The 14th International Conference on Machine Design and Production June 29 July 02 2010, Gzelyurt, Turkish Republic of Northern

n Cyprus

TOWARDS

DEVELOPMENT

OF

NEW

BIOMIMETIC/BIOINSPIRED

DESIGN

METHODOLOGY

Aylin KONEZ EROLU, akonez@atilim.edu.tr ATILIM University, 06836, Ankara, Turkey Zhal ERDEN, zuhal@atilim.edu.tr ATILIM University, 06836, Ankara, Turkey Abdulkadir ERDEN, aerden@atilim.edu.tr ATILIM University, 06836, Ankara, Turkey

ABSTRACT A biological inspiration process called as Biomimetic or Bioinspired aims to develop creative and novel artificial products in engineering domain via inspiring ideas from structures, materials, processes, and functions in biology domain. Developing of a systematic biomimetic/bioinspired design (BID) is challenging for engineers for many reasons, such as; low cost, high efficiency, and high reliability. Many case studies are available in literature. There are mainly two design approaches based on the starting point of the design. One of them is the problem-based design approach in which the design starts with an engineering problem and the other is the solution-based design approach which starts by selecting of a biological system. This paper presents an extensive literature overview on BID and compares problem-based and solution based BID approaches. This survey forms a basis for the development of a new BID approach to design hybrid systems at conceptual level. Keywords: Biomimetic, Bioinspired, Design Methods, Hybrid Systems

1. INTRODUCTION It is well known that evolution process of nature creates highly effective, power efficient and perfectly structured biological systems spread worldwide. From engineering point of view; biology domain is a vast source of engineering ideas including materials, structures, processes of any sort methods, tools, devices, mechanisms, and functional systems both at micro/macro scales. It is apparent that a systematic bridging study of biology domain and engineering (design) domain would be highly fruitful with inspiration to foster engineering creativity and innovation. Inspiration from biological phenomena and its applications on human comfort dates back to more than 3000 years ago. A typical example is insisted

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attempts of ancient Chinese people towards production of silk artificially [Vincent, et.al. 2006]. Later studies of El-Cezeri created robots-like mechanisms, and works of Leonardo da Vinci to imitate flight of birds to develop a flying machine. Many success stories are well known and published on internet for curious investigators. Mimicking design idea, system and system behavior, structures, and materials from biology domain into engineering domain is highly challenging for engineers. However, it is not a straight forward engineering process; it requires a high level balanced expertise on both domains. An embracing study should include related biological disciplines that cover vast amount of concepts and ideas, deeper scientific phenomena. Further, they are all based on highly complex and undocumented, not fully mapped and poorly understood for any immediate engineering implementations [Vakili and Shu, 2001; Anon, 2007]. Another experienced difficulty is that the methods of scientific communication between the biology and engineering domains are not well developed and the language is not much understandable for both sides [Helms, Vattam, and Goel, 2009]. One may consider that it is two extremities on human life, one is natural phenomena as it is assumed to be available always and cannot be avoided, the other is artificial or engineering that is supplied by the engineers to improve human comfort and may depend on the availability. State of art research reveals that there are many design approaches developed for using advantages of biological systems to solve engineering problems. Although these approaches are often ad hoc and they rely mostly on the experience of the designer [Fleischer and Troxell, 1999; Fleischer, 1999] and current engineering environment, existing approaches are considered as valuable efforts toward further studies on the development of a systematic and formal methodology for biomimetic/biologically inspired (bioinspired) design. In the following section, concepts of biological inspiration processes which are the base of the biomimetic/bioinspired design are given.

