.

5 2

32102

5
40
1.0
2

()
1

-
1
-
1

2
2

-
3
-
1
-
1

-
1
-
1

-
2
-
2
-
2

-
8
- -
8

-
-
2

33
3

1
4

1
-
1
-
2
-
1
-
5

1
40
1

 .5 2

2
-
2542
10 15 2550
-
(Data Collection) (Data Presentation)
(Data Analysis) (Data Interpretation)
2
1. (Descriptive Statistics)

.2/1 35
.2 35
2. (Inferential Statistics)


. 3 300
300
300 90
90 35
300

 .5 2

(Information)

- (Data)

186
48 13

2
1. (Primary Data)

2 (Census) (Sample survey)







2. (Secondary Data)

 .5 2
**
1. (Quanlitive Data)


2. (Qualitative Data)

4
3

2 1
(Population)


(Sample)
(Parameter)


(Statistic)

1)
2)
3)
4)

 .5 2

1) (INTERVIEW)

2 (structured interview)
(unstructured interview)
2) (QUESTIONNAIRE)

3) (OBSERVATION)

2
4) (Test)

 .5 2

..........1.

..........2.
..........3.

..........4.
..........5.
..........6. . 6 60
100 .6/1 65
.6
..........7. 60
..........8. 1 6 5 1
5

6
.........9.

.......10. 80 50
.......11.
.......12.

1. 1 50
.....................................................................................................................................
2. 2530
...........................................................................................
3. ...............................................
4. ..............................................................................................
5. .............................................................................
6

 .5 2

5 3 1, 3 4
1, 3 4
6 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

(Raw Data)

(Raw Data)

1 50
70 51 80 63 84 64 85 53 62 74 42 62 73 76 52 51 64 88 65 78 77
48 81 42 65 77 54 65 56 68 64 58 61 74 43 44 66 55 59 78 60 47
63 48 68 73 50 69 54 89

 .5 2

41 - 50
51 - 60
61 - 70
71 - 80
81 - 90

41
51
61
71
81

50
60
70
80
90

8
11
16
10
5

8
11
16
10
5

1. (Class Interval)

41 - 50 1
51 - 60 2
61 - 70 3
71 - 80 4
81 - 90 5
2. (Upper - Lower Boundary)

50 51
50.5
41 - 50
2
60 61
60.5
51 - 60
2

 .5 2
51 50
50.5
2
60 61
61 - 70
60.5
2

51 - 60

1. 1
2.
0.5
0.05 1
0.005 2
3.
0.5
0.05 1
0.005 2

41 - 50
51 - 60
61 - 70
71 - 80
81 - 90

50.5
60.5
70.5
80.5
90.5

40.5
50.5
60.5
70.5
80.5

10.5 - 11.7
11.8 - 13.0
13.1 - 14.3
14.4 - 15.6
15.7 - 15.9

6
12
7
11
4

 .5 2

10.5 - 11.7
11.7 + 0.05 = 11.75 10.5 - 0.05 = 10.45
11.8 - 13.0
13.0 + 0.05 = 13.05 11.8 - 0.05 = 11.75
13.1 - 14.3
14.3 + 0.05 = 14.35 13.1 - 0.05 = 13.05
14.4 - 15.6
15.6 + 0.05 = 15.65 14.4 - 0.05 = 14.35
15.7 - 15.9
15.9 + 0.05 = 15.95 15.7 - 0.05 = 15.65

3. (Class Interval)
I
41 - 50 = 40.5 - 50.5 = 10
51 - 60 = 50.5 - 60.5 = 10

1.

2.
(Open end class interval)

3

31 - 40
8
41 - 60
6
61 - 90
9
91 - 100
10
4

30
40
30 - 39
18
40 - 49
22
50 - 59
13
59
7

10

 .5 2
4. (Mid point)

= ( + ) / 2 ()
41 50
51 60

50.5 40.5

2
60.5 50.5

45.5

55.5

41 50

2
51 60

45.5

55.5

5. (Frequency) ()

1
1. 7 15
5 0
= /
( )
2.

3. ()

2
1. ()
2.

2
1
=
2

3.
= - 0.5 ()
= + 0.5 ()

11

 .5 2
4.

10.0 - 19.9
20.0 - 29.9
30.0 - 39.9
40.0 - 49.9
50.0 - 59.9

2
5
8
12
3

2
10 x 20
5
20 x 30
8
30 x 40
12
40 x 50
3
50 x 60
6 50
40
39 37 19 35 45 33 30 49 28 37 40 39 34 42 18 22 32 28 39 24
26 34 15 40 46 41 32 26 44 31 32 38 39 33 33 34 42 29 33 31

. 7
. 17.5, 23.5, 29.5, ...

