Luownggiac Cacbaigiang

Mc lc
1
Kha lun tt nghip Cc bi ging b sung v ng thc lng gic
Li m u
Trong chng trnh Ton hc trung hc ph thng, lng gic l mt
trong nhng mng kin thc rt c bn v quan trng. Phn kin thc ny
kh s vi nhng cng thc lng gic, nhng mi lin quan rng buc
gia gc, cnh v cc yu t khc. Chnh v vy vic gii cc bi ton lng
gic thc s gy nhiu lng tng v kh khn cho hc sinh, thm ch c
gio vin. Hn na cc bi ton lng gic li ng vai tr ln trong i
sng, gii tch v hnh hc. Do nhu cu tm hiu su hn v cc vn
ca lng gic v ang hp dn cc bn tr yu Ton.
Theo m hnh dy hc tch cc hin nay l ly ngi hc lm trung tm,
ngi thy ng vai tr l ngi t chc cc hot ng nhm hng dn hc
sinh t lnh hi kin thc. Chnh v vy hnh trang ca chng ti - nhng
sinh vin s phm chun b tt nghip v s l nhng ngi trc tip ging
dy khng th thiu c l s nghin cu son c nhng bi ging
dn dt hc sinh hiu, nm chc kin thc v vn dng chng mt cch linh
hot t gii c cc bi tp Ton.
V vy, thy gio hng dn t ti cho chng ti l:"Cc bi
ging b sung v ng thc lng gic". l cng vic bin son mt s
bi ging v ng thc lng gic cho i tng hc sinh kh v gii trung
hc ph thng.Lc xuyn sut ca mi bi ging l cch t vn
cho hc sinh t d n kh,cc bi ton c sp xp th t t n gin n
phc tp v mang tnh s phm cao. Ti nhn thy y l mt ti rt
thit thc, hu ch, to iu kin cho chng ti khng nhng lm quen vi
phng php s phm m cn bc u to c s chng ti c nhng
kinh nghim trong cng tc ging dy lu di.
Cc bi ging b sung v ng thc lng gic" gm 5 bi ging:
Gv hng dn: Th.s Phm Vn Hng 2 Sv: Nguyn Th Thu - SP Ton 48
Bi ging s 1: Bin i lng gic
Bi ging ny nhm gii thiu cc cng thc lng gic ng thi cng
c v hon thin cc bin i lng gic c bn cho hc sinh.Ni dung bi
ging gm nhng bi ton vi mc kh dn ln s gip hc sinh luyn
tp mt cch y cc bin i lng gic.
Bi ging s 2: nh l hm s sin v nh l hm s csin
nh l hm s sin v nh l hm s csin l hai nh l c bn, c
s dng rt nhiu trong cc bi ton lng gic, Ci hay ca bi ging ny
ch cc bi ton a ra th hin mi lin h gia cc cnh, cc goc v
mt s yu t trong tam gic. c bit nh c cc nh l ny m chng ta
bit n nhng bi ton ni ting nh h thc Stioa,im Broca, cng thc
Brahmaguptas.
Bi ging s 3: Nhn dng tam gic
Nhn dng tam gic l dng ton lng gic rt quen thuc vi hc sinh
trung hc ph thng. Song,bi ging ny li hp dn hc sinh nh s phn
chia thnh hai bi ging nh v cc v d loi 1 v loi 2, gip hc sinh h
thng v nm chc hn kin thc lng gic
Bi ging s 4: Tng v tch hu hn cc hm lng gic
Bi ging ny mang n cho hc sinh s kho lo bin i cc cng thc
lng gic tm ra quy lut tnh tng v tch hu hn ca cc hm lng
gic.Cc bi ton trong bi ging gip hc sinh khc su kin thc lng
gic hn na
Bi ging s 5:ng dng lng gic
Lng gic c ng dng nhiu trong i s(gii phng trnh, bt phng
trnh, h phng trinh i s), trong gii tch v hnh hc.Bi ging s 5
xem xt mt vi ng dng nh th ca lng gic.
Mc d vy, trong khun kh mt kha lun tt nghip vi nng lc c
nhn cn hn ch cng nh thi gian hn hp, chng ti khng hy vng gii
quyt c ht cc mc tiu ra v cng khng trnh khi nhng thiu
st, rt mong nhn c s ng gp kin ca cc thy c gio v cc bn.
H Ni, ngy 19/5/2007
Sinh vin :Nguyn Th Thu
Bi ging s 1:
Bin i lng gic
Mun gii v lng gic, hc sinh phi thuc tt c cc cng thc v vn
dng c n mt cch linh hot, ng thi phi thnh tho cc php bin
i c bn. Trong bi ging ny chng ta s a ra mt s bi ton hc
sinh luyn tp tt cc cng thc lng gic. S luyn tp ny rt cn thit
hc sinh c k nng v trnh gii quyt cc bi ton kh trong
cc bi ging sau.Bi ging gm 5 tit v phn bi tp:
1: H thc c bn ca lng gic
2:Cng thc cng cung
3: Hm s lng gic ca nhng gc bi
4:Bin i tng thnh tch v tch thnh tng
5: S dng nh l Viet bc 3
Bi tp
1: H thc c bn ca lng gic
1) sin
2
+ cos
2
= 1
2) 1 +tg
2
=
1
cos
2
3) 1 +cotg
2
=
1
sin
2
Bi ton 1.1
Bit sin + cos = m. Hy tnh theo m cc biu thc sau:
1) A = sin
3
+ cos
3
2) B = sin
7
+ cos
7
Bi gii
1)
A = sin
3
+ cos
3
T gi thit suy ra: m

2
= (sin + cos )
2
= 1 + 2 sin . cos
sin . cos =
m
2
1
2
Ta c A = (sin + cos )
3
3 sin . cos (sin
2
+ cos
2
)
A = m
2
3(
m
2
1
2
)
2)
B = sin
7
+ cos
7
B = (sin
3
+ cos
3
)(sin
4
+ cos
4
) sin
3
. cos
3
(sin + cos )
Ta c sin
4
+ cos
4
= (sin
2
+ cos
2
)
2
2 sin
2
. cos
2
= 1 2 sin
2
. cos
2

= 1
1
2
(m
2
1)
2
Vy B = [m
3
3(
m
2
1
2
)].[1
1
2
(m
2
1)
2
] m.(
m
2
1
2
)
3
*Ch : k Z
+
sin
k
+ cos
k
u c th tnh theo m.
Bi ton 1.2 Bit rng (sin + cos ) hu t.
Chng minh rng n Z
+
sin
n
+ cos
n
cng l hu t
Bi gii
Chng minh quy np
Vi n=1: (sin + cos ) hu t.
Vi n=2: (sin
2
+ cos
2
) = 1 hu t.
Gi s khng nh bi ton ng n n Z
+
ngha l: sin
n
+cos
n
l hu t.
Ta chng minh sin
n+1
+ cos
n+1
l hu t.
Tht vy, ta c:
sin
n+1
+ cos
n+1
= (sin
n
+ cos
n
)(sin + cos )
sin . cos (sin
n1
+ cos
n1
)
Theo gi thit quy np:
(sin + cos ); (sin
n1
+ cos
n1
); (sin
n
+ cos
n
) l cc s hu t
M sin . cos =
(sin + cos )
2
1
2
sin . cos l s hu t
Suy ra sin
n+1
+ cos
n+1
l s hu t pcm
Vy sin
n
+ cos
n
l s hu t.
Bi ton 1.3 Bit sin cos = 1. Hy tnh
A = sin
3
+ cos
4

Bi gii
T gi thit: sin cos = 1 bnh phng hai v ta c:
sin . cos = 0
_
cos = 0 sin = 1 sin
3
+ cos
4
= 1
sin = 0 cos = 1 sin
3
+ cos
4
= 1
Vy A=1
Bi ton 1.4 Bit 3 sin
4
+ 5 cos
4
= 5. Hy tnh gi tr ca
B = 5 sin
4
+ 3 cos
4
Bi gii
T gi thit: 3 sin
4
+ 5 cos
4
= 5
3 sin
4
+ 5(1 sin
2
)
2
= 5
3 sin
4
+ 5 + 5 sin
4
10 sin
2
5 = 0
8 sin
4
10 sin
2
= 0 sin
2
(4 sin
2
5) = 0
_
_
sin
2
=
5
4
> 1(loi)
sin
2
= 0 cos
2
= 1 5 sin
4
+ 3 cos
4
= 5.0 + 3.1 = 3
Vy B=3
Bi ton 1.5 Bit
1
cos x
tgx = 2. Hy tnh gi tr ca
C =
1
cos x
+tgx
Bi gii
Ta c 1 +tg
2
=
1
cos
2

1
cos
2
tg
2
= 1
(
1
cos
tg)(
1
cos
+tg) = 1
(
1
cos
+tg) =
1
(
1
cos
tg)
=
1
2
Bi ton 1.6 K hiu f
k
(x) =
1
k
(sin
k
x + cos
k
x). Chng minh
rng:
f
4
(x) f
6
(x) =
1
12
x
Bi gii
Ta c:
f
4
(x) =
1
4
(sin
4
x + cos
4
x) =
1
4
[(sin
2
x + cos
2
x)
2
2 sin
2
x cos
2
x]
f
4
(x) =
1
4
(1
1
2
sin
2
2x) =
1
4

1
8
sin
2
2x
f
6
(x) =
1
6
(sin
6
x + cos
6
x)
=
1
6
[(sin
2
x + cos
2
x)
3
3 sin
2
x cos
2
x(sin
2
x + cos
2
x)]
f
6
(x) =
1
6
(1 3 sin
2
x cos
2
x) =
1
6
1
8
sin
2
2x
f
4
(x) f
6
(x) =
1
12
x
2: Cng thc cng cung
1) cos(a +b) = cos a cos b sina sin b
2) cos(a b) = cos a cos b + sin a sin b
3) sin(a +b) = sin a cos b + sin b cos a
4) sin(a b) = sin a cos b sin b cos a
5) tg(a +b) =
tga +tgb
1 tgatgb
6) tg(a b) =
tga tgb
1 +tgatgb
7) cotg(a +b) =
cotga.cotgb 1
cotga +cotgb
8) cotg(a b) =
cotga.cotgb + 1
cotgb cotga
Bi ton 1.7 Tnh gi tr ca
1) cos

12
2) tg
8
Bi gii
1) Ta c: cos

12
= cos(
4

6
) = cos

4
cos

6
+ sin

4
sin

6
=
6 +
2
4
2) Ta c: tg
8
= tg(
4

8
) =
tg
4
tg
8
1 +tg
4
tg
8
=
1 tg
8
1 +tg
8
1 tg
8
= tg
8
+tg
2
8
tg
2
8
+ 2tg
8
1 = 0
(tg
8
+ 1)
2
2 = 0 (tg
8
+ 1
2)(tg
8
+ 1 +
2) = 0
tg
8
=
2 1 hoc tg
8
=
2 1 (loi v tg
8
> 0 )
Vy tg
8
=
2 1
Bi ton 1.8 Bit rng:
_
_
_
sin a + 7 sin b = 4(sin c + 2 sin d)
cos a + 7 cos b = 4(cos c + 2 cos d)
Chng minh rng: 2 cos(a d) = 7 cos(b c)
Bi gii
Gi thit suy ra:
_
_
_
sin a 8 sin d = 4 sin c 7 sin b)
cos a 8 cos d = 4 cos c 7 cos b)
Bnh phng cc ng thc trn v cng li ta c:
1 + 64 16 cos(a d) = 16 + 49 56 cos(b c)
2 cos(a d) = 7 cos(b c)
Bi ton 1.9 Bit rng
_
_
_
tg(a +b) =
5
tg(a b) =
3
Hy tnh tg2a v tg2b ?
Bi gii
Ta c:
tg2a = tg[(a +b) + (a b)] =
tg(a +b) +tg(a b)
1 tg(a +b)tg(a b)
=
5 +
3
1
15
tg2b = tg[(a +b) (a b)] =
tg(a +b) tg(a b)
1 +tg(a +b)tg(a b)
=
3
1 +
15
Bi ton 1.10 Chng minh tg1
0
l s v t
Bi gii
Gi s phn chng: tg1
0
l s hu t
p dng cng thc:
tg2 =
2tg
1 tg
2
ta suy ra
tg2
0
, tg4
0
, tg8
0
, tg16
0
, tg32
0
l s hu t.
Mt khc ta c:
tg32
0
= tg(30
0
+ 2
0
) =
tg30
0
+tg2
0
1 tg30
0
tg2
0
=
1
3
+tg2
0
1
1
3
.tg2
0
l s v t
Suy ra mu thun vi gi thit tg32
0
l s hu t
Suy ra gi thit phn chng l sai
Vy tg1
0
l s v t
Bi ton 1.11 ABC c tgA,tgB,tgC l cc s nguyn dng. Hy
tnh tgA,tgB,tgC
Bi gii
Gi s A B C A 60
0
0 < tgA
3
tgA = 1 A = 45
0
B +C = 135
0
1 = tg(B +C) =
tgB +tgC
1 tgBtgC
(tgB 1)(tgC 1) = 2
tgB = 2, tgC = 3
Bi ton 1.12 Bit
cos x + cos y + cos z
cos(x +y +z)
=
sin x + sin y + sinz
sin(x +y +z)
= a
Chng minh rng:
cos(x +y) + cos(y +z) + cos(z +x) = a
Bi gii
Ta c:
cos(x +y) = cos(x +y +z z) = cos(x +y +z) cos z +sin(x +y +z) sinz
Tng t: cos(y +z) = cos(x +y +z) cos x + sin(x +y +z) sinx
cos(z +x) = cos(x +y +z) cos y + sin(x +y +z) sin y
Cng v vi v ca cc ng thc trn ta c
cos(x +y) +cos(y +z) +cos(z +x) = cos(x +y +z)(cos x +cos y +cos z)+
+sin(x +y +z)(sinx + sin y + sin z)
T gi thit ta c:
(cos x + cos y + cos z) = a cos(x +y +z)
sin x + sin y + sinz = a sin(x +y +z)
Suy ra
cos(x +y) + cos(y +z) + cos(z +x) = a(cos
2
(x +y +z) + sin
2
(x +y +z))
cos(x +y) + cos(y +z) + cos(z +x) = a
3: Hm s lng gic ca nhng gc bi
sin 2a = 2 sin a cos a
cos 2a = cos
2
a sin
2
a
= 2 cos
2
a 1
= 1 2 sin
2
a
tg2a =
2tga
1 tg
2
a
cotg2a =
cotg
2
1
2cotga
sin 3a = 3 sin a 4 sin
3
a
cos 3a = 4 cos
3
a 3 cos a
tg3a =
3tga tg
3
a
1 3tg
2
a
cotg3a =
cotg
3
a 3cotga
3cotg
2
a 1
H qu:
sin
2
a =
1 cos 2a
2
cos
2
a =
1 + cos 2a
2
tg
2
a =
1 cos 2a
1 + cos 2a
sin
3
a =
sin 3a + 3 sin a
4
cos
3
a =
cos 3a + 3 cos a
4
Bi ton 1.13 Chng minh rng:
x : cos
3
x sin x sin
3
x cos x =
1
4
sin 4x
Bi gii
Ta c: cos
3
x sin x sin
3
x cos x =
1
2
cos
2
x. sin 2x
1
2
sin
2
x. sin 2x
=
1
2
sin 2x(cos
2
x sin
2
x) =
1
2
sin 2x. cos 2x =
1
2
sin 4x
Bi ton 1.14 Chng minh rng: x :
1. sin
4
x + cos
4
x =
3
4
+
1
4
cos 4x
2. sin
6
x + cos
6
x =
5
8
+
3
8
cos 4x
Bi gii
1. Ta c:
sin
4
x + cos
4
x = (sin
2
x + cos
2
x)
2
2 sin
2
x cos
2
x
= 1
1
2
sin
2
2x
= 1
1
4
(1 cos 4x)
=
3
4
+
1
4
cos 4x
2. Ta c:
sin
6
x + cos
6
x = (sin
2
x + cos
2
x)
3
3 sin
2
x cos
2
x(sin
2
x + cos
2
x)
= 1 3 sin
2
x cos
2
x
= 1
3
4
sin
2
2x
= 1
3
8
(1 cos 4x)
=
5
8
+
3
8
cos 4x
Bi ton 1.15 Tnh:
1. cos

24
2. sin18
0
Bi gii
1. Ta c:
cos
2

24
=
1 + cos

12
2
()
Li c:
cos
2

12
=
1 + cos

6
2
=
1 +
3
2
2
=
2 +
3
4
cos

12
=
1
2
_
2 +
3 =
1
2
2
(1 +
3)
Thay vo (*) cos
2

24
=
1 +
1
2
2
(1 +
3)
2
=
1 + 2
2 +
3
4
2
cos

24
=
1
2
1 + 2
2 +
2
2. Ta c:
sin 54
0
= cos 36
0
Suy ra: 3 sin 18
0
4 sin
3
18
0
= 1 2 sin
2
18
0
4 sin
3
18
0
3 sin
3
18
0
2 sin
2
18
0
+ 1 = 0
(sin18
0
1)(4 sin
2
18
0
+ 2 sin 18
0
1) = 0
V sin 18
0
< 1 suy ra: 4 sin
2
18
0
+ 2 sin 18
0
1 = 0
sin 18
0
=
1
5
4
m sin 18
0
> 0 nn sin 18
0
=
1 +
5
4
Vy sin 18
0
=
5 1
4
1. cos 20
0
. cos 40
0
. cos 80
0
=
1
8
2. cos

7
. cos
2
7
. cos
3
7
=
1
8
3. tg5
0
.tg55
0
.tg65
0
.tg75
0
= 1
Bi gii
1. Ta c:
cos 20
0
. cos 40
0
. cos 80
0
=
1
sin 20
0
. sin 20
0
. cos 20
0
. cos 40
0
. cos 80
0
=
1
2 sin 20
0
sin 40
0
. cos 40
0
. cos 80
0
=
1
4 sin 20
0
sin 80
0
. cos 80
0
=
1
8 sin 20
0
. sin 160
0
=
1
8 sin 20
0
. sin 20
0
=
1
8
2. Ta c:
cos

7
. cos
2
7
. cos
3
7
=
1
sin

7
sin

7
. cos

7
. cos
2
7
. cos
4
7
=
1
2 sin

7
sin
2
7
. cos
2
7
. cos
4
7
=
1
4 sin

7
sin
4
7
. cos
4
7
=
1
8 sin

7
sin
8
7
=
1
8
3. Ta c:
tg3x =
3.tgx tg
3
x
1 3tg
2
x
=
tgx(3 tg
2
x)
1 3tg
2
x
=
tgx.(
3 tgx)(
3 +tgx)
(1 +
3tgx)(1
3tgx)
= tgx.
_
tg60
0
tgx
1 +tg60
0
tgx
_
.
_
tg60
0
+tgx
1 tg60
0
tgx
_
= tgx.tg(60 x).tg(60 +x)
Suy ra:
tg5
0
.tg55
0
.tg65
0
.tg75
0
= tg5
0
.tg(60 5)
0
.tg(60 + 5)
0
.tg75
0
= tg(3.5)
0
.tg75
0
= tg15
0
cotg15
0
= 1
Bi ton 1.17 Bit rng:
_
_
_
cos x + cos y + cos z = 0
cos 3x + cos 3y + cos 3z = 0
Chng minh rng: cos 2x. cos 2y. cos 2z 0
Bi gii
Ta c:
0 = cos 3x+cos 3y+cos 3z = 4(cos
3
x+cos
3
y+cos
3
z)3(cos x+cos y+cos z)
V cos x + cos y + cos z = 0 suy ra:
cos
3
x + cos
3
y + cos
3
z = 0
T gi thit suy ra: cos x+cos y = cos z Lp phng hai v c:
cos
3
x + cos
3
y + 3 cos x cos ycos x + cos y = cos
3
z
cos
3
x + cos
3
y + cos
3
z = 3 cos x cos y cos z
cos x cos y cos z = 0
Khng mt tng qut, gi s cos x = 0
cos y + cos z = 0 cos y = cos z
Khi :
cos 2x. cos 2y. cos 2z = (2 cos
2
x 1)(2 cos
2
y 1)(2 cos
2
z 1)
= 1(2 cos
y
1)
2
0
Vy cos 2x. cos 2y. cos 2z 0
(4 cos
2
9
0
3)(4 cos
2
27
0
3) = tg9
0
Bi gii
T cng thc cos 3a = 4 cos
3
a 3 cos a 4 cos
2
a 3 =
cos 3x
cos x
Ta c:
(4 cos
2
9
0
3)(4 cos
2
27
0
3) =
cos 27
0
cos 9
0
.
cos 81
0
cos 27
0
=
cos 81
0
cos 9
0
=
sin9
0
cos 9
0
= tg9
0
4:Bin i tng thnh tch v tch thnh tng
1) Cng thc bin i tng thnh tch
cos a + cos b = 2 cos
a +b
2
cos
a b
2
cos a cos b = 2 sin
a +b
2
sin
a b
2
sin a + sin b = 2 sin
a +b
2
cos
a b
2
sina sin b = 2 cos
a +b
2
sin
a b
2
tga +tgb =
sin(a +b)
cos a. cos b
tga tgb =
sin(a b)
cos a. cos b
cotga +cotgb =
sin(a +b)
sin a. sin b
cotga cotgb =
sin(a b)
sina. sin b
2) Cng thc bin i tch thnh tng
cos a cos b =
1
2
[cos(a b) + cos(a +b)]
sina sin b =
1
2
[cos(a b) cos(a +b)]
sin a cos b =
1
2
[sin(a b) + sin(a +b)]
Bi ton 1.19 Tnh cc tng sau:
1. cos

5
+ cos
3
5
2. cos

7
cos
2
7
+ cos
3
7
3. tg9
0
tg27
0
tg63
0
+tg81
0
Bi gii
1. Ta c:
cos

5
+ cos
3
5
= 2 cos

5
cos
2
5
= 2
1
sin

5
sin

5
cos

5
cos
2
5
=
1
sin

5
. sin
2
5
cos
2
5
=
1
2 sin

5
. sin
4
5
=
1
2 sin

5
. sin

5
=
1
2
2. Ta c:
cos

7
cos
2
7
+ cos
3
7
= cos
6
7
cos
2
7
cos
4
7
=
_
cos
2
7
+ cos
4
7
+ cos
6
7
_
=
1
2 sin

