???

?




Down time

(Losses)

. . .

 Power Quality Problem

(Harmonic)
1 -

 (Harmonic Current)
1
(Waveform distortion) (Harmonic)
(Electronic Loads) 30



(SMPS)
(VSD) (Induction Heating)

(Harmonic Current)

"
"

 Harmonics Problem
(Harmonic) ?

50Hz (50Hz
(Harmonic) 1: fundamental frequency or 1st order harmonic)
50Hz
50Hz 2

":
"
3 (Harmonic) 1
3

(Harmonic)

 (Harmonic) v(Harmonic) (%Total

Harmonics Distortion: %THD) (Harmonic) 2
1 (THD = 0% )

""
%THDv =
%THDi =
(Harmonic Current)
1.) (Harmonic Current)

2.) (Harmonic Current)

(Harmonic Current)
3.) (Harmonic Current)
(Cap. Bank)
4.) (Harmonic Current) Triple (3, 6, 9...)

5.)
6.) (Harmonic)

7.) (Harmonic)
8.) (Harmonic) (Watt - Hour Meter)

9.) (Harmonic) (Noise)

10.) (Harmonic)

11.) (Harmonic) IEC, JIS, NEC, UL

Hz.

10 20
(Harmonic Current) (
)
(Harmonic Current)
(Harmonic Current)
MDB

(Harmonic Current)
MDB

(Harmonic Current) (Harmonic Voltage)

(Harmonic Voltage)
(Harmonic)
(Harmonic Voltage) 5 11



(Harmonic Voltage) 5 11

(Synchronization)
(UPS) (ATS) -
-

"
"
4 (Harmonic Current)
(Harmonic)

(Harmonic Current)

(Harmonic Current)
(Harmonic Current)

/ (Harmonic)


Overhaul


(Harmonic)

 1 / (Harmonic)
3 Phase
sequence

Phase sequence Phase sequence

fundamental 50 Hz
(Harmonic) Negative sequence ( 5, 11, 17, ...)

2 Harmonic sequence
2 Harmonic sequence
(-) (Harmonic) Negative sequence 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17,
(0) (Harmonic) Zero sequence 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18,
(+) (Harmonic) Positive sequence 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19,

(Harmonic Voltage) (-) Negative Sequence

(+) Positive Sequence (Harmonic)

3 Negative sequence

(Harmonic Voltage) (-) Negative Sequence

(Harmonic Current)
(Harmonic)
Process

3 Negative sequence harmonic

 Capacitor Bank /

(Power
Factor: PF) Capacitor Bank 2
46 ( Capacitor
Bank) Capacitor Bank
3
1. Capacitor Bank

KVAR Power Factor

2.
2

 3 (Harmonic)
(Harmonic)
Capacitor Bank

(Harmonic
Current and Harmonic Voltage) (Harmonic)
Capacitor Bank

Capacitor Bank Capacitor Bank

4.1
4.2
(THDV <2%) (THDV>6.9%)
(Harmonic (Harmonic
Current)
Current)
(Harmonic)

4.3
Capacitor
Bank
(Harmonic Current)

80%

Non-linear load

 (Harmonic)
(Harmonic)

2 Non-linear load Linear load

1 Dry type 2,000kVA
50% 112
(Harmonic Current) VSD
(Core loss/Eddy current
loss) (Copper loss)
(Harmonic) (PEC)
Skin effect

 (Pdc)
(Harmonic)
ACB ?
ACB
MDB

ACB

ACB
(
)

ACB
ACB
ACB
-
ACB

ACB 5
ACB

 ACB
ACB


- (Harmonic Voltage
and Harmonic Current) ACB

ACB

(Harmonic)

ACB (Harmonic)

- (Harmonic) ACB
(Harmonic)

 MDB ACB
(Harmonic Current) ACB
ACB Power Analyzer
(Harmonic Current)
ACB
Capacitor Bank ?