2. CONCEPTS OF THE BIOLOGICAL INSPIRATION PROCESS

The biological inspiration process is discussed as Bionics by Jack Steele in 1960 first time [Bar-Cohen, 2006_a; Anon, 2007]. He defined Bionics as the science of systems which have some function copied from nature, or which represent characteristics of natural systems or their analogues. This term is synonymous with Biomimicry (from bios, meaning life, and mimesis, meaning to imitate) describing a tool for innovation [Biomimicry Guild, 2009]. Biomimicry aims to develop solutions that meet the needs of society by studying and mimicking the design and behavior of nature [The Natural Edge Project, 2008]. Biomimicry is a cross-over between biological systems and artificial systems and is defined as the process

The 14th International Conference on Machine Design and Production June 29 July 02 2010, Gzelyurt, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus

of engineering inspiration, knowledge, or mechanisms from a natural system to create an artificial system that has similar properties or dynamics [Fleischer, 1999]. Otto H. Schmitt coined the term Biophysics which is the base of Biomimetics in 1969 [Vincent, et.al. 2006] and this field is increasingly involved with emerging subjects of science and engineering [Bar-Cohen, 2006_b]. Biomimetics which is a biology-based technology [Vincent and Mann, 2002] is a philosophical approach that can lead to novel ideas and innovative solutions. This term is used in both scientific and engineering literature and it has the same meaning with Bionics and Biomimicry. While some literatures prefer to use the words biognosis or biomimesis, Vincent and his colleagues [2006] and DTI report [Anon, 2007] concluded that biomimetics is synonymous with Biologically inspired usually called bioinspired. Moreover, biologically inspired robotics is described as a subset of the biomimetics by Bar-Cohen [2003]. All of these terms are used to describe the same approach; inspiration design idea from biological systems and implementing them into engineering systems. In this paper, biomimetic and bioinspired are used to describe the inspiration process.

3. BIOMIMETIC AND/OR BIOINSPIRED DESIGN (BID) Wilson [2008] stated that Bioinspired design is the transfer of design strategies used in the natural domain to the engineering domain. Leveraging biological technologies in the engineering domain can lead to many technological innovations and novel products. Biomimetic design or biologically inspired design (BID) examines biological analogies to solve engineering problems [Mak and Shu, 2004_b; Nelson, Wilson, and Yen, 2009]. The BID providing guideposts for creating [Fleischer, 1999] and a cross-over link between biological systems and engineering systems [The Natural Edge Project, 2008] has led to new and useful products and technologies [Vincent and Mann, 2002] and some of the have been patented [Anon, 2007]. On the other hand, BID has a problem of technology transfer [The Natural Edge Project, 2008; Vincent, 2001; Helms, Vattam, and Goel, 2009] because biological systems and engineering systems are different and biologists and engineers are used different terminologies. People studying on biology know very little about the implications of any biological phenomena in the engineering domain and similarly, engineers and designers know very little about biological phenomena [Wilson, 2008]. Moreover, BID is still dependent on the designer experiments and this cause some problems, such as Vaguely defined problems, Poor problem-solution pairing, Oversimplification of complex functions, Using off-the-shelf biological solutions, Solution fixation, Misapplied analogy, and Improper analogical transfer [Helms, Vattam, and Goel, 2009].

The 14th International Conference on Machine Design and Production June 29 July 02 2010, Gzelyurt, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus

A systematic analogical reasoning method can be developed to reduce the above mentioned problems. Analogical reasoning method is used in idea generation to transfer knowledge from a source domain (biology) containing analogous phenomena to a target domain (engineering) containing problem to be solved by analogy [Mak and Shu, 2004_a; Mak and Shu, 2004_b; Wilson, 2008; Nelson, Wilson, and Yen, 2009; Helms, Vattam, and Goel, 2009]. A starting point of the analogical representation is decomposition of the biological systems. Menon and Ellery [2006] and Wilson [2008] suggested a reverse engineering method for biological systems for their decomposition. Reverse engineering for biological systems can help to decompose the function, behavior, and structure of biological systems systematically. The reverse engineering of ideas and concepts from nature and implementing them in a particular technological field cannot be applied as a straightforward process because of the major differences between artificial systems and biological systems [Menon and Ellery, 2006]. After decomposition of the biological system, harvested knowledge should be transferred to the engineering domain. A suitable bridge between biological and engineering terminology is required to avoid wasting of time [Vakili and Shu, 2001]. This bridge is called as Database [Mak and Shu, 2004_a]. There are few databases to assist designers and engineers in their searches, including Biomimicry Guild Database as an open-source database of natural organisms [The Natural Edge Project, 2008], Biologists at the Design Table (BaDTs) used to find species and organisms that might assist in design solutions [The Natural Edge Project, 2008]. TRIZ is another database study that is a method for transferring knowledge between different scientific and engineering disciplines [Vincent and Mann, 2002] by using contradiction Matrix [Vincent, 2001] including biological information and principles [Mak and Shu, 2004_b]. In addition, a database of Max Planck Institute listing approximately 1,000 biological materials for particular applications [Anon, 2007] and a lexical database (WordNet) used as a language framework to systematically generate alternative keywords, (particularly verbs [Shu, 2006]) to find matches and analyze the results of searches [Chiu and Shu, 2004; Helms, Vattam, and Goel, 2009] can be given as examples of database studies. Other examples of databases are SAPPHIRE that provides English language descriptions of the structures, behaviors and functions of biological and engineering designs previously used in biomimetic design, a diagrammatic representation based on SAPPHIRE [Helms, Vattam, and Goel, 2009] and Biomimicry Repository which uses an ontology Description Logics [Wilson, 2008; Yim, Wilson, and Rosen, 2008].

The 14th International Conference on Machine Design and Production June 29 July 02 2010, Gzelyurt, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus

The above mentioned databases match the elements of the decomposition such as; biological functions, forms, structures with that of the engineering. A systematic BID method including the databases is believed to improve efficiency and creative nature of the engineering design process. Existing researches concentrate on the BID process. In the following section of the paper, some processes are introduced.

4. BIOMIMETIC AND/OR BIOINSPIRED DESIGN PROCESS The BID process is typically classified according to their starting points. These are problembased design and solution-based design [Wilson, 2008; Helms, Vattam, and Goel, 2009]. In problem-based design approach, designer starts with an engineering problem and searches for possible and feasible solutions from biological domain. In solution-based design approach, design starts with recognition of a biological solution and the designer implements the principles of this solution for a problem in the engineering domain. Some examples of implementation for both approaches are summarized in Table 1. The survey reveals that most of studies of BID are based on problem-based design approach. Table 1 Some examples for problem-based design and solution-based design for BID
BID Case Study Flying studies of Leonardo da Vinci [Vincent, et.al., 2006]. Flying studies of Hezarfen Ahmet elebi [Terziolu, 2007] A smart cloth [Anon, 2007]. An armor [Bar-Cohen, 2006_a]. Big Dog, developed by Boston Dynamics Company [Raibert, et.al., 2008]. Eiffels tower Problem Based Design Approach/ Solution Based Design Approach Problem Based Design Approach Phenomena in Nature Birds wings Engineering Application Flying machine designs (Flying) Artificial eagle wings (Flying)

Problem Based Design Approach

Eagle wings

Problem Based Design Approach

Pinecones

A smart cloth (Textile)

Problem Based Design Approach

Hard-shell body of turtles

An armor (Textile and Defense Industry) Animal-like robot (big dog) (Robotics and Defense Industry) A tower (Architecture)

Problem Based Design Approach

A dog

Problem Based Design Approach

Trabecular struts in the head of the human femur or the taper of a tulip stem. Types of leaf such as beech or hornbeam The shape of the boxfish

The roof of the Crystal Palace A bionic car [Anon, 2007; Vincent, et.al., 2006]. Velcro [Wilson and Rosen, 2010] Gecko of University of Manchester [Hawken, 2006].

