Giao nhn vn chuyn hng ho bng container

I. Container 1. Khi nim container Thng 6 nm 1964, U ban k thut ca t chc ISO (International Standarzing Organization) a ra nh ngha tng qut v container. Cho n nay, cc nc trn th gii u p dng nh ngha ny ca ISO. Theo ISO - Container l mt dng c vn ti c cc c im: - C hnh dng c nh, bn chc, c s dng nhiu ln. - C cu to c bit thun tin cho vic chuyn ch bng mt hoc nhiu phng tin vn ti, hng ha khng phi xp d cng dc ng. - C thit b ring thun tin cho vic xp d v thay i t cng c vn ti ny sang cng c vn ti khc. - C cu to c bit thun tin cho vic xp hng vo v d hng ra. - C dung tch khng t hn 1m3 . 2. Tiu chun ha container phng thc chuyn ch container c pht trin v p dng rng ri i hi tin hnh nhiu tiu chun ho bn thn container. Ni dung tiu chun ha container gm c: - Hnh thc bn ngoi. - Trng lng container. - Kt cu mc, ca, kho container... Hin ti nhiu t chc th gii nghin cu tiu chun ha container, song t chc ISO vn ng vai tr quan trng nht. Nm 1967, tai Moscow, i din t chc tiu chun ha ca 16 nc l hi vin ISO chp nhn tiu chun ho container ca y ban k thut thuc ISO. Sau y l tham s k thut ca 7 loi container thuc xri1 theo tiu chun ca ISO: K hiu Chiu cao Chiu rng Chiu di Trng lng Trng lng Dung tch ti a (Tu) 1.A 1A.A 1.B 1.C 1.D 1.E 1.F foot 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 mm 2435 2435 2435 2435 2435 2435 2435 foot 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 mm 2435 2435 2435 2435 2435 2435 2435 foot 40.0 40.0 29,1 19,1 9,9 6,5 4,9 mm 12.190 12.190 9.125 6.055 2.990 1.965 1.460 30 30 25 20 10 7 5 tnh (m3) (Tu) 27,0 27,0 23,0 18,0 8,7 6,1 4,0 61,0 61,0 45,5 30,5 14,3 9,1 7,0

Theo quy c, container loi 1C c chiu di 19,1 feet, trng lng ti a l 20 tn, dung tch cha hng 30,5 m3 c ly lm n v chun quy i cho tt c cc loi container khc. Loi container ny k hiu l TEU (Tweenty feet Equivalent Unit). 3 - Phn loi container

Thc t container c phn thnh nhiu loi da trn cc tiu chun khc nhau, c th: Phn loi theo kch thc.

- Container loi nh: Trng lng di 5 tn v dung tch di 3m3 - Container loi trung bnh: Trng lng 5 - 8 tn v dung tch nh hn 10m3 . - Container loi ln: Trng lng hn 10 tn v dung tch hn 10m3. Phn loi theo vt liu ng container: Container c ng bng loi vt liu no th gi tn vt liu cho container: container thp, container nhm, container g dn, container nha tng hp ..... Phn loi theo cu trc container.

- Container kn (Closed Container) - Container m (Open Container) - Container khung (France Container) - Container gp (Tilt Container) - Container phng (Flat Container) - Container c bnh ln (Rolling Container) Phn loi theo cng dng ca container