Capacitor Bank (Capacitor)

Power Factor

Capacitor Bank

Capacitor Bank

Capacitor Bank
Power Factor (PF. Controller)
(Capacitor)
(Magnetic Contractor)

PF Controller
Power Factor Magnetic
Contractor
Power Factor

Capacitor Bank

Capacitor Bank

Capacitor Bank + Reactor = Detuned filter?

Capacitor Bank (Harmonics)
(Resonance)
(Reactor)
(Detune Filter) Capacitor Bank


(Detune Filter) (Harmonic Voltage)
(Harmonic Current) (Power Factor)
(Power Factor) (Reactive Power)
(Fixed type VAR compensator) 1

1 // (Fixed type
VAR compensator/Fixed type detuned filter)
-
(Detune Filter)
(Resonance Frequency)
4.1-4.3 (Harmonic Current)
(Non-linear) KVAR
Fixed type detuned filter
(Reactive Power)
MDB
-
Capacitor Bank KVAR
(Resonance Frequency)
(Detune Filter) 4.1-4.3


KVAR
Capacitor Bank
(Detune Filter)
Capacitor Bank
2

2 1 Capacitor Bank
(Resonance Frequency)
(Capacitance)
3

Capacitor Bank 2
13, 11, 9, 7, 5 3
Capacitor Bank 11 13
Capacitor Bank
KVAR () 7
KVAR () 5 3

(Detune Filter)
3

 3 Capacitor Bank
De-tuned filter ?
(Harmonic Current) (Harmonic Voltage)
Capacitor Bank Power Factor
Capacitor Bank Capacitor Bank

1 Reactor De-Tuned filter

2 Reactor
(Capacitor Bank)

 Power Factor (Harmonic)

(Reactor) 1 2
Power Factor 2
1. (Harmonic)
(Harmonic) 5 ( 6-7% Reactor)
(Harmonic) 3 (Harmonic) 5
(Harmonic Current) Non-linear load 1
(Harmonic) 3
12-14% Reactor
2. Capacitor Bank (De-tuned
filter)
(Zero Voltage Switching)

3 Capacitor Bank
Non-linear load (Harmonic)




R, L C
(Linear load)

(Linear equation)

 1 (Linear load) (Harmonic)

2 - (Harmonic) Linear load

1 Linear load (Harmonic) 2
- (Harmonic) Linear load

(Harmonic) 1

3 LED

 4 1
3 4 Non-linear load 1

(Harmonic)
(Harmonic) (1, 3 , 5, 7,.)
Non-linear load 1 Non-linear load 3 Non-linear load 1
(Harmonic) 3 (Harmonic) 3
(
)

5 (Harmonic Current)

 6
5
(Harmonic Current) (Harmonic)
Non-linear load 3 (Harmonic) 3 Nonlinear load 1 6

(Harmonic) 7

7 (Harmonic Current) ,
, , UPS

Power Factor (PF) ?

3
30 kW (KVAR)
61.97% 15
Power Factor ( 2554 ) 56.07 /KVAR
Power Factor >
0.85
Power Factor
Power Factor 0.85
Power Factor

Power Factor (PF)

Real Power (P) (Watt;W)
Apparent Power (S) - (VA) Power
Factor
Reactive
Power (Q) (VAR)

1
Apparent Power Real Power
Reactive Power Power Factor
Cosine

 Power Factor = 0

2 Power Factor
(Average Power)
Power Factor (PF.); Displacement PF.; Distortion PF.; Total PF. /?

Power Factor PF
cos () Power Factor ?
( 50Hz)
(Harmonic)
(Non-linear load)
(Harmonic Current) (Harmonic)

 Power Factor (Harmonic)

cos () Power Factor Power Factor
(Harmonic Current) Power Factor Total Power Factor

P=Active power (W)