Problem Based Design Approach

A palace (Architecture)

Problem Based Design Approach

A car (Automotive)

Solution Based Design Approach Solution Based Design Approach

Burrs the natural hairs covering the soles of geckos feet

Velcro (hook and loop) (Textile) A new type of adhesive (Tribology and Robotic)

The 14th International Conference on Machine Design and Production June 29 July 02 2010, Gzelyurt, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus

4.1 Problem-Based BID Process Problem-based design approach for BID is enhanced by the opportunity to look into biological systems with a focused engineering problem and context to see what they do and then to transform the useful forms, processes, and systems within the design context [The Natural Edge Project, 2008; Vakili and Shu, 2001]. Scope of bioinspired studies are examined under this normative and iterative process. Some problem-based BID methods and their steps are tabulated in Table 2. Table 2 Some existing BID methods based on problem-based design
Author(s) Helms, Vattam, and Goel, 2009 Problem-based BID steps H1: problem definition H2: reframe the problem (biologizing) H3: biological solution search H4: define the biological solution H5: principle extraction H6: principle application A1: formulate the technical problem A2: seek for analogies in biology A3: identify corresponding principles A4: abstract from the biological model A5: implement technology through prototyping and testing. N1: Identify the Real Challenge N2: Translate the Challenge into Biology Language Biologise the Question N3: Define the Habitat Parameters/ Conditions N4: Re-ask How does nature do that function here, in these conditions? N5: Find the Best Natural Models (literal and metaphorical) N6: Mimic the Natural Model as Form, Process, and Ecosystem N7: Evaluate the Solution Nature as Measure N8: Pay Respect to the Inspiration B1: distill (distill the design function) B2: translate (translate to biology) B3: discover (discover natural models) B4: emulate (emulate natures strategies) B5: evaluate (evaluate your design against lifes principles) F1: define the problem, F2: find a useful natural system to mimic F3: create a model of the natural system into a robotic model, F4: translate the model of the natural system into a robotic model, F5: implement the robotic model in a real system, F6: analyze the robotic system and make sure it meets the problem specification sufficiently. W1: Planning and clarifying task W2: Abstract to identify the essential problems W3: Establish function structures W4: Detail requirements for function of interest W5: Identify biological strategies (strategy repository) W6: Generate ideas W7: Combine working principles into working structures Domains of Steps Engineering Engineering-Biology Biology Biology Biology-Engineering Engineering Engineering Biology Biology Biology-Engineering Engineering Engineering Engineering-Biology Biology Biology Biology Biology-Engineering Engineering Engineering Engineering Engineering-Biology Biology Biology-Engineering Engineering Engineering Biology Biology Biology-Engineering Engineering Engineering Engineering Engineering Engineering Engineering-Biology Biology Biology-Engineering Engineering H6, A5 H1, A1, N1 H2, N2 H3, A2, N5 H6, A5, N8 N7 H1, A1, N1, B1 H3, A2, N5, B3 H5, A4, N6 H6, A5, N8, B4 N7, B5 H1, A1, N1, B1, F1 H3, A2 H5, A4 Similar Steps

Anon, 2007

H1 H3 H4 H5 H6 H1, A1 H2

The Natural Edge Project, 2008

Biomimicry Guild, 2009

Fleischer and Troxell, 1999

Wilson, 2008

H2, N2, B2 H4, A3 H5, A4, N6, F4

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4.2 Solution-Based BID Process If a designer starts his/her work by focusing on a specific biological system without any engineering problem in his/her mind and attempts to mimic the behavior of this system in the engineering domain, this process is described as a solution-based design process and it is emerged in practice [Wilson, 2008; Helms, Vattam, and Goel, 2009]. This is a typical process in developing completely new materials and devices [Anon, 2007]. Few design processes for solution-based design are described in the literature. One of them is suggested by Vakili and Shu [2001] as composed of five steps. These steps are selecting initial information source of biological phenomena, identification of synonyms for engineering functional keywords, identification of suitable bridge between engineering functional keywords and synonyms and biological phenomena, searching for keywords and synonyms in bridge, and identification and finding more detail on relevant biological phenomena. Another description suggest the following steps; identification of a biological solution, definition of the biological solution, extraction of a principle, reframing the solution, searching a problem, definition of the problem, and application of the principle [Helms, Vattam, and Goel, 2009]. A solution-driven BID methodology for conceptual design is developed by Wilson [2008]. The steps of this method are identification biological system of interest, analysis of a biological system, extraction of biological strategies, and generating ideas. A typical solution-based BID approach is widely used in mechatronics engineering education at Atlm University. Senior students are guided to design animal robots in a two-term design project. Students study in biological domain for about two months with reverse engineering, and they design and manufacture robots during the remaining six months. Turtle robots (2007), caterpillar robots (2008), lobster robots (2009), and rabbit robots (2010) are designed, manufactured, and tested. The related course and senior students are used as an experimentation platform to develop and test a novel BID methodology. Results related to this work will be published after available early results are validated more.

