Tng kt cc Giao thc a truy cp

Phi lm g vi Mi trng dng chung ?

Phn chia Knh truyn (theo thi gian, tn s hay m)
Time Division,Code Division, Frequency Division

Phn chia Ngu nhin (ng),

ALOHA, S-ALOHA, CSMA, CSMA/CD Cm nhn sng mang: Hu tuyn n gin, V tuyn phc tp CSMA/CD c s dng trong Ethernet

Ln lt
Thm d t mt trm trung tm, Chuyn Th bi

5: DataLink Layer

5a-1

Cng Ngh Mng cc b (LAN)

V tng Lin kt D liu :
Dch v, Pht hin/ Sa Li, a truy cp

Tip theo: Cng ngh LAN

a ch Ethernet hubs, bridges, switches 802.11 PPP

5: DataLink Layer

5a-2

a ch LAN v Giao thc ARP

32-bit a ch IP :
a ch tng Mng c s dng chuyn datagram ti my nhn (nh li nh ngha mng IP)

a ch LAN (hay a ch MAC, Vt l):

c s dng chuyn datagram t interface ny sang interface khc (2 interface trn cng mt mng) a ch MAC 48 bit c ghi trn ROM

5: DataLink Layer

5a-3

a ch LAN v Giao thc ARP

Mi card mng c mt a ch LAN duy nht

5: DataLink Layer

5a-4

a ch LAN (tip)
Khng gian a ch MAC c IEEE qun tr Cc nh sn xut phi mua mt phn khng gian a ch ( m bo tnh duy nht) Tng t : (a) a ch MAC : Ging s CMT Nhn dn (b) a ch IP : Ging a ch nh ring Khng gian a ch MAC phng => kh chuyn
C th di chuyn card mng gia cc LAN

a ch IP phn cp => khng kh chuyn

Ph thuc vo mng IP kt ni ti
5: DataLink Layer 5a-5

Nh li Vn nh tuyn
Khi u t A, vi a ch ch l IP ca B:
Kim tra a ch ca B, thy rng B nm trn cng mt mng vi A Tng lin kt d liu gi datagram ti B bn trong frame ca tng lin kt d liu
a ch ch ngun ca frame Bs MAC As MAC addr addr

A 223.1.1.1
223.1.2.1 223.1.1.2 223.1.1.4 223.1.2.9

B
223.1.1.3 223.1.3.1 223.1.3.27

223.1.2.2 223.1.3.2

a ch ch ngun ca datagram As IP addr Bs IP addr datagram

IP payload

frame
5: DataLink Layer 5a-6

ARP: Giao thc Gii m a ch

Vn : Lm sao bit c a ch MAC ca B khi bit a ch IP ca B ? Mi IP nt (Host, Router) trn mng LAN c module ARP Bng ARP Table: IP/MAC address mappings for some LAN nodes
< IP address; MAC address; TTL> < .. >

TTL (Time To Live): Thi gian xo i mt nh x (thng l 20 pht)

5: DataLink Layer

5a-7

Giao thc ARP

A bit a ch IP ca B, A mun bit a ch Vt l ca B A Qung b thng ip truy vn ARP, cha a ch IP ca B Tt c my tnh trn mng LAN nhn c truy vn ny B nhn c truy vn, s tr li A a ch Vt l ca mnh A ghi tm nh x a ch IP a ch Vt l trong mt khong thi gian Ti sao ?

5: DataLink Layer

5a-8

V d ARP

5: DataLink Layer

5a-9

Khun dng gi tin ARP

Hardware Type - Ethernet is type 1 Protocol TypeIPv4=x0800 Hardware Length:length of Ethernet Address (6) Protocol Length:length of IPv4 address (4)

5: DataLink Layer 5a-10

Bao bc Gi tin ARP

Thng ip ARP c t trong frame Ethernet

5: DataLink Layer 5a-11

RARP
B nhn c truy vn, s tr li A a ch Vt l ca mnh RARP c s dng xc nh a ch Logic t a ch Vt l . Thng gp trn cc H thng thin-client. My tnh khng c a cng. Khi khi ng, my tnh cn bit a ch IP (ngi ta khng mun ghi IP vo ROM) Thng ip yu cu RARP c gi Qung b, Thng ip tr li RARP c gi ti mt ch. Cn phi bit thm v subnet mask, a ch router, DNS address, ... : DHCP thay th RARP.