49 15

12

 .5 2

15 - 19
3
20 - 24
2
25 - 29
6
30 - 34
12
35 - 39
8
40 - 44
6
45 - 49
3
. 17.5, 23.5, 29.5, ...
= 23.5 - 17.5 = 6
17.5 + 6/2 = 20.5
20.5 - 0.5 = 20
17.5 - 6/2 = 14.5
14.5 + 0.5 = 15

13

 .5 2

15 - 20
3
21 - 26
4
27 - 32
9
33 - 38
11
39 - 44
10
45 - 50
3

(Cumulative Frequency)

50 - 54
3
3
55 - 59
5
8
60 - 64
12
20
65 - 69
10
30
70 - 74
6
36
75 - 80
4
40
3 20
64.5 20
4 30
69.5 30
5 36
74.5 36
6 40
80.5 40

1.
2.
3.
4.
14

 .5 2


= /

8

3
3
10 - 14
3
0.1000
100 10.00
15 - 19

20 - 24

12

25 - 29

10

30

30
5
0.1667
30
12
0.4000
30
10
0.3333
30

1.0000

30
5
100 16.67
30
12
100 40.00
30
10
100 33.33
30

100

10 - 14 10.00 10 14 10.00
20 - 24 40.00
10 - 14 10.00

1. 5
0, 2, 4, 6, 8 5
1, 3, 5, 7, 9

12345
0.12345 4 0.1234
100,000
12375
0.12375 4 0.1238
100,000

2. 1 100
15

 .5 2

(Relative Cumulative Frequency)
= /
9 8

3
10 - 14
3
3

0.1000

15 - 19

20 - 24

12

20

25 - 29

10

30

30
8
0.2667
30
20
0.6667
30
30
1.0000
30

3
100 10.00
30
8
100 26.67
30
20
100 66.67
30
30
100 10.00
30

15 - 19 26.67
19.5 26.67
20 - 24 66.67
24.5 66.67

16

 .5 2

(Histogram)
1
2

3
4 2
1

2

10
()

35 - 39
5
40 - 44
12
45 - 49
7
50 - 54
11
55 - 59
3

38

2
1 34.5, 39.5, 44.5, 49.5, 54.5 59.5
59.5
2 37, 42, 47, 52, 57

17

 .5 2
11

20 - 29
30 - 49
50 - 79
80 - 99

11
22
19
18

11
20 - 29
24.5
11

1.1

30 - 49

39.5

22

50 - 79

64.5

19

80 - 99

89.5

18

10
22
1.1
20
19
0.63
30
18
0.9
20

18

 .5 2
- (Stem and Leaf plot)



12 30
22 37 18 43 56 42 41 50 24 44
39 12 44 23 55 48 47 21 52 20
14 37 46 23 45 14 40 41 41 48

5
1 10 19
2 20 29
3 30 39
4 40 49
5 50 59

10 - 19 1
20 - 29 2
30 - 39 3
40 - 49 4
50 - 59 5

1
2
3
4
5
10
19 4 18, 12, 14, 14 8, 2, 4, 4
20 29 6 22, 24, 23, 21, 20, 23
2, 4, 3, 1, 0, 3
19

 .5 2

1 8 2 4 4
2 2 4 1 0 3 3
3 7 9 7
4 3 2 1 4 4 8 7 6 5 9 1 1 8
5 6 0 5 2

1 2 4 4 8
2 0 1 2 3 3 4
3 7 7 9
4 0 1 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 8 8
5 0 2 5 6

1. 40 - 49
2. 30 - 39
3. 56
4. 12
5. 20 4
6. 50 4

20

 .5 2
13 24 24

60
49
81
84
65
86
66
49

41
33
80
54
65
53
68
35
69
80
61
57
56
38
47
53

34
68
51
71
66
76
81
65

54
63
70
55
84
32
32
69
69
71
66
72
30
81
63
64
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. 60 - 69

1.
()

8 5 3 3 0
9 9 7 1
4
7 6 4 3 35
1
9 8 6 5 5 1 06
3
7
0
6 4 1 0 08
1

()
2 2 4
4 5
3 4 5 6 6 8 9 9
1 1 2 6
1 4

2. 86 33
84 30
3. 88 - 84 = 4
4. 60 - 69
5. 60 - 69 9

9
100 37.5
24

21

 .5 2

1.) 40
40 45 46 46 50 51 49 52 42 41 50 55 51 53 54 40 43 48 55 53
58 62 64 61 50 48 48 56 58 58 59 64 63 68 59 65 61 67 66 64
6
......................... ............................................ .......................................