Theo CODE R688 - 21968 ca ISO, phn loi theo mc ch s dng, container c chia thnh 5 nhm ch yu sau: Nhm 1: Container ch hng bch ha. Nhm ny bao gm cc container kn c ca mt u, container kn c ca mt u v cc bn, c ca trn nc, m cnh, m trn nc - m bn cnh, m trn nc - m bn cnh - m u; nhng container c hai na (half-heigh container), nhng container c l thng hi..... Nhm 2: Container ch hng ri (Dry Bulk/Bulker freight container) L loi container dng ch hng ri (v d nh thc ht, x phng bt, cc loi ht nh....). i khi loi container ny c th c s dng chuyn ch hng ha c ming trn mi xp hng v c ca container d hng ra. Tin li ca kiu container ny l tit kim sc lao ng khi xp hng vo v d hng ra, nhng n cng c im bt li l trng lng v nng, s ca v np c th gy kh khn trong vic gi an ton v kn nc cho container v nu np nhi hng vo nh qu th s gy kh khn trong vic xp hng c th t. Nhm 3: Container bo n/nng/lnh (Thermal insulated/Heated/Refrigerated/Reefer container) Loi container ny c sn, sn mi v ca p cht cch nhit hn ch s di chuyn nhit gia bn trong v bn ngoi container, nhiu container loi ny c thit b lm lnh hoc lm nng c t mt u hay bn thnh ca container hay vic lm lnh da vo nhng chic my kp c gn pha trc container hoc bi h thng lm lnh trc tip ca tu hay bi container. Nhiu container li da vo s lm lnh hn hp (khng ch nhit ). y l loi container dng cha hng mau hng (hng rau qu ....) v cc loi container hng ha b nh hng do s thay i nhit . Tuy nhin, v ch c lp cch in v nu c th tng thm ng thi lp cch in v my lm lnh ny cng gim dung tch cha hng ca container, s bo qun my mc cng yu cu i hi cao hn nu cc thit b my c t trong container. Nhm 4: Container thng cha (Tank container) Dng ch hng ha nguy him v hng ng ri (thc phm lng nh du n, ha cht, ch ho cht.....)

Nhng thng cha bng thp c ch to ph hp vi kch thc ca ISO dung tch l 20ft hnh dng nh mt khung st hnh ch nht cha khong 400 galon (15410 lt) tu theo yu cu loi container ny c th c lp thm thit b lm lnh hay nng, y l loi container c ch to cho nhng hng ha c bit, n c u im l sc lao ng yu cu y v ht ht (rng) l nh nht v c th c s dng nh l kho cha tm thi. Tuy nhin, n cng c nhng khuyt tt, chng hn: - Gi thnh ban u cao. - Gi thnh bo dng cao. - Cc hng ha khi cho vo i hi phi lm sch thng cha(mi ln cho hng vo l mt ln lm sch thng cha) - Kh khn cho vn chuyn nn hng b ri nhiu (hao ph do bay hi, r r....) - Trng lng v cao. Nhm 5: Cc container c bit ( Special container), container ch sc vt sng (Cattle Container). Nhng container ca ISO c lp t c nh nhng ngn chung cho sc vt sng v c th hoc khng th chuyn i thnh container ph hp cho mc ch chuyn ch hng ha bch ha. Loi container ny dng chuyn ch sc vt sng do vy nhc im chnh ca n l vn lm sch gia cc loi hng ha. Trong nhiu quc gia chnh l vn kim dch khi cc container rng dng ch sc vt sng quay tr li dng tip tc bc hng. II - Nghip v chuyn ch hng ha xut nhp khu bng container Chuyn ch hng ha XNK bng container ang tr nn ph bin trong vn ti quc t. Quy trnh k thut ca vic gi hng bng container i hi nghim ngt t khi ng hng, gi hng n khi d hng v giao cho ngi nhn hng. 1. K thut ng hng vo container Theo tp qun quc t, vn chuyn hng ha bng container, ngi gi hng phi chu trch nhim ng hng vo container cng vi vic nim phong, kp ch container, ngi gi hng phi chu tt c chi ph cng nh cc chi ph c lin quan, tr trng hp hng ha gi khng ng nguyn container m li gi theo phng thc hng l. Chnh v vy, khi nhn container ca ngi gi, ngi chuyn ch khng th nm c c th v tnh hnh hng ha xp bn trong container m ch da vo li khai ca ch hng. Bi vy, h s khng chu trch nhim v hu qu ca vic ng xp hng bt hp l, khng ng k thut dn ti vic gy tn tht cho hng ha, cng c vn ti. Tnh hnh c im hng ho cn chuyn ch. - Tnh hnh v c im ca loi kiu container s dng chuyn ch. - K thut xp, chn lt hng ha trong container. 1.1- c im ca hng ha chuyn ch Khng phi hng ha no cng ph hp vi phng thc chuyn ch bng container, cho nn vic xc nh ngun hng ph hp vi chuyn ch bng container c ngha quan trng trong kinh doanh. ng trn gc vn chuyn container, hng ha chuyn ch c chia lm 4 nhm: + Nhm 1: Cc loi hng hon ton ph hp vi chuyn ch bng container. Bao gm: hng bch ha, thc phm ng hp, dc liu y t, sn phm da, nha hay cao su, dng c gia nh, t si, vi vc, sn phm kim loi, chi, g... Nhng mt hng c ch bng nhng container tng hp thng thng, container thng gi hoc container bo n....tu theo yu cu c th ca c tnh hng ha. + Nhm 2: Cc loi hng ph hp vi iu kin chuyn ch bng container