7
.
_
2 sin

7
cos
2
7
+ 2 sin

7
cos
4
7
+ 2 sin

7
cos
6
7
_
=
1
2 sin

7
.
_
sin
3
7
sin

7
+ sin
5
7
sin
3
7
+ sin
7
7
sin
5
7
_
=
1
2 sin

7
.
_
sin

7
+ sin
7
7
_
=
1
2 sin

7
.
_
sin

7
_
=
1
2
3. Ta c:
tg9
0
tg27
0
tg63
0
+tg81
0
= (tg9
0
+tg81
0
) (tg27
0
+tg63
0
)
=
1
cos 9
0
. cos 81
0

1
cos 27
0
. cos 63
0
=
1
cos 9
0
. sin 9
0

1
cos 27
0
. sin 27
0
=
2
sin 18
0

2
sin 54
0
=
2(sin 54
0
sin18
0
)
sin 18
0
. sin 54
0
=
4 cos 36
0
. sin 18
0
sin 18
0
. sin 54
0
= 4
Bi ton 1.20 Chng minh rng x, y, z ta lun c:
1. sinx + sin y + sin z sin(x +y +z) = 4 sin
x +y
2
sin
y +z
2
sin
z +x
2
2. cos x + cos y + cos z + cos(x +y +z) = 4 cos
x +y
2
cos
y +z
2
sin
z +x
2
Bi gii
1.
V T = 2 sin
x +y
2
cos
x y
2
+ 2 cos
x +y + 2z
2
sin
x y
2
= 2 sin
x +y
2
(cos
x y
2
cos
x +y + 2z
2
)
= 4 sin
x +y
2
sin
x +y
2
sin
y +z
2
sin
z +x
2
= V P
2. Ta c:
V T = 2 cos
x +y
2
cos
x y
2
+ 2 cos
x +y + 2z
2
cos
x +y
2
= 2 cos
x +y
2
(cos
x y
2
+ cos
x +y + 2z
2
)
= 4 cos
x +y
2
cos
y +z
2
sin
z +x
2
*Lin h vi ABC : Chng minh rng:
1. sin A+ sinB + sin C = 4 cos
A
2
cos
B
2
cos
C
2
2. sin(nA) + sin(nB) + sin(nC) =
= 4 sin
nA
2
sin
nB
2
sin
nC
2
(khi n = 4k, n N
)
= 4 cos
nA
2
cos
nB
2
cos
nC
2
(khi n = 4k + 1, n N
)
= 4 sin
nA
2
sin
nB
2
sin
nC
2
(khi n = 4k + 2, n N
)
= 4 cos
nA
2
cos
nB
2
cos
nC
2
(khi n = 4k + 3, n N
)
3. cos A+ cos B + cos C = 1 + 4 sin
A
2
sin
B
2
sin
C
2
Bi gii
p dng cc ng thc trn vi ln lt (x,y,z) bng (A,B,C);(nA,nB,nC),
trong : A,B,C >0 v A+B+C = ta thu c cc ng thc sau:
1. sin A+sinB+sin Csin(A+B+C) = 4 sin
A+B
2
sin
B +C
2
sin
C +A
2
sin A+ sin B + sin C sin = 4 sin(
2

C
2
) sin(
2

A
2
) sin(
2

B
2
)
sin A+ sin B + sin C = 4 cos
A
2
cos
B
2
cos
C
2
2. sin(nA) + sin(nB) + sin(nC) sin(nA+nB +nC) =
= 4 sin
nA+nB
2
sin
nB +nC
2
sin
nC +nA
2
sin(nA) + sin(nB) + sin(nC) sin(n) =
= 4 sin(
n
2

nC
2
) sin(
n
2

nA
2
) sin(
n
2

nB
2
)
sin(nA)+sin(nB)+sin(nC) = 4 sin(
n
2

nC
2
) sin(
n
2

nA
2
) sin(
n
2

nB
2
)
() Khi n = 4k, n N
. Ta c:
sin(
n
2

nC
2
) = sin(2k
nC
2
)
= sin(
nC
2
) = sin
nC
2
Suy ra: sin(
n
2

nA
2
) = sin
nA
2
sin(
n
2

nB
2
) = sin
nB
2
sin(nA) + sin(nB) + sin(nC) = 4 sin
nA
2
sin
nB
2
sin
nC
2
(khi n = 4k, n N
)
() Khi n = 4k + 1, n N
. Ta c:
sin(
n
2

nC
2
) = sin(2k +

2

nC
2
)
= sin(
2

nC
2
) = cos
nC
2
Suy ra: sin(
n
2

nB
2
) = cos
nB
2
sin(
n
2

nA
2
) = cos
nA
2
sin(nA) + sin(nB) + sin(nC) = 4 cos
nA
2
cos
nB
2
cos
nC
2
() Khi n = 4k + 2, n N
. Ta c:
sin(
n
2

nC
2
) = sin(2k +
nC
2
)
= sin(
nC
2
) = sin
nC
2
Suy ra: sin(
n
2

nA
2
) = sin
nA
2
sin(
n
2

nB
2
) = sin
nB
2
sin(nA) + sin(nB) + sin(nC) = 4 sin
nA
2
sin
nB
2
sin
nC
2
() Khi n = 4k + 3, n N
. Ta c:
sin(
n
2

nC
2
) = sin(2k +
3
2

nC
2
)
= sin(
3
2

nC
2
) = cos
nC
2
Suy ra: sin(
n
2

nB
2
) = cos
nB
2
sin(
n
2

nA
2
) = cos
nA
2
sin(nA) + sin(nB) + sin(nC) = 4 cos
nA
2
cos
nB
2
cos
nC
2
Cc ng thc c chng minh
3. cos A+ cos B + cos C + cos(A+B +C) =
= 4 cos
A+B
2
cos
B +C
2
cos
C +A
2
cos A + cos B + cos C + cos() = 4 cos(
2

C
2
) cos(
2

A
2
) cos(
2

B
2
)
cos A+ cos B + cos C 1 = 4sin
C
2
sin
A
2
sin
B
2
cos A+ cos B + cos C = 1 + 4 sin
A
2
sin
B
2
sin
C
2
Bi ton 1.21 Bit
_
_
sin + sin = a
cos + cos = b
a, b = 0
Chng minh rng: sin( +) =
2ab
a
2
+b
2
Bi gii
T gi thit ta c:
_
_
2 sin
+
2
cos

2
= a
2 cos
+
2
cos

2
= b
tg(
+
2
) =
a
b
T cng thc biu din theo tg ca gc chia i:
sin a =
2tg
a
2
1 +tg
2
a
2
ta c:
sin( +) =
2.
a
b
1 +
_
a
b
_
2
=
2ab
a
2
+b
2
_
_
_
sin x + sin y + sin z = 0
Chng minh rng:
sin2x + sin 2y + sin 2z = cos 2x + cos 2y + cos 2z = 0
Bi gii
K hiu
A = sin 2x + sin 2y + sin 2z
B = cos 2x + cos 2y + cos 2z
T gi thit:
_
_
_
sin x + sin y + sin z = 0 (1)
cos x + cos y + cos z = 0 (2)
_
_
_
sin x + sin y = sin z
cos x + cos y = cos z
()
Bnh phng 2 ng thc ca (*) v cng li ta c:
cos(x y) =
1
2
Tng t:
cos(y z) =
1
2
cos(z x) =
1
2
Nhn 2 ng thc (1)v(2)vi nhau ta c:
1
2
(sin 2x + sin 2y + sin 2z) + sin(x +y) + sin(y +z) + sin(z +x) = 0 ()
Ta c:
sin 2x + sin 2y = 2 sin(x +y) cos(x y) = 2 sin(x +y).(
1
2
) = sin(x +y)
Tng t
sin 2y + sin 2z = sin(y +z)
sin 2z + sin 2x = sin(z +x)
Suy ra: 2A = [sin(x +y) + sin(y +z) + sin(z +x)] Th vo (**)
1
2
A 2A = 0 A = 0
Ta chng minh B=0
Bnh phng ng thc (1)v (2) ri tr i cho nhau ta c:
cos 2x +cos 2y +cos 2z +2[cos(x +y) +cos(y +z) +cos(z +x)] = 0 ( )
Ta c:
cos 2x +cos 2y = 2 cos(x +y) cos(x y) = 2 cos(x +y).(
1
2
) = cos(x +y)
Tng t
cos 2y + cos 2z = cos(y +z)
cos 2z + cos 2x = cos(z +x)
Suy ra: 2B = [cos(x +y) + cos(y +z) + cos(z +x)] Th vo (***)
B 4B = 0 B = 0
_
_
_
sin x + sin y + sin z = 0
Chng minh rng:
sin(x +y +z) =
sin 3x + sin 3y + sin 3z
3
cos(x +y +z) =
cos 3x + cos 3y + cos 3z
3
Bi gii
Ta c:
sin 3x + sin 3y + sin 3z = 3(sin x + sin y + sin z) 4(sin
3
x + sin
3
y + sin
3
z)
sin3x + sin 3y + sin 3z = 4(sin
3
x + sin
3
y + sin
3
z)
T sin x + sin y + sin z = 0 Suy ra:
sin
3
x + sin
3
y + sin
3
z = 3 sin x sin y sin z
sin 3x + sin3y + sin 3z = 12 sin x sin y sinz
Ta cn phi chng minh: sin(x +y +z) = 4 sin x sin y sin z
Ta c: sin(x +y +z) = sin x. cos(y +z) + cos x. sin(y +z)
= sin x.(cos y cos z sin y sin z) + cos x(sin y cos z + cos y sin z)
= sin x cos y cos z + sin y cos x cos z + sin z cos x cos y sin x sin y sin z
Ta chng minh:
sin x cos y cos z + siny cos x cos z + sin z cos x cos y
sin x sin y sin z = 4 sin x sin y sin z
sin x cos y cos z + sin y cos x cos z + sin z cos x cos y + 3 sin x sin y sin z = 0
sin x(cos y cos z + sin y sinz) + sin y(cos x cos z + sin x sin z)+
+sinz(cos x cos y + sin x sin y) = 0
sin x cos(y z) + sin y cos(x z) + sin z cos(x y) = 0
1
2
(sin x + sin y + sin z) = 0 (hin nhin ng)
Vy sin(x +y +z) =
sin 3x + sin3y + sin 3z
3
i vi ng thc cn li, ta lm tng t hoc dng php i bin
_
_
a =

2
x
b =

2
y
c =

2
z
5: S dng nh l Viet bc 3
nh l Viet:
Xt phng trnh bc 3:
ax
3
+bx
2
+cx +d = 0 (a = 0)
C 3 nghim x
1
, x
2
, x
3
Khi ta c:
ax
3
+bx
2
+cx +d = a(x
3
+
b
a
x
2
+
c
a
x +
d
a
)
= a(x x
1
)(x x
2
)(x x
3
)
= a(x
3
(x
1
+x
2
+x
3
)x
2
+ (x
1
x
2
+x
2
x
3
+x
3
x
1
)x x
1
x
2
x
3
)
Ta c h sau:
_
_
x
1
+x
2
+x
3
=
b
a
x
1
x
2
+x
2
x
3
+x
3
x
1
=
c
a
x
1
x
2
x
3
=
d
a
y l h thc lin quan gia cc nghim ca phng trnh bc 3. Kt
hp vi cc hng ng thc trong i s chng ta c thm cc ng thc ca
cc nghim nh sau:
()
1
x
1
+
1
x
2
+
1
x
3
=
x
1
x
2
+x
2
x
3
+x
3
x
1
x
1
x
2
x
3
=
c
a
d
a
=
c
d
() x
2
1
+x
2
2
+x
2
3
= (x
1
+x
2
+x
3
)
2
2(x
1
x
2
+x
2
x
3
+x
3
x
1
)
= (
b
a
)
2
2
c
a
=
b
2
2ac
a
2
() x
3
1
+x
3
2
+x
3
3
= (x
1
+x
2
+x
3
)
3
3(x
1
x
2
+x
2
x
3
+x
3
x
1
)(x
1
+x
2
+x
3
)
+3x
1
x
2
x
3
= (
b
a
)
3
3(
c
a
)(
b
a
) + 3(
d
a
)
=
b
3
3a
2
d + 3abc
a
3
1. cos

7
+ cos
3
7
+ cos
5
7
=
1
2
2.
1
cos

7
+
1
cos
3
7
+
1
cos
5
7
= 4
Bi gii
Ta c:
7
,
3
7
,
5
7
l nghim ca PT: 7x = + 2k
3x = ( 4x) +k.2
cos 3x = cos 4x
cos 3x + cos 4x = 0
Ta c:
cos 4x = 2 cos
2
2x 1 = 2(2 cos
2
x 1)
2
1
cos 4x = 8 cos
4
x 8 cos
2
x + 1
cos 3x = 4 cos
3
x 3 cos x

7
,
3
7
,
5
7
l nghim ca PT: 8cos
4
x+4 cos
3
x8 cos
2
x3 cos x+1 = 0
t t = cos x cos

7
, cos
3
7
, cos
5
7
l nghim ca phng trnh:
8t
4
+ 4t
3
8t
2
3t + 1 = 0
(t + 1)(8t
3
4t
2
4t + 1) = 0
Do cos

7
, cos
3
7
, cos
5
7
u khc (1) nn
cos

7
, cos
3
7
, cos
5
7
l 3 nghim ca PT: 8t
3
4t
2
4t + 1 = 0
Theo nh l Viet ta c h thc gia cc nghim:
_
_
cos

7
+ cos
3
7
+ cos
5
7
=
4
8
=
1
2
cos

7
cos
3
7
+ cos
3
7
cos
5
7
+ cos
5
7
cos

7
=
1
2
cos

7
cos
3
7
cos
5
7
=
1
8
Suy ra:
1
cos

7
+
1
cos
3
7
+
1
cos
5
7
=
cos

7
cos
3
7
+ cos
3
7
cos
5
7
+ cos
5
7
cos

7
cos

7
cos
3
7
cos
5
7
= 4
ng thc c chng minh.
S =
cos
4

14
+ cos
4
3
14
+ cos
4 5
14
4 cos
2

14
cos
2
3
14
cos
2
5
14
= 3
Bi gii
Ta c:

14
,
3
14
,
5
14
l nghim ca PT:
cos 7x = 0
Ta c:
cos 7x = cos 6x cos xsin6x sin x = cos x(4c cos
3
2x) 2 sinx sin 3x cos 3x =
= cos x[4(2 cos
2
x1)
3
3(2 cos
2
x1)
2
]2 sin x(3 sin x4 sin
3
x)(4 cos
3
x3 cos x)
cos 7x = cos x[4(8 cos
6
x 12 cos
4
x + 6 cos
2
x 1) 6 cos
2
x + 3]
2(1 cos
2
x)(4 cos
2
x 1)(4 cos
2
3) cos x
cos 7x = cos x(64 cos
6
x 112 cos
4
x + 56 cos
2
x 7)
Suy ra cos

14
, cos
3
14
, cos
5
14
l ba nghim ca PT:
64 cos
6
x 112 cos
4
x + 56 cos
2
x 7 = 0
t t = cos
2
x suy ra:
t
1
= cos
2

14
; t
2
cos
2
3
14
; t
3
= cos
2
5
14
l ba nghim ca PT:
64t
3
112t
2
+ 56t 7 = 0
Theo nh l Viet ta c h thc:
_
_
t
1
+t
2
+t
3
=
112
64
=
7
4
t
1
t
2
+t
2
t
3
+t
3
t
1
=
56
64
=
7
8
t
1
t
2
t
3
=
7
64
Ta c:
S =
t
2
1
+t
2
2
+t
2
3
4t
1
t
2
t
3
=
(t
1
+t
2
+t
3
)
2
2(t
1
t
2
+t
2
t
3
+t
3
t
1
)
4t
1
t
2
t
3
=
_
49
16

14
8
_
7
16
= 3
Vy S =
cos
4

14
+ cos
4
3
14
+ cos
4 5
14
4 cos
2

14
cos
2
3
14
cos
2
5
14
= 3
Bi ton 1.26 Tnh:
P = cos

12
cos
9
12
+ cos
9
12
cos
17
12
+ cos
17
12
cos

12
Bi gii
Ta c:
cos(3.

12
) = cos(
4
) =
2
2
cos(3.
9
12
) = cos(
9
4
) = cos(
4
) =
2
2
cos(3.
17
12
) = cos(
17
4
) = cos(
4
) =
2
2
Suy ra:

12
;
9
12
;
17
12
l ba nghim ca PT:
cos 3x =
2
2
4 cos
3
x 3 cos x
2
2
= 0
t t = cos x. Suy ra:
t
1
= cos

12
; t
2
= cos
9
12
; t
3
= cos
17
12
l ba nghim ca PT:
4t
3
3t
2
2
= 0
Theo nh l Viet ta c h thc:
t
1
t
2
+t
2
t
3
+t
3
t
1
=
c
a
=
3
4
cos

12
cos
9
12
+ cos
9
12
cos
17
12
+ cos
17
12
cos

12
=
3
4
Vy P =
3
4
tg
6
20
0
+tg
6
40
0
+tg
6
80
0
= 33273
Bi gii
Ta c:
tg3 =
3tg tg
3
1 3tg
2
Vi = 20
0
th:
tg60
0
=
3tg20
0
tg
3
20
0
1 3tg
2
20
0
3 =
tg
2
20
0
_
3 tg
2
20
0
_
2
(1 3tg
2
20
0
)
2
tg
6
20
0
33tg
4
20
0
+ 27tg
2
20
0
3 = 0
Tng t,ta c:
tg
6
40
0
33tg
4
40
0
+ 27tg
2
40
0
3 = 0
tg
6
80
0
33tg
4
80
0
+ 27tg
2
80
0
3 = 0
Vy suy ra t
1
= tg
2
20
0
; t
2
= tg
2
40
0
; t
3
= tg
2
80
0
l 3 nghim ca
phng trnh:
t
3
33t
2
+ 27t 3 = 0
Theo nh l Viet ta c cc h thc:
_
_
t
1
+t
2
+t
3
=
b
a
= 33
t
1
t
2
+t
2
t
3
+t
3
t
1
=
c
a
= 27
t
1
t
2
t
3
=
d
a
= 3
Suy ra:
t
3
1
+t
3
2
+t
3
3
=
_
b
a
_
3
3
_
c
a
_
_
b
a
_
+ 3
_
d
a
_
= 33
3
3.27.33 + 3.3 = 33273
Vy tg
6
20
0
+tg
6
40
0
+tg
6
80
0
= 33273
3
_
cos
2
7
+
3
_
cos
4
7
+
3
_
cos
8
7
=
3
5 3
3
7
2
Bi gii
Ta c:
2
7
,
4
7
,
8
7
l nghim ca PT:
cos 4x = cos 3x
2 cos
2
2x 1 = 4 cos
3
x 3 cos x
2(2 cos
2
x 1)
2
1 = 4 cos
3
x 3 cos x
(cos x 1)(8 cos
3
x + 4 cos
2
x 4 cos x 1) = 0
V
2
7
,
4
7
,
8
7
khng l nghim ca PT: cos x 1 = 0 nn n tha
mn PT:
8 cos
3
x + 4 cos
2
x 4 cos x 1) = 0
t
t
1
= 2 cos
2
7
, t
2
= 2 cos
4
7
, t
3
= 2 cos
8
7
Suy ra: t
1
, t
2
, t
3
l 3 nghim ca PT: t
3
+t
2
2t 1 = 0
Theo nh l Viet ta c h thc gia cc nghim:
_
_
t
1
+t
2
+t
3
= 1
t
1
t
2
+t
2
t
3
+t
3
t
1
= 2
t
1
t
2
t
3
= 1
t
A =
3
t
1
+
3
t
2
+
3
t
3
B =
3
t
1
t
2
+
3
t
2
t
3
+
3
t
3
t
1
Khi ta c:
A
3
= (t
1
+t
2
+t
3
) + 3AB 3
3
t
1
t
2
t
3
Suy ra:
A
3
= 4 + 3AB (1)
Tng t ta c:
B
3
= 5 + 3AB (2)
Nhn(1)v(2):
(AB)
3
= (3AB 4)(3AB 5)
(AB 3)
3
+ 7 = 0 AB = 3
3
7
Thay vo (1),ta c:
A
3
= 5 3
3
7 A =
3
5 3
3
7
2
Ta c:
3
_
cos
2
7
+
3
_
cos
4
7
+
3
_
cos
8
7
=
1
3
2
(
3
t
1
+
3
t
2
+
3
t
3
) =
1
3
2
A =
3
5 3
3
7
2
pcm
Bi tp
Bi tp 1.1 Chng minh rng: (1 cotg23
0
)(1 cotg23
0
) = 2
Bi tp 1.2 Chng minh rng: 2. sin 2
0
+ 4 sin 4
0
+ 6. sin 6
0
+....+
+178 sin 178
0
+ 180. sin 180
0
= 90.cotg1
0
Bi tp 1.3 Chng minh rng: P = cos
2
5
+cos
4
5
+cos
6
5
+cos
8
5
= 0
Bi tp 1.4 Tnh gi tr biu thc:
P = sin
4

16
+ sin
4
3
16
+ sin
4
5
16
+ sin
4
7
16
Bi tp 1.5 Bit rng: (1 +tg1
0
)(1 +tg2
0
)...(1 +tg45
0
) = 2
n
Hy tnh n
Bi tp 1.6 Tm n nguyn dng nh nht sao cho:
1
sin 45
0
. sin 46
0
+
1
sin 46
0
. sin 47
0
+... +
1
sin 134
0
. sin 135
0
=
1
sin n
0
Bi tp 1.7 Chng minh rng trong mi tam gic ABC ta lun c:
tg
A
4
+tg
B
4
+tg
C
4
+tg
A
4
tg
B
4
+tg
B
4
tg
C
4
+tg
C
4
tg
A
4
tg
A
4
tg
B
4
tg
C
4
= 1
Bi tp 1.8 Chng minh rng vi mi x ta lun c:
a) cos 4x = 8 cos
4
x 8 cos
2
x + 1
b) cos 5x = 16 cos
5
x 20 cos
3
x + 5 cos x
c) Tng qut: Chng minh rng cos nx l mt a thc bc n ca cos x
Bi tp 1.9 Chng minh rng:
a) sin 6
0
. sin 42
0
. sin 66
0
. sin 78
0
=
1
16
b) 8 + 4tg
8
+ 2tg