1. 3 ...............................................................................................................................
2. .............................................................................................................................................
3. 4 ......................................................................................................................................
3 ......................................................................................................................................
4. .............................................................................................................................
5. 2 .............................................................................................................................
2.) . 4 30 ()
55 43 46 50 37 42 43 50 39 32 75 64 39 44 48
46 52 53 78 54 49 47 40 51 50 39 72 56 62 60
30 - 39

.............................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................... ........
3 ................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................
1 .........................................................................................
22

 .5 2

()

()

()
1. ....................................................................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................................................................
3. ................................................................................................................. ...................................
.................................................................................................................. ..................................
4. ...........................................................................................................................
5. ............................................................................................................................................
6. ..............................................................................................................................................
3.)
()
40 - 44
45 - 49
50 - 54
55 - 59
60 - 64
65 - 69

5
7
9
8
7
4
40

5
12
21
29
36
40

23

 .5 2
4.) 30
69 50 46 36 28 28 33 29 65 54
43 36 41 31 42 62 57 52 41 43
61 52 58 64 67 52 50 43 63 57
4.1

4.2
4.3

.............................................
.............................................

5.) ()
1 4
2 0 1 2 3 3 6
3 1 1 4 5 7 7 8 9
4 2 5 8
5 0 2
5.1
.............................................
5.2
.............................................
5.3 .............................................

24

 .5 2

(Measures of Position)

13
13
90



100

(Quartiles Deciles and Percentiles)

(Quartiles) 4
4 3 1 (Q1 )
2 (Q 2 ) 3 (Q3 )

4
2
Q 2
4
3
Q 3
4

Q1

(Deciles) 10
10 9 1 (D1 ) 2
(D2 ) 3 (D3 ) 9 (D9 )

10
2
D2

10
3
D3

10
D1

D9

10
25

 .5 2
(Percentiles) 100
100 99
1 (P1 ) 2 (P2 ) 3 (P3 ) 99 (P99 )

100
2

P2
100
3

P3
100

P1

P99

99

100

Q2 D5 P50
Q1 P25 Q3 P75

1.
2.
Qk

k ( N 1)
4

Dk

k ( N 1)
10

Pk

k ( N 1)
100

3.

26

 .5 2
1 7 14, 13, 19, 12, 17, 14 16 Q1, Q 3 ,D5

1
12 13 14 14 16 17 19
2

1
4
3
Q 3 (7 1) 6
4
1
D5 (7 1) 4
10
Q1 (7 1) 2

3
2 13 Q1 13

6 17 Q3 17
4 14 D5 14

2 () . 5 31
42 53 68 49 68 56 44 38 60 51 48 45 44
58 62 45 50 66 54 62 43 57 65 70 52 57
69 65 64 48 62
1.
2.

38 42 43 44 44 45 45 48 48 49 50 51 52 53
54 56 57 57 58 60 62 62 62 64 65 65 66 68
68 69 70
1.
P25
k ( N 1)
100

Pk

P25

25(31 1)
8
100

8 48
27

 .5 2
2.
60 100 P60

Pk

k ( N 1)
100

P60

60(31 1)
19.2
100

19 20 58 60
20 - 19 = 1 60 - 58 = 2
19.2 - 19 = 0.2 2 0.2 0.4
P60 = 58 +0.4 = 58.4
3 24
43 50 61 44 51 58 74 88 95 68 37 92 70 44 50 66 76 91 45 72 90 86 54 46
1. 70
2. 66
3. 90

37 43 44 44 45 46 50 50 51 54 58 61 66 68 70 72 76 91 45 72 90 86 54 46
1. 70 15

Dk

k ( N 1)
10

15

25k
10

k 15

15

k(24 1)
10

10
6
25

70 6

2. 60 13

Pk

k ( N 1)
100

13

25k
100

k 13

13

k(24 1)
100

100
52
25

60 52

28

 .5 2
3. 90 21

Pk

k ( N 1)
100

21

21

k(24 1)
100

25k
100
, k 21
84
100
25

90 84

EX4 Q3 ,D9 ,P25

()
()
160
38
180
22
200
29
220
32
240
48
260
30

()
()
160
38
180
22
200
29
220
32
240
48
260
30
\ Qk

k(N 1)
4

Q3

3 150
\ Dk

3(199 1)
150
4

k(N 1)
10

D9

k(N 1)
100

9 180
\ Pk

25 50

38
60
89
121
169
199

P25

9(199 1)
180
10
25(199 1)
50
100
29

 .5 2

1.
2.
Qk

kN
4

Dk

kN
10

Pk

kN
100

3.
kN
fL

Qk L I
f me

kN

fL

, D k L I 10
f me

kN
fL

100

Pk L I
f me

L
I
f L
f
me

5
()

30 - 39
4
40 - 49
5
50 - 59
16
60 - 69
8
70 - 79
10
80 - 89
4
90 - 99
3
Q3 , D9 ,P25

()

30 - 39
4
8
40 - 49
5
18
50 - 59
16
50
60 - 69
8
66
70 - 79
10
86
80 - 89
4
94
90 - 99
3
100
30