S1=Fundamental apparent power (VA)
THDi=Current total harmonic distortion
THDv=Voltage total harmonic distortion
(Harmonic Voltage) (THDv=0) (Harmonic Current)

cos (1) Displacement Power Factor 1

fundamental current (Harmonic Current) 1

1

1 (THDv=0%), (THDi=100%), 1=30, Displacement PF= 0.866,

Total PF= 0.61
1 (Harmonic Current) ()
fundamental fundamental 1=30
Displacement PF 0.866 cos (1) = 0.866 THDi=100%

 1 Total PF = 0.61 Displacement PF Total PF THDi

2

2 Displacement PF Total PF THDi

(Harmonic Current)
Distortion PF

THDV THDi

3 Distortion PF THDV THDi

(Harmonic Current) Distortion
PF (Harmonic) Total PF
1
UPS UPS Online ?
(UPS) UPS
- UPS
Back up
(Harmonic)
UPS UPS

- UPS
220V +/- 20% (176V 264V) UPS
UPS
220V 264V 176V

 UPS

UPS

UPS

Synchronized UPS Synchronized

50Hz +/-10% 45-55 Hz UPS
UPS

UPS UPS Online Synchronized

UPS Synchronized
(Harmonic Voltage)

UPS
(Harmonic) UPS
(Harmonic)
UPS (Harmonic Current)
UPS

(Harmonic Current) UPS (Harmonic Current)
(Harmonic
Voltage) UPS

 (Harmonic) UPS

(Harmonic) UPS
-
Notch (
) UPS
UPS UPS 2 100Hz
Synchronized UPS 2
Notch UPS UPS 2
UPS


VSD, CNC , Induction Furnace Non-linear
load Power Analyzer

(Harmonic) UPS

3

3

Non-linear

 3

3 ?

1 (Harmonic)
1
(Harmonic Current)
1,640A, 1,641A 1,535A
100A 1,080A
(Harmonic) 3 9
(Harmonic) 3 9 Zero sequence order (Harmonic
Current) 3

(Spectrum of Harmonic Current) 1

(Harmonic Current) 3 3
(Harmonic) Zero sequence order (0) 3

2 (Harmonic Current) 1

 3 (Harmonic Current) 1 2

4 (Harmonic) 3
4 (Harmonic) 3
(Harmonic)
3

1.1 Active Power Filter

(Harmonic)
AC line reactor,
Detuned filter, Tuned filter, Passive power filter Active Power Filter (APF)
Active Power Filter

APF (Harmonic Current)

(Harmonic Voltage) 1.2
(iL) (Harmonic)

 6 pulses rectifier APF (iC)

(Harmonic)
(Harmonic Current) (iS)
(AC Power) (Harmonic)
(Fundamental only)

1.2 Active Power Filter

APF
APF (Harmonic Current)
(Harmonic Current) 2
(A) (A) APF (Harmonic
Current) APF (Harmonic Current)
(A) 50A, 75A, 100A600A
(Harmonic Current)
APF (Harmonic Current)
(Harmonic) APF
(Harmonic Current) (Harmonic Current)
APF
1 3
3 3 /3 (3P/3W) 3 /4 (3P/4W)
APF 1 2 3
APF 3P/4W 3P/3W
APF
3P/3W 3 (Harmonic)

APF 3
2
1

3P/3W

3P/4W
/
1 APF

 2 APF 3 3 3 APF 3 4
(3P/3W)
(3P/4W)
(Capacitor bank)

APF APF 4 APF

(Harmonic)

4 APF Capacitor Bank

APF
(Harmonic Current)
APF

5.1

-
-

5.2

5.3

-
-
-

- APF
- APF

- APF
-

 5.1 APF

5.2 APF

5.3 APF
1
3 1
3

(Harmonic) 1 (50Hz) (Harmonic) (Tripen
harmonic) (Harmonic Current)
(Zero sequence) 1
(Harmonic Current) 6
(Harmonic Current)
(1640A, 1641A, 1535A) 1080A
(Harmonic Current) 3 370.5A, 356.4A 344.7A