16
+tg

32
= cotg

32
Bi tp 1.10 Tm x (0,

2
) sao cho:
3 1
sinx
+
3 + 1
cos x
= 4
2
Bi tp 1.11 Gi s , [0,

2
]. Chng minh rng:
sin
6
+ 3 sin
2
. cos
2
+ cos
6
= 1 khi v ch khi =
Bi tp 1.12 Tm tt c cc gc sao cho ba phn t ca tp S =
{sin , sin 2, sin 3} trng vi ba phn t ca tp hp T = {cos , cos 2, cos 3}
Bi tp 1.13 Tnh gi tr ca tch:
P = cos a. cos 2a. cos 3a.... cos 999a (vi a =
2
1999
)
Bi tp 1.14 Cho , , lp thnh cp s cng vi d =

3
.
Chng minh rng: tgtg +tgtg +tgtg = 3
Bi tp 1.15 Gi s {T
n
(x)}
n=0
l dy cc a thc sao cho:
T
0
(x) = 1 , T
1
(x) = x , T
i+1
(x) = 2xT
i
(x) T
i1
(x)
(vi mi s dng i)
(a thc T
n
(x) c gi l a thc Trbsep)
a) Chng minh rng T
2n+1
(x) v T
2n
(x) tng ng l hm l v hm
chn
b) Chng minh rng T
a
(cos ) = cos(n) n nguyn dng
c) Chng minh rng vi x [1, 1] th 1 T
n
(x) 1
d) Chng minh rng T
n+1
(x) > T
n
(x) vi x vi x>1
e) Xc nh tt c cc nghim ca T
n
(x)
Li gii
Bi tp 1.1 Ta c:
V T = 1 (cotg22
0
+cotg23
0
) +cotg22
0
cotg23
0
V T = 1
sin 45
0
cos 23
0
cos 22
0
+
cos 23
0
cos 22
0
sin 23
0
sin 22
0
V T =
cos 1
0
2
2
1
2
(cos 1
0
2
2
)
= 2 = V P
Bi tp 1.2 Ta c:
V T = 2. sin 2
0
+ 4 sin 4
0
+ 6. sin 6
0
+.... + 90. sin 90
0
+ 92 sin 88
0
+
+94 sin 86
0
+... + 178 sin 2
0
+ 180. sin 180
0
= 90 + 180(sin 2
0
+ sin 4
0
+ sin 6
0
+... + sin 88
0
)
sin 1
0
.V T = 90 sin 1
0
+ 180(sin 1
0
sin 2
0
+ sin1
0
sin 4
0
+... +sin 1
0
sin 88
0
)
sin 1
0
.V T = 90 sin 1
0
+90(cos 1
0
cos 3
0
+cos 3
0
cos 5
0
+...+cos 87
0
cos 89
0
)
sin 1
0
.V T = 90 sin 1
0
+90(cos 1
0
cos 89
0
) = 90 sin 1
0
+90(cos 1
0
sin 1
0
)
sin 1
0
.V T = 90 cos 1
0
V T = 90
cos 1
0
sin 1
0
= 90.cotg1
0
= V P
Bi tp 1.3 Ta c:
sin

5
.P = sin

5
cos
2
5
+ sin

5
cos
4
5
+ sin

5
cos
6
5
+ sin

5
cos
8
5
=
1
2
_
cos
3
5
cos

5
+ cos
5
5
cos
3
5
+ cos
7
5
cos
5
5
+ cos
9
5
cos
7
5
_
sin

5
.P =
1
2
_
cos
9
5
cos

5
_
sin

5
.P = sin . sin
4
5
= 0 P = 0
Bi tp 1.4 Ta c:
P =
_
_
1 cos

8
2
_
_
2
+
_
_
_
1 cos
3
8
2
_
_
_
2
+
_
_
_
1 cos
5
8
2
_
_
_
2
+
_
_
_
1 cos
7
8
2
_
_
_
2
=
1
4
[1 2 cos

8
+ cos
2

8
+ 1 2 cos
3
8
+ cos
2
3
8
+
+1 2 cos
5
8
+ cos
2
5
8
+ 1 2 cos
7
8
+ cos
2
7
8
]
= 1
1
2
cos

8
+ cos
3
8
+ cos
5
8
+ cos
7
8
+
+
1
4
_
_
1 + cos

4
2
+
1 + cos
3
4
2
+
1 + cos
5
4
2
+
1 + cos
7
4
2
_
_
= 1
1
2
cos

8
+ cos
3
8
cos
3
8
cos

8
+
1
2
+
2
2

2
2

2
2
+
2
2
P =
3
2
Bi tp 1.5 Ta c:
(1 +tg1
0
)(1 +tg2
0
)...(1 +tg45
0
) =
=
(cos 1
0
+ sin1
0
)
cos 1
0
.
(cos 2
0
+ sin 2
0
)
cos 2
0
.....
(cos 45
0
+ sin 45
0
)
cos 45
0
=
2. sin(1
0
+ 45
0
)
cos 1
0
.
2. sin(2
0
+ 45
0
)
cos 2
0
.....
2. sin(45
0
+ 45
0
)
cos 45
0
=
_
2
_
45
.
cos 44
0
. cos 43
0
... cos 2
0
. cos 1
0
cos 1
0
. cos 2
0
... cos 43
0
cos 44
0
.
sin 90
0
cos 45
0
=
_
2
_
45
.
_
_
_
_
1
2
2
_
_
_
_
=
_
2
_
45
.
2
2
= 2
23
Vy n=23
Bi tp 1.6 K hiu
A =
1
sin45
0
. sin 46
0
+
1
sin 46
0
. sin 47
0
+... +
1
sin 134
0
. sin 135
0
sin 1
0
.A =
sin 1
0
sin 45
0
. sin 46
0
+
sin 1
0
sin46
0
. sin 47
0
+... +
sin1
0
sin 134
0
. sin 135
0
sin 1
0
.A = cotg45
0
cotg46
0
+cotg46
0
cotg47
0
+... +cotg134
0
cos 135
0
sin 1
0
.A = cotg45
0
cos 135
0
= 2cotg45
0
= 2
A =
2
sin 1
0
n = 1
Bi tp 1.7 Ta c:
tg
A
4
= tg
_
4

B +C
4
_
=
1 tg
B +C
4
1 +tg
B +C
4
=
1
_
_
_
tg
B
4
+tg
C
4
1 tg
B
4
.tg
C
4
_
_
_
1 +
_
_
_
tg
B
4
+tg
C
4
1 tg
B
4
.tg
C
4
_
_
_
Suy ra:
tg
A
4
=
1 tg
B
4
tg
C
4

_
tg
B
4
+tg
C
4
_
1 tg
B
4
tg
C
4
+ (tg
B
4
+tg
C
4
)
1 tg
B
4
tg
C
4

_
tg
B
4
+tg
C
4
_
= tg
A
4
tg
A
4
tg
B
4
tg
C
4
+tg
A
4
_
tg
B
4
+tg
C
4
_
tg
A
4
+tg
B
4
+tg
C
4
+tg
A
4
tg
B
4
+tg
B
4
tg
C
4
+tg
C
4
tg
A
4
tg
A
4
tg
B
4
tg
C
4
= 1
pcm
Bi tp 1.8
a) Ta c:
cos 4x = 2 cos
2
2x 1 = 2(2 cos
2
x 1)
2
1
= 2(4 cos
4
x 4 cos
2
x + 1) 1
= 8 cos
4
x 8 cos
2
x + 1
b) Ta c:
cos 5x = cos x cos 4x sin x sin 4x
= cos x(8 cos
4
x 8 cos
2
x + 1) 4 sin
2
x cos x(2 cos
2
x 1)
= 8 cos
5
8 cos
3
x + cos x 4(1 cos
2
x)(2 cos
3
x cos x)
= 16 cos
5
x 20 cos
3
x + 5 cos x
c) Ta chng minh bng quy np
+ Vi n=1: cos x = cos x ng
+ Vi n=2: cos 2x = 2 cos
2
x 1 ng
Gi s ng vi n, tc l cos nx l a thc bc n ca cos x hay
cos nx = P
n
(cos x)
Ta chng minh bi ton ng vi (n+1) tc l phi chng minh:
cos(n + 1)x = P
n+1
(cos x)
Tht vy,theo gi thit quy np c:
cos(n 1)x = P
n1
(cos x)
cos nx = P
n
(cos x)
Ta c:
cos(n + 1)x + cos(n 1)x = 2 cos nx. cos x
cos(n + 1)x = 2 cos nx. cos x cos(n 1)x
cos(n + 1)x(cos x) = 2P
n
(cos x). cos x P
n1
(cos x)
= P
n+1
(cos x) pcm
Vy cos nx l mt a thc bc n ca cos x
Bi tp 1.9
B : Chng minh rng vi mi x ta c:
sin x. sin(60
0
x). sin(60
0
+x) =
1
4
sin 3x
Ta c:
V T = sin x[sin 60
0
. cos x sin x. cos 60
0
][sin 60
0
. cos x + sin x. cos 60
0
]
= sin x(sin
2
60
0
. cos
2
x cos
2
60
0
. sin
2
x)
= sin x(
3
4
cos
2
x
1
4
sin
2
x) =
1
4
sin x(3 4 sin
2
x)
=
1
4
sin3x = V P
t A = sin 6
0
. sin 42
0
. sin 66
0
. sin 78
0
A. sin 18
0
= sin 18
0
. sin(60 18)
0
sin(60 + 18)
0
. sin 6
0
. sin 66
0
p dng b trn ta c:
A. sin 18
0
=
1
4
. sin(3.18
0
). sin 6
0
. sin 66
0
A. sin 18
0
=
1
4
. sin(60 6)
0
. sin 6
0
. sin(60 + 6)
0
A. sin 18
0
=
1
4
.
1
4
. sin(3.6
0
) =
1
16
sin 18
0
A =
1
16
pcm
Bi tp 1.10 Ta c:
3 1
sinx
+
3 + 1
cos x
= 4
3
2
cos x
1
2
cos x +
3
2
sin x +
1
2
sin x =
2 sin 2x
3
2
cos x +
1
2
sin x +
3
2
sinx
1
2
cos x =
2 sin 2x
sin(
3
+x) + sin(x

6
) =
2 sin 2x
2 cos

4
. sin(

12
+x) =
2 sin 2x
sin(

12
+x) = sin 2x

12
+x +k2 = 2x x =

12
+ +k2
hoc

12
+x = 2x +k2 x =
11
36
+ +k2
V x (0,

2
); k Z k = 0 x =

12
hoc x =
11
36
Vy x =

12
hoc x =
11
36
Bi ging s 2:
nh l hm s sin v nh l hm s csin
Cho ABC c AB=c, AC=b, BC=a v R l bn knh ng trn
ngoi tip ABC. Ta c cc nh l:
1) nh l csin:
a
2
= b
2
+c
2
2bc cos A
b
2
= c
2
+a
2
2ca cos B
c
2
= a
2
+b
2
2ab cos C
H qu:
cos A =
b
2
+c
2
a
2
2bc
cos B =
a
2
+c
2
b
2
2ac
cos C =
b
2
+a
2
c
2
2ba
2) nh l sin:
a
sin A
=
b
sinB
=
c
sinC
= 2R
H qu:
a
b
=
sin A
sin B
;
b
c
=
sin B
sin C
;
c
a
=
sinC
sin A
a = 2R. sin A ; b = 2R. sin B ; c = 2R. sin C
nh l sin v nh l csin l mt trong cc nh l c bn, quan trng
trong tam gic. Cc nh l ny hp dn ngi hc s rng buc, lin quan
gia cc cnh v cc gc ca tam gic. Trong bi ging ny cc vn c
a ra ch yu l gii quyt cc bi ton c mi lin h gia cnh, gc v
cc yu t khc ca tam gic. Khng ch n thun nh th m cui bi
ging s l nhng kt qu th v nhn c t cc nh l trn, c th k n
nhng bi ton ni ting c tn tui nh: Cng thc Stioa, cng thc tnh
din tch t gic ni tip v cc h thc lin quan n im Broca.
Bi ton 2.1 Tnh cc gc ca tam gic ABC bit
di cc cnh l 1, 2,
3
Bi gii
Gi a = 1, b = 2, c =
3
p dng nh l csin ta c:
cos A =
b
2
+c
2
a
2
2bc
=
2
2
+ (
3)
2
1
2
2.2.
3
=
3
2
A = 30
0
cos B =
a
2
+c
2
b
2
2ac
=
1
2
+ (
3)
2
2
2
2.1.
3
= 0 B = 90
0
C = 180
0
A B = 60
0
Bi ton 2.2 Tam gic ABC c cc cnh tha mn: a
2
+b
2
= 2c
2
Chng minh rng: cotg A+cotg B=2 cotg C
Bi gii
Theo nh l csin:
c
2
= a
2
+b
2
2ab cos C
c
2
= 2c
2
2ab cos C ( v a
2
+b
2
= c
2
)
c
2
= 2ab cos C
sin C
sin AsinB
= 2cotgC
sin(A+B)
sin Asin B
= 2cotgC cotgA +cotgB = 2cotgC pcm
Bi ton 2.3 Tam gic ABC c cc gc tha mn:
cotgA = 2(cotgB +cotgC)
a) Chng minh rng: b
2
+c
2
= 5a
2
b) Chng minh rng: sinA
3
5
Bi gii
a) Ta c:
cotgA = 2(cotgB +cotgC)
cos A
sin A
= 2
sin(B +C)
sin B. sin C
cos A =
2 sin Acos A
sin B sinC
b
2
+c
2
a
2
2bc
= 2
a
2
b
2
(p dng nh l sin v csin )
b
2
+c
2
= 5a
2
pcm
b) Theo nh l csin:
cos A =
b
2
+c
2
a
2
2bc
cos A =
b
2
+c
2
b
2
+c
2
5
2bc
(theo cu a)c b
2
+c
2
= 5a
2
)
cos A =
4(b
2
+c
2
)
10bc

4
5
(p dng Cauchy)
sinA
3
5
pcm
Bi ton 2.4 Chng minh rng trong tam gic ABC ta lun c:
1. cotgA +cotgB +cotgC =
a
2
+b
2
+c
2
4S
2.
a sin A+b sinB +c sin C
a cos A +b cos B +c cos C
= cotgA +cotgB +cotgC
Bi gii
1. Ta c:
cotgA =
cos A
sin A
=
b
2
+c
2
a
2
2bc
sin A
=
b
2
+c
2
a
2
2bc sin A
=
b
2
+c
2
a
2
4S
(1)
(p dng nh l csin)
Tng t ta c:
cotgB =
a
2
+c
2
b
2
4S
(2)
cotgC =
a
2
+b
2
c
2
4S
(3)
Cng v vi v ca (1),(2) v (3) ta c:
cotgA+cotgB +cotgC =
a
2
+b
2
+c
2
4S
pcm
2. p dng nh l sin ta c:
V T =
2(sin
2
A+ sin
2
B + sin
2
C)
sin2A + sin2B + sin 2C
=
2(sin
2
A + sin
2
B + sin
2
C)
4 sin Asin Bsin C
=
1
2
_
sin A
sinB sin C
+
sin B
sin AsinC
+
sin C
sinB sin A
_
=
1
2
(cotgB +cotgC +cotgC +cotgA +cotgA+cotgB)
V T = cotgA+cotgB +cotgC = V P pcm
Bi ton 2.5 Tam gic ABC c cc cnh tha mn: a
3
= b
3
+c
3
Chng minh rng tam gic c ba gc nhn
Bi gii
T gi thit: a
3
= b
3
+c
3
suy ra a l cnh ln nht
chng minh tam gic c ba gc nhn ta ch cn chng minh gc A nhn.
Tht vy, c: a
3
= b
3
+c
3
a
2
=
b
3
a
+
c
3
a
= b
2
(
b
a
) +c
2
(
c
a
) < b
2
+c
2
Suy ra theo nh l csin:
cos A =
b
2
+c
2
a
2
2bc
> 0 A < 90
0
Vy tam gic c ba gc nhn
Bi ton 2.6 Gi s:
_
_
a =
4x
2
+ 3
b =
x
2
+x + 1
c =
x
2
x + 1
a) Chng minh rng: x, a, b, c l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic
b) Chng minh rng tam gic c mt gc t
c) Chng minh rng khi x thay i, din tch tam gic khng i
Bi gii
a) D dng chng minh a>b v a>c
Suy ra ch cn kim tra b+c>a (hin nhin ng)
Vy x, a, b, c l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic
b) Ta c a l cnh ln nht.
chng minh tam gic c mt gc t ta chng minh gc A t
Ta c:
cos A =
b
2
+c
2
a
2
2bc
=
(2x
2
+ 1)
2
x
2
+x + 1.
x
2
x + 1
< 0 A > 90
0
Vy tam gic c mt gc t
c) Ta c:
sin
2
A = 1 cos
2
A =
3
2
x
2
+x + 1.
x
2
x + 1
sin A =
3
2
x
2
+x + 1.
x
2
x + 1
Khi : S =
1
2
b.c. sin A =
3
4
khng i
Bi ton 2.7 Tnh din tch hnh thang bit di hai y l a v b,
gc gia hai cnh bn bng , v hai ng cho ca hnh thang vung gc
vi nhau.
Bi gii
A B
C
D
x
a
y
H B
K BB// AD , ta c : B
BC = v BC=a
Gi di hai cnh bn l: AD=x; BC=y
V hai ng cho vung gc vi nhau nn:
x
2
+y
2
= a
2
+b
2
Ta c:
B
C
2
= AD
2
+BC
2
2AD.BC. cos (p dng nh l csin)
(b a)
2
= x
2
+y
2
2xy. cos
a
2
+b
2
2ab = a
2
+b
2
2xy. cos
xy =
ab
cos
Ta c:
S
BB
C
=
1
2
.BH.B
C =
1
2
BB
.BC. sin
1
2
.BH.(b a) =
1
2
xy. sin =
1
2
sin .
ab
cos
=
abtg
2
BH =
abtg
b a
Suy ra din tch ca hnh thang l:
S =
(a +b).BH
2
=
ab(a +b)tg
2(b a)
Bi ton 2.8 Cho tam gic ABC c:
a
b
= 2 +
3 v gc C = 60
0
.
Hy tnh cc gc A v B.
Bi gii
Ta c:
a
b
1
a
b
+ 1
=
1 +
3
3 +
3
=
a b
a +b
=
sin A sin B
sin A+ sin B
1 +
3
3 +
3
=
2 sin
A+B
2
. sin
A B
2
2 cos
A+B
2
. sin
A B
2
= cotg
A +B
2
.tg
A B
2
1 +
3
3 +
3
= tg
C
2
.tg
A B
2
= tg30
0
.tg
A B
2
=
1
3
tg
A B
2
tg
A B
2
=
(1 +
3)
3
3 +
3
= 1
A B
2
= 45
0
A B = 90
0
Theo gi thit c: A +B = 120
0
Gii ra ta c B = 15
0
, A = 105
0
Bi ton 2.9 Cho tam gic ABC, G l trng tm ca tam gic, k
hiu GAB = , GBC = , GCA = . Chng minh rng:
cotg +cotg +cotg
cotgA +cotgB +cotgC
= 3
Bi gii
A
B
C
G
x
y
z
Gi di cc on: BG=x ; CG=y v AG=z

p dng nh l csin trong cc tam gic AGB, BGC, AGC ta
c:
x
2
= z
2
+c
2
2cz cos (1)
y
2
= x
2
+a
2
2ax cos (2)
z
2
= y
2
+b
2
2by cos (3)
Cng v vi v ca (1),(2),(3) ta c:
a
2
+b
2
+c
2
= 2(cz. cos +ax cos +by cos ) ()
V G l trng tm ca tam gic ABC nn ta c:
S
AGB
= S
AGC
= S
BGC
=
1
3
S
ABC
Chia c hai v ca (*) cho
1
2
S
ABC
ta c:
3(a
2
+b
2
+c
2
)
S
=
1
4
(cotg +cotg +cotg)
(cotg +cotg +cotg) =
3(a
2
+b
2
+c
2
)
4S
= 3(cotgA +cotgB +cotgC)
Vy
cotg +cotg +cotg
cotgA +cotgB +cotgC
= 3 pcm
Bi ton 2.10 Cho tam gic ABC, M l mt im bt k trong tam
gic. K hiu MAB = , MBC = , MCA = . Chng minh rng:
cotg +cotg +cotg 3
3
Bi gii
A
B
C
M
p dng nh l sin trong cc tam gic MAB,MBC,MAC ta c:

MA
MB
=
sin(B )
sin
(1)
MB
MC
=
sin(C )
sin
(2)
MC
MA
=
sin(A )
sin
(3)
Nhn v vi v ca (1),(2) v (3) ta c:
1 =
sin(A ). sin(B ). sin(C )
sinsin sin
()
V sin A, sin B, sin C > 0 ta chia c hai v ca (*) cho (sinAsin Bsin C)
ta c:
1
sin AsinB sinC
=
sin(A )
sin A. sin
.
sin(B )
sin B. sin
.
sin(C )
sin C. sin
1
sin AsinB sin C
= (cotg cotgA)(cotg cotgB)(cotg cotgC)
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy cho 3 s dng sin A, sin B, sin C ta c:
sinAsin B sinC
_
sin A+ sin B + sin C
3
_
3
V trong ABC c: sin A+ sin B + sin C
3
3
2
nn:
sin Asin Bsin C
_
3
2
_
3
Suy ra:
1
sin AsinB sinC