 .5 2
Q 3

\ Qk

kN
fL

4
Q k L I
f me

kN
4

Q3

3(100)
75
4

Q 3 = 75
Q 3 70 - 79

L 69.5 I 10 , fL 66 , fme

20

75 66

20
69.5 4.5 74
Q 3 74
kN
9(100)
Dk

Q9
90
10
10
kN f
L

10
Dk L I
f

me

D9 = 90
Q 3 80 - 89

L 79.5 I 10 , fL 86 , fme 8
90 86
D9 79.5 10

8
79.5 5
84.5
D9 84.5
kN
25(100)
Pk

P25
25
100
100
kN f
L
100

Pk L I
P25 = 25
f

me

Q3 69.5 10

D9

P25

31

 .5 2
P25 50 - 59

L 49.5 I 10 , fL 18 , fme

32

25 18 49.5 2.19 51.69

32

P25 49.5 10

P25 51.69
6
()
30 - 34
35 - 39
40 - 44
45 - 49
50 - 54
55 - 59
60 - 64

()
2
6
9
25
7
10
7

1. 49.5
2. 75

()
30 - 34
35 - 39
40 - 44
45 - 49
50 - 54
55 - 59
60 - 64

()
2
6
9
25
7
10
7

2
8
17
42
45
54
60

32

 .5 2
1.

49.5 45

kN
42
100
k (60)
42
100

-49

42

42

100
60

70

70
2. P75

75(60)
45
100

45 50 - 54
P75 50 - 54 = 54.5
54.5

kN
fL

100

Pk L I
f me

L 49.5

kN 75(60)

45
100
100
fL 42
fme 3
I

45 42
P75 49.5 5

3
49.5 5
54.5
54.5

33

 .5 2

1. 82 75
82 60

2. 40 7
5 7

3. 36 40 77
77

4. 7 14 13 19 12 17 14 16

Q 2 , D5 , P50 , D9 , P90

5. 24
37 43 44 44 45 46 50 50 51 54 58 61 66 68 70 72 74 76 86 88 90 91 92 95
1. 70
2. 66

34

 .5 2
6. . 6 30
42 56 48 45 62 70 65 68 53 44 45 50 43 52 64
51 68 38 44 66 57 57 48 49 60 58 54 65 69 62
1. 3 4
2. 8 10

7.
Q3 , D9 , P25
() ()
160
38
180
22
200
29
220
32
240
48
260
30
8.
() ()
30 - 34
2
35 - 39
6
40 - 44
9
45 - 49
25
50 - 54
7
55 - 59
10
60 - 64
7

49.5

35

 .5 2

(Measures of central tendency)

1. (Arithmetic mean)
4. (Geometric mean)
2. (Median)
5. (Harmonic mean)
3. (Mode)
6. (Mid - range)

(Summation)

n

x i x1 x 2 x 3 ... x n
i1

x1 6, x 2 1, x 3 4, x 4 2, x 5 5

x i x1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5
i1

6 1 4 2 5
18
5

2 1 (x i 4)
i1

(x i 4) (x 1 4) (x 2 4) (x 3 4) (x 4 4) (x 5 4)
i1

(x 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 ) (4 4 4 4 4)
(6 1 4 2 5) 5(4)
18 20
38
36

 .5 2

(Summation)
c d
n

1. cx i

c x i

2. c

i1
n

i1

i1
n

Nc
n

3. (x i d)

x i Nd

i1
n

i1

4. (cx i d)

c x i Nd

5. (x i yi )

x i yi

i1
n

i1

i1
n

i1

i1

(Summation)

2. (x i 2)2

1. (2x i 6)
i1
4

i1

3. (x i y i )
i1

x1 2, x 2 4, x 3 1, x 4 5, x 5 8 y1 3, y 2 8, y3 4, y 4 2, y5 6

i1

i1

1. (2x i 6) 2x i 6
5

i1

2 x i 5(6)
i1

2(x 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 ) 30
2(2 4 1 5 8) 30
2(20) 30
70
3

2.

(x i 2)
i1

(x1 2)2 (x 2 2)2 (x 3 2)2

(2 2)2 (4 2) 2 (1 2) 2
0 4 1
5

37

 .5 2
4

3. (x i y i )
i1

i1

i1

x i yi

(x 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 ) (y1 y 2 y 3 y 4 )
(2 4 1 5) (3 8 4 2)
12 17
29

X1 = 5, X2 = 8, X 3 = 6

Y1 = 4, Y2 = 6, Y3 = 8
4

1.

Xi

6.

7.

8.

(X i + Yi )

9.

(2X i + 3Yi )

i= 1

Yi2

i= 1

5.

(X i - Yi )

i= 1

X 2i

i= 1

4.

(X i + Yi )

i= 1

Yi

i= 1

3.

i= 1

i= 1

2.