5: DataLink Layer 5a-12

RARP

5: DataLink Layer 5a-13

RARP Khun dng

5: DataLink Layer 5a-14

RARP Bao Bc

5: DataLink Layer 5a-15

RARP v ARP

5: DataLink Layer 5a-16

V tr RARP v ARP

Nm cng vi IP tng Mng. B tr cho IP

5: DataLink Layer 5a-17

nh tuyn sang mng LAN khc

Gi t A ti B qua R

5: DataLink Layer 5a-18

A to ra mt IP packet vi a ch Gi l A, Nhn l B A s dng ARP xc nh a ch Vt l ng vi IP 111.111.111.110 A to ra Ethernet frame c ch l a ch Vt l ca R, frame ny cha IP datagram Tng Lin kt d liu ca A gi i Ethernet frame Tng Lin kt d liu ca R nhn c Ethernet frame R ly ra IP datagram t Ethernet frame, thy a ch IP ch l B R s dng ARP xc nh a ch Vt l ca B R to ra frame cha IP datagram Gi-A-Nhn-B ri gi ti B

B
5: DataLink Layer 5a-19

Cng ngh Kt ni Ethernet

5: DataLink Layer 5a-20

Ethernet
L Cng ngh hin nay Thng tr th trng LAN: Hin ti 5USD (nm 2006) L cng ngh LAN c s dng rng ri u tin n gin, R tin hn so vi token LANs v ATM Lin tc nng cao tc : 10, 100, 1000 Mbps

Th bt ca Metcalfe

5: DataLink Layer 5a-21

Cu trc Frame Ethernet

Adapter pha Gi t IP datagram (hay bt k gi tin tng Mng no) bn trong Ethernet frame

Preamble: 7 bytes c gi tr 10101010 sau l 1 byte c gi tr 10101011 ng b ha tc ng h bn Gi, bn Nhn

5: DataLink Layer 5a-22

Ethernet Frame Structure (more)

Addresses: 6 bytes, frame c tt c cc adapter trong LAN nhn, nhng b qua nu a ch khng ph hp Type: Ch ra giao thc no tng mng s nhn d liu, ch yu l IP nhng c th c mt vi giao thc khc (nh Novell IPX hay AppleTalk) CRC: c kim tra pha nhn, nu pht hin c li, frame s b loi b

5: DataLink Layer 5a-23

Ethernet: S dng CSMA/CD

A: Cm nhn Knh truyn, if Ri
then { Truyn v Cm nhn Knh truyn;
If Pht hin ra c mt cuc truyn khc then { Hy b v Gi thng ip bo tc nghn; Cp nht # collisions; Lm tr theo thut ton exponential backoff; goto A } else {truyn xong frame; t bin collisions=0} }

else {i cuc truyn kia truyn xong v goto A}

5: DataLink Layer 5a-24

Ethernet: CSMA/CD (tip)

Tn hiu bo tc nghn (Jam Signal): m bo tt c cc nt ang truyn nhn bit c Tc nghn; 48 bits; Exponential Backoff: Mc tiu: Vic truyn li thch nghi vi ti h thng
Ti nhiu: Khong thi gian i ngu nhin s di hn

Ln xung t th nht: chn K trong khong {0,1}; tr l K x 512 thi gian truyn i 1 bit Sau ln xung t th 2: chn ngu nhin K trong {0,1,2,3} Sau ln xung t th 10, chn K trong {0,1,2,3,4,,1023}

5: DataLink Layer 5a-25

Cng ngh Ethernet : 10Base2

10: 10Mbps; 2: Khong cch ti a ca cp l 200m Cp gy, Hnh trng (topo) BUS

C th s dng B tip sc (repeater) m rng Repeater sao chp cc tn hiu t mt interface ra tt c cc interface khc (Ch l thit b tng Vt l)
5: DataLink Layer 5a-26

Lp t

5: DataLink Layer 5a-27

10BaseT v 100BaseT
Tc 10/100 Mbps rate; 100Mbps cn c gi l fast ethernet T l vit tt ca Twisted Pair Cc nt kt ni ti Hub tthng qua cp ng trc, Topo Hnh sao CSMA/CD ci t ti hub

5: DataLink Layer 5a-28

10BaseT v 100BaseT (tip)

Khong cch cc i t nt ti Hub l 100m Hub c th phong ta cc adapter gy nhiu (jabbering) Hub c th gip ngi qun tr mng LAN thu thp cc thng tin mang tnh kim sot, cc thng tin thng k

5: DataLink Layer 5a-29

Gbit Ethernet
S dng khun dng Ethernet frame chun Cho php knh truyn im-ni-im v knh truyn Dng chung chia s Trong ch dng chung, s dng CSMA/CD; c hiu sut cao, khong cch gia cc nt phi nh C ch truyn song cng tc 1 Gbps cho knh truyn im ni im

