
S
1
0
R
1
4
U1:B
74S112
J
3
Q
5
CLK
1
K
2
Q
6
S
4
R
1
5
U2:A
74S112
J
11
Q
9
CLK
13
K
12
Q
7
S
1
0
R
1
4
U2:B
74S112
D1 D2 D3 D4
R
4
DC
7
Q
3
G
N
D
1
V
C
C
8
TR
2
TH
6
CV
5
U1
555
R11
1k
R12
4.7k
RV2
5K
C1
10u
C3
100n
D5
LED-RED

R
4
DC
7
Q
3
G
N
D
1
V
C
C
8
TR
2
TH
6
CV
5
U1
555
R1 330
R2 330
R3 330
R4 330
R5 330
R6 330
R7 330
R8 330
R9 330
R10 330
R11
1k
R12
4.7k
RV2
5K
C1
100u
C3
100n
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
D9
D10
CLK
14
E
13
MR
15
CO
12
Q0
3
Q1
2
Q2
4
Q3
7
Q4
10
Q5
1
Q6
5
Q7
6
Q8
9
Q9
11
U3
74HC4017
D11
R13
330
TI LIU THC TP

5

. Cach oc gia tr LINH KIN
1. Cach oc gia tr ien tr theo vong mau c quy c theo bang sau:


2. Phng phap oc ien tr co 3 hoac 4 vong mau :
a. Phng phap oc ien tr co 3 vong mau:
Trng hp ac biet neu khong co vong so 4 (loai ien tr 3 vong mau) th sai so la 20%.
V du:
R
1
: Nau, en, en : co gia tr la
1 0 X1 = 10 20 %
R
2
: o, tm, vang kim ; vang kim : co gia tr la
2 7 X 1/10 = 2,7 5%
R
3
: o, tm, nau,vang kim
2 7 X10 5% = 270 5%
R
4
: Vang, tm, cam, bach kim
4 7 X 1000 10% = 47.000 = 47 K 10 %
b. Phng phap oc ien tr co 5 vong mau :

Mau
Vong so 1
(So th 1)
Vong so 2
(So th 2)
Vong so 3
(So boi)
Vong so 4
(Sai so)
en 0 0 X 10
0

Nau 1 1 X 10
1
1%
o 2 2 X 10
2
2%
Cam 3 3 X 10
3

Vang 4 4 X 10
4

Xanh la 5 5 X 10
5

Xanh dng 6 6 X 10
6

Tm 7 7 X 10
7

Xam 8 8 X 10
8

Trang 9 9 X 10
9

Vang kim X 10
-1
5%
Bach kim X 10
-2
10%



TI LIU THC TP

6

Nguyen tac tng t nh loai 4 vong mau. Tuy nhien loai ien tr nay dung vong mau th 1
en vong th 3 lam 3 ch so.
- Vong th t e ch he so nhan
- Vong mau th nam e ch sai so.
V du : R
1
: Cam, vang, tm, nau, nau
R
1
= 3 4 7 x10 1 % = 3470 = 3,47 K 1%
R
2 :
Nau, xam, luc , vang kim ; nau
R
2
= 1 8 5 x1/10 1% = 18,5 1%
. Bang ien tr chuan quoc te: Ngi ta khong the che tao ien tr co u tat ca cac tr so t
nho nhat ti ln nhat, ma ch che tao cac ien tr co tr so theo tieu chuan vi vong mau so 1
va vong mau so 2 co gia tr nh sau: 10 12 15 18 22 27 33 39 43
47 51 56 68 75 82 91
V du cac ien tr thong thng nh: 1, 10, 100, 1k, 1,5, 15, 150, 1,5k, 4,7, 47,
470, 4,
2. T IN

1F = 10
-6
F hay 1F = 10
6
F
1 PF = 10
12
F hay 1F = 10
12
pF
1 NF = 10
9
F hay 1F = 10
9
nF , Vay 1 nF = 1000 pF.
Ky hieu va hnh dang: Co hai dang: dang tu co cc tnh (tu hoa) va khong co cc tnh.
TI LIU THC TP

7

a. Dang khong co cc tnh: con goi la tu gom (tu Pi) va tu ceramic hay tu keo.


Hnh 2.2: Ky hieu va hnh dang tu khong cc tnh
b. Tu co cc tnh : (tu hoa)

Hnh 2.3: Ky hieu va hnh dang tu co cc tnh
- Khi s dung phai at au (+) cua tu at vao au dng cua nguon hoac vao ni
co ien the cao hn au (-) cua tu.
- Neu at ngc se xay ra hien tng phong ien xuyen qua lp ien moi lam tu
b cham, b R ien. Goi la hien tng anh thung lp ien moi, co the gay no tu.
Phng phap oc tr so tu ien:
1. Cach ghi oc theo n v la pF: Ngi ta dung 3 ch so. Trong o hai ch so au la ghi hai
so th nhat va th hai, ch so th ba la lng so 0 phai them vao, n v la P . Cuoi cung la
mot ch cai e ch sai so c quy c nh sau : I va J = 5% ; Khong ghi ch = 10% hoac
k = 10% ; M = 20% ; Z = 20% > 80% ; D = 5% ; C = 25%.
V du : 153J = 15.000 PF 5%
222 = 22.00 PF 10%
473M = 47.000 PF 20%
Chu y :oi vi cac tu vai tram pF th ngi ta ghi trc tiep.
V du : 100J = 100 PF 5% hoac 101J
560 = 560 PF 10% hoac 561K
470M = 470 PF 20% hoac 471M