X = 9
Y = 9

X i Yi

....

i= 1

38

 .5 2

X1 = 1, X2 = 3, X 3 = 4, X 4 = 7

X5 = 0

f1 = 10, f2 = 15, f3 = 5, f4 = 10, f5 = 8

10

1.

4.

5.

(X i + 2)

i= 1

6.

fi X i

i= 1

(X i + 2)(X i - 2)

i= 1

X i = 10

i= 1

X 2i = 30

i= 1

(5X i - 50)

i= 1

(X i - 2)

i= 1

3.

(fi X i + 3)

i= 1

i= 1

2.

c= 2

(5X i - 50)

i= 1

(X i - 3)

i= 1
2

(X i - 3)

i= 1

i= 1

Xi = 5 ,

Yi = - 2

i= 1

X i Yi = 4

i= 1

(X i + 1)(4Yi - 3)

i= 1

1. 2X1 + 2X2 + 2X3 + 2 + X4 + 2X5

....................................

2
2. 3X12 + 3X22 + 3X23 + ... + 3X10

......................................

3. f1 (X1 + M) + f2 (X2 + M) + f3 (X 3 + M) + ... + fk (X i + M) ......................................

39

 .5 2
(Arithmetic mean)

x
N

xi
i 1

xi

= i ,

4 8 19, 16, 11, 18, 10, 12, 7, 11

8
N

xi

x i 1
N
19 16 11 18 10 12 7 11

8
13

13

5 10 24, 16, 19, 22, 18, 24, 16,

20, 17, 16
N

xi

x i 1
N
24 16 19 22 18 24 16 20 17 16

10
19.2

19.2

6 2

1
175
180
2
150
130
3
160
161
4
180
185
5
160
163
6
183
185
7
287
186
40

 .5 2
1.
2.
3.
N

1.

xi
i 1

175 150 160 180 160 183 287

7
185

1297
185
5

xi
i 1

1190
180 130 161 185 163 185 186

170
7
7
170
2.
3. 2
5

7 7 34, 24, 32, 18, 22, 33, 26

1. 34

2. 11

N

xi

x i 1
N
34 24 32 18 22 33 26

7
27
27

41

 .5 2
1.

1 34
8

xi
i1

N
34 24 32 18 22 33 26 34
29

x
8
34
27
2. 1 11
8

xi
i1

N
34 24 32 18 22 33 26 11
25
x
8
11
27
8 76, 84 73
4 4 80

xi

x1 x 2 x 3 x 4
N
4
76 84 73 x 4
80

4
233 x 4
80
4
80 4 233 x 4
230 233 x 4
x 4 320 233
x 4 87
4 87

i1

42

 .5 2
(Weighted arithmetic mean)

100
2 93
84
93 2(84)
x
1 2
87


n

w1x1 w 2 x 2 w 3 x 3 ...w n x n
w1 w 2 w 3 ... w n

x i wi
i1
n

wi
i1

xi

= i , w i = i , n

9 B, B, A
C 3, 5, 3 1 4
A 4 B 3 C 2

B
3
3

B
3
5

A
4
3

A
2
1

w1x1 w 2 x 2 w 3 x 3 w 4 x 4
w1 w 2 w 3 w 4

3(3) 3(5) 4(3) 2(1)

3 5 3 1

43

 .5 2
9 15 12 2
12
38

12
3.17
3.17

(Combined arithmetic mean)

.5
3 .5

k

N1x1 N 2 x 2 N3 x ... N k x k

N1 N 2 N3 ... N k

Ni x i

i 1
k

i 1

= x i ,
k =

xi

Ni

= i

10 .5 3
.5/1 44 164
.5/2 39 158
.5/3 42 172

N1x1 N 2 x 2 N3 x ... N k x k

N1 N 2 N3 ... N k

44(164) 39(158) 42(172)

44 39 42
7216 6162 7224

125
164.48

Ni x i

i 1
k

i 1

164.48
44

 .5 2
11 3
71 3

1
64
12

2
70
18

3
x
20

N1x1 N 2 x 2 N3 x ... N k x k

N1 N 2 N3 ... N k

Ni x i

i 1
k

i 1

12(64) 18(70) 20(x )

12 18 20
2028 20x
71

50
71 50 2028 20x
20x
3550 2028
20x
1522
1522
x

76.10
20
71

3 76.10

f x f x f x ... f k x k
x 1 1 2 2 3 3

f1 f 2 f 3 ... f k

fi xi
i 1
k

fi

fi xi
i 1

i 1

fi

i,

i
x i

, k

45

 .5 2
12

()
()
18
6
20
11
21
14
22
12
25
3
30
2

()
18
20
21
22
25
30

(f)
6
11
14
12
3
2
48

f x
18 6 108
20 11 220
2114 294
22 12 264
25 3 75
30 2 60
1,021

fi x i
i1
6

fi x i
i 1

1, 021

,N

48

1021
21.27
48

21.27

46

 .5 2
13 .5
()
51 - 55
56 - 60
61 - 65
66 - 70
71 - 75
76 - 80

()
9
8
12
4
4
4
40

( x i )
51 - 55
53
56 - 60
58
61 - 65
63
66 - 70
68
71 - 75
73
76 - 80
78

( fi )
9
8
12
4
4
4
6

fi 40
i1

fxi i

477
464
756
272
292
234
6

fxi i 2, 495
i1

fi x i
i1

N
2495
x
62.375
40

62.375

47

 .5 2
(
)
N
fidi

x A I i 1N
f i
i 1

A
I

fi

d di

xi a
I

d = 0
d = 1,2,3,...

d = -1,-2,-3,...