5: DataLink Layer 5a-30

V d v Switch Ethernet 1G

5: DataLink Layer 5a-31

Chuyn Th bi: Chun IEEE802.5

4 Mbps Thi gian cc i gi token: 10 ms, kch thc frame b hn ch

SD, ED : nh du Khi u v Kt thc ca packet AC: Byte iu khin (Access Control):

token bit: gi tr 0 c ngha l c th ly token, gi tr 1 ngha l d liu i sau FC priority bits: u tin ca packet reservation bits: Trm c th thit lp nhng bit ny ngn nga nhng trm c u tin thp hn chim token khi token ri
5: DataLink Layer 5a-32

Chuyn Th bi: Chun IEEE802.5

FC: frame control c s dng kim sot v bo tr source, destination address: 48 bit a ch Vt l ging nh trong Ethernet data: packet t tng Mng checksum: CRC FS: frame status: c pha Nhn t, pha Gi s c
c thit lp xc nhn nt ch nhn frame t Vng Bin nhn mc Lin kt D liu
5: DataLink Layer 5a-33

Kt ni nhiu mng LAN

Q: Ti sao khng c mt mng LAN ln duy nht?
Hn ch bng thng: trn mng LAN duy nht, tt c cc trm chia s mi trng truyn dn chung di hn ch: 802.3 xc nh di cc i ca cp min xung t ln (C th xung t vi nhiu trm khc) Hn ch s lng trm: 802.5 chuyn th bi c tr mi trm

5: DataLink Layer 5a-34

Hubs
Thit b Tng Vt l: Ch yu l repeater hot ng mc bit: mi bit nhn c trn mt interface s c gi ra trn tt c cc interface khc Hub c th c sp xp c th bc (Thit k nhiu tng), vi hub trc chnh (backbone) v tr cao nht

5: DataLink Layer 5a-35

Hubs (tip)
LAN segment : phn on mng LAN. L min xung t Hub Khng c lp cc min xung t: 2 nt hai LAN segment khc nhau vn c th b xung t

u im ca Hub : n gin, R tin Kt ni nhiu mc : Kh nng chng chi li C th m rng khong cch bng cch lp thm Hub

5: DataLink Layer 5a-36

Hub: Hn ch
Min xung t duy nht khng th tng thng lng ton b H thng Thng lng trn c h thng bng thng lng trn mt phn on Hn ch v s lng nt trong mt phn mng Khng th kt ni cc kiu cng ngh Ethernet khc nhau (v d 10BaseT v 100baseT)

5: DataLink Layer 5a-37

Bridges
Thit b tng Lin kt D liu: thao tc trn Ethernet frames, ly ra tiu gi tin v chuyn tip frame mt cch c chn lc cn c theo a ch ch Bridge c lp cc min xung t v lu tm (buffer) cc frame Khi cn chuyn frame vo segment no, bridge s dng CSMA/CD truy cp v truyn trn segment
5: DataLink Layer 5a-38

Bridges (tip)
u im ca Bridge:
C lp cc min xung t nn tng dung lng c h thng c nng cao v khng hn ch s lng nt trong mng C th Kt ni nhiu kiu cng ngh Ethernet khc nhau v Hnh vi Gi v Chuyn Trong sut: Khng cn thay i cc LAN adapter

5: DataLink Layer 5a-39

Bridges: Lc v Chuyn cc frame

bridges LC cc packet
Frame m nt gi v nhn trn cng LAN segment khng cn chuyn qua LAN segment khc

CHUYN:
Lm th no xc nh interface c th chuyn gi tin n ng ch? C v ging nh tuyn ?

5: DataLink Layer 5a-40

Backbone Bridge

5: DataLink Layer 5a-41

Kt ni khng cn Backbone

Khng c s dng do hai nguyn nhn sau:

- Nu hub Computer Science hng th mng sp - Tt c truyn thng qua EE v SE phi chuyn qua CS segment
5: DataLink Layer 5a-42

Bridge : Lc (Filtering)
bridge Hc c th gi n my tnh no qua interfave no: Xy dng Bng lc Khi nhn c frame, bridge hc c v tr ca my gi: LAN segment n Ghi li v tr nt gi trong bng Lc Cc mc trong bng Lc: (a ch logic ca nt, Bridge Interface, Time Stamp) TTL : 60 pht s xa i mc tng ng