2. Cach ghi oc theo n v la F : Cac tu dang nay eu co tr so nho hn 1F cac tu c ghi
di dang thap phan. Nhng so 0 trc pha dau phay, va dau phay c thay the bang dau
cham.
TI LIU THC TP

8

Pha sau cac ch so la cac ch cai dung e ch sai so tng t nh tren.
V du : Tren than tu ghi cac thong so nh sau:
. 001J co gia tr la 0,001 F 5% = 1000 PF 5%
. 047K co gia tr la 0,047 10% = 47.000 PF 10%
. 1M co gia tr la 0,1 20% = 100.000 PF 20%
Chu y : Cac tu ien tren neu khong co ghi ien the lam viec th co ien the ln nhat la 50v.
Neu cac tu nao co ien the s dung ln hn 50v th se c ghi ro tren than cua tu.
3. Cach ghi bang vach mau: Nguyen tac tng t nh oc ien tr tuy nhien co them
vong mau e ch ien the lam viec
+ Mau hong (pink) VMAX = 25V
+ Mau luc (Green) VMAX = 50V
Vong mau th t ch sai so. Ch co hai mau:
+ Mau en sai so 20%
+ Mau trang 10%.

V du cac tu ien tren than cua no co cac vach mau nh sau:
C
1
: Nau, xam, o, en, hong
1 8 X 100 20%, ien the lam viec 25
v

C
2
: Xam, o, cam, nau xanh la
8 2 X 1000 10%, ien the lam viec 50
v

82.000 PF 10% ien ap lam viec 50
v


Mot vai cach oc tr so tu ien theo luat mau:

Chu y: cac tu ien cung c san xuat theo bang chuan nh ien tr vay cac tu khong co
trong bang se khong co tren th trng.
TI LIU THC TP

9

3. CUON DAY

Cuon cam loi sat la thng dung trong mach ien tan so thap, loi sat bui cho tan so cao va loi
khong kh cho tan so rat cao.
4. DIODE


TI LIU THC TP

10





LED:




5. TRANSISTOR

TI LIU THC TP

11

A1015 (PNP)

C1815 (NPN)


6. IC on ap ho LM 317 , LM337:
a. Hnh dang:

IC 78XX: Chan 1: In
Chan 2: Mass
Chan 3: Out
IC 79XX: Chan 1: Mass
Chan 2: In
Chan 3: Out

Hnh 6.1: Hnh dang IC on ap
b. Thong so ky thuat: Ho 78XX va 79XX
78XX : on ap nguon dng
79XX : on ap nguon am
XX la ch ien ap ra
Mot so loai IC on ap thong dung:
Ma so
ien ap
ra (V
o
)
ien ap vao
toi thieu (V
i
)
Ma so
ien ap ra
(V
o
)
ien ap vao toi
thieu (V
i
)
7805 +5 7.3 7905 -5 7.3
7806 +6 8.3 7906 -6 8.3
7808 +8 10.5 7908 -8 10.5
7809 +9 11.5 7909 -9 11.5
7810 +10 12.5 7910 -10 12.5
TI LIU THC TP

12

7812 +12 14.6 7912 -12 14.6
7815 +15 17.7 7915 -15 17.7
7824 +24 27.7 7924 -24 27.7
-

Hnh 6.2: Hnh dang IC on ap co ien ap thay oi c
LM 317 : ien ap dng ( tng t 78XX )
LM 337 : ien ap am ( tng t 79XX )
ien ap ra ieu chnh c t 1,2V 35V
7. VOM


\




Hnh 1. ong ho ch th kim
Hnh 2. ong ho ch th so

TI LIU THC TP

13













2
k
1
k
5
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
5
0
30
20
1
0
5
2
1
0
0
0
0
BATT GOOD
DB
HFE
ACV
ACV
DCV.A DCV.A
DCV.A
LV

LI ( A.mA)

2
1
0
5
0
4
20
100
6
30
150


8

4
0
2
0
0



1
0



5
0
2
5
0
500
1000
15
? -10
+20
+22
KHOA IEN T
1000
250
50
1022dB
X10K
X1K
X100
X10
X1
25
2.5
0.1
0.5
2.5
10
50
250
1000 OFF
2.5A
250
50 A

1. 5V
9V
150mA
15mA
1.5mA
15 A

ACV
DCV
DCmA
BATT
OUTPUT
2.5A
N
COM
-
P
+
E
B
C
N
P
N
P
N
P
E
B
C
hFE
0 ADJ
Hnh 3. ong ho o ch th kim