14
()
()
2,001 - 3,000
36
3,001 - 4,000
45
4,001 - 5,000
54
5,001 - 6,000
22
6,001 - 7,000
17
7,001 - 8,000
12
8,001 - 9,000
8
9,001 - 10,000
6

200

48

 .5 2

()
2,001 - 3,000
3,001 - 4,000
4,001 - 5,000
5,001 - 6,000
6,001 - 7,000
7,001 - 8,000
8,001 - 9,000
9,001 - 10,000

fi

di

fi di

36
45
54
22
17
12
8
6

-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5

-72
-45
0
22
34
36
32
30

fi 200

i 1

N
fidi

x A I i 1N
f i
i 1

fi di 37

i 1

37
4,500.5 1,000
100
4,685.50
4,685.50

49

 .5 2
15
()
()
2,501 - 3,000
10
3,001 - 4,000
20
4,001 - 4,500
18
4,501 - 6,500
12

()
2,501 - 3,000
3,001 - 4,000
4,001 - 4,500
4,501 - 6,500

( fi )
10
20
18
12

( x i )
2,750.5
3,500.5
4,250.5
5,500.5

fi x i
27,505
70,010
76,509
66,006
4

fi 60

fxi i 240,030

i1

i1

fi x i

i1

240,030
4,000.50
60

4,000.50

(Median)

()

2
1
- N N 1 N 1
2

- N
N 1
2

N
2

N
1
2

N
2

50

 .5 2
16 12, 10, 8, 14, 9
8, 9, 10, 12, 14
N1 5 1

3
2
2
3 10
10
17 12, 10, 8, 14
8, 10, 12, 14
4 2 4 1 3
2

2 10
3 12
2 3
10 12

11
2
18
()
()
26
4
27
4
28
5
29
4
30
7
31
4
32
3
33
2
34
2
35
2
36
0
37
1
38
1
39
1

40

51

 .5 2

()
()

26
4
4
27
4
8
28
5
13
29
4
17
30
7
24
31
4
28
32
3
31
33
2
33
34
2
35
35
2
37
36
0
37
37
1
38
38
1
39
39
1
40

40
40
N
N
20 1 21
2
2
20 21 30
30
2

N
N
N1

N

2
2
2
N
()

52

 .5 2

1.

N
2

N
fL
2. M ed L I 2
f me

L
I
f L
f me

19

()
118 - 126
127 - 135
136 - 144
145 - 153
154 - 162
163 - 171
172 - 180

()
118 - 126
127 - 135
136 - 144
145 - 153
154 - 162
163 - 171
172 - 180

3
5
9
12
5
4
2
40

3
5
9
12 fme
5
4
2
40

3
8
17
29
34
38
40

53

 .5 2

N
fL
M ed L I 2
f me

L 144.5
N
40

20
2
2
fL 17
f me 12

153.5 144.5 9
20 17
144.5 9

12
144.5 2.25
146.75
I

146.75
20

60 - 69
70 - 79
80 - 89
90 - 99
100 - 109
110 - 119
120 - 129
130 - 139
140 - 149

()
4
10
18
24
14
10
9
7
4
100

54

 .5 2

60 - 69
70 - 79
80 - 89
90 - 99
100 - 109
110 - 119
120 - 129
130 - 139
140 - 149

4
10
18

24 fme
14
10
9
7
4
100

4
14

32 fL
56 *
70
80
89
96
100

L 89.5
N
100

50
2
2
fL 32

f me 24
I 10

50 32

24
89.5 7.5
97

89.5 10

97

55

 .5 2
21

()

100 - 104
10
105 - 109
24
110 - 114
112
115 - 119
86
120 - 124
18
125 - 129
220
130 - 134
18
135 - 139
12

500

()
100 - 104
105 - 109
110 - 114
115 - 119

10
24
112
86

120 - 124
125 - 129
130 - 134
135 - 139

18 fme

232 fL
250*
470
488
500

L 119.5
N
2
fL
f me
I

220
18
12
500

10
34
146

500
250
2
232
18
5

250 232

18

119.5 5

119.5 5
124.5
124.5

56

 .5 2

124.5 120 - 124

2.