5: DataLink Layer 5a-43

Bridge : Chc nng Lc

Thut ton Lc:
if ch ca frame nm trong cng mt phn on ni gi frame ti then Loi b frame else { Tm kim trn bng Lc if Tm thy mc ng vi ch trong bng Lc then Chuyn tip frame trn cng ra tng ng; else Gi trn ngp; /* Gi i tt c cc interface ngoi tr interface n ca frame*/ }

5: DataLink Layer 5a-44

Bridge : V d Chc nng Hc

Gi s C gi frame ti D v D gi frame tr li C

C gi frame, bridge cha c thng tin g v D, do vy gi trn ngp trn ton b mng LAN
bridge nhn thy C c gi t port 1 Mng LAN pha trn b qua frame ny Cui cng D nhn c frame

5: DataLink Layer 5a-45

Bridge Learning: example

D to ra cu tr li gi cho C, sau gi bridge nhn thy frame n t D bridge ghi nh D nm trn interface 2 V bridge bit C nm trn interface 1, do vy chuyn tip c chn lc frame qua interface 1
5: DataLink Layer 5a-46

Bridges : Spanning Tree

tng cng tnh tin cy, ngi ta mong mun gia hai im c nhiu tuyn ng khc nhau Vi nhiu tuyn ng, c th ny sinh chu trnh cc frame lun lu mi mi trong mng Gii php: Sp xp cc bridges thnh cy spanning bng cch cm mt s interface
Disabled

5: DataLink Layer 5a-47

So snh Bridges v Routers

u l Thit b Lu gi v Chuyn tip
router: Thit b tng Mng (Kim tra tiu tng Mng) bridges : Thit b tng lin kt d liu

Router s dng Thut ton nh tuyn xy dng Bng nh tuyn Bridge chy cc Thut ton Hc, Lc, Chuyn tip xy dng Bng Lc

5: DataLink Layer 5a-48

So snh Bridges v Routers

Bridges + v + Bridge : Thao tc n gin hn - Topo Mng b hn ch v phi xy dng cy spanning trnh chu trnh - Bridges khng c kh nng chng chi vi tn cng kiu flood (tn hiu n t 1 cng s c sao chp n tt c cc cng khc

5: DataLink Layer 5a-49

So snh Bridges v Routers

Routers + and + Hnh trng tu (Chu trnh c khc phc nh TTL
v giao thc nh tuyn tt) + C firewall chng tn cng gi trn ngp - Yu cu phi cu hnh a ch IP (not plug and play) - Tn nng lc x l hn Bridges : Mng vi trm my Router : Mng vi nghn my
5: DataLink Layer 5a-50

Ethernet : Switch
L Thit b tng 2, Lc v Chuyn tip frame trn c s a ch MAC Switching: A-ti-B v A-ti-B ng thi, khng b xung t Nhiu interface Thng cc my tnh kt ni trc tip vo switch theo cu hnh sao Ethernet, nhng khng c xung t!
5: DataLink Layer 5a-51

Ethernet Switches
Chuyn xuyn sut: frame c th chuyn ngay t input port ti output port m khng cn nhn ht frame Gim ng k tr Kt hp Dng chung\ Dng ring, Tc 10/100/1000 Mbps
5: DataLink Layer 5a-52

Ethernet Switch (tip)

Dedicated

Shared

5: DataLink Layer 5a-53

Ethernet Switch (tip)

5: DataLink Layer 5a-54

IEEE 802.11 : LAN khng dy

LAN khng dy: thng dnh cho my tnh xch tay (c kh nng di ng) Chun IEEE 802.11 : MAC protocol Ph tn s : 900Mhz, 2.4Ghz

Basic Service Set (BSS) bao gm: wireless hosts access point (AP): base station Kt hp cc BSS thnh h thng phn tn distribution system (DS)
5: DataLink Layer 5a-55

V d

5: DataLink Layer 5a-56

Mng AdHoc
Mng Adhoc : IEEE 802.11. Cc trm c th t hnh thnh nn mng khng cn c AP ng dng:
Cc laptop trong phng hp, xe t Kt ni cc thit b c nhn Trn chin trng

IETF MANET (Mobile Ad hoc Networks) working group

5: DataLink Layer 5a-57

Trong tng lai

5: DataLink Layer 5a-58

So snh : C h tng v Khng c

5: DataLink Layer 5a-59

IEEE 802.11 : CSMA/CA

802.11 CSMA: Pha gi - Nu knh truyn ri trong DISF sec. th truyn ton b frame (khng pht hin xung t) - Nu knh truyn bn th binary backoff 802.11 CSMA Pha Nhn: Nu received OK Bin nhn ACK sau SIFS
5: DataLink Layer 5a-60