_
2
3
_
3
Tng t ta p dng bt ng thc Cauchy cho 3 s dng:
(cotg cotgA); (cotg cotgB) v(cotg cotgC) ta c:
(cotg cotgA)(cotg cotgB)(cotg cotgC)
_
cotg +cotg +cotg (cotgA+cotgB +cotgC)
3
_
3
M:
1
sin AsinB sin C
= (cotg cotgA)(cotg cotgB)(cotg cotgC)
_
2
3
_
3
_
cotg +cotg +cotg (cotgA +cotgB +cotgC)
3
_
3
cotg +cotg +cotg (cotgA +cotgB +cotgC)

3
cotg+cotg+cotg
6
3
+(cotgA+cotgB+cotgC)
6
3
+
3 = 3
3
(v trong ABC c: cotgA+cotgB +cotgC
3)
Vy cotg +cotg +cotg 3
3 (pcm)
Bi ton 2.11 (im Broca)
Cho tam gic ABC, im M nm trong tam gic sao cho:
MAB = MBC = MCA
Khi M c gi l im Broca ca tam gic
Bi ton t ra l: Gi s im Broca (M) c xc nh, k hiu:
MAB = MBC = MCA =
Chng minh rng:
1. cotgA +cotgB +cotgC = cotg
2.
1
sin
2
A
+
1
sin
2
B
+
1
sin
2
C
=
1
sin
2
Bi gii
1. p dng nh l csin trong cc tam gic MAB, MCA, MBC
ta c:
C
B
A
M
x
2
= z
2
+b
2
2bz cos (1)
y
2
= x
2
+c
2
2cx cos (2)
z
2
= y
2
+a
2
2ay cos (3)
Cng v vi v ca (1),(2),(3) ta c:
a
2
+b
2
+c
2
= 2(cx +ay +bz). cos
a
2
+b
2
+c
2
= 2(cx +ay +bz). sincos .
1
sin
a
2
+b
2
+c
2
= 4(S
MAB
+S
MCB
+S
MCA
).cotg
a
2
+b
2
+c
2
= 4S.cotg cotg =
a
2
+b
2
+c
2
4S
=
cotgA +cotgB +cotgC = cotg pcm
2. p dng nh l sin trong cc tam gic MAC, MBA, MBC ta
c:
x
sin
=
b
sinA
x =
b sin
sin A
(v BMA +A = 180
0
)
y
sin
=
c
sinB
y =
c sin
sin B
(v CMA +A = 180
0
)
z
sin
=
a
sin C
z =
a sin
sinC
(v MBC +A = 180
0
)
Khi :
S
MAC
=
1
2
.z.x. sin A =
1
2
a sin
sin C
b sin
sin A
. sin A
=
1
2
ab.
sin
2
sin C
=
1
2
ab. sin C.
sin
2
sin
2
C
Suy ra:
S
MAC
= S
ABC
.
sin
2
sin
2
C
(1)
Tng t ta c:
S
MAB
= S
ABC
.
sin
2
sin
2
A
(2)
S
MBC
= S
ABC
.
sin
2
sin
2
B
(3)
Cng v vi v ca (1),(2)v(3) ta c:
S
ABC
= S
ABC
. sin
2
.(
1
sin
2
A
+
1
sin
2
B
+
1
sin
2
C
)
1
sin
2
A
+
1
sin
2
B
+
1
sin
2
C
=
1
sin
2
pcm
Bi ton 2.12 (H thc Stioa)
Cho tam gic ABC, D l mt im nm trn BC. Chng minh rng:
AB
2
.CD +AC
2
.BD = BC(AD
2
+BD.CD)
Bi gii
A
B
D
C
p dng nh l csin trong ABD v ACD ta c:
cos ADB =
AD
2
+BD
2
AB
2
2.AD.BD
cos ADC =
AD
2
+CD
2
AC
2
2.AD.DC
V ADB +ADC = 180
0
nn: cos ADB + cos ADC = 0
Nhn c hai v vi 2AD.BD.DC ta c:
CD(AD
2
+BD
2
AB
2
) +BD(AD
2
+DC
2
AC
2
) = 0
AB
2
.CD +AC
2
.BD = CD(AD
2
+BD
2
) +BD(AD
2
+DC
2
)
= (CD +BD)AD
2
+BD.DC(BD +DC)
= BC(AD
2
+BD.DC)
Vy AB
2
.CD +AC
2
.BD = BC(AD
2
+BD.CD) pcm
* Nh chng ta bit, c rt nhiu cch chng minh cng thc H-
rng( Cng thc tnh din tch tam gic khi bit ba cnh a,b,c l: S =
_
p(p a)(p b)(p c)). Mt trong cc cch chng minh phi k n
cch s dng nh l hm s csin nh sau:
Ta xut pht t cng thc tnh din tch tam gic:
S =
1
2
bc sin A
S
2
=
1
4
b
2
c
2
(1 cos
2
A)
=
1
4
b
2
c
2
(1 cos A)(1 + cos A)
=
1
4
b
2
c
2
_
1
b
2
+c
2
a
2
2bc
__
1 +
b
2
+c
2
a
2
2bc
_
=
1
4
b
2
c
2
_
a
2
(b c)
2
2bc
__
(b c)
2
a
2
2bc
_
=
1
16
b
2
c
2
(a +b c)(a b +c)(a +b +c)(b +c a)
b
2
c
2
= p(p a)(p b)(p c)
Vy S =
_
p(p a)(p b)(p c)
( cng thc H-rng tnh din tch tam gic khi bit ba cnh)
i vi t gic khi bit bn cnh th cng thc tnh din tch tng t nh
trn l rt kh. Ta ch xy dng c cng thc ny vi t gic c bit-t
gic ni tip. Ta xt bi ton di y.
Bi ton 2.13 Brahmaguptas Formula
(Cng thc tnh din tch ca t gic ni tip)
Xt a,b,c,d l di cc cnh ca mt t gic ni tip trong mt ng
trn, k hiu p =
a +b +c +d
2
. Chng minh rng:
S =
_
(p a)(p b)(p c)(p d)
Bi gii
A
B
D
C
a
b
c
d
Ta c:
BD
2
= a
2
+d
2
2ad cos A
BD
2
= b
2
+c
2
2bc cos C
V C +A = cos C = cos A nn suy ra:
a
2
+d
2
2ad cos A = b
2
+c
2
+ 2bc cos A
cos A =
(a
2
+d
2
) (b
2
+c
2
)
2(ad +bc)
Ta c:
2 cos
2
A
2
1 =
(a
2
+d
2
) (b
2
+c
2
)
2(ad +bc)
2 cos
2
A
2
=
(a
2
+d
2
) (b
2
+c
2
)
2(ad +bc)
+ 1 =
(a +d)
2
(b +c)
2
2(ad +bc)
=
(a +d +b c)(a +d +c d)
2(ad +bc)
Suy ra:
cos
2
A
2
=
(p c)(p b)
(ad +bc)
cos
A
2
=
(p c)(p b)
(ad +bc)
Ta li c:
cos A = 1 2 sin
2
A
2
1 2 sin
2
A
2
=
(a
2
+d
2
) (b
2
+c
2
)
2(ad +bc)
2 sin
2
A
2
= 1
(a
2
+d
2
) (b
2
+c
2
)
2(ad +bc)
=
(b +c)
2
(a +d)
2
2(ad +bc)
=
(b +c +a d)(b +c +d a)
2(ad +bc)
Suy ra:
sin
2
A
2
=
(p a)(p d)
(ad +bc)
sin
A
2
=
(p a)(p d)
(ad +bc)
Ta c:
S
ABCD
=
ad sin A
2
+
bc sin C
2
= (ad +bc) sinA (Do sin A = sin C)
= (ad +bc) sin
A
2
cos
A
2
= (ad +bc)
(p c)(p b)
(ad +bc)
(p a)(p d)
(ad +bc)
=
_
*Trng hp c bit: T gic va ni tip v ngoi tip ng trn
Vi a,b,c,d l di cc cnh ca t gic va ni tip v ngoi tip ng
trn, chng minh rng:
S =
abcd
Chng minh
Theo kt qu bi trn, vi t gic ni tip ta c:
S =
_
V t gic ngoi tip c mt ng trn nn suy ra:
a +c = b +d = p
Khi :
p a = c ; p c = a
p b = d ; p d = b
Suy ra S =
abcd (pcm)
Bi ton 2.14 Trn mt phng cho 6 im sao cho khng c ba im
no thng hng. Ni cc cp im li vi nhau bng nhng on thng. Gi
M l di on di nht v m l di on ngn nht.
Chng minh rng:
M
m

3
Bi gii
A
B
C
M
3
M
2
M
1
Nhn thy trong 6 im cho tn ti 3 im lp thnh tam gic c mt
gc 120
0
.Bi v:
1) Nu 6 im to thnh hnh lc gic th ta c:
Tng 6 gc ca hnh lc gic bng 720
0
nn theo nguyn l Derichle tn ti
t nht mt gc 120
0
2) Nu 6 im khng to thnh hnh lc gic th tn ti 3 im to
thnh mt tam gic v c mt im nm trong tam gic (nh hnh v)
Khi ta c: M
1
+M
2
+M
3
= 360
0
Suy ra theo nguyn l Derichle tn ti t nht mt gc 120
0
Gi 3 im l A,B,C vi BAC 120
0
Ta c: BC M ( v M l di on di nht)
p dng nh l csin trong tam gic ABC ta c:
M
2
BC
2
= AB
2
+AC
2
2AB.AC. cos A120
0
V A 120
0
cos A
1
2
cos A
1
2
M
2
AB
2
+AC
2
+AB.AC.
Ta c: AB
2
+AC
2
+AB.AC m
2
+m
2
+ 2.m.m.
1
2
= 3m
2
( v m l di on ngn nht)
M
2
3m
2
Vy
M
m

3 pcm
Bi tp
Bi tp 2.1 Cho tam gic ABC c: b = 14; c = 10; A = 145
0
Tnh gc cc B,C
Bi tp 2.2 Cho ABC c a =
6, b = 2, c = (1 +
3). Tnh cc
gc A,B v chiu cao h
a
ca tam gic ABC
Bi tp 2.3 Chng minh rng trong mi tam gic ta lun c:
1. cos B + cos C = 2
b +c
a
. sin
2
A
2
2.
sin(AB)
sin(A+B)
=
a
2
b
2
c
2
Bi tp 2.4 Chng minh ng thc trong tam gic ABC:
h
a
= 2RsinB. sin C
Bi tp 2.5 Chng minh ng thc trong tam gic:
1.
a b
a +b
= tg
A B
2
.tg
C
2
2. a cos A+b cos B +c cos C =
2S
R
Bi tp 2.6 Chng minh rng trong tam gic ABC ta lun c:
(b +c) cos A+ (c +a) cos B + (a +b) cos C = a +b +c
Bi tp 2.7 Tam gic ABC c: cos
A
2
=
1
2
_
b
2
+c
2
bc
Chng minh rng: a
2
= 2bc
Bi tp 2.8 Cho ABC c BC=a, CA=b, AB=c. Chng minh rng:
a = b cos C +c cos B
Bi tp 2.9 Tam gic ABC c: sin
A
2
sin
B
2
= sin
A
2
1. Chng minh rng: tg
A
2
.tg
B
2
=
1
2
2. Chng minh rng: a +b = 3c
Bi tp 2.10 Cho tam gic ABC cn ti A vi A=20
0
, BC=a,AB=b
Chng minh: a
3
+b
3
= 3ab
2
Bi tp 2.11 Chng minh rng vi mi tam gic ABC ta lun c:
1. cos
A
2
=
_
p(p a)
bc
2. sin
A
2
=
_
(p b)(p c)
bc
3. tan
A
2
=
(p b)(p c)
p(p a)
Bi tp 2.12 Tam gic ABC l nhn, vung hay t nu trong tam gic
c:
2
_
sin
3
A+
2
_
sin
3
B =
2
_
sin
3
C
Bi tp 2.13 Cho hnh thang ABCD c y nh AB=a ; y ln
CD=b ; cnh bn AD=c , BC=d ; ng cho AC=p ; BD=q. Chng minh
rng:
p
2
+q
2
= c
2
+d
2
+ 2ab
Bi tp 2.14 Ba cnh ca ABC lp thnh cp s cng(a<b<c)
a) Chng minh rng: cotg
A
2
, cotg
B
2
, cotg
C
2
cng lp thnh cp s cng
b) Chng minh rng: ac = 6Rr
c) Ngc li,chng minh rng nu trong tam gic: ac=6Rr th a,b,c lp
thnh cp s cng
Bi tp 2.15Tam gic u ABC ni tip trong ng trn
a) M l im thay i trn ng trn, chng minh rng tng: MA
2
+
MB
2
+MC
2
khng thay i
b) N l im thay i trn ng trn ni tip tam gic. Chng minh
rng tng NA
2
+NB
2
+NC
2
lun khng i
Bi tp 2.16 Xt ABC vi di cc cnh: AB=c,AC=b,BC=a. Tnh
din tch tam gic bit rng:
b sin C(b cos C +c cos B) = 20
Bi tp 2.17 Vi a,b,c >0, chng minh rng:
_
a
2
ab +b
2
+
_
b
2
bc +c
2
_
a
2
+ac +c
2
Li gii
O
A
B
C
a
b
c
60
0
60
0
Bi tp 2.1 Theo nh l csin ta c:
a
2
= b
2
+c
2
2bc cos A = 14
2
+ 10
2
2.14.10. cos 145
0
196 + 100 280.(0, 8191) 525, 35 a 23
Theo nh l sin:
a
sin A
=
b
sin B
sin B =
b. sin A
a
=
14. sin 145
0
23
0, 349 B = 20
0
26
C = (180
0
(A+B) 180
0
145
0
20
0
26
14
0
34
Bi tp 2.2 Theo nh l csin ta c:

cos A =
b
2
+c
2
a
2
2bc
=
2
2
+ (1 +
3)
2
6
2.2.(1 +
3)
=
1
2
A = 60
0
cos A =
b
2
+c
2
a
2
2bc
=
(1 +
3)
2
+ 6 4
2.
6.(1 +
3)
=
2
2
B = 45
0
Ta c:
sin B =
h
a
c
h
a
= c. sin B = (1 +
3). sin 45
0
=
(1 +
3).
2
2
Bi tp 2.3
1. Ta c:
V P = 2
_
sin B + sin C
sin A
_
. sin
2
A
2
V P =
4 cos
A
2
. cos
B C
2
2 sin
A
2
. cos
A
2
. sin
2
A
2
=
= 2 cos
B C
2
. cos
B +C
2
= cos B + cos C = V T
2. Ta c:
V P =
sin
2
A sin
2
B
sin
2
C
=
(sinA sin B)(sin A+ sin B)
sin
2
C
=
=
2 sin
A B
2
cos
A+B
2
.2 cos
AB
2
. sin
A+B
2
sin
2
C
=
sin(A B). sin(A+B)
sin C sin(A+B)
=
sin(AB)
sin(A+B)
= V T
Bi tp 2.4 Ta c: h
a
=
2S
a
m S =
abc
4R
h
a
=
2abc
2aR
=
bc
2R
Theo nh l sin ta c:
b = 2R. sin B
c = 2R. sin C
h
a
=
2Rsin B.2Rsin C
2R
= 2Rsin B. sin C pcm
Bi tp 2.5
1. Ta c:
V T =
sinA sin B
sin A+ sin B
=
2 sin
C
2
. sin
A B
2
2 cos
C
2
. cos
A B
2
= tg
A B
2
tg
C
2
= V P
2. Ta c:
V T = R(sin 2A+ sin 2B + sin 2C) = 4Rsin AsinB sin C =
=
2abc
4R
2
=
2S
R
= V P
Bi tp 2.6 Theo nh l sin ta c:
V T = 2R((sin B + sin C) cos A + (sin C + sin A) cos B + (sinA+ sin B) cos C)
V T = 2R(sin B cos A+ sin C cos A+ sin C cos B + sin Acos B+
+sinAcos C + sinB cos C)
V T = 2R(sin(A+B) + sin(B +C) + sin(C +A))
V T = 2R(sin C + sin A+ sin B) = (a +b +c) = V P
Bi tp 2.8 Theo nh l csin ta c: b
2
= a
2
+c
2
2ac cos B
c. cos B =
a
2
+c
2
b
2
2a
(1)
Ta li c:
c
2
= a
2
+b
2
2ab cos C b. cos C =
a
2
+b
2
c
2
2a
(2)
Cng v vi v ca (1) v (2) ta c:
b cos C +c cos B =
2a
2
2a
= a pcm.
Bi tp 2.10 Tam gic ABC cn ti A v A=20
0
B = C = 80
0
Theo nh l sin ta c: a = 2Rsin A ; b = 2Rsin B
a = 2Rsin 20
0
= 4Rsin 10
0
cos 10
0
b = 2Rsin 80
0
= 2Rcos 10
0
a = 4Rsin10
0
cos 10
0
= 2b sin 10
0
Ta c:
a
3
+b
3
= (2b sin10
0
)
3
+b
3
= 2b
3
(4 sin
3
10
0
+
1
2
) = 2b
3
(4 sin
3
10
0
+ sin 30
0
) =
= 2b
3
(4 sin
3
10
0
+ sin 10
0
4 sin
3
10
0
) = 3.(2b sin 10
0
).b
2
= 3ab
2
Vy a
3
+b
3
= 3ab
2
Bi tp 2.11
1. Ta c:
cos A = 2 cos
2
A
2
1
Theo nh l hm s csin ta c:
cos A =
b
2
+c
2
a
2
2bc
2 cos
2
A
2
1 =
b
2
+c
2
a
2
2bc
2 cos
2
A
2
=
b
2
+c
2
a
2
2bc
+ 1
=
(b +c)
2
a
2
2bc
=
(b +c +a)(b +c a)
2bc
cos
2
A
2
=
p(p a)
bc
cos
2
A
2
=
_
p(p a)
bc
2. Ta c:
cos A = 1 2 sin
2
A
2
Theo nh l hm s csin ta c:
cos A =
b
2
+c
2
a
2
2bc
1 2 sin
2
A
2
=
b
2
+c
2
a
2
2bc
2 sin
2
A
2
= 1
b
2
+c
2
a
2
2bc
=
a
2
(b c)
2
2bc
=
(a +b c)(a +c b)
2bc
sin
2
A
2
=
(p b)(p c)
bc
sin
2
A
2
=
_
(p b)(p c)
bc
3. Ta c
tan
A
2
=
sin
A
2
cos
A
2
=
_
(p b)(p c)
bc
_
p(p a)
bc
=
(p b)(p c)
p(p a)
Bi tp 2.12 Ta c:
2
_
sin
3
A+
2
_
sin
3
B =
2
_
sin
3
C
(a)
3
2
+ (b)
3
2
= c
3
2
, suy ra c l cnh ln nht trong tam gic.
_
a
c
_
3
2
+
_
b
c
_
3
2
= 1
Ta c:
_
a
c
_
2
<
_
a
c
_
3
2
_
a
c
_
2
<
_
b
c
_
3
2
a
2
+b
2
< c
2
cos C =
a
2
+b
2
c
2
2ab
< 0
Vy tam gic ABC t
Bi tp 2.13 K AHDC v BKDC.
A
B
C
D
H
K
a
c
d
b
q
p
p dng nh l csin vo ABC v ABD ta c:
_
_
_
p
2
= a
2
+d
2
2ad cos B
q
2
= a
2
+c
2
2ac cos A
_
_
_
p
2
= a
2
+d
2
+ 2ad cos C
q
2
= a
2
+c
2
+ 2ac cos D
Suy ra:
p
2
+q
2
= 2a
2
+c
2
+d
2
+ 2a(d cos C +c cos D)
p
2
+q
2
= 2a
2
+c
2
+d
2
+ 2a(CK +DH)
p
2
+q
2
= 2a
2
+c
2
+d
2
+ 2a(b a) = c
2
+d
2
+ 2ab
Vy p
2
+q
2
= c
2
+d
2
+ 2ab
Bi tp 2.17 T im O ly OA=a ; OB=b ; OC=c sao cho:
AOB = BOC = 60
0
p dng nh l csin trong cc OAB; OAC v OBC ta c:
AB
2
= a
2
+b
2
2ab cos 60
0
= a
2
+b
2
ab AB =
_
a
2
+b
2
ab
AC
2
= a
2
+c
2
2ac cos 120
0
= a
2
+c
2
+ac AC =
_
a
2
+b
2
+ac
BC
2
= b
2
+c
2
2bc cos 60
0
= b
2
+c
2
bc BC =
_
b
2
+c
2
bc
Trong tam gic ta c: AB +BC AC, suy ra:
_
a
2
ab +b
2
+
_
b
2
bc +c
2
_
a
2
+ac +c
2
Bi ging s 3:
Nhn dng tam gic
Mt tam gic c cc dng c bit l u,cn hoc vung. Cc loi bi
tp t gi thit cho ta xc nh tnh cht c bit ca tam gic c
gi l cc bi ton nhn dng tam gic. Ta chia bi ging ny thnh hai
phn nh sau:
1: Cc v d loi 1
(c trng ca tam gic ch gm mt yu t gc hoc cnh)
2: Cc v d loi 2
(c trng ca tam gic c cho bi nhiu yu t gc,cnh,
bn knh, ng cao, din tch,v.v.)
1: Cc v d loi 1
Bi ton 3.1 Chng minh rng tam gic ABC l tam gic vung nu cc
gc tha mn iu kin sau:
tgA =
sin A+ cos B
sin B + cos A
Bi gii
Ta c:
tgA =
sin A+ cos B
sin B + cos A
sin A
cos A
=
sin A+ cos B
sin B + cos A
sinAsin B + sin Acos A = sin Acos A+ cos Acos B
sinAsin B = cos Acos B
cos(A+B) = 0
A+B =