(Mode)
2
1
22 40, 38, 40, 42, 44, 42, 42,
38, 42
42 42
23 3, 5, 8, 10, 12, 15, 16

24 5, 4, 6, 6, 6, 7, 8, 9, 9, 9
6 9
25 50

10
6
8
8
7
20
6
7
5
3
2
6

50

7 7

57

 .5 2
26

10

14

3

2



1.

2.

d1

Mode L I
d

d
2
1

d 1

d 2

58

 .5 2
27
()
120 - 129
130 - 139
140 - 149
150 - 159
160 - 169
170 - 179
180 - 189

()
7
10
16
14
12
3
3

140 -149

d1

Mode L I
d1 d 2

L 139.5

d1 16 10 6
d2 16 14 2
I 10
6
139.5 10

62
139.5 7.5
147

147

28

50 - 59
60 - 69
70 - 79
80 - 89
90 - 99

4
9
17
25
32
59

 .5 2

50 - 59
4
60 - 69
9
70 - 79
17
80 - 89
25
90 - 99
32
70 -79 80 89

4
5
8
8
7

d1

Mode L I
d1 d 2

L 69.5

d1 8 5 3
d2 8 8 0
I

10
3
69.5 10

30
69.5 10

79.5
79.5

1.
2.
3.

4.
5. 1

60

 .5 2

1.

x1 , x 2 ,..., x N
N

x i x 0

i 1

2. x i k 2

kx

i 1

3.

=
4.
=
N

5. x i k

k Med

i 1

(Geometric Mean)
x 1, x 2 ,...,x N
(Geometric Mean) G.M

GM
.

x1x 2 ...x N

29 3, 5, 6, 6, 7, 10 12
GM
. N x1x 2 ...x N

GM
.

3 5 6 6 7 10 12
7 453,600
7

6.43
6.43

1.
2.
3. 0
61

 .5 2

(Harmonic Mean)
x 1, x 2 ,...,x N
(Harmonic Mean) H.M

N
N 1

i1 x i
N x i i
HM
.

N
k f
i
i1 x i
f i i , x i i ,
k
HM
.

30 20
30

N
N 1

i1 x i
2
HM
. 1 1

20 30

HM
.

24
24
31 60
90

60 90
75
2

62

 .5 2

(Mid - range)

(Mid - range)
x max x min
(Mid - range)

x max x min
2

32 14, 23, 16, 5, 18

x max x min

2
23 5

24

24
33
()
5 - 7
8 - 10
11 - 13
14 - 16
17 - 19

x max
x min

()
13
22
15
14
6

= 19.5
= 4.5

x max x min

2
19.5 4.5
12

12
63

 .5 2

1. x

x1 , x 2 ,..., x N

x i x 0

i 1

2. x i k 2

kx

i 1

3.

4.

5. x i k

k Med

i 1

1. X1 = 1, X2 = 3, X 3 = 5, X 4 = 7, X5 = 9, Y1 = 2, Y2 = 4, Y3 = 6, Y4 = 8
Y5 = 10

1.

3.

(X i + 5)

i= 1
5

2.

3.
4.
5.

5.

(X i - 2)

i= 1
5

4.

(2X i - 3)

i= 1

2.

(X i + 1)(X i + 2)

i= 1

(Yi X i + 1)

i= 1
5

x i = 15

i= 1
4

i= 1

i= 1

x i = 10 ,

i= 1

y i = 20

i= 1
4

x 2i = 30

x i y i = 60

i= 1

x i = 15

(x i - 5)

i= 1

i= 1
4

x 12 = 55

i= 1
5

i= 1

(x i - 5) = 30
2

(x i + 2) = 86

(x i + 5)(y i + 3)

i= 1

x 2i

i= 1
5

xi

i= 1

64

 .5 2

3
1. x1 x 2 x 3 x 4
f1 f 2 f 3 f 4 f 5 2 3 4 5 6

x5

1 2 3 4 5

1. x i
i 1

2. f i
i 1

3. (f i x i )
i 1

4. x i 8
i 1

5. (2x i f i )
i 1

10

2. x i

10

i 1

10

x i 2 40
i 1

1. (3x i 2 4x i 8)
i 1

10

2. (x i 2)

i 1

3. . 4
18 20 19 22 20 18 19

65

 .5 2
4. 7 8 6 8 9 9 10 6 11 12

5.

4
3

5
2

6
6
3
3

6.

I.Q

I.Q (%)

60-62
1

63-65
4

66-68
10

69-71
3

72-74
2

7.