IEEE 802.11 MAC Protocol

802.11 Mt s giao thc CSMA khc NAV: Network Allocation Vector 802.11 frame c trng transmission time Cc trm khc (khi nhn c frame) s tr hon vic truyn trong NAV n v thi gian
5: DataLink Layer 5a-61

Vn : Trm n
Trm n: A v C khng th nghe t nhau C vt cn, tn hiu khng lan to qua c C th xung t B Mc tiu: Trnh xung t B CSMA/CA: CSMA with Collision Avoidance

5: DataLink Layer 5a-62

Collision Avoidance: Trao i RTS-CTS

CSMA/CA: t ch s dng knh truyn tng minh
Gi: gi yu cu RTS: request to send Nhn: chp nhn CTS: clear to send

CTS t ch cho pha gi, bo cho cc trm khc (c th trm n) Trnh xung t do trm n
5: DataLink Layer 5a-63

Collision Avoidance: Trao i RTS-CTS

RTS v CTS :
Gim kh nng Xy ra Xung t Kt qu tng ng vi Trnh xung t

IEEE 802.11 alows:

CSMA CSMA/CA: t ch Thm d t AP
5: DataLink Layer 5a-64

Giao thc kiu im ni im

Mt bn gi, mt bn nhn, mt ng truyn: n gin hn Knh truyn Qung b: Khng cn Media Access Control Khng cn a ch MAC tng minh V d : ng dial up, ng ISDN Mt vi giao thc im-ni-im tiu biu: PPP (point-to-point protocol) HDLC: High level data link control
5: DataLink Layer 5a-65

PPP [RFC1557] : Yu cu Thit k

t packet vo frame: Gi gi tin ca tng Mng vo frame ca tng Lin kt d liu Gi ng thi nhiu gi tin ca cc giao thc khc nhau tng Mng Trong sut: C th chuyn bt k khun dng D liu no Pht hin Li (Khng phi Sa) Kim sot knh truyn: Pht hin khi knh truyn b li, bo li cho tng Mng bn trn Tho lun a ch tng Mng: C th xc nh/ cu hnh a ch IP cho cc im u cui
5: DataLink Layer 5a-66

PPP : Khng cn phi

Khng c c ch Khc phc / Sa li Khng iu khin lu lng Khng m bo Gi Nhn theo ng th t Khng h tr a im (V d thm d)
Kh c ph c l i, i u khi n l
u l
ng, Th t G i & Nh n D li u

c x l cc tng trn !!

5: DataLink Layer 5a-67

PPP Data Frame

Flag: nh du (m u khung) Address: Cha s dng Control: Cha s dng, c th s dng trong tng lai Protocol: Giao thc tng Mng bn trn ly D liu (V d PPP-LCP, IP, IPCP, )

5: DataLink Layer 5a-68

PPP Data Frame

info: Cha D liu ca tng trn check: M Kim tra D tha vng Pht hin Li

5: DataLink Layer 5a-69

Chn Byte
iu kin Trong sut : Mu c <01111110> phi c trong trng d liu Q: <01111110> nhn c l D liu hay C?

GI: Chn thm byte d tha < 01111110> sau mi byte < 01111110> d liu NHN: Hai byte 01111110 lin tip: Loi b byte u tin, tip tc nhn d liu Mt byte 01111110: byte c
5: DataLink Layer 5a-70

Chn Byte : V d
flag byte pattern in data to send

flag byte pattern plus stuffed byte in transmitted data

5: DataLink Layer 5a-71

PPP :Giao thc Kim sot D liu

Trc khi trao i d liu ca tng Mng, cc thc th Lin kt d liu phi : Cu hnh ng truyn PPP (Kch thc frame cc i, Kim chng ngi dng) Hc/ Cu hnh cc thng tin tng Mng Vi IP: mang thng ip IP Control Protocol (IPCP) (m giao thc: 8021) cu hnh a ch IP
5: DataLink Layer 5a-72

Chng 5: Tng Kt
Cc Nguyn l Hot ng ca tng Lin kt D liu: Pht hin v Sa Li a truy cp : S dng chung knh truyn a ch tng link, ARP Cc Cng ngh khc nhau: Ethernet hub, bridge, switche IEEE 802.11 LAN PPP
Hnh trnh qua cc tng K T THC !
5: DataLink Layer 5a-73

Li Cui

CHC HC TT
5: DataLink Layer 5a-74