2
C =

2
Vy tam gic ABC vung ti C
Bi ton 3.2 Chng minh rng tam gic ABC l tam gic cn nu cc
sinA + sin B
cos A + cos B
=
1
2
(tgA+tgB)
Bi gii
Ta c:
sinA + sin B
cos A + cos B
=
1
2
(tgA+tgB)
2 sin
A+B
2
cos
A B
2
2 cos
A +B
2
cos
A B
2
=
1
2
.
sin(A+B)
cos Acos B
sin
A+B
2
cos
A+B
2
=
sin
A+B
2
cos
A+B
2
cos Acos B
cos Acos B = cos
2
A+B
2
cos(A+B) + cos(AB) = 1 + cos(A+B)
cos(A B) = 1 A = B
Vy tam gic ABC cn C
Bi ton 3.3 Chng minh rng tam gic ABC l tam gic vung nu
cc gc tha mn iu kin sau:
sin A+ sin B + sin C = 1 + cos A+ cos B + cos C
Bi gii
Ta c:
sin A+ sin B + sin C = 1 + cos A+ cos B + cos C
2 sin
A
2
cos
A
2
+2 sin
B +C
2
cos
B C
2
= 2 cos
2
A
2
+2 cos
B +C
2
cos
B C
2
sin
A
2
_
cos
A
2
cos
B C
2
_
cos
A
2
_
cos
A
2
cos
B C
2
_
= 0
_
sin
A
2
cos
A
2
__
cos
A
2
cos
B C
2
_
= 0
_
sin
A
2
cos
A
2
= 0 sin(
A
2

4
) = 0 A =

2
cos
A
2
= cos
B C
2
A = B C A+C = B =

2
cos
A
2
= cos
C B
2
A = C B A+B = C =

2
Vy tam gic ABC l tam gic vung
Bi ton 3.4 Chng minh rng tam gic ABC l tam gic u nu cc
cos A+ cos B + cos C =
3
2
Bi gii
Ta c:
3
2
2 cos
A+B
2
cos
A B
2
+ (1 2 sin
2
C
2
) =
3
2
2 sin
2
C
2
2 cos
A B
2
sin
C
2
+
1
2
= 0
4 sin
2
C
2
4 cos
A B
2
sin
C
2
+ 1 = 0
_
2 sin
C
2
cos
A B
2
_
2
+
_
1 cos
2
A B
2
_
= 0
_
2 sin
C
2
cos
A B
2
_
2
+ sin
2
_
A B
2
_
= 0
_
sin
A B
2
= 0
2 sin
C
2
cos
A B
2
= 0
_
_
_
A = B
C = 60
0
Vy tam gic ABC u
Bi ton 3.5 Tam gic ABC c c im g nu cc gc tha mn iu
kin sau:
2 cos A + cos C
2 cos B + cos C
=
sin B
sin A
Bi gii
Ta c:
2 cos A + cos C
2 cos B + cos C
=
sin B
sin A
2 sin Acos A+ sinAcos C = 2 sin Bcos B + sin Bcos C
(sin 2A sin 2B) + cos C(sin A sinB) = 0
2 cos(A+B) sin(A B) + 2 cos C
_
cos
A+B
2
sin
A B
2
_
= 0
cos C
_
sin(AB) sin
A B
2
cos
A+B
2
_
= 0
cos C sin
A B
2
_
2 cos
A B
2
cos
A +B
2
_
= 0
_
cos C = 0 C =

2
sin
AB
2
A = B
2 cos
A B
2
cos
A+B
2
= 0 (1)
(1) cos
A
2
cos
B
2
+ 3 sin
A
2
sin
B
2
= 0 (v l)
(V cos
A
2
, cos
B
2
, sin
A
2
, sin
B
2
> 0)
Vy ABC vung hoc cn C
Bi ton 3.6 Cho ABC tha mn iu kin:
sin A+ sin B + sinC
cos A+ cos B + cos C
=
3
Hi ABC c tnh cht g ?
Bi gii
T gi thit
sin A+ sin B + sinC
cos A+ cos B + cos C
=
3
(sin A
3 cos A) + (sinB
3 cos B) + (sin C
3 cos C) = 0
_
1
2
sin A
3
2
cos A
_
+
_
1
2
sin B
3
2
cos B
_
+
_
1
2
sin C
3
2
cos C
_
= 0
sin
_
A
3
_
+ sin
_
B

3
_
+ sin
_
C
3
_
= 0
2 sin
_
A+B
2

3
_
cos
_
A B
2
_
+ 2 sin
_
C
2

6
_
cos
_
C
2

6
_
= 0
sin
_
6

C
2
_
cos
_
AB
2
_
+ sin
_
C
2

6
_
cos
_
C
2

6
_
= 0
sin
_
6

C
2
__
cos(
A B
2
) cos(
C
2

6
)
_
= 0
_
sin
_
6

A
2
_
= 0 A =

3
sin
_
6

B
2
_
= 0 B =

3
sin
_
6

C
2
_
= 0 C =

3
Vy ABC c t nht mt gc 60
0
Bi ton 3.7 Chng minh rng ABC l tam gic vung nu:
_
sin B sinC cos A
sinA
_
2
+ 2 sin
2
C = 2
Bi gii
Theo nh l csin:
a
2
= b
2
+c
2
2bc cos A
Do sin
2
A+ cos
2
A = 1 Suy ra:
a
2
= b
2
+c
2
(sin
2
A+ cos
2
A) 2bc cos A
(b c. cos A)
2
+c
2
sin
2
A = a
2
_
b c cos A
a
_
2
+
_
c sin A
a
_
2
= 1
p dng nh l sin ta c:
_
sin B sin C cos A
sin A
_
2
+ (sin C)
2
= 1
T gi thit ta c:
_
sin B sin C cos A
sin A
_
2
= 2 2 sin
2
C
Suy ra
sin
2
C = 1 C =

2
Tam gic vung ti C
Bi ton 3.8 Tnh cc gc ca tam gic ABC nu bit:
cos 2A+ cos 2B cos 2C =
3
2
Bi gii
Ta c:
cos 2A+ cos 2B cos 2C =
3
2
2 cos(A+B) cos(A B) 2 cos
2
C + 1 =
3
2
cos C cos(AB) cos
2
C =
1
4
4 cos
2
C + 4 cos C cos(A B) + 1 = 0
(2 cos C + cos(A B))
2
+ 1 cos
2
(A B) = 0
(2 cos C + cos(A B))
2
+ sin
2
(AB) = 0
_
_
_
sin
2
(A B) = 0
2 cos C + cos(A B) = 0
_
A = B
cos C =
1
2
_
_
_
C = 120
0
A = B = 30
0
Vy tam gic ABC c gc A = B = 30
0
; C = 120
0
Bi ton 3.9 ( thi i hc khi A - nm 2004)
Cho tam gic ABC khng t tha mn:
cos 2A+ 2
2 cos B + 2
2 cos C = 3
Bi gii
Ta c:
cos 2A+ 2
2 cos B + 2
2 cos C = 3
2 cos
2
A 1 + 2
2(cos B + cos C) 3 = 0
2 cos
2
A+ 4
2 cos
B +C
2
cos
B C
2
4 = 0
2 cos
2
A+ 4
2 sin
A
2
cos
B C
2
4 = 0
V tam gic ABC khng t nn ta c:
cos
2
A cos A ; cos
B C
2
1
Suy ra:
0 = 2 cos
2
A + 4
2 sin
A
2
cos
B C
2
4 2 4 sin
2
A
2
+ 4
2 sin
A
2
4
4 sin
2
A
2
4
2 sin
A
2
+ 2 0
_
2 sin 2
A
2

2
_
2
0
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi
_
_
2 sin 2
A
2
=
2
cos
B C
2
= 1
cos A = 1
_
_
_
A = 90
0
B = C = 45
0
* Nhn dng ca tam gic khng n thun ch c nhng bin i
nh cc bi ton trn m i khi ta phi dng n cc bt ng thc vi k
thut cao hn.
Bi ton 3.1.10 Chng minh rng nu:
3(cos B + 2 sin C) + 4(sin B + 2 cos C) = 15
th tam gic ABC l tam gic vung.
Bi gii
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki ta c:
3(cos B+2 sin C)+4(sinB+2 cos C) = (3 cos B+4 sin B)+(6 sin C+8 cos C)
_
(3
2
+ 4
2
)(cos
2
B + sin
2
B) +
_
(6
2
+ 8
2
)(cos
2
C + sin
2
C) = 15
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi:
_
_
sin B
cos B
=
4
3
cos C
sin C
=
8
6
tgB = cotgC =
4
3
tgB = tg(
2
C) B +C =

2
A =

2
Vy tam gic ABC vung ti A
Bi ton 3.11 Tam gic nhn ABC c c im g nu bit:
1
3
(cos 3A + cos 3B) + cos A+ cos B + cos C =
5
6
Bi gii
Ta c:
1
3
(cos 3A + cos 3B) + cos A+ cos B + cos C =
5
6
1
3
(4 cos
3
A 3 cos A + 4 cos
3
B 3 cos B) + cos A+ cos B + cos C) =
5
6
4
3
(cos
3
A+ cos
3
B) + cos C =
5
6
Ta c:
4
3
cos
3
A+
1
12
=
2
3
cos
3
A+
2
3
cos
3
A+
1
12
3
3
_
(
2
3
cos
3
A)
2
.
1
12
= cos
2
A
(p dng Cauchy cho 3 s dng)
Tng t ta c:
4
3
cos
3
B +
1
12
cos
2
B
Suy ra:
4
3
(cos
3
A + cos
3
B) +
1
6
cos
2
A+ cos
2
B ()
Mt khc: cos C > 0; cos(AB) 1
cos C cos A. cos(A B) = cos(A+B). cos(A B)
=
1
2
(cos 2A+ cos 2B)
=
1
2
(2 cos
2
A+ 2 cos
2
B 2)
= cos
2
A 2 cos
2
B + 1
cos
2
A+ 2 cos
2
B 1 cos C
T (*) ta suy ra:
4
3
(cos
3
A+ cos
3
B) +
1
6
1 cos C
4
3
(cos
3
A+ cos
3
B) + cos C
5
6
_
_
2
3
. cos
3
A =
1
12
2
3
. cos
3
B =
1
12
cos(AB) = 1
_
cos A =
1
2
cos B =
1
2
A = B
A = B = 60
0
Suy ra tam gic ABC u
Bi ton 3.12 Cho tam gic ABC c gc A,B nhn v tha mn iu
kin:
sin
2
A+ sin
2
B =
2000
sinC
Chng minh rng ABC l tam gic vung.
Bi gii
Ta c:
V sinC (0, 1)
2000
sinC = (sin C)
1
2000
sin
2
C
sin
2
A+ sin
2
B sin
2
C
4R
2
(sin
2
A + sin
2
B) 4R
2
sin
2
C
a
2
+b
2
c
2
a
2
+b
2
c
2
0
cos C =
a
2
+b
2
c
2
2ab
0 cos C 0
Ta bin i:
sin
2
A + sin
2
B =
1 cos 2A
2
+
1 cos 2B
2
= 1
cos 2A+ cos 2B
2
sin
2
A+sin
2
B = 1 cos(A+B) cos(AB) = 1 +cos C cos(AB) 1
Mt khc ta c:
2000
sinC
2000
1 = 1
Suy ra:
sin
2
A + sin
2
B
2000
sinC
_
_
_
cos C cos(AB) = 0
sin C = 1
C =

2
Ch : Ta c kt qu:
sin
2
A+ cos
2
B = (sin C)
(0 2)
th ABC l tam gic vung
Bi ton 3.13 (Ru 2004)
Tam gic ABC c cc cnh tha mn:
(
a +b +
a b) + (
a +c +
a c) =
2(a +b +c)
(a l cnh ln nht)
Chng minh rng tam gic ABC vung
Bi gii
Ta c: Ta c:
(
a +b +
a b) + (
a +c +
a c) =
2(a +b +c)
Bnh phng hai v ta c:
(2a + 2
_
a
2
b
2
)(2a + 2
_
a
2
c
2
) = 2(a +b +c)
2
2(a +
_
a
2
b
2
)(a +
_
a
2
c
2
) = (a +b +c)
2
Phi chng minh: b
2
+c
2
= a
2
Ta chng minh bng phn chng:
1) Gi s: b
2
+c
2
< a
2
a
2
b
2
> c
2
_
a
2
b
2
> c
a
2
c
2
> b
2
_
a
2
c
2
> b
2(a +
_
a
2
b
2
)(a +
_
a
2
c
2
) > 2(a +c)(a +b) = 2a
2
+2(ab +bc +ca)
2(a +
_
a
2
b
2
)(a +
_
a
2
c
2
) > a
2
+b
2
+c
2
+ 2(ab +bc +ca)
2(a +
a
2
b
2
)(a +
a
2
c
2
) > (a +b +c)
2
(v l)
2) Gi s: b
2
+c
2
> a
2
Tng t ta chng minh c:
2(a +
a
2
b
2
)(a +
a
2
c
2
) < (a +b +c)
2
(v l)
Vy b
2
+c
2
= a
2
ABC vung
Bi ton 3.14 Cho tam gic ABC tha mn iu kin sau:
2
sin A
+
3
sinB
+
4
sin C
=
5
cos
A
2
+
3
cos
B
2
+
1
cos
C
2
Chng minh rng tam gic ABC u
Bi gii
Ta lun c bt ng thc:
1
x
+
1
y

4
x +y
vi x, y > 0
V sinA, sin B 0 p dng bt ng thc trn ta c:
1
sin A
+
1
sin B

4
sin A+ sinB
1
sin A
+
1
sinB

2
sin
A+B
2
cos
A B
2
2
cos
C
2
Vy
1
sin A
+
1
sinB

2
cos
C
2
Tng t ta c:
1
2
_
1
sin A
+
1
sin B
_
2
cos
C
2
(1)
5
2
_
1
sin B
+
1
sinC
_
5
cos
A
2
(2)
3
2
_
1
sin A
+
1
sin C
_
2
cos
B
2
(3)
Cng v vi v cc bt ng thc (1),(2),(3) ta c:
2
sin A
+
3
sin B
+
4
sin C

5
cos
A
2
+
3
cos
B
2
+
1
cos
C
2
Du bng xy ra A = B = C. Suy ra tam gic ABC u pcm
Bi ton 3.15 Xc nh tnh cht ca tam gic ABC nu trong tam gic
ta c:
_
_
_
sin
2
A+ sin
2
B + sin
2
C 2
sin A+ sin B + sin C 1 +
2
Bi gii
Ta c:
sin
2
A + sin
2
B + sin
2
C = 2 + 2 cos Acos B cos C 2
cos Acos Bcos C 0 ABC khng nhn
Ta li c:
sin A+ sinB + sin C = sin A+ 2 sin
B +C
2
cos
B C
2
sin A+ 2 cos
A
2
( v cos
B C
2
1)
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s: A = max{A, B, C} A [
2
, ]
Suy ra
_
_
sin A 1
cos
A
2

2
2
sin A+ 2 cos
A
2
1 +
2
sin A+ sin B + sinC 1 +
2
Gi thit c:
sin A+ sin B + sin C 1 +
2
sin A+ sin B + sin C = 1 +
2
_
cos
B C
2
= 1
sinA = 1
_
_
_
B = C
A = 90
0
Vy tam gic ABC vung cn ti A
2: Cc v d loi 2
Bi ton 3.16 Cho tam gic ABC tha mn iu kin:
a = 2b. cos C
Chng minh rng tam gic ABC cn
Bi gii
Cch 1: Ta c:
a = 2b. cos C
2RsinA = 2.2Rsin Bcos C (p dng nh l sin)
sin A = 2 sin Bcos C = sin(B +C) + sin(B C) =
= sin A+ sin(B C)
sin(B C) = 0 B = C
Vy tam gic ABC cn ti A
Cch 2: Ta c:
a = 2b. cos C
a = 2b.
a
2
+b
2
c
2
2ab
(p dng nh l csin)
a
2
+b
2
c
2
= a
2
b
2
c
2
= 0 b = c
Bi ton 3.17 Chng minh rng tam gic ABC l tam gic vung nu:
cotg
B
2
=
a +c
b
Bi gii
Ta c:
cotg
B
2
=
a +c
b
tg
A+C
2
=
sin A+ sinC
sin B
(p dng nh l sin)
sin
A+C
2
cos
A+C
2
=
2 sin
A+C
2
cos
A C
2
2 sin
A+C
2
cos
A+C
2
=
cos
A C
2
cos
A+C
2
sin
A +C
2
= cos
A C
2
cos
B
2
= cos
A C
2
_
_
B = A C B +C = A =

2
B = C A B +A = C =

2
Vy ABC l tam gic vung
Bi ton 3.18 Tam gic ABC c c im g nu bit:
cotgB cotgA =
a
2
b
2
ab
Bi gii
Ta c:
cotgB cotgA =
a
2
b
2
ab
cotgB cotgA =
sin
2
A sin
2
B
sin Asin B
( p dng nh l sin)
sin(AB) = sin
2
A sin
2
B =
1 cos 2A
2

1 2B
2
sin(AB) =
1
2
(cos 2Acos 2B) = sin(AB) sin(A+B) = sin(AB) sin C
sin(A B)(1 sin C) = 0
_
_
sin(A B) = 0 A = B
sin C = 1 C =

2
Vy ABC l tam gic vung ti C hoc cn ti C
Bi ton 3.19 Chng minh rng tam gic ABC l tam gic cn nu
tha mn iu kin:
a
2
sin 2B +b
2
sin2A = c
2
cotg
C
2
Bi gii
Ta c:
a
2
sin 2B +b
2
sin2A = c
2
cotg
C
2
sin
2
2Asin 2B + sin
2
2B sin 2A = sin
2
C
cos
C
2
sin
C
2
2 sin Asin B(cos B sinA + sin B cos A) = sin C.2 cos
2
C
2
(cos(A B) cos(A+B)) sin C = sin C(1 + cos C)
cos(A B) = 1 A = B
Vy tam gic ABC cn ti C
Bi ton 3.20 Cho tam gic ABC tha mn iu kin:
a(1 2 cos A) +b(1 2 cos B) +c(1 2 cos C) = 0
Chng minh tam gic ABC u
Bi gii
Ta c:
a(1 2 cos A) +b(1 2 cos B) +c(1 2 cos C) = 0
sin A(1 2 cos A) + sin B(1 2 cos B) + sin C(1 2 cos C) = 0
( p dng nh l sin)
sin A+ sin B + sin C = sin2A + sin2B + sin 2C
Trong tam gic ABC ta lun c cc ng thc:
A
2
cos
B
2
cos
C
2
sin 2A+ sin 2B + sin 2C = 4 sin AsinB sin C
Suy ra:
cos
A
2
cos
B
2
cos
C
2
= sin Asin Bsin C
cos
A
2
cos
B
2
cos
C
2
= 8 sin
A
2
sin
B
2
sin
C
2
cos
A
2
cos
B
2
cos
C
2
sin
A
2
sin
B
2
sin
C
2
=
1
8
Trong tam gic ABC ta lun bt ng thc:
sin
A
2
sin
B
2
sin
C
2

1
8
Du bng xy ra ABC u
Bi ton 3.21 Tam gic ABC c c im g nu tha mn iu kin:
a cos B +b cos C +c cos A = p
Bi gii
Ta c:
a cos B +b cos C +c cos A = p =
a +b +c
2
2 sin Acos B + 2 sin B cos C + 2 sin C cos A = sin A+ sin B + sin C
(p dng nh l sin)
sin(A+B)+sin(AB)+sin(B+C) sin(BC)+sin(C+A)+sin(CA) =
= sin A+ sin B + sinC
sin(AB) + sin(B C) + sin(C A) = 0
2 sin
A C
2
. cos
A+C 2B
2
+ 2 sin
C A
2
cos
C A
2
= 0
2 sin
A C
2
_
cos
A+C 2B
2
cos
C A
2
_
= 0
4 sin
A C
2
sin
B C
2
sin
C A
2
= 0
_
sin
A C
2
= 0 A = C
sin
B C
2
= 0 B = C
sin
C A
2
= 0 C = A
Vy ABC l tam gic cn
Bi ton 3.22 Chng minh rng ABC l tam gic vung nu tha mn
iu kin:
(a +b c)(a b +c) = 4S
Bi gii
Ta c:
(a +b c)(a b +c) = 4S = 4
abc
4R
=
abc
R
a
2
(b c)
2
=
abc
R
sin
2
A (sin B sin C)
2
= 2 sin AsinB sin C
4 sin
2
A
2
cos
2
A
2

_
2 cos
B +C
2
sin
B C
2
_
2
= 2 sin AsinB sin C
4 sin
2
A
2
_
sin
2
B +C
2
sin
2
B C
2
_
= 2 sin AsinB sin C
4 sin
2
A
2
_
sin
B +C
2
sin
B C
2
__
sin
B +C
2
+ sin
B C
2
_
=
= 2 sin Asin Bsin C
4 sin
2
A
2
2 cos
B
2
sin
C
2
.2 sin
B
2
cos
C
2
= 2 sin Asin Bsin C
4 sin
2
A
2
sin Bsin C = 4 sin
A
2
cos
A
2
sin Bsin C
sin
A
2
= cos
A
2
A =