Bao gm: Than, qung, cao lanh... tc l nhng mt hng c gi tr thp v s lng bun bn ln. Nhng mt hng ny v tnh cht t nhin cng nh k thut hon ton ph hp vi vic chuyn ch bng container nhng v mt hiu qu kinh t li khng ph hp (t l gia cc v gi tr ca hng ha.) + Nhm 3: Cc loi hng ny c tnh cht l, ha c bit nh: hng d hng, hng ng lnh, sc vt sng, hng siu nng, hng nguy him c hi....Nhng mt hng ny phi ng bng container chuyn dng nh: container bo n, container thng gi, container phng, container ch sc vt.... + Nhm 4: Cc loi hng ph hp vi vn chuyn ch bng container nh: st hp, ph thi, st cun, hng siu trng, siu trng, t ti hng nng, cc cht phng x... 1.2 - Xc dnh v kim tra cc loi, kiu container khi s dng. Vic kim tra cn c tin hnh ngay lc ngi iu hnh chuyn ch giao container. Khi pht hin container khng t cc tiu chun k thut quy nh phi thng bo ngay cho ngi iu hnh chuyn ch, tuyt i khng chp nhn, hoc yu cu hon chnh hay thay i container khc. Nu kim tra thiu chu o, tip nhn container khng t yu cu k thut, trong qu trnh chuyn ch c tn tht xy ra do khim khuyt ca container, ngi gi hng phi t gnh chu mi hu qu pht sinh. Ni dung kim tra bao gm: Kim tra bn ngoi container.

Quan st v pht hin cc du vt co xc, h hng, khe nt, l thng, bin dng mo m do va p.... Phi kim tra phn mi, cc nc lp ghp ca container v y l ch thng b b st nhng li l c cu trng yu ca container lin quan ti an ton chuyn ch. Kim tra bn trong container

Kim tra kn nc bng cch khp kn ca t bn trong quan st cc tia sng lt qua pht hin l thng hoc khe nt. Kim tra cc inh tn, riv xem c b h hng hay nh ln khng. Kim tra tm bc ph hoc cc trang thit b khc nh l thng gi, ng dn hi lnh.... Kim tra ca container.

Tnh hnh hot ng khi ng m cnh ca v cht m ca...bo m ca ng m an ton, nim phong chc chn v kn khng nc xm nhp vo. Kim tra tnh trng v sinh container.

Container phi c don v sinh tt, kh ro, khng b mi hi hay dy bn. ng hng vo container khng t tiu chun v sinh s gy tn tht cho hng ha ng thi d b t chi khi c quan y t nc gi hng kim tra pht hin. Kim tra cc thng s k thut ca container

Cc thng s k thut ca container c ghi trn v hoc trn bin chng nhn an ton. Thng s k thut ca container bao gm: o o Trng lng ti a hay trng ti ton phn ca container (Maximum Gross Weight) khi container cha y hng n gii hn an ton cho php. N bao gm trng lng ti a cho php cng vi trng lng v container. Trng ti tnh ca container (Maximum Payload) l trng lng hng ha ti mc ti a cho php trong container. N bao gm: trng lng hng ha, bao b, palet, cc vt liu dng chn lt, chng hng trong container. Trng lng v container (Tare Weight) ph thuc vo vt liu dng ch to container. Dung tch container (Container internal capacity) tc l sc cha hng ti a ca container.