30-26
8
25-21
10
20-16
15
f
15-11
10-6
6
18.3 f

8. 45 40 3 18 14 12

9. 8 53 7
57 55 45 60 55 45 62 8 8
66

 .5 2
10. 4 x1 x 2
20 (x 3 x 4 ) (x1 x 2 )

x3 x4

18 19

11. B B A C
3, 2, 3 1
4 A 4 B 3 C
2
12. 4 180
165 145
135 480, 120, 200
100

67

 .5 2

(Normal Distribution)
(Standard Score)

(Standard Score)

() 0 1
x1, x 2 , x 3 , ...,x n x
s z i

zi

xi x
, i 1, 2, 3,..., N
s

x i x zis
x i i z i i

1. Z
2. Z

0

68

 .5 2
1 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
N

xi
i1

1 2 3 4 5
3
5

xi x
i1

zi

4 1 0 1 4

2 1.41

xi x
, i 1, 2, 3,..., N
s

x
1
2
3
4
5

1 3
1.42
1.41
23
0.71
1.41
33
0
1.41
43
0.71
1.41
53
1.42
1.41

69

 .5 2
2
2

13,000

5,000

2,000
500
15,000 6,250
2
x = 13,000 , S.D = 2,000
15,000 13,000
15,000 =
1
2,000
x = 5,000 , S.D = 500
6,250 5,000
6,250 =
2.5
500

S.D

3 x 60 s 5
1. 2
2. 0
3. -3
x 60 s 5
1. z 2
x sz x

5(2) 60 70
2. z 0
x sz x

5(0) 60 60

1. z i 0
i 1

2.

z 0, s z 0

3. z 3
x sz x

5(3) 60 45

70

 .5 2
4 30 12.3
1.2 29 0.25
30

x 12.3 s 1.2

0
29 + 30 = 0

0.25 + 30 = 0

30 = -0.25
x sz x

30 = (1.2)(-.025) + 12.3
= (-0.3) + 12.3 = 12

(Normal Distribution and Normal curve)
() 3
1. (Normal curve)
2. (Negatively Skewed Curve)
3. (Positively Skewed Curve)

(Normal Distribution)
x z (
0 1 )

71

 .5 2
(Standard Normal
curve)

1.

2.

0.5
3. 2

4. 1
5. z = 0 z z
( )

1.

72

 .5 2
2.

3.

1
0 1

x x1 x x 2
1. x 1 x 2 z1 z 2

zi

xi x
, i 1, 2, 3,..., N
s

2. z1 z 2
x 1 x 2
z1 z 2

73

 .5 2

74

 .5 2

z 0 z 1.29
z 1.29 0.4015

75

 .5 2

z 0 z 1.29
z 1.29 0.4015

z 1.5 z 2.50
z 1.5 z 2.50
0.4332 + 0.4938 = 0.927

z 1.7 z 2.2
z 2.2 z 1.7
0.4861 0.4554 = 0.0307

76

 .5 2

z 1.5 z 1.2
z 1.5 z 1.2
0.4332 0.3849 = 0.0483

z = -1.2
0.5 z 1.2
0.5 0.3849 = 0.1151

z = 2.59
0.5 z 2.59
0.5 0.4952 = 0.0048
77

 .5 2
2 x 60 s 5 P30

P30 x z x
z 0.3000 z<0
0 z = 0.5 0.3000 = 0.2000
z = -0.52

x sz x
5(0.52) 60 2.6 60 57.4
3 x 25 s 5 x 32

x z zi x i x , i 1, 2, 3,..., N
s
32 25
z
1.4
5
z = 1.4 0.5 + 0 1.4
0.5 + 0.4192 = 0.9191 = 91.92%
x 32 P91.92

4
4 1.2

6%
x 4

s 1.2 x
x = 6% = 0.0600
z = x
z = 0.0600
0 z = 0.4400 z = -1.56
x = sz = x = (1.2)(-1.56)+4 = 2.13
2

78

 .5 2

z = 0 z = z
z
A
z
A
z
A
0.00 0.0000 0.72 0.2642 1.20 0.3849
0.44 0.1700 0.84 0.3000 1.25 0.3944
0.50 0.1915 1.00 0.3413 1.29 0.4000
0.67 0.2500 1.12 0.3686 1.50 0.4330
0.71 0.2612 1.19 0.3830 1.56 0.4400

z
1.96
2.00
2.03
2.50
3.00

A
0.4750
0.4773
0.4788
0.4938
0.4987

1. z
1.1 z = 0 1.12
1.2 z = 2 3
1.3 z = 0 -2.03
1.4 z < -1.19
1.5 z = -1.19 2
2.
2.1 z = -2.33 z = 2.33
2.2 z = -0.47 z = 0.23
2.3 z = -1.50 z = 2.50
2.4 z = 1.85 z = 2.30
3. x 10
3.1 P40
3.2 P25
3.3 x 15
3.4 x 6

s2

4. (I.Q)
100 10
4.1 60
4.2 110

79

 .5 2
5. 60
25 54 , ,
10, 15, 33
0 z
z 0.35 0.40 0.44 1.20
A 0.1368 0.1554 0.1700 0.3849
.

80