2
Vy tam gic ABC vung ti A
Bi ton 3.23 Cho tam gic ABC c: 4R+2r=a+b+c.
Chng minh rng tam gic ABC vung
Bi gii
Ta c: 4R+2r=a+b+c
2R(2 +
r
R
) = 2R(sin A+ sin B + sinC) (p dng nh l sin)
Trong tam gic ABC ta c:
r = 4Rsin
A
2
sin
B
2
sin
C
2
Suy ra:
2 + 4 sin
A
2
sin
B
2
sin
C
2
= sin A+ sin B + sinC
Trong tam gic ABC ta c: cos A+ cos B + cos C = 1 + 4 sin
A
2
sin
B
2
sin
C
2
Vy suy:
1 + cos A+ cos B + cos C = sin A+ sinB + sin C
Theo chng minh bi ton 3.3 ta c ABC l tam gic vung
Bi ton 3.24 Chng minh rng tam gic ABC u khi v ch khi:
a sin A+b sinB +c sin C
a cos A +b cos B +c cos C
=
3
Bi gii
Theo bi ton 2.4 ta bit:
a sinA +b sin B +c sin C
a cos A+b cos B +c cos C
= cotgA +cotgB +cotgC
Nhng trong tam gic ABC c bt ng thc:
cotgA +cotgB +cotgC
3
Tht vy,bnh phng hai v ta c bt ng thc tng ng:
cotg
2
A+cotg
2
B+cotg
2
C +2(cotgAcotgB+cotgBcotgC +cotgCcotgA) 3
M trong tam gic ABC c:
cotgAcotgB +cotgBcotgC +cotgCcotgA = 1
Suy ra cotg
2
A+cotg
2
B +cotg
2
C 1 (hin nhin ng) v:
cotg
2
A+cotg
2
B +cotg
2
C cotgAcotgB +cotgBcotgC +cotgCcotgA = 1
Du bng xy ra ABC u (pcm)
Bi ton 3.25 Cho tam gic ABC c: b +c =
a
2
+
3.h
a
(h
a
l ng cao h t nh A)
Chng minh rng ABC l tam gic u
Bi gii
Ta c:
b +c =
a
2
+
3.h
a
b +c =
a
2
+ (b sin C)
3
sin B + sin C =
1
2
sinA +
3. sin Bsin C
sinB + sin C =
1
2
sin(B +C) +
3. sin B sin C
sin B + sin C =
1
2
sin Bcos C +
1
2
sin C cos B +
3. sin B sinC
sin B
_
1
1
2
cos C
3
2
sin C
_
+ sinC
_
1
1
2
cos B
3
2
sin B
_
= 0
sin B
_
1 cos(C
3
)
_
+ sin C
_
1 cos(B

3
)
_
= 0
Ta c:
sin B, sin C > 0
_
1 cos(C

3
)
_
0
_
1 cos(B
3
)
_
0
Suy ra
sin B
_
1 cos(C

3
)
_
+ sinC
_
1 cos(B

3
)
_
0
Du bng xy ra khi v chi khi
_
_
cos(C

3
) = 1
cos(B

3
) = 1
B = C =

3
Vy ABC l tam gic u
a
2
+
3.l
a
(l
a
l phn gic trong ti nh A)
Chng minh rng ABC l tam gic u
Bi gii
Trong tam gic ta c:
l
a
=
2bc cos
A
2
b +c
M cos
2
A
2
=
1 +cosA
2
=
1 +
b
2
+c
2
a
2
2bc
2
cos
2
A
2
=
(b +c)
2
a
2
4bc
=
p(p a)
bc
cos
A
2
=
_
p(p a)
bc
Suy ra:
l
a
=
2
bc
b +c
.
_
p(p a)
Gi thit c: b +c =
a
2
+
3.l
a
b +c
a
2
=
3.l
a
Ta c:
3.l
a
=
3.
2
bc
b +c
.
_
p(p a)
3.l
a

3.
_
p(p a) (p dng Cauchy)
3.l
a

_
3p(p a) =
_
p(3p 3a)
3.l
a

p + 3p 3a
2
= b +c +
a
2
(p dng Cauchy)
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi
_
_
_
b = c
p = 3p 3a
a = b = c
Vy ABC l tam gic u
a
2
+
3.m
a
(m
a
l ng trung tuyn t nh A)
Hi tam gic ABC c u khng ?
Bi gii
Tam gic ABC cha chc u, chng hn ta chn v d sau:
Tam gic ABC vung c hai cnh gc vung l: b = 1, c =
3 v cnh
huyn a=2.
Ta c: m
a
=
1
2
BC =
1
2
a = 1
Gi thit c: b +c =
a
2
+
3.m
a
1 +
3 =
2
2
+
3.1 (2 v ng thc bng nhau)

Nhng tam gic ABC khng phi l u m l tam gic vung
Vy tam gic ABC cha chc u
Bi ton 3.28 Chng minh rng ABC l tam gic u nu c:
2p a
2p +a
+
2p b
2p +b
+
2p c
2p +c
Bi gii
Trong tam gic ABC c:
cos A + cos B + cos C
3
2
Du bng xy ra ABC u
By gi ta chng minh:
2p a
2p +a
+
2p b
2p +b
+
2p c
2p +c

3
2
_
1 +
2p a
2p +a
_
+
_
1 +
2p b
2p +b
_
+
_
1 +
2p c
2p +c
_
3
2
+ 3 =
9
2
4p
2p +a
+
4p
2p +b
+
4p
2p +c

9
2
8p
_
1
2p +a
+
1
2p +b
+
1
2p +c
_
9
(2p +a + 2p +b + 2p +c)
_
1
2p +a
+
1
2p +b
+
1
2p +c
_
9 (ng)
Vy
2p a
2p +a
+
2p b
2p +b
+
2p c
2p +c

3
2
M gi thit:
2p a
2p +a
+
2p b
2p +b
+
2p c
2p +c
Du bng xy ra ABC u
Bi tp
Bi tp 3.1 Chng minh rng tam gic ABC l tam gic cn nu tha
mn iu kin:
sin
A
2
. cos
3
B
2
= sin
B
2
. cos
3
A
2
Bi tp 3.2 Tam gic ABC c c im g nu bit:
cotg2C =
1
2
(cotgC cotgB)
Bi tp 3.3 Cho tam gic ABC c: 2tgB +tgC = tg
2
B.tgC
Chng minh ABC l tam gic cn
Bi tp 3.4 Tnh gc A bit:
2 cos
B
2
cos
C
2
=
1
2
+
b +c
a
. sin
A
2
Bi tp 3.5 Cho ABC c gc A,B nhn v tha mn iu kin:
tg
2
A+tg
2
B = 2tg
2
(
A+B
2
)
Chng minh rng tam gic ABC l tam gic cn
Bi tp 3.6 Chng minh rng ABC l tam gic u nu tha mn iu
kin:
3
sin A+
3
sin B +
3
sin C =
3
_
cos
A
2
+
3
_
cos
B
2
+
3
_
cos
C
2
Bi tp 3.7 Chng minh rng tam gic ABC l tam gic vung khi v
ch khi:
sinA + cos A =
a
2
(p a) +b
2
(p b) +c
2
(p c)
abc
Bi tp 3.8 Tam gic ABC c c im g nu bit:
S =
1
4
(a
2
+b
2
)
Bi tp 3.9 Chng minh rng ABC l tam gic vung nu tha mn iu
kin:
h
a
= 2p
2 sin
B
2
sin
C
2
Bi tp 3.10 Chng minh rng ABC l tam gic cn khi v ch khi:
h
a
=
bc. cos
A
2
Bi tp 3.11 Chng minh ABC vung nu:
r +r
a
+r
b
+r
c
= a +b +c
Bi tp 3.12 ABC c c im g nu bit:
_
_
R = 1
sin Asin 2A+ sin Bsin 2B + sin C sin 2C
sin A+ sin B + sinC
=
2
3
S
Li gii
Bi tp 3.1 Ta c:
sin
A
2
. cos
3
B
2
= sin
B
2
. cos
3
A
2
sin
A
2
cos
3
A
2
=
sin
B
2
cos
3
B
2
tg
A
2
_
1 +tg
2
A
2
_
= tg
B
2
_
1 +tg
2
B
2
_
_
tg
3
A
2
tg
3
B
2
_
+
_
tg
A
2
tg
B
2
_
= 0
_
tg
A
2
tg
B
2
__
tg
2
A
2
+tg
A
2
tg
B
2
+tg
2
B
2
_
= 0
tg
A
2
tg
B
2
= 0
A
2
=
B
2
A = B
Bi tp 3.2 Ta c:
cotg2C =
1
2
(cotgC cotgB)
cos 2C
sin 2C
=
1
2
.
sin(C B)
sin B sin C
cos 2C sin B = cos C sin(B C)
sin(2C +B) sin(2C B) = sin B sin(2C B)
sin(2C +B) sin B = 0
2 cos(B +C) sinC = 0
cos(B +C) = 0 (do sin C > 0)
B +C =

2
A =

2
Vy tam gic ABC vung tai A
Bi tp 3.3 Ta c:
2tgB +tgC = tg
2
B.tgC
tgB +tgC = tgB(1 tgBtgC)
+ Nu 1 tgBtgC = 0 tgB = tgC B +C = k (v l)
+ Nu 1 tgBtgC = 0 ta c:
tgB +tgC
1 tgBtgC
= tgB
tg(B +C) = tgB tgA = tgB A = B
Bi tp 3.4 Theo nh l sin ta c:
cos
B +C
2
+ cos
B C
2

2R(sin B + sin C
2Rsin A
. sin
A
2
=
1
2
sin
A
2
_
1
sin B + sin C
sin A
_
+ cos
B C
2
=
1
2
sin
A
2
_
_
_
sin A 2 sin
B +C
2
cos
B C
2
sinA
_
_
_
+ cos
B C
2
=
1
2
2 cos
A
2
_
sin
A
2
cos
B C
2
_
2 cos
A
2
+ cos
B C
2
=
1
2
sin
A
2
=
1
2
; do 0 <
A
2
<

2
A =

3
Vy gc A bng 60
0
Bi tp 3.5 Xt b sau:
Vi A,B nhn: tgA +tgB 2tg
A +B
2
Chng minh
Ta c:
tgA+tgB =
sin(A+B)
cos A+ cos B
tgA+tgB =
2 sin(A+B)
cos(A B) + cos(A+B)

2 sin(A+B)
1 + cos(A+B)
tgA+tgB
4 sin
A+B
2
cos
A+B
2
2 cos
2
_
A+B
2
_ = 2tg
A +B
2
Vy tgA+tgB 2tg
A+B
2
Ta c:
tg
2
A+tg
2
B =
1
2
(1
2
+ 1
2
)(tg
2
A+tg
2
B)
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki ta c:
tg
2
A+tg
2
B
1
2
(tgA+tgB)
2
p dng b trn ta c:
tg
2
A +tg
2
B
1
2
_
2.tg
A +B
2
_
2
= 2tg
2
_
A+B
2
_
_
_
_
cos(A B) = 1
tgA = tgB
A = B
Bi tp 3.6 Ta chng minh b sau:
3
a
1
a
2
a
3
+
3
_
b
1
b
2
b
3
3
_
(a
1
+b
1
)(a
2
+b
2
)(a
3
+b
3
) a
i
, b
i
> 0
Chng minh
Ta c b tng ng vi:
3
_
a
1
a
2
a
3
(a
1
+b
1
)(a
2
+b
2
)(a
3
+b
3
)
+
3
b
1
b
2
b
3
(a
1
+b
1
)(a
2
+b
2
)(a
3
+b
3
)
1
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:
V T
1
3
_
a
1
a
1
+b
1
+
a
2
a
2
+b
2
+
a
3
a
3
+b
3
_
+
1
3
_
b
1
a
1
+b
1
+
b
2
a
2
+b
2
+
b
3
a
3
+b
3
_
=
=
1
3
_
a
1
+b
1
a
1
+b
1
+
a
2
+b
2
a
2
+b
2
+
a
3
+b
3
a
3
+b
3
_
=
1
3
.3 = 1
Du bng xy ra
a
1
b
1
=
a
2
b
2
=
a
3
b
3
p dng b ta c:
3
1.1. sin A+
3
1.1. sin B
3
_
(1 + 1)(1 + 1)(sinA+ sin B) =
=
3
4
_
2 sin
A+B
2
cos
A B
2
_
sin A+
3
sinB 2
3
_
cos
C
2
cos
A B
2
2
3
_
cos
C
2
vy
3
sin A+
3
sin B 2
3
_
cos
C
2
Tng t ta c:
3
sin B +
3
sin C 2
3
_
cos
A
2
3
sin C +
3
sinA 2
3
_
cos
B
2
Suy ra:
2
_
3
sin A+
3
sin B +
3
sin C
_
2
_
3
_
cos
A
2
+
3
_
cos
B
2
+
3
_
cos
C
2
_
sin A+
3
sin B +
3
sin C 2
3
_
cos
A
2
+
3
_
cos
B
2
+
3
_
cos
C
2
Du bng xy ra A = B = C ABC u
Bi tp 3.7 Ta c:
a
2
(p a) +b
2
(p b) +c
2
(p c)
abc
=
=
a
2
(b +c a) +b
2
(c +a b) +c
2
(a +b c)
2abc
=
=
a(b
2
+c
2
a
2
) +b(c
2
+a
2
b
2
) +c(a
2
+b
2
c
2
)
2abc
=
=
b
2
+c
2
a
2
2bc
+
c
2
+a
2
b
2
2ca
+
a
2
+b
2
c
2
2ab
= cos A+ cos B + cos C
Khi ng thc cho
sinA + cos A = cos A+ cos B + cos C sin A = cos B + cos C
sinA = 2 cos
B +C
2
cos
B C
2
2 sin
A
2
cos
A
2
= 2 sin
A
2
cos
B C
2
cos
A
2
= cos
B C
2
A = B C A+C = B B =

2
A = C B A+B = C C =

2
Bi tp 3.8 Ta c:
S =
1
4
(a
2
+b
2
)
a
2
+b
2
= 2ab sinC
M ta c: 2ab sin C 2ab
Suy ra
a
2
+b
2
2ab (a b)
2
0
_
a b = 0
sin C = 1 C =

2
Vy tam gic ABC vung cn ti C
Bi tp 3.9 Ta c:
h
a
= b sinC = 2Rsin B sin C
Suy ra:
2Rsin Bsin C = (a +b +c)
2 sin
B
2
sin
C
2
4 sin
B
2
sin
C
2
cos
B
2
cos
C
2
= (sin A+ sin B + sin C)
2 sin
B
2
sin
C
2
Ta lun c:
A
2
cos
B
2
cos
C
2
Suy ra:
1 =
2 cos
A
2
cos
A
2
=
1
2
A =

2
Vy ABC l tam gic vung ti A
Bi tp 3.10 Trong mi tam gic ABC ta lun c:
h
a
l
a
=
2bc
b +c
cos
A
2
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:
h
a
2bc cos
A
2
2
bc
=
bc cos
A
2
Du bng xy ra b = c
Bi tp 3.11
Ta lun c:
r = 4Rsin
A
2
sin
B
2
sin
C
2
a +b +c = 2R(sin A+ sinB + sin C) = 8Rcos
A
2
cos
B
2
cos
C
2
r
a
= ptg
A
2
=
a +b +c
2
tg
A
2
= 4Rsin
A
2
cos
B
2
cos
C
2
r
b
= ptg
B
2
=
a +b +c
2
tg
B
2
= 4Rsin
B
2
cos
C
2
cos
A
2
r
c
= ptg
C
2
=
a +b +c
2
tg
C
2
= 4Rsin
C
2
cos
A
2
cos
B
2
Khi ng thc: r +r
a
+r
b
+r
c
= a +b +c
4R
_
sin
A
2
sin
B
2
sin
C
2
+ sin
A
2
cos
B
2
cos
C
2
+ sin
B
2
cos
C
2
cos
A
2
+ sin
C
2
cos
A
2
cos
B
2
_
= 8Rcos
A
2
cos
B
2
cos
C
2
sin
A
2
_
sin
B
2
sin
C
2
+ cos
B
2
cos
C
2
_
+cos
A
2
_
sin
B
2
cos
C
2
+ sin
C
2
cos
B
2
_
=
= 2 cos
A
2
cos
B
2
cos
C
2
sin
A
2
cos
_
B C
2
_
+cos
A
2
sin
_
B +C
2
_
= cos
A
2
_
cos
B +C
2
+ cos
B C
2
_
sin
A
2
cos
_
B C
2
_
+ cos
A
2
cos
A
2
cos
A
2
sin
A
2
cos
A
2
cos
B C
2
= 0
_
sin
A
2
cos
A
2
_
cos
B C
2
cos
A
2
_
sin
A
2
cos
A
2
_
= 0
_
sin
A
2
cos
A
2
__
cos
B C
2
cos
A
2
_
= 0
sin
A
2
= cos
A
2
hoc cos
B C
2
= cos
A
2
tg
A
2
= 1 hoc B-C=A hoc C-B=A
A =

2
hoc B =

2
hoc C =

2
Bi ging s 4:
Tng v tch hu hn cc hm lng gic
Khi tnh tng hu hn cc hm lng gic,chng ta s dng lc sau:
f(2a) f(a) = g(a)
f(3a) f(2a) = g(2a)
.....
f((n + 1)a) f(na) = g(na)
Cng cc ng thc trn ta thu c:
n
k=1
g(ka) = f((n + 1)a) f(a)
Bi ton 4.1 Tnh tng:
S
1
= sin x + sin 2x +... + sin(nx)
Bi gii
- Nu sin
x
2
= 0
x
2
= k x = 2k S
1
= 0
- Nu sin
x
2
= 0
x
2
= 2m. Ta c:
2 sin
x
2
.S
1
= 2 sin
x
2
. sin x + 2 sin
x
2
. sin 2x +... + 2 sin
x
2
. sin(nx)
= (cos
x
2
cos
3x
2
) + (cos
3x
2
cos
5x
2
) +... + (cos
(2n 1)x
2
cos
(2n+1)x
2
)
= (cos
x
2
cos
(2n + 1)x
2
)
= 2 sin
(n + 1)x
2
sin
nx
2
S
1
=
sin
(n + 1)x
2
sin
nx
2
sin
x
2
Bi ton 4.2 Tnh tng:
S
2
= cos x + cos 2x +... + cos(nx)
- Nu sin
x
2
= 0
x
2
= k x = 2k S
2
= n
- Nu sin
x
2
= 0
x
2
= 2m. Ta c:
2 sin
x
2
.S
2
= 2 cos x. sin
x
2
+ 2 cos 2x. sin
x
2
+... + 2 cos(nx). sin
x
2
= (sin
3x
2
sin
x
2
) + (sin
5x
2
sin
3x
2
) +... + (sin
(2n + 1)x
2
sin
(2n 1)x
2
= sin
(2n + 1)x
2
sin
x
2
= 2 cos
(n + 1)x
2
. sin
nx
2
S
2
=
cos
(n + 1)x
2
sin
nx
2
sin
x
2
tg
3
11
+ 4 sin
2
11
=
11
Bi gii
t x =

11
ta phi chng minh
tg3x + 4tg2x =
11
(sin 3x + 4 sin 2x. cos 3x)
2
= 11 cos
2
3x
(sin3x + 4 sin 2x. cos 3x)
2
11 cos
2
3x = 0
t A = (sin3x + 4 sin 2x. cos 3x)
2
11 cos
2
3x
Ta c:
(sin 3x + 4 sin 2x. cos 3x)
2
= (sin 3x + 2 sin 5x 2 sin x)
2
= sin
2
3x+4 sin
2
5x+4 sin
2
x+4 sin 3x sin 5x4 sin 3x sin x8 sin 5x sin x
=
1 cos 6x
2
+ 2(1 cos 10x) + 2(1 cos 2x) + 2(cos 2x cos 8x)
2(cos 2x cos 4x) 4(cos 4x cos 6x)
=
9
2
2 cos 2x 2 cos 4x +
7
2
cos 6x 2 cos 8x 2 cos 10x
V
11 cos
2
3x = 11.(
1 + cos 6x
2
)
=
11
2
+
11
2
cos 6x
Suy ra
A = 1 2(cos 2x + cos 4x + cos 8x + cos 10x)
Xt
P = cos 2x + cos 4x + cos 8x + cos 10x
2 sin x.P = 2 cos 2x sin x + 2 cos 4x sin x + 2 cos 8x sin x + 2 cos 10x sin x
= (sin 3x sin x) + (sin 5x sin 3x) + (sin9x sin 7x) + (sin 11x sin 9x)
= sin 11x sin x P =
sin 11x sin x
2 sin x
Vi x =

11
P =
sin sin

11
2 sin

11
=
1
2
Vy A = 1 2.
1
2
= 0 pcm
Bi ton 4.4 Gii phng trnh:
cos x cos 2x + cos 3x =
1
2
Bi gii
- Nu cos
x
2
= 0
x
2
=

2
+k x = + 2k
cos x cos 2x + cos 3x = 1 1 1 = 3 =
1
2
cos
x
2
khng phi l nghim ca PT
cos
x
2
= 0
Nhn c hai v ca PT vi 2 cos
x
2
ta c PT tng ng:
2 cos
x
2
. cos x 2 cos
x
2
. cos 2x + 2 cos
x
2
. cos 3x = cos
x
2
cos
3x
2
+ cos
x
2
cos
5x
2
cos
3x
2
+ cos
7x
2
+ cos
5x
2
= cos
x
2
cos
7x
2
= 0
7x
2
=