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1.3 - K thut cht xp, chn lt hng ha trong container

Khi tin hnh cht xp hng ha vo container cn lu nhng yu cu k thut sau y: Phn b u hng ha trn mt sn container. Chn m v n lt hng ha trong container. Gia c hng ha trong container Hn ch v gim bt p lc hoc chn ng Chng hin tng hng ho b nng, hp hi

2 . Phng php gi hng bng container Gi hng bng container khc vi phng php gi hng truyn thng. Trong gi hng bng container c ba cch gi hng: 2.1 - Gi hng nguyn container (FCL - Full container load) Cc hng tu ch nh ngha thut ng FCL nh sau: FCL l xp hng nguyn container, ngi gi hng v ngi nhn hng chu trch nhim ng gi hng v d hng khi container. Khi ngi gi hng c khi lng hng ng nht cha y mt container hoc nhiu container, ngi ta thu mt hoc nhiu container gi hng. Theo cch gi FCL/ FCL, trch nhim v giao nhn, bc d v cc chi ph khc c phn chia nh sau: a) Trch nhim ca ngi gi hng (Shipper) Ngi gi hng FCL s c trch nhim: Thu v vn chuyn container rng v kho hoc ni cha hng ca mnh ng hng. ng hng vo container k c vic cht xp, chn lt hng trong container. nh m k hiu hng v k hiu chuyn ch. Lm th tc hi quan v nim phong kp ch theo quy ch xut khu. Vn chuyn v giaocontainer cho ngi chuyn ch ti bi container (CY), ng thi nhn vn n do ngi chuyn ch cp. Chu cc chi ph lin quan n cc thao tc ni trn.

Vic ng hng vo container cng c th tin hnh ti trm ng hng hoc bi container ca ngi chuyn ch. Ngi gi hng phi vn chuyn hng ha ca mnh ra bi container v ng hng vo container. b) Trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch ( Carrier). Ngi chuyn ch c nhng trch nhim sau: Pht hnh vn n cho ngi gi hng. Qun l, chm sc, gi hng ha cht xp trong container t khi nhn container ti bi container (container yard) cng gi cho n khi giao hng cho ngi nhn ti bi container cng ch. Bc container t bi container cng gi xung tu chuyn ch, k c vic cht xp container ln tu. D container khi tu ln bi container cng ch. Giao container cho ngi nhn c vn n hp l ti bi container. Chu mi chi ph v thao tc ni trn.

c) Trch nhim ca ngi nhn ch hng Ngi nhn ch hng cng ch c trch nhim: Thu xp giy t nhp khu v lm th tc hi quan cho l hng. Xut trnh vn n (B/L) hp l vi ngi chuyn ch nhn hng ti bi container. Vn chuyn container v kho bi ca mnh, nhanh chng rt hng v hon tr container rng cho ngi chuyn ch (hoc cng ty cho thu container).

Chu mi chi ph lin quan n thao tc k trn, k c chi ph chuyn ch container i v bi cha container.

2.2 - Gi hng l (Less than container load) LCL l nhng l hng ng chung trong mt container m ngi gom hng (ngi chuyn ch hoc ngi giao nhn) phi chu trch nhim ng hng v d hng vo - ra container. Khi gi hng, nu hng khng ng nguyn mt container, ch hng c th gi hng theo phng php hng l. Ngi kinh doanh chuyn ch hng l gi l ngi gom hng (consolidator) s tp hp nhng l hng l ca nhiu ch, tin hnh sp xp, phn loi, kt hp cc l hng l ng vo container, nim phong kp ch theo quy ch xut khu v lm th t?c h?i quan, bc container t bi cha cng gi xung tu ch i, d container ln bi cha cng ch v giao cho ngi nhn hng l. a) Trch nhim ca ngi gi hng. Vn chuyn hng ha t ni cha hng ca mnh trong ni a n giao cho ngi nhn hng ti trm ng container (CFS - Container Freight Station) ca ngi gom hng v chu chi ph ny. Chuyn cho ngi gom hng nhng chng t cn thit lin quan n hng ha, vn ti v quy ch th tc hi quan. Nhn vn n ca ngi gom hng (Bill of Lading) v tr cc hng l.