6 (Harmonic) 3

PF Controller

 APF

APF
(Harmonic Current)
APF 3 4

APF
0.1mS 1 20mS

Active
Power Filter
(Harmonic Current)

(Harmonic) Passive filter Tuned filter
APF APF

/ (Harmonic)
- (Harmonic Current and Harmonic Voltage)
-
(Harmonic)

UPS

Alarm LED

(Harmonic)

THDV

 Capacitive coupling (Harmonic

Current) (Harmonic Current)
Inductive coupling
(Harmonic)

-
(Harmonic)

(Harmonic)

(Harmonic)
-

(Induction heating) (Harmonic)

(Power Factor: PF)

() ()

()

()

()
()
( )

(Power Factor: PF)

Capacitor Bank KVAR Power Factor (Power Factor

1) ?

Power Factor
0.85 1
Capacitor Bank KVAR Power Factor 1
(Harmonic)
(Harmonic Current) KVAR Capacitor Bank
Displacement Power Factor Total Power Factor True Power
Factor 1 (Harmonic Current)
THDi Displacement Power Factor Total Power Factor
THDi 1

 1 Displacement Power Factor Total Power Factor THDi

1 THDi = 0 % Displacement Power Factor Total Power
Factor KVAR Power Factor = 1
(Harmonic Current) THDi = 70 % Capacitor Bank
Displacement Power Factor 1 Total Power Factor
0.82 ( 1 ) Power
Factor Total Power Factor
(Harmonic Current) THDi
(Harmonic Current)
Total Power Factor Distortion Power Factor
() 0.85
56.07 /
0.85


()

0.85

- Capacitor Bank

(a) Capacitor Bank

(Harmonic Current)


(b) Capacitor

Bank
(Transient)

VSD ?
VSD


RMS (Root Mean Square) VSD
?

1 VSD

 2 (Harmonic) 1
Irms
(R)
(Harmonic Current)
VSD
VSD (Harmonic Current)


(Harmonic Current) Skin effect

3
(Harmonic Current)

(Harmonic Current) 3 2
(Harmonic)
3

? ?

Down time

(Parallel Resonance)

1(a) Capacitor Bank (Harmonic Current)

1(b) (Xsource) (XT) Capacitor Bank (XC)

 1(a) Capacitor Bank

1(b) Capacitor Bank
(Harmonic Current) (Ih)
Non-linear loaded

2 (Harmonic)
KVAR Capacitor Bank
2 (Harmonic)
KVAR Capacitor Bank Capacitor Bank
(No Capacitance)
Capacitor Bank KVAR
Capacitor Bank
(Harmonic Current)
(Harmonic) THDV
Capacitor
Bank

3 Capacitor Bank Parallel Resonance

 (Series Resonance)

(a)

(b)
4(a) Capacitor Bank (Harmonic Current)

4(b) (Xsource) (XT) Capacitor Bank (XC)

4(a) 4(b)

(Harmonic Current) Capacitor Bank
Capacitor Bank

(Harmonic Current)
5

 5 Capacitor Bank

(Harmonic) ?
(Harmonic)

(Down time)

1-3

(Harmonic)

Power Factor (Harmonic) Capacitor
Bank (Harmonic Current)
Capacitor Bank Capacitor
Bank Power Factor 0.85 Power Factor

 (Harmonic) Capacitor Bank

PF
Power Factor
Power Factor (Harmonic
Current) Eddy current loss Copper loss
(Harmonic Current)

Skin effect
(Harmonic Current) fundamental
50Hz (Harmonic Current)

Negative sequence harmonic


, Capacitor Bank, MDB, ,
(Harmonic)

1.1
1 Watt-Hr = 3.412 Btu/Hr
3.412 Btu/Hr 5
EER = 10.6 BTU/Hour-Watt
COP = 3.104 W/W

1 Watt (heat) = 3.412/3.104 = 1.10 Watt (Air conditioner)

1 Watt = 1 (heat) + 1.10 (Air conditioner) = 2.10 Watt