2
+k
x =

7
+
k2
7
(*) Xut pht t cng thc lng gic:
1) tgx tgy =
sin(x y)
cos x cos y
2) cot x cot y =
sin(y x)
sin x sin y
Suy ra cc cng thc lng gic sau:
1)
sin(m n)x
cos nx cos mx
= tg(mx) tg(nx)
2)
sin(m n)x
sin nx sin mx
= cot(nx) cot(mx)
Vn dng cc cng thc lng gic trn chng ta tnh c mt s tng
hu hn v gii phng trnh lng gic
Bi ton 4.5 Tnh tng:
S
1
=
1
cos x cos 2x
+
1
cos 2x cos 3x
+... +
1
cos(nx) cos(n + 1)x
Bi gii
Ta c:
sin x.S
1
=
sin x
cos x cos 2x
+
sin x
cos 2x cos 3x
+... +
sinx
cos(nx) cos(n + 1)x
=
sin(2x x)
cos x cos 2x
+
(3x 2x)
cos 2x cos 3x
+... +
((n + 1)x nx)
cos(nx) cos(n + 1)x
= tg2x tgx +tg3x tg2x +... +tg(n + 1)x tg(nx)
= tg(n + 1)x tgx
S
1
=
tg(n + 1)x tgx
sin x
Bi ton 4.6 Gii phng trnh:
1
sin2x
+
1
sin 4x
+
1
sin 8x
+
1
sin 16x
= 0
Bi gii
iu kin: sin 16x = 0. Ta c:
PT
sinx
sin x sin 2x
+
sin 2x
sin 2x sin 4x
+
sin 4x
sin4x sin 8x
+
sin 8x
sin 8x sin 16x
= 0
sin(2x x)
sin x sin 2x
+
sin(4x 2x)
sin 2x sin 4x
+
sin(8x 4x)
sin 4x sin 8x
+
sin(16x 8x)
sin 8x sin 16x
= 0
cotgxcotg2x+cotg2xcotg4x+cotg4xcotg8x+cotg8xcotg16x = 0
cotgx cotg16x = 0 16x = x +k x =
k
15
; k Z
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l x =
k
15
; k Z
Bi ton 4.7 Tnh tng sau:
S
3
=
tgx
cos 2x
+
tg2x
cos 4x
+
tg4x
cos 8x
+... +
tg2
n
x
cos(2
n+1
x)
Bi gii
Ta c:
S
3
=
tgx
cos 2x
+
tg2x
cos 4x
+... +
tg2
n
x
cos(2
n+1
x)
S
3
=
sin x
cos x cos 2x
+
sin 2x
cos 2x cos 4x
+... +
sin(2
n
x)
cos(2
n
x) cos(2
n+1
x)
=
sin(2x x)
cos x cos 2x
+
(4x 2x)
cos 2x cos 4x
+... +
((2
n+1
x 2
n
x)
cos(2
n
x) cos(2
n+1
x)
= tg2x tgx +tg4x tg2x +tg8x tg4x +... +tg(2
n+1
x) tg(2
n
x)
S
3
= tg(2
n+1
x) tgx
Mc ch ca bi ton tnh tng hu hn l chng ta phi tm ra quy lut
ca cc phn t v kho lo a chng vo lc trn. Mt trong nhng
cch tm ra quy lut l da vo s bin i cc cng thc lng gic.
(*) Cng thc lng gic 1 : Ta c
+ tg( ) =
tg tg
1 +tgtg
1 +tgtg =
tg tg
tg( )
+ cot( ) =
1 +tgtg
cot cot
1 + cot cot = cot( )(cot cot )
Bi ton 4.8 Tnh tng:
S
1
= tgx.tg2x +tg2x.tg3x +... +tg(nx)tg(n + 1)x
Bi gii
p dng cng thc lng gic: 1 +tgtg =
tg tg
tg( )
. Ta c:
n +S
1
= (1 +tgx.tg2x) + (1 +tg2x.tg3x) +... + (1 +tg(nx)tg(n + 1)x)
=
tg2x tgx
tgx
+
tg3x tg2x
tgx
+... +
tgnx tg(n + 1)x
tgx
=
1
tgx
(tg(n + 1)x tgx) =
tg(n + 1)x
tgx
1
Suy ra S
1
= cotgx.tg(n + 1)x (n + 1)
Bi ton 4.9 Tnh tng:
S
2
= cotgx.cotg2x +cotg2x.cotg3x +... +cotg(nx)cotg(n + 1)x
Bi gii
p dng cng thc lng gic:
1 +cotgcotg = cotg( )(cotg cotg)
Ta c:
n+S
2
= (1+cotgx.cotg2x)+(1+cotg2x.cotg3x)+...+(1+cotg(nx)cotg(n+1)x)
= cotgx(cotgxcotg2x)+cotgx(cotg2xcotg3x)+...+cotgx(cotgnxcotg(n+1)x)
= cotgx(cotgx cotg(n + 1)x)
Suy ra S
2
= cotgx.(cotgx cotg(n + 1)x) n
cot 2 cot 2 =
cos
sin
2
cos 2
sin 2
=
2 cos
2
2 cos 2
sin 2
=
2 2 cos
2
sin 2
=
sin
cos
= tg
Vy tg = cot 2cot2
Bi ton 4.10: Tnh tng:
S
1
= tgx + 2tg2x + 4tg4x +... + 2
n
tg2
n
x
Bi gii
p dng cng thc lng gic: tg = cot 2cot2.
Ta c:
S
1
= cotgx 2cotg2x + 2
1
.cotg2
1
x 2
2
cotg2
2
x + 2
2
cotg2
2
x
2
3
cotg2
3
x +... + 2
n
cotg2
n
x 2
n+1
cotg2
n+1
x
S
1
= cotgx 2
n+1
cotg2
n+1
x
Vy S
1
= cotgx 2
n+1
cotg2
n+1
x
+ cos 5x = (cos 5x + cos 3x) (cos 3x + cos x) + cos x
cos 5x
cos x
= 2 cos 4x 2 cos 2x + 1
+ sin5x = (sin5x + sin 3x) (sin 3x + sin x) + sin x
sin 5x
cos x
= 2 sin 4x 2 sin 2x +tgx
Bi ton 4.11: Gii phng trnh:
cos 5x
cos x
+
cos 10x
cos 2x
+
cos 20x
cos 4x
= 3
Bi gii
iu kin: cos x = 0; cos 2x = 0; cos 4x = 0
p dng cng thc trn ta c:
(2 cos 4x2 cos 2x+1)+(2 cos 8x2 cos 4x+1)+(2 cos 16x2 cos 8x+1) = 3
(cos 4x cos 2x) + (cos 8x cos 4x) + (cos 16x cos 8x) = 0
cos 16x = cos 2x
16x = 2x +k2 x = k
7
; k Z
hoc 16x = 2x +k2 x = k
9
; k Z
sin 5x
cos x
+
sin 10x
cos 2x
+
sin 20x
cos 4x
= tgx +tg2x +tg4x
Bi gii
iu kin: cos x = 0; cos 2x = 0; cos 4x = 0
p dng cng thc trn ta c:
(2 sin 4x2 sin 2x+tgx)+(2 sin 8x2 sin 4x+tg2x)+(2 sin 16x2 sin 8x+tg4x) =
= tgx +tg2x +tg4x
(sin4x sin2x) + (sin8x sin 4x) + (sin 16x sin 8x) = 0
sin16x sin 2x = 0
16x = 2x +k2 x = k
7
; k Z
hoc 16x = 2x +k2 x =

18
+k
9
; k Z
4 sin
3
= 3 sin sin3
4 sin
3
sin sin3
=
3
sin 3

1
sin
3
sin 3

1
sin
=
4 sin
3 4 sin
2
=
4 sin
1 + 2 cos 2
3
sin3

1
sin
=
4 sin
1 + 2 cos 2
Tng t
1
cos

2
cos 3
=
2 cos 2 3
cos 3
4 sin x
1 + 2 cos 2x
+
12 sin 3x
1 + 2 cos 6x
+
36 sin 9x
1 + 2 cos 18x
=
27
sin 27x
1
Bi gii
iu kin: sin 27x = 0; cos 2x =
1
2
; cos 6x =
1
2
; cos 8x =
1
2
p dng cng thc trn:
4 sin
1 + 2 cos 2
=
3
sin3

1
sin
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi
_
3
sin 3x

1
sin
_
+3
_
3
sin 9x

1
sin 3x
_
+9
_
3
sin 27x

1
sin 9x
_
=
27
sin 27x
1
sin x = 1 x =

2
+k2 (k Z)
2 cos 2x 3
cos 3x
+
4 cos 6x 6
cos 9x
+
8 cos 18x 12
cos 27x
= 1
8
cos 27x
Bi gii
iu kin: cos 27x = 0
Bi gii
p dng cng thc trn:
2 cos 2 3
cos 3
=
1
cos

2
cos 3
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi
_
1
cos x

2
cos 3x
_
+2
_
1
cos 3x

2
cos 9x
_
+4
_
1
cos 9x

2
cos 27x
_
= 1
8
cos 27x
cos x = 1 x = k2 (k Z)
Bi ton 4.15 Tnh
P
1
= (1 +
1
cos x
).(1 +
1
cos 2x
).(1 +
1
cos 4x
)...(1 +
1
cos(2
n1
x)
)
Bi gii
Ta c
1 +
1
cos x
=
2 cos
2

2
cos
.
sin

2
sin

2
=
sin
cos
.
cos

2
sin

2
=
tg
tg
2
Suy ra
1 +
1
cos x
=
tgx
tg
x
2
1 +
1
cos 2x
=
tg2x
tgx
1 +
1
cos 4x
=
tg4x
tg2x
.........
1 +
1
cos(2
n1
x)
=
tg(2
n1
x)
tg(2
n1
x)
Nhn v vi v cc T trn ta c
P
1
=
tg(2
n1
x)
tg
x
2
Bi ton 4.16 Tnh
P
2
= cos(
2
2
n
1
). cos(
4
2
n
1
). cos(
2
n
2
n
1
) (n > 1)
Bi gii
Ta c
2
n
. sin(
2
2
n
1
).P
2
= 2
n
. sin(
2
2
n
1
). cos(
2
2
n
1
). cos(
4
2
n
1
).... cos(
2
n
2
n
1
)
= 2
n1
sin(
4
2
n
1
). cos(
4
2
n
1
). cos(
8
2
n
1
).... cos(
2
n
2
n
1
)
= ..........
= sin(
2
n+1
2
n
1
) = sin(2 +
2
2
n
1
)
= sin(
2
2
n
1
)
P
2
=
1
2
n
Bi ton 4.17 Tnh
P
3
= (1 + 2 cos
2.3
3
n
+ 1
).(1 + 2 cos
2.3
2
3
n
+ 1
)...(1 + 2 cos
2.3
n
3
n
+ 1
)
Bi gii
Ta c
1 + 2 cos 2 = 1 + 2(1 2 sin
2
) = 3 4 sin
2
=
sin 3
sin
Suyra
1 + 2 cos
2.3
3
n
+ 1
=
sin
3..3
3
n
+ 1
sin
.3
3
n
+ 1
=
sin
3
2
.
3
n
+ 1
sin
3
3
n
+ 1
1 + 2 cos
2.3
2
3
n
+ 1
=
sin
3..3
2
3
n
+ 1
sin
.3
2
3
n
+ 1
=
sin
3
3
3
n
+ 1
sin
3
2
3
n
+ 1
........ = .........
1 + 2 cos
2.3
2
3
n
+ 1
=
sin
3
n+1
3
n
+ 1
sin
3
n
3
n
+ 1
P
3
=
sin
3
n+1
3
n
+ 1
sin
3
3
n
+ 1
=
sin(3
3
3
n
+ 1)
sin
3
3
n
+ 1
=
sin
3
3
n
+ 1
sin
3
3
n
+ 1
= 1
Bi ton 4.2.4 Tnh
P
4
= (1 tg
2
(
2
2
n
+ 1
).(1 tg
2
(
2
2
2
n
+ 1
)...(1 tg
2
(
2
n
2
n
+ 1
)
Bi gii
Ta c
tg2x =
2tgx
1 tg
2
x
1 tg
2
x =
2tgx
tg2x
Suy ra
1 tg
2
2
2
n
+ 1
=
2tg
2
2
n
+ 1
tg
2
2
2
n
+ 1
1 tg
2
2
2
2
n
+ 1
=
2tg
2
2
2
n
+ 1
tg
2
3
2
n
+ 1
........ = .........
1 tg
2
2
2
n
+ 1
=
2tg
2
n
2
n
+ 1
tg
2
n+1
2
n
+ 1
P
4
= 2
n
.
tg
2
2
n
+ 1
tg
2
n+1
2
n
+ 1
= 2
n
.
tg
2
2
n
+ 1
tg(2
2
2
n
+ 1
)
= 2
n
.
tg
2
2
n
+ 1
tg
2
2
n
+ 1
= 2
n
Bi tp
Bi tp 4.1 Chng minh rng:
1
cos 0
0
. cos 1
0
+
1
cos 1
0
. cos 2
0
+... +
1
cos 88
0
. cos 89
0
=
cos 1
0
sin
2
1
0
. Bi tp 4.2 Tnh tng:
S
2
=
1
sin x sin 2x
+
1
sin 2x sin 3x
+... +
1
sin(nx) sin(n + 1)x
Bi tp 4.3 Gii phng trnh:
1
sin 3x sin 7x
+
1
sin7x sin 11x
+
1
sin11x sin 15x
=
1
sin 15x sin 19x
1
cos x cos 3x
+
1
cos 3x cos 5x
+
1
cos 5x cos 7x
+
1
cos 7x cos 9x
= 0
Bi tp 4.5 Tnh tng:
S
4
=
cos x
sin3x
+
cos 3x
sin 9x
+
cos 9x
sin 27x
+... +
cos(3
n1
x)
sin(3
n
x)
sin x
cos 3x
+
sin 3x
cos 9x
+
sin 9x
cos 27x
= 0
Bi tp 4.7 Tnh tng:
S
2
=
1
2
tg
x
2
+
1
2
2
tg
x
2
2
+
1
2
3
tg
x
2
3
+... +
1
2
n
tg
x
2
n
Li gii
Bi tp 4.1
Bi tp 4.2 Ta c:
sin x.S
2
=
sin x
sin x sin 2x
+
sin x
sin2x sin 3x
+... +
sin x
sin(nx) sin(n + 1)x
=
sin(2x x)
sin x sin 2x
+
sin(3x 2x)
sin 2x sin 3x
+... +
sin(n + 1)x nx)
sin(nx) sin(n + 1)x
= cot x cot 2x + cot 2x cot 3x +... + cot nx cot(n + 1)x
= cot x cot(n + 1)x
S
2
=
cot x cot(n + 1)x
sin x
Bi tp 4.3 Ta c:
PT
sin 4x
sin 3x sin 7x
+
sin 4x
sin 7x sin 11x
+
sin 4x
sin 11x sin 15x
+
sin 4x
sin 15x sin 19x
= 0
sin(7x 3x)
sin 3x sin 7x
+
sin(11x 7x)
sin 7x sin 11x
+
sin(15x 11x)
sin 11x sin 15x
+
sin(19x 15)
sin 15x sin 19x
= 0
cotg3xcotg7x+cotg7xcotg11x+cotg1xcotg15x+cotg5xcotg19x = 0
cotg3x cotg19x = 0 3x +k = 19x x =
k
16
; k Z
k
16
; k Z
Bi tp 4.4 Ta c:Ta c:
PT
sin 2x
cos x cos 3x
+
sin 2x
cos 3x cos 5x
+
sin 2x
cos 5x cos 7x
+
sin2x
cos 7x cos 9x
= 0
sin(3x x)
cos x cos 3x
+
sin(5x 3x)
cos 3x cos 5x
+
sin(7x 5x)
cos 5x cos 7x
+
sin(9x 7x)
cos 7x cos 9x
= 0
tg3x tgx +tg5x tg3x +tg7x tg5x +tg9x tg7x = 0
tg9x tgx = 0 9x = x +k x =
k
8
; k Z
k
8
; k Z
Bi tp 4.5 Ta c:
S
4
=
cos x
sin 3x
+
cos 3x
sin 9x
+... +
cos(3
n1
x)
sin(3
n
x)
S
4
=
1
2
(
2 sinx cos x
sinx sin 3x
+
2 sin 3x cos 3x
sin 3x sin 9x
+... +
2 sin(3
n1
x) cos(3
n1
x)
sin(3
n1
x) sin(3
n
x)
)
=
1
2
(
sin 2x
sinx sin 3x
+
sin 6x
sin 3x sin 9x
+... +
sin(2.3
n1
x)
sin(3
n1
x) sin(3
n
x)
)
=
1
2
(
sin(3x x)
sin x sin 3x
+
sin(9x 3x)
sin 3x sin 9x
+... +
sin(3
n
x 3
n1
x)
sin 3
n1
x sin 3
n
x
)
=
1
2
(cot x cot 3x + cot 3x cot 9x +... + cot 3
n1
x cot 3
n
x)
S
4
=
1
2
(cot x cot 3
n
x)
Bi tp 4.6 iu kin: cos 3x = 0; cos 9x = 0; cos 27x = 0. Ta c:
PT
2 cos x sin x
cos x cos 3x
+
2 cos 3x sin 3x
cos 3x cos 9x
+
2 cos 9x sin 9x
cos 9x cos 27x
= 0
sin(3x x)
cos x cos 3x
+
sin(9x 3x)
cos 3x cos 9x
+
sin(27x 9x)
cos 9x cos 27x
= 0
tg3x tgx +tg9x tg3x +tg27x tg9x = 0
tg27x tgx = 0 27x = x +k x =
k
26
k
26
; k Z
Bi tp 4.7 Ta c:
S
2
=
1
2
cotg
x
2
cotgx +
1
2
2
cotg
x
2
2

1
2
cotg
x
2
+
1
2
3
cotg
x
2
3
1
2
2
cotg
x
2
2
+... +
1
2
n
cotg
x
2
n

1
2
n1
cotg
x
2
n1
S
2
=
1
2
n
cotg
x
2
n
cotgx
Vy S
2
=
1
2
n
cotg
x
2
n
cotgx
Bi ging s 5:
ng dng lng gic
C kh nhiu phng trnh trong i s m khi ta bin i bng nhiu
cch, nhiu phng php khc nhau ca i s vn khng gii ra nghim.Ch
khi s dng phng php lng gic ha a phng trnh v phng trnh
lng gic ta mi gii c.Sau y chng ta xt mt s bi ton.
Bi ton 5.1 Gii phng trnh sau:
_
1 x
2
= 4x
3
3x
Bi gii
1. iu kin: |x| 1. t x = cos , (0, )
Phng trnh tng ng vi
sin = cos 3 sin = sin(
2
3)
=

2
3 +k2
hoc
=

2
+ 3 +k2 (k Z)
Trn (0, ) ta c:
1
=

8
;
2
=
5
8
;
3
=
3
4
Vy cc nghim ca PT l: x
1
= cos

8
; x
2
= cos
5
8
; x
1
= cos
3
4
Bi ton 5.2 Gii phng trnh sau:
1 x = 2x
2
1 + 2x.
_
1 x
2
Bi gii
iu kin: |x| 1. t x = cos , (0, )
Phng trnh tng ng vi
1 cos = 2cos
2
1 + 2 cos .
_
1 cos
2
2.sin
2
= cos2 +sin2 =
2.sin(2 +

4
)
sin
2
= sin(2 +

4
)

2
= 2 +

4
+k2 hoc

2
=
3
4
2 +k2
=
6
+ 2k hoc =
3
10
+ 2k
Do (0, ) =
3
10
Vy nghim ca PT l: x = cos
3
10
Bi ton 5.3 Cho phng trnh: 4x
3
3x =
1
2
Tm nghim ca phng trnh trong on (-1,1)
Bi gii
t x = cos , (0, ). Thay vo phng trnh ta c:
4 cos
3
3 cos =
1
2
cos 3 =
1
2
=
3
+ 2k =
9
+
2k
3
(k Z)
Trn on (0, ) ta thu c
1
=

9
,
2
=
7
9
,
3
=
5
9
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l: x
1
= cos

9
, x
2
=
5
9
, x
3
=
7
9
C mt s bi ton chng minh bt ng thc trong i s, nu chng ta
kho lo a v chng minh bt ng thc lng gic trong tam gic th vic
chng minh s d dng hn nhiu.Di y l mt s bi ton nh th.
Bi ton 5.4 Cho a, b, c > 0 v a+b +c = abc. Chng minh
rng:
1
1 +a
2
+
1
1 +b
2
+
1
1 +c
2

3
2
Bi gii
t a = tgA; b = tgB; c = tgC; A, B, C (0,

2
)
Ta c:
a +b +c = abc tgA+tgB +tgC = tgA.tgB.tgC
tgA +tgB +tgC(1 tgAtgB) = 0
_
_
_
_
tgA.tgB = 1
tgA +tgB = 0
tgA+tgB
1 tgAtgB
+tgC = 0
_
_
_
_
cos(A+B) = 0
sin(A+B) = 0
A, B
sin(A+B +C) = 0 A+B +C = k(k Z)
A+B +C = (do A, B, C (0,

2
))
A, B, C l 3 gc ca tam gic nhn
Ta c:
_
1 +a
2
=
_
1 +tg
2
A =
_
1
cos
2
A
=
1
cos A
Tng t
_
1 +b
2
=
1
cos B
_
1 +c
2
=
1
cos C
BT chng minh
cos A + cos B + cos C
3
2
(hin nhin ng trong tam gic ABC
Du "= " xy ra
_
cos
A B
2
= 1
cos(
C
2

6
) = 1
cos
A+B C

3
4
= 1
A = B = C = 60
0
Khi a = b = c =
3
Bi ton 5.5 Cho x
2
+y
2
= 1. Chng minh rng:
16(x
5
+y
5
) 20(x
3
+y
3
) + 5(x +y)
2
Bi gii
Do x
2
+y
2
= 1. nn t x = sin , y = cos . Ta c:
sin 5 = sin3cos 2 + sin 2cos 3
= (3 sin 4 sin
3
)(1 2 sin
2
) + 2 sin cos (4 cos
3
3 cos )
= (3 sin 4 sin
3
)(1 2 sin
2
) + 2 sin cos
2
(4 cos
2
3)
= (3 sin 4 sin
3
)(1 2 sin
2
) + 2 sin (1 sin
2
)(1 4 sin
2
)
= 16 sin
5
20 sin
+5 sin
= 16x
5
20y
3
+ 5y
Tng t ta c:
cos 5 = 16y
5
20y
3
+ 5y
Suy ra:
16(x
5
+y
5
) 20(x
3
+y
3
) + 5(x +y)
= |sin 5 + cos 5| =
=
cos(5

4
)
2 ( V
cos(5

4
)
1)
Vy
16(x
5
+y
5
) 20(x
3
+y
3
) + 5(x +y)
2
H phng trnh 3 n i xng vi 3 bin x,y,z khng gii c nh hng
ng thc i s hay s dng tnh n iu. Khi phng php gii hu
hiu l a h phng trnh cho v phng trnh lng gic. Cc v d
sau s minh ha cho iu .
Bi ton 5.6 Gii h phng trnh:
_
_
2x +x
2
y = y
2y +y
2
z = z
2z +z
2
x = x
Bi gii
Ta kim tra c x = 1, y = 1, z = 1 khng l nghim ca h
phng trnh.
H phng trnh tng ng
_
_
y =
2x
1 x
2
z =
2y
1 y
2
x =
2z
1 z
2
t x = tg, (
2
,

2
); =
4
Khi ta c
y = tg2; z = tg4; x = tg8
Vy tg8 = tg
8 = +k =
k
7
(k Z)
Do (
2
,