b) Trch nhim ngi chuyn ch. Ngi chuyn ch hng l c th l ngi chuyn ch thc - tc l cc hng tu v cng c th l ngi ng ra t chc vic chuyn ch nhng khng c tu. Ngi chuyn ch thc: L ngi kinh doanh chuyn ch hng ha l trn danh ngha ngi gom hng. H c trch nhim tin hnh nghip v chuyn ch hng l rnh ni trn, k pht vn n thc (LCL/LCL) cho ngi gi hng, bc container xung tu, vn chuyn n cng ch, d container ra khi tu, vn chuyn n bi tr hng v giao hng l cho ngi nhn hng theo vn n m mnh k pht cng i. Ngi t chc chuyn ch hng l. L ngi ng ra t chc chuyn ch hng l, thng do cc cng ty giao nhn ng ra kinh doanh trn danh ngha ngi gom hng. Nh vy trn danh ngha, h chnh l ngi chuyn ch ch khng phi l ngi i l (Agent). H chu trch nhim sut qu trnh vn chuyn hng t khi nhn hng l ti cng gi cho n khi giao hng xong ti cng ch. Vn n ngi gom hng (House Bill of Lading). Nhng h khng c phng tin vn ti t kinh doanh chuyn ch v vy ngi gom hng phi thu tu ca ngi chuyn ch thc t ch cc l hng l xp trong container v nim phong, kp ch.

Quan h gia ngi gom hng lc ny l quan h gia ngi thu tu v ngi chuyn ch. Ngi chuyn ch thc bc container ln tu, k pht vn n cho ngi gom hng (Vn n ch - Master Ocean of Bill Lading), vn n cng ch, d container, vn chuyn n bi container v giao cho i l hoc i din ca ngi gom hng cng ch. c) Trch nhm ca ngi nhn hng l Thu xp giy php nhp khu v lm th tc hi quan cho l hng. Xut trnh vn n hp l vi ngi gom hng hoc i din ca ngi gom hng nhn hng ti bi tr hng cng ch. Nhanh chng nhn hng ti trm tr hng (CFS)

2.3 - Gi hng kt hp (FCL/LCL - LCL/FCL) Phng php gi hng ny l s kt hp ca phng php FCL v LCL. Tu theo iu kin c th, ch hng c th tho thun vi ngi chuyn ch p dng phng php gi hng kt hp. Phng php gi hng kt hp c th l: - Gi nguyn, giao l (FCL/LCL)

- Gi l, giao nguyn (LCL/FCL) Khi giao hng bng phng php kt hp, trch nhim ca ch hng v ngi chuyn ch cng c s thay i ph hp. V d: Gi nguyn, giao l (FCL/LCL) th trch nhim ca ch gi v ngi chuyn ch khi gi nh l phng php gi nguyn nhng khi nhn, trch nhim ca ch nhn v ngi chuyn ch nh phng php gi hng l. 3- Chng t vn chuyn hng ha bng container 3.1. Vn n container theo cch gi FCL/FCL

Chng t vn chuyn hng ha bng container gi l vn n container (Container Bill of Lading), do ngi chuyn ch hoc i dim ca h k pht cho ngi gi hng sau khi nhn container cha hng c nim phong kp ch chuyn ch. Thng thng vn n container c k pht trc khi container c xp ln tu, do d thuc dng vn n nhn hng xp (Received for Bill Lading). Nhn chung i vi loi vn n ny (nu thanh ton bng tn dng chng t - L/C) thng ngn hng khng chp nhn thanh ton tr khi trong tn dng th c ghi "chp nhn vn n nhn hng xp" (Received for Bill Lading Acceptable). V vy, khi container c bc ln tu, ngi gi hng nn yu cu ngi chuyn ch ghi ch thm trn vn n : "container c bc ln tu ngy ...." (Shipped on board, on...) v c k xc nhn. Lc ny vn n tr thnh "vn n xp hng" (Shipped on board Bill of Lading) v c ngn hng chp nhn lm chng t thanh ton. 3.2 - Vn n container theo cch gi LCL/LCL. Trong chuyn ch hng l, nu do ngi chuyn ch thc m nhim, h s k pht cho ngi gi hng vn n container hng l (LCL/LCL). Vn n ny c chc nng tng t nh vn n container theo cch gi nguyn (FCL/FCL). Nu ngi gi hng l do ngi gom hng ng ra t chc nhn hng v chuyn ch th s c hai loi vn n c k pht: Vn n ca ngi gom hng (House Bill of Lading)