4.3 Comparison of Problem-Based and Solution-Based BID Approaches In problem-based approach, design approach suggests that a design starts with a problem definition in engineering domain. Using top-down approach, the problem is decomposed into its elements such as functions, forms, behaviors, and structures. Then, investigation and selection of a biological system should be started in such a way that matching components can be found for any of the decomposition elements at any level. In this step, selected biological structure should also be decomposed into elements to answer the question of

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what it does? and how it does? for each component and subcomponent. After matching, implementation of the biological systems into the engineering systems should be started. In problem-based approach, most of the published studies utilize only one biological system to meet maximum number of the elements for decomposition of the engineering problem. Then, for the elements that cannot match with the selected biological system, conventional artificial elements on the required system elements are added. For example; if a bee is selected for a mobile navigation problem used on a terrain surface, the designer add a conventional caterpillar wheel system on the navigation system for terrain surface which is independent from the locomotion mechanism of the bee. This is one of the weakest point and need to be studied further in detail. There should be no limit on the number and variety of bioinspired ideas for a unique and simple engineering problem. In solution-based design approach, design starts with a selected biological system as a first step. This selection from the biological systems is based on an idea. For example; if the designer seeks a jumping mechanism, he/she can select grasshoppers into a clump of the rabbit, kangaroo, and like biological systems. As a second step, the designer should decompose the selected biological system to elements, such as, behaviors, functions, structures like problem-based design decomposition. Then, these elements are implemented into the engineering domain. Finally, the design should be evaluated. Each of the study with solution-based design approach in the literature is only work on individual biological systems. The methodological problem in this approach that should be studied further is the selection criteria and methodology in selecting the initial (starting) biological system.

5. A BID DESIGN METHODOLOGY BASED ON HYBRID SYSTEMS Survey on the design approaches reveals that individual biological systems are used to inspire for each of problem-based and solution-based approaches. The use of a biological system for an engineering problem may decrease creativity, fidelity, and novelty. To increase the creativity and novelty all engineering elements coming from engineering problem can be matched with biological elements of decomposition from different biological systems in the problem-based approach. Similarly, in the solution-based design approach, different elements from multiple biological systems can be combined to provide an artificial system. Hence, an inspired novel hybrid system that includes more than one biological system should be developed. These hybrid systems may be constructed by using a new BID methodology as shown in Figure 1.

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Figure 1 A BID methodology suggested by Atlm University and Craiova University in a joint project (2010-2012)

In this methodology, there are two main approaches; reverse engineering and direct engineering. Reverse engineering part is based on reverse engineering principles in biological domain and starts with multiple biological systems. The problem to be studied here is the scope of multiple biological systems. Direct engineering is based on known engineering design principles that start with a conceptualization phase to develop an artificial system or artificial systems. Although reverse engineering is based on biological domain and direct engineering is based on engineering domain, both have similar four phases; implementation, projection, demands, and concept. There are cross links between reverse engineering and direct engineering for each phase which constructs bridges between engineering and biological domains. This bridging may be unidirectional as it is illustrated in the figure for solution based BID. There may be many cases where bridging in required in both direction frequently all thru the design activities.

CONCLUSION Biomimetic/bioinspired design (BID) is one of the most promising engineering design methodologies to foster engineering creativity and innovation. Many fine works and some case studies are available as challenging in many respects. Advances on the BID methodology may improve engineering design activities, by; 1. increasing variety of available technology on engineering domain,

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2. reducing cost of the engineering products, 3. designing power/energy efficient and more reliable systems, 4. increasing human comfort, and 5. developing environment friendly design (green design). This paper introduces an extensive survey on process models on the topic as a basis for development of a systematic and formal methodology for BID.

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