2
); =
4
. Suyra = 0;
7
;
2
7
;
3
7
Vi = 0 nghim ca h l x = y = 0
Vi =
7
nghim ca h l x = tg
7
; y = tg
2
7
; z = tg
4
7
Vi =
2
7
nghim ca h l x = tg
2
7
; y = tg
4
7
; z = tg
8
7
Vi =
3
7
nghim ca h l x = tg
3
7
; y = tg
6
7
; z = tg
12
7
Vy h c 7 nghim l
(0, 0, 0); (tg
7
, tg
2
7
, tg
4
7
); (tg
7
, tg
2
7
, tg
4
7
);
(tg
2
7
, tg
4
7
, tg
8
7
); (tg
2
7
, tg
4
7
, tg
8
7
);
(tg
3
7
, tg
6
7
, tg
12
7
); (tg
3
7
, tg
6
7
, tg
12
7
)
_
_
x
1
x
= 2y
y
1
y
= 2z
z
1
z
= 2x
Bi gii
t x = cotg, (0, ), =

2
. Ta c
2y = cotg tg = 2cotg2 y = cotg2
Tng t
z = cotg4 ; x = cotg8
Vy cotg = cotg8 =
k
7
(k Z)
Do (0, ), =

2
. Suy ra =

7
;
2
7
;
3
7
;
4
7
;
5
7
;
6
7
Vi =

7
nghim ca h l x = cotg
7
; y = cotg
2
7
; z = cotg
4
7
Vi =
2
7
2
7
; y = cotg
4
7
; z = cotg
8
7
Vi =
3
7
3
7
; y = cotg
6
7
; z = cotg
12
7
Vi =
4
7
4
7
; y = cotg
8
7
; z = cotg
16
7
Vi =
5
7
5
7
; y = cotg
10
7
; z = cotg
20
7
Vi =
6
7
6
7
; y = cotg
12
7
; z = cotg
24
7
Vy h c 6 nghim
_
_
x
3
3x = y
y
3
3y = z
z
3
3z = x
Bi gii
t x = 2x
1
, y = 2y
1
, z = 2z
1
Khi h cho
_
8x
3
1
6x
1
= 2y
1
8y
3
1
6y
1
= 2z
1
8z
3
1
6z
1
= 2x
1
_
4x
3
1
3x
1
= y
1
4y
3
1
3y
1
= z
1
4z
3
1
3z
1
= x
1
()
Nhn v vi v ca 3 phng trnh (*) ta c:
x
1
.y
1
.z
1
.(4x
2
1
3)(4y
2
1
3)(4z
2
1
3) = x
1
.y
1
.z
1
1) Nu x
1
= 0 nghim ca h l (0,0,0)
2) Gi s x
1
, y
1
, z
1
= 0
(4x
2
1
3)(4y
2
1
3)(4z
2
1
3) = 1
tn ti t nht mt nhn t 1
Chng hn 4x
2
1
3 1 x
2
1
1 1 x
1
1
t x
1
= cos [0, ]
y
1
= cos 3 z
1
= cos 9 x
1
= cos 27
Suy ra: cos 27 = cos
a) 27 = +k2 =
k2
26
= k

13
[0, ] k = 0, 1, 2..., 13 c 14 gi tr
b) 27 = +k2 =
k2
28
= k

14
[0, ] k = 0, 1, 2..., 14 c 15 gi tr tr hai gi tr
khi k=0 v k=14 (trng vi trng hp trn) cn 13 gi tr
Vy h c tt c 27 nghim
*Sau y ta xt mt s bi ton ng dng khc ca lng gic
Bi ton 5.9 Cho h
_
_
x = y(4 y)
y = z(4 z)
z = x(4 x)
Hy tnh tng A = x +y +z
Bi gii
Cng v vi v ca 3 phng trnh h ta c:
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= 2(x +y +z)
x +y +z 0 tn ti t nht mt s 0
Chng hn l x 0. Ta chng minh: 0 x 4
Tht vy, gi s tri li: x > 4. Khi :
z < 0 y < 0 x < 0 ( v l)
Vy 0 x 4
By gi ta chng minh: 0 y 4 v 0 z 4
Tht vy, do 0 x 4 x(4 x) 0 z 0
Mt khc,theo bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:
_
x(4 x)
x + 4 x
2
= 2 x(4 x) 4
Vy 0 z 4 tng t: 0 y 4
Do 0 x 4 t x = 4 sin
2
vi 0

2
Suy ra z = 4 sin
2
2 y = 4 sin
2
4 x = 4 sin
2
8
Vy suy: 4 sin
2
= 4 sin
2
8 sin
2
= sin
2
8
(sin 8 sin )(sin 8 + sin ) = 0
2 cos
9
2
. sin
7
2
.2 sin
9
2
. cos
7
2
= 0
sin 7. sin 9 = 0
1) sin7 = 0 7 = k = k
7
[0,

2
] {0,

7
,
2
7
,
3
7
}
2) sin9 = 0 9 = k = k
9
[0,

2
] {0,

9
,
2
9
,
3
9
,
4
9
}
Xt tng trng hp vi {0,

7
,
2
7
,
3
7
,

9
,
2
9
,
3
9
,
4
9
}
Ta tnh c tng (x+y+z)={0,7,9,6}
Bi ton 5.10 Dy s x
n
c xc nh bi cng thc
x
n+1
=
3.x
n
1
x
n
+
3
Chng minh dy cho l tun hon vi x 1
Bi gii
S dng cc cng thc
tg =
1
3
; tg( ) =
tg tg
1 +tg.tg
Ta c
x
n+1
=
3.x
n
1
x
n
+
3
=
x
n
3
1 +
1
3
.x
n
t x
1
= tg vi l mt s thc bt k
x
2
=
x
1
3
1 +
1
3
.x
1
=
tg tg
6
1 +tg.tg
6
= tg(

6
)
x
3
=
tg(

6
) tg
6
1 +tg(

6
).tg
6
= tg(
6

6
) = tg(
2
6
... = ...
x
7
= tg(
6
6
) = tg( ) = tg
= x
1
Vy dy cho tun hon
Bi ton 5.11 Gi s A
1
A
2
...A
1
4 l a gic 14 cnh u ni tip trong
vng trn bn knh R. Chng minh rng:
A
1
A
2
3
+A
1
A
2
7
+A
3
A
2
7
= 7R
2
Bi gii
V A
1
A
2
...A
1
4 l a gic 14 cnh u ni tip trong vng trn bn knh
R tm O nn suy ra: Gc tm to bi hai cnh ni t 2 nh lin tip ca
a gic u ti tm bng nhau v bng
7
Theo nh l hm s sin ta c:
A
1
A
3
= 2Rsin
2
7
A
1
A
7
= 2Rsin
6
7
= 2Rsin

7
A
3
A
7
= 2Rsin
4
7
= 2Rsin
3
7
Ta c:
A
1
A
2
3
+A
1
A
2
7
+A
3
A
2
7
= 7R
2
4R
2
_
sin
2

7
+ sin
2
2
7
+ sin
2
3
7
_
= 7R
2
sin
2

7
+ sin
2
2
7
+ sin
2
3
7
=
7
4
Ta c:
sin
2

7
+ sin
2
2
7
+ sin
2
3
7
=
1 cos
2
7
2
+
1 cos
4
7
2
+
1 cos
6
7
2
=
3
2
1
2
_
cos
2
7
+ cos
4
7
+ cos
6
7
_
=
3
2
1
2
_
cos
2
7
cos
3
7
cos

7
_
=
3
2
+
1
2
_
cos

7
cos
2
7
+ cos
3
7
_
=
3
2
+
1
2
=
7
4
Vy A
1
A
2
3
+A
1
A
2
7
+A
3
A
2
7
= 7R
2
Bi ton 5.12 Chng minh t 4 s dng, c th chn ra 2 s x,y sao
cho:
0
x y
1 +x +y + 2xy
2
3
Bi gii
t
z
1
= 1 +
1
x
. Do x > 0 z
1
> 0
z
2
= 1 +
1
y
. Do y > 0 z
2
> 0
t
z
1
= tgx
;

4
< x
<

2
z
2
= tgy
;

4
< y
<

2
Suy ra trong khong (
4
,

2
) c 4 s v lun tn ti 2 s x,y sao cho:
0 y
<
1
3
(
2

4
) =

12
0 tg(y
) < tan

12
= 2
3
0
tgy
tgx
1 +tgx
.tgy
< 2
3
0
z
2
z
1
1 +z
1
.z
2
< 2
3
0
1 +
1
y
1
1
x
1 + (1 +
1
x
) + (1 +
1
y
)
< 2
3
0
x y
1 +x +y + 2xy
< 2
3
pcm
Bi ton 5.13 Cho a
1
, a
2
, ..., a
13
l 13 s thc i mt khc nhau. Chng
minh rng tn ti 2 s a
i
, a
j
1 i, j 13 sao cho:
0 <
a
j
a
i
1 +a
j
a
i
< 2
3
Bi gii
Khng gim tng qut, ta gi s: a
1
< a
2
< a
3
... < a
13
.
t a
i
= tg
i
, khi
2
<
i
<

2
vi i=1,2,...13. T gi thit, ta
c:
2
<
1
<
2
< ... <
13
<

2
Xt on [
1
,
1
+ c di . on ny c chia thnh 13 on
nh bi cc im chia
2
,
3
, ...,
13
. Vy tn ti t nht mt on c
di

13
C hai kh nng xy ra:
1) Nu 0 <
i+1

i

13
vi 1 i 12
0 < tg(
i+1

i
) tg

13
< tg

12
V tg

12
= 2
3 0 <
a
i+1
a
i
1 +a
i+1
a
i
< 2
3
Khi ta chn: a
j
= a
i
+ 1 (pcm)
2) Nu 0 < (
1
+)
13

13
0 < tg((
1
+)
13
) tg

13
0 < tg(
1
13
) tg

12
0 <
a
1
a
13
1 +a
1
a
13
< 2
3
Khi ta chn: a
j
= a
1
, a
i
= a
13
(pcm)
Vy lun tn ti 2 s a
i
, a
j
1 i, j 13 sao cho:
0 <
a
j
a
i
1 +a
j
a
i
< 2
3
Bi tp
Bi tp 5.1 Cho phng trnh:
8x.(2x
2
1)(8x
4
8x
2
+ 1) = 1
C bao nhiu nghim thuc on (0,1)
Bi tp 5.2 Gii phng trnh sau:
2 +
x
1 x
2
= 2x
2
2x + (4x
2
1)
_
1 x
2
= 4x
3
+
_
1 x
2
Bitp 5.4 Gii phng trnh:
_
1 x
2
=
x
3
2x
2
+ 1
x
2
1
Bi tp 5.5 Cho x, y, z (0, 1). Chng minh rng
_
1 x
2
+
_
1 y
2
+
_
1 z
2
3
2
Bi tp 5.6 Cho x, y, z (0, 1) v xy+yz+zx=1. Chng minh rng:
x
1 x
2
+
y
1 y
2
+
z
1 z
2

3
3
2
Bi ton 5.7 Tm tt c cc b ba s x, y, z (0, 1) tha mn :
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
+ 2xyz = 1
Bi ton 5.8 Cho a,b,c l nhng s dng. Tm tt c cc s thc dng
x,y,z sao cho:
x +y +z +a +b +c
4xyz (a
2
x +b
2
y +c
2
z) = abc
Bi tp 5.9 Cho x v y khng ng nht bng 0. Chng minh rng:
2
2 2
x
2
(x 4y)
2
x
2
+ 4y
2
2
2 2
Bi tp 5.10 Gii h phng trnh:
_
_
(1 +x
2
+x
2
y +y)
2
= 8(x
2
+x
2
y)
(1 +y
2
+y
2
z +z)
2
= 8(y
2
+y
2
z)
(1 +z
2
+z
2
x +x)
2
= 8(z
2
+z
2
x)
Bi tp 5.11 Gii h phng trnh:
_
_
x
3
3x = y(1 3x
2
)
y
3
3y = z(1 3y
2
)
z
3
3z = x(1 3z
2
)
Bi tp 5.12 Vi mi s thc x, xc nh dy {x
n
} nh sau:
x
1
= x ; x
n+1
=
1
1 x
n
1
1 +x
n
x
Nu x
n
= 1 th dy kt thc. Hi c bao nhiu dy kt thc sau s hng
th tm ?
Bi tp 5.13 Cho by gic u A
1
A
2
..A
7
Chng minh rng:
1
A
1
A
2
=
1
A
1
A
3
+
1
A
1
A
4
Bi tp 5.14 Cho a, b, c R v khc 1 sao cho: a +b +c = abc
Chng minh rng:
a
2
1 a
2
+
b
2
1 b
2
+
c
2
1 c
2
=
4abc
(1 a
2
)(1 b
2
)(1 c
2
)
Bi tp 5.15 Cho ABC nhn vi din tch S. Chng minh rng:
_
a
2
b
2
4S
2
+
_
b
2
c
2
4S
2
+
_
c
2
a
2
4S
2
=
a
2
+b
2
+c
2
2
Li gii
Bi tp 5.1 t x = cos , x (0, 1) (0,

2
). Ta c:
2x
2
1 = 2 cos
2
1 = cos 2
8x
4
8x
2
+ 1 = 8x
2
(x
2
1) + 1 = 8 cos
2
(cos
2
1) + 1
8x
4
8x
2
+ 1 = 1 8 cos
2
sin
2
= 1 2 sin
2
2
Phng trnh tng ng vi
8 cos . cos 2.(1 2 sin
2
2) = 1
8 cos . cos 2. cos 4 = 1
8
sin
. sin cos . cos 2. cos 4 = 1
sin 8
sin
= 1 sin 8 = sin
=
k
7
(k Z)
Do (0,

2
) k = 0, 1, 2,
Vy PT c 3 nghim PT l: x
1
= cos 0; x
2
= cos
2
7
; x
2
= cos
3
7
Bi tp 5.2 iu kin: |x| 1. t x = cos, (0, )
Phng trnh tng ng vi
1 +cot = cos2
(sin +cos)(cos sin
1
sin
) = 0
(sin +cos)(sin2 +cos2 3) = 0
sin +cos = 0 tan = 1 =
pi
4
+k (k Z)
Trong khong (0, ) ta c =
3
4
Vy nghim ca PT l: x = cos
3
4
Bi tp 5.3 t x = cos , (0, ). Ta c:
1 x
2
= sin .
Thay vo phng trnh ta c:
2 cos + (4 cos
2
1) sin = 4 cos
3
+ sin
3 cos 4 cos
3
+ (3 4 sin
2
) sin = sin + cos
sin3 cos 3 = sin + cos
3(sin + cos ) 4(sin
3
+ cos
3
) = sin + cos
3(sin + cos ) 2(sin + cos )(2 sin 2) = 0
(sin + cos )(2 sin 2 2) = 0
(sin + cos ) = 0 sin( +

4
) = 0 =
4
+k (k Z)
hoc sin2 = 1 2 =

2
+ 2k =

4
+k (k Z)
V (0, ) suy ra =

4
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l: x = cos

4
=
2
2
Bi tp 5.5 t
x = cos A; y = cos B; z = cos C
Do x, y, z (0, 1) A, B, C (0,

2
) A, B, C l 3 gc ca tam
gic nhn
BT chng minh
sin A+ sin B + sin C
3
3
2
(hin nhin ng)
Du bng xy ra ABC u, khi :x = y = z =
1
2
Bi tp 5.6 t x = tgA ; y = tgB ; z = tgC ; A, B, C
(0,

4
)
Ta c: xy +yz +zx = 1. tgAtgB +tgBtgC +tgCtgA = 1
tgB(tgA +tgC) = 1 tgAtgC
+ Nu tgAtgC = 1 tgB(tgA +tgC) = 0
_
_
_
_
tgAtgC = 1
tgA+tgC = 0
A, C
_
_
_
tgAtgC = 1
tgB = 0
B = 0 B
+ Nu tgAtgC = 1, ta c:
tgB(tgA +tgC))
1 tgAtgC
= 1 tgBtg(A +C) = 1
cos(A+B +C) = 0 A+B +C =

2
+k, (k Z)
V A, B, C (0,

4
) A+B +C =

2
Suy ra: 2A + 2B + 2C = 2A, 2B, 2C l 3 gc ca tam gic nhn
BT chng minh
tgA
1 tg
2
A
+
tgB
1 tg
2
B
+
tgC
1 tg
2
C

3
3
2
2tgA
1 tg
2
A
+
2tgB
1 tg
2
B
+
2tgC
1 tg
2
C
3
3
tg2A +tg2B +tg2C 3
3
Hin nhin ng trong tam gic nhn vi cc gc 2A,2B,2C
Du bng xy ra tg2A = tg2B = tg2C A = B = C =

6
Khi x = y = z =
1
3
Bi tp 5.11 Ta kim tra c x =
1
3
, y =
1
3
, z =
1
3
khng l nghim ca h phng trnh.
H phng trnh tng ng
_
_
y =
x
3
3x
1 3x
2
z =
y
3
3y
1 3y
2
x =
z
3
3z
1 3z
2
t x = tg, (
2
,

2
). Ta c
y =
x
3
3x
1 3x
2
=
tg
3
3tg
1 3tg
2
= tg3
Tng t
z = tg9 ; x = tg27
Vy
tg = tg27 =
k
26
(k Z)
Do (
2
,

2
). Suy ra k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...., 11, 12
Thay =
k
26
vi k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...., 11, 12 vo cc cng
thc
x = tg ; y = tg3 ; z = tg9
Ta thu c 25 nghim ca h phng trnh
Bi tp 5.14 t a = tgA; b = tgB; c = tgC.
vi A, B, C =

2
+n (n Z)
Ta chng minh b sau:
tgA +tgB +tgC = tgAtgBtgC A+B +C = k (k Z)
Chng minh
Ta c:
tgA +tgB +tgC = tgAtgBtgC
tgA +tgB +tgC(1 tgAtgB) = 0
_
_
_
_
tgA.tgB = 1
tgA +tgB = 0
tgA+tgB
1 tgAtgB
+tgC = 0
_
_
_
_
cos(A+B) = 0
sin(A+B) = 0
A, B
sin(A+B +C) = 0 A+B +C = k(k Z)
Vy tgA +tgB +tgC = tgAtgBtgC A+B +C = k (k Z)
ng thc trn c vit li l:
tgA
1 tg
2
A
+
tgB
1 tg
2
B
+
tgC
1 tg
2
C
=
4tgAtgBtgC
(1 tg
2
A)(1 tg
2
B)(1 tg
2
C)
2tgA
1 tg
2
A
+
2tgB
1 tg
2
B
+
2tgC
1 tg
2
C
=
8tgAtgBtgC
(1 tg
2
A)(1 tg
2
B)(1 tg
2
C)
tg2A +tg2B +tg2C = tg2A.tg2B.tg2C
2A+ 2B + 2C = 2 lun ng v k=2
Suy ra tg2A +tg2B +tg2C = tg2A.tg2B.tg2C ng pcm
Bi tp 5.15
Ta c: S =
abc
4R
_
a
2
b
2
4S
2
+
_
b
2
c
2
4S
2
+
_
c
2
a
2
4S
2
=
a
2
+b
2
+c
2
2
_
a
2
b
2
(abc)
2
4R
2
+
_
b
2
c
2
(abc)
2
4R
2
+
_
c
2
a
2
(abc)
2
4R
2
=
a
2
+b
2
+c
2
2
ab
2R
_
4R
2
c
2
+
bc
2R
_
4R
2
a
2
+
ca
2R
_
4R
2
b
2
=
a
2
+b
2
+c
2
2
sin Asin B
_
1 sin
2
C+sin Bsin C
_
1 sin
2
A+sinC sin A
_
1 sin
2
B =
=
1
2
(sin
2
A + sin
2
B + sin
2
C)
sin Asin Bcos C+sinB sinC cos A+sinC sin Acos B =
1
2
(sin
2
A+sin
2
B+sin
2
C)
Ta c:
sin Asin Bcos C + sin Bsin C cos A = sin B(sin Acos C + sin C cos A) =
= sin B(sin(A+C))
sinAsin B cos C + sin Bsin C cos A = sin
2
B (1)
Tng t:
sin Bsin C cos A+ sinC sinAcos B = sin
2
C (2)
sin C sin Acos B + sin AsinB cos C = sin
2
A (3)
Cng v vi v ca (1),(2) v (3) ta c:
sin AsinB cos C+sin Bsin C cos A+sin C sin Acos B =
1
2
(sin
2
A+sin
2
B+sin
2
C)
pcm
Ti liu tham kho
[1]Nguyn V Lng-Phm Vn Hng-Nguyn Ngc Thng-2005
Mt s bi ging v phng trnh lng gic,NXB i hc quc gia H Ni.
[2]Nguyn V Lng-Nguyn Ngc Thng-2007
Mt s bi ging v cc bi ton trong tam gic,NXB i hc quc gia H
Ni.
[3] Titu Andreescu Razvan Gelca
Mathematical olympiad Challenges - 2000, Birkhauser Boston.Besel.Berlin.
[4] Titu Andreescu , Zuming Feng
103 Trigonometry problems from the trainingof the USA IMO team-2004,
Birkhauser Boston.Besel.Berlin.
[5] Titu Andreescu , Zuming Feng
Mathematical Olympiads and Solutions from Around the World 1998-2004,
The Mathematical Asociation of America.
[6]Athur Engel.Stringer
Problem-Solving Strategies-1997
[7] Tp ch ton hc v tui tr.

Luownggiac Cacbaigiang

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Mc lc

T gi thit suy ra: m

Gv hng dn: Th.s Phm Vn Hng 6 Sv: Nguyn Th Thu - SP Ton 48

Gv hng dn: Th.s Phm Vn Hng 7 Sv: Nguyn Th Thu - SP Ton 48

Gi di cc on: BG=x ; CG=y v AG=z

p dng nh l sin trong cc tam gic MAB,MBC,MAC ta c:

cotg +cotg +cotg (cotgA +cotgB +cotgC)

Bi tp 2.2 Theo nh l csin ta c:

3.1 (2 v ng thc bng nhau)

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