Ngi gom hng trn danh ngha l ngi chuyn ch s k pht cho ngi ch hng l ca mnh. Trong vn n ny cng c y cc thng tin chi tit cn thit v ngi gi hng (ngi xut khu), ngi nhn hng (Ngi nhp khu). Ngi nhn hng l s xut trnh vn n ca ngi gom hng l cho i din hoc i l ca ngi gom hng ti cng ch c nhn hng. Vn n ngi gom hng vn c th dng trong thanh ton, mua bn v giao dch. Song trnh trng hp ngn hng khng chp nhn vn n ca ngi gom hng l chng t thanh ton, ngi xut khu nn yu cu ngi nhp khu ghi trong tn dng chng t "vn n ngi gom hng c chp nhn" (House Bill of Lading Acceptable). Vn n thc ca ngi chuyn ch.

Ngi chuyn ch thc sau khi nhn container hng ha a ngi gom hng s k pht vn n cho ngi gom hng theo cch gi hng nguyn container (FCL/FCL). Trn vn n, ngi gi hng l ngi gom hng, ngi nhn hng l i din hoc i l ca ngi gom hng cng ch. 4- Trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch container i vi hng ha. 4.1 - Phm vi trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch. Ngi chuyn ch container c trch nhim "t bi container n bi container", iu ny c th ph hp vi trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch trong quy tc Hamburg nm 1978. i vi Hague, trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch bt u t khi cu mc hng cng i v kt thc khi cu ri hng cng n". y, trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch container c rng hn.

4.2. iu khon "khng bit tnh trng hng xp trong container" Trong vic vn chuyn hng nguyn container (iu kin FCL/FCL), ngi gi hng t lo vic ng hng vo, cht xp, chn lt sau giao nguyn container c nim phong, kp ch cho ngi chuyn ch ch i. V vy, ngi chuyn ch thng ghi ch trn vn n cu "vic ng hng, cht xp, chn lt, kim m v nim phong container do ngi gi hng". Mc ch ca h nhm trnh trch nhim i vi hng ha cha trong container nu khi giao hng cng ch du nim phong, kp ch vn cn nguyn vn. 4.3. Xp hng trn boong. Ngi chuyn ch t cho mnh quyn xp hng cha trong container trn boong m khng b coi l vi phm hp ng vn ti. iu kin ny c quc t chp nhn v tu container c thit k thch hp ch container c trn boong nh c cc kt cu gi , cht xp chng buc thch hp c bit nn tu vn hot ng an ton. Theo quy tc Hague- Visby "Hng thng thng phi xp trong hm tu tr khi loi hng c bit v c s tho thun gia ngi chuyn ch v ngi gi hng". 4.4. Gii hn trch nhim bi thng. Gii hn bi thng ti a ca ngi chuyn ch c quy nh trong cc cng c c s khc nhau: Quy tc Hague - 1924 ( Hague Rulls - 1924)

- Hng c k khai gi tr trn vn n, bi thng tho gi tr k khai. - Hng khng k khai gi tr th mc bi thng khng qu 100 F cho mt n v hng ha hoc mt kin hng. - Hng vn chuyn bng container cha cp. Quy tc Visby ( Visby Rulls - 1968)

- Hng ha c k khai gi tr mc bi thng theo gi tr k khai. - Hng ha khng k khai gi tr, mc bi thng l: + 10.000 fr cho mt n v hng ha hay mt kin hng. + 30 fr cho mt kg hng ha c b. - Hng vn chuyn bng container. + Kin hng ng trong container hay palet... c k khai trn vn n s c coi l mt n v hng ha i bi thng. + Khng k khai trn vn n th mt container c coi l mt n v hng ha i bi thng. Ngh nh th SDR 1979 (SDR protocol 1979)

- Hng c k khai gi tr bi thng theo gi tr k khai. - Hng khng k khai gi tr th mc bi thng l: + 666,67 SDR cho mt n v hng ha hoc mt kin hng + 2 SDR cho 1kg hng ha c b. Quy tc Hambuge 1978 ( Hambuge Rulls 1978)

- Hng ha c k khai gi tr, bi thng theo gi tr k khai. - Hng khng k khai gi tr th mc bi thung l:

+ 835 SDR cho mt n v hng ha hoc mt kin hng. + 2,5 SDR cho mt kg hng ha c b. - Chm giao hng bi thng mt khon tin tng ng vi 2,5 ln tin cc s hng giao chm nhng khng vt qu tng tin cc ch hp ng chuyn ch. - Hng vn chuyn bng container quy nh ging nh Visby Rulls. B lut hng hi Vit Nam - 1990

- Gii hn bi thng quy nh ging nh Visby Rulls. - Hng vn chuyn bng container cha cp. 5. Cc ph trong chuyn ch hng ha bng container Trong chuyn ch hng ha bng container, cc ph container c n nh thnh biu cc nh biu cc ca tu ch. Cc ph vn chuyn container thng bao gm; chi ph vn ti ni a; chi ph chuyn ch container chng ng chnh.; chi ph bn, bi container cng xp, d; chi ph khc... Mc cc ph container ph thuc vo nhng yu t sau: - Loi, c container (ln hay nh, chuyn dng hay khng chuyn dng). - Loi hng ha xp trong container, ngha l cn c vo cp hng hng ha. - Mc s dng trng ti container. - Chiu di v c im ca tuyn ng chuyn ch. Vn chuyn container ra i nhanh chng lm thay i nhiu mt trong vn ti ni a cng nh vn ti quc t. T iu kin giao nhn, trang thit b bc d, n phng thc vn chuyn u thay i. ph hp vi phng php vn chuyn tin tin ny, cc cng ty vn ti container a ra biu cc ca mnh phc v khch hng, cc container gm 3 loi: + Cc vn chuyn container tnh theo mt hng (CBR: Commodity Box Rate). y l mc cc khon gp cho vic chuyn ch mt container cha mt mt hng ring bit. Ngi chuyn ch cn c vo kh nng s dng trung bnh ca container m tnh ton d n nh mc cc (v d: 14 tn container loi 20 feet). Vi cch tnh ny nu ch hng ng thm c hng s c li. thng ch hng ln thch loi cc ny cn ch hng nh li khng thch. i vi ngi chuyn ch, cch tnh cc trn container n gin hn v gim c nhng chi ph hnh chnh. + Cc ph container tnh chung cho mi loi hng (FAK: Freight all kinds Rate). Theo cch tnh ny, mi mt hng u phi ng mt gi cc cho cng mt chuyn container m khng cn tnh n gi tr ca hng ha trong container. Ngi chuyn ch v c bn cn c vo tng chi ph d tnh ca chuyn i chia cho s container d tnh vn chuyn. o vi cc ph loi CBR, cc ph FAK hp l hn v n v xp, d hng v chim ch trn tu l container. i vi ngi chuyn ch p dng loi cc ny s n gim trong vic tnh ton. Nhng loi cc ny li cng c nhng bt cp ch ch hng c hng ha gi tr cao hn th li, cn ch hng c gi tr thp li bt li. + Cc ph hng ch l: Cc ph hng ch l, cng ging nh tu ch, loi cc ny c tnh theo trng lng, th tch hoc gi tr ca hng ha (tu theo s la chn ca ngi chuyn ch), cng vi cc loi dch v lm hng l nh ph bn bi container (container freight station charges), ph nhi, rt hng ra khi container (Less than container load charges). Chnh v th nn mc cc container hng l bao gi cng cao hn cc loi cc khc. Tm li, vn chuyn hng ha bng container gi v tr quan trng trong h thng vn ti phc v nn kinh t quc dn. y l phng thc vn ti tin tin ang mang li hiu qu cao trong chuyn ch c bit l vn chuyn bng ng bin. Chnh v vy, so vi lch s pht trin ca vn ti ng bin, vn ti container mi ra i song tc pht trin kh nhanh. to kh nng p dng phng thc chuyn ch hin i ny, nhiu nc trn th gii xy dng i tu chuyn dng c trng ti ln chuyn ch container. Xy dng cc cng container vi

cc trang thit b xp d hin i, t ng ha cng vi h thng kho tng, bn bi y tin nghi nhm khai thc trit u th ca vn chuyn hng ha trong container bng ng bin.