Chuyen e 8:

A. KIEN THC C BAN: I. n v o goc va cung: 1. o:

LNG GIAC
TOM TATGIAO KHOA

2. Radian: (rad)

Goc 10 = 1 goc bet 180

180 o
y O

1800 = rad
3. Bang oi o sang rad va ngc lai cua mot so goc (cung ) thong dung: o Radian 00 0 300 450 600 900 1200 2 3 1350 3 4 1500 5 6 1800 3600 2

II. Goc lng giac & cung lng giac: 1. nh ngha: (tia ngn) y
+
(im ngn)

x
A (im gc)

(Ox , Oy ) = + k 2 (k Z)

(tia gc)

AB = + k 2

2. ng tron lng giac: So o cua mot so cung lng giac ac biet:

A B C D A, C B, D

2k 2

y
B

+ 2k
C O

+ x

+ 2k - + 2k + k
2
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A D

2 k

III. nh ngha ham so lng giac:

y u' B 1

u +
1 A
t'

1. ng tron lng giac: A: iem goc x'Ox : truc cosin ( truc hoanh ) y'Oy : truc sin ( truc tung ) t'At : truc tang u'Bu : truc cotang

x'

1 C

R =1 O

1 D
y'

2. nh ngha cac ham so lng giac: a. nh ngha: Tren ng tron lng giac cho AM= . Goi P, Q lan lt la hnh chieu vuong goc cua M tren x'Ox va y'Oy T, U lan lt la giao iem cua tia OM vi t'At va u'Bu Ta nh ngha: t y t Trc sin Trc cotang
u'

B Q
M

u + x

t
x' O
1

cos = OP sin = OQ tg = AT

Trc cosin b. Cac tnh chat :

cot g = BU

Trc tang
t'

y'

Vi moi ta co : 1 sin 1 hay sin 1

1 cos 1 hay cos 1

tg xac nh

c. Tnh tuan hoan

+ k 2 cotg xac nh k

sin( + k 2 ) = sin cos( + k 2 ) = cos tg( + k ) = tg cot g( + k ) = cot g

(k Z )

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IV. Gia tr cac ham so lng giac cua cac cung (goc ) ac biet: Ta nen s dung ng tron lng giac e ghi nh cac gia tr ac biet
y t
3

- 3

-1

- 3 /3
2 /3 3 /4

u'

B
1
3 /2 2 /2 1/2

/2

3 /3
/3 /4

u
/6

5 /6

3 /3

+
x

x'

- 3 /2 - 2 /2 -1/2

1/2

2 /2

3 /2

-1

1 A (iem goc)

O
-1/2 - 2 /2 - 3 /2 - /4 - /6

- 3 /3

-1
- /2

- /3

-1

y'

t'

- 3

Goc Hslg sin cos tg cotg

00 0 0 1 0 kx

300

450

600 900

6 1 2
3 2 3 3 3

4 2 2 2 2 1
1

3 3 2 1 2
3 3 3

2 1
0 kx 0

1200 2 3 3 2 1 2

3 3 3

1350 3 4 2 2 2 2 -1 -1

1500 5 6 1 2

1800 3600 2 0 -1 0 kx 0 1 0 kx

3 2 3 3 3

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V. Ham so lng giac cua cac cung (goc) co lien quan ac biet: o la cac cung :

1. Cung oi nhau 2. Cung bu nhau

: va - : va -

(tong bang 0) ( tong bang )

(Vd: (Vd:

6 6

& &

,)

5 ,) 6

3. Cung phu nhau

: va

( tong bang

(Vd:

&

,)

4. Cung hn kem

: va

(Vd:

&

2 ,) 3 7 ,) 6

5. Cung hn kem : va +
1. Cung oi nhau:

(Vd:

&

2. Cung bu nhau :

cos( ) = cos sin( ) = sin tg( ) = tg cot g( ) = cot g

oi cos Bu sin

cos( ) = cos sin( ) = sin tg( ) = tg cot g( ) = cot g

3. Cung phu nhau :

4. Cung hn kem

cos( ) = sin 2 sin( ) 2 tg( ) 2

= cos = cotg

Phu cheo

Hn kem

cos( + ) = sin 2 sin( + ) 2 tg( + ) 2

2 sin bang cos cos bang tr sin

= cos = cotg

cot g( ) = t g 2

cot g( + ) = t g 2

5. Cung hn kem :

cos( + ) = cos sin( + ) = sin tg( + ) = tg cot g( + ) = cot g

Hn kem tang , cotang

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V du 1: Tnh cos(

21 11 ) , tg 4 4

V du 2: Rut gon bieu thc: A = cos( VI. Cong thc lng giac: 1. Cac he thc c ban:

+ x) + cos(2 x) + cos(3 + x)

cos + sin = 1 sin tg = cos cos cotg = sin

V du: Chng minh rang: 1. cos4 x + sin 4 x = 1 2 sin 2 x cos2 x 2. cos 6 x + sin 6 x = 1 3 sin 2 x cos 2 x 2. Cong thc cong :
cos( + ) = cos .cos sin .sin cos( ) = cos .cos + sin .sin sin( + ) = sin .cos + sin .cos sin( ) = sin .cos sin .cos tg( + ) = tg +tg 1 tg .tg tg tg tg( ) = 1 + tg .tg

1 cos2 1 1 + cotg2 = sin 2 tg . cotg = 1 1 + tg2 =

V du: Chng minh rang:

1.cos + sin = 2 cos( ) 4 2.cos sin = 2 cos( + ) 4 3. Cong thc nhan oi:
cos 2 = cos2 sin 2 = 2 cos2 1 = 1 2 sin = cos4 sin 4 sin 2 = 2 sin .cos 2tg tg2 = 1 tg2
2

cos 2 =

1 + cos 2 2 1 cos 2 2

sin 2 =

sin cos =
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1 sin 2 2

4 Cong thc nhan ba:

cos 3 = 4 cos3 3cos sin 3 = 3sin 4sin 3

5. Cong thc ha bac:

cos 3 =

cos 3 + 3 cos 4 3 sin sin 3 4

sin 3 =

cos 2 =

1 + cos 2 1 cos 2 ; sin 2 = ; 2 2

tg 2 =

1 cos 2 1 + cos 2

6.Cong thc tnh sin ,cos , tg theo t = tg

2
1 t2 ; 1 + t2 tg = 2t 1 t2

sin =

2t ; 1 + t2

cos =

7. Cong thc bien oi tch thanh tong :

1 [ cos( + ) + cos( )] 2 1 sin .sin = [ cos( ) cos( + )] 2 1 sin .cos = [sin( + ) + sin( )] 2 cos .cos =

V du: 1. Bien oi thanh tong bieu thc: A = cos 5 x. cos 3 x 5 7 sin 2. Tnh gia tr cua bieu thc: B = cos 12 12 8. Cong thc bien oi tong thanh tch :

2 2 + cos cos = 2sin .sin 2 2 + sin + sin = 2sin .cos 2 2 + sin sin = 2 cos .sin 2 2 sin( + ) tg + tg = cos cos sin( ) tg tg = cos cos

cos + cos = 2 cos

.cos

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V du: Bien oi thanh tch bieu thc: A = sin x + sin 2x + sin 3x 9. Cac cong thc thng dung khac:

cos + sin = 2 cos( ) = 2 sin( + ) 4 4 cos sin = 2 cos( + ) = 2 sin( ) 4 4

3 + cos 4 4 5 + 3 cos 4 cos 6 + sin 6 = 8 cos 4 + sin 4 =

B. PHNG TRNH LNG GIAC

Cac bc giai mot phng trnh lng giac

Bc 1: Tm ieu kien (neu co) cua an so e hai ve cua pt co ngha Bc 2: S dung cac phep bien oi tng ng e bien oi pt en mot pt a biet cach giai Bc 3: Giai pt va chon nghiem phu hp ( neu co) Bc 4: Ket luan I. nh ly c ban: ( Quan trong )

sinu=sinv cosu=cosv tgu=tgv cotgu=cotgv

u = v+k2 u = -v+k2 u = v+k2 u = -v+k2 u = v+k u = v+k (u;v + k ) 2 (u;v k )

( u; v la cac bieu thc cha an va k Z )

V du : Giai phng trnh:

1. sin 3 x = sin( 2 x ) 4 3. cos 3 x = sin 2 x

2. cos( x

II. Cac phng trnh lng giac c ban: sinx = m ; cosx = m ; tgx = m ; cotgx = m 1. Dang 1: * Gpt : sinx = m (1)

3 4 4 1 4. sin 4 x + cos4 x = (3 cos 6 x ) 4 ) = cos

( m R )

Neu m > 1 th pt(1) vo nghiem Neu m 1 th ta at m = sin va ta co

x = +k2 (1) sinx=sin x = ( - )+k2 * Gpt : cosx = m (2)

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Neu m > 1 th pt(2) vo nghiem Neu m 1 th ta at m = cos va ta co

x = +k2 (2) cosx=cos x = +k2 * Gpt: tgx = m (3) ( pt luon co nghiem m R ) at m = tg th (3) tgx = tg x = +k ( pt luon co nghiem m R )

* Gpt: cotgx = m (4)

at m = cotg th (4) cotgx = cotg x = +k

Cac trng hp ac biet:

sin x = 1 x = sinx = 0 sin x = 1 x = k x =

+ k 2

+ k 2 2 cosx = 1 x = + k 2 cosx = 0 cos x = 1 + k 2 x = k 2 x=

V du:

1) Giai cac phng trnh : a) sin 2 x = 1 2

c) 2 sin(2 x ) + 3 = 0 6 e) sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1 2) Giai cac phng trnh: a) 1 + cos4 x sin 4 x = 2 cos 2 x b) sin 6 x + cos6 x = cos 4 x
x e) cot gx + sin x(1 + tgx.tg ) = 4 2

2 b) cos( x ) = 4 2
d) 2 cos( x +
) 3 =0 3 f) cos 4 x + sin 4 x = cos 2 x

c) 4(sin 4 x + cos 4 x) + sin 4 x 2 = 0 1 d) sin3 x.cos x cos3 x.sin x = 4

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2. Dang 2:

a sin 2 x + b sin x + c = 0 a cos2 x + b cos x + c = 0 atg 2 x + btgx + c = 0 a cot g2 x + b cot gx + c = 0

( a 0)

Cach giai:

at an phu : t = sinx ( t = cosx; t = tgx; t = cotgx) Ta c phng trnh : at 2 + bt + c = 0 (1) Giai phng trnh (1) tm t, roi suy ra x Chu y : Phai at ieu kien thch hp cho an phu (neu co)
V du :

a) 2 cos2 x + 5sin x 4 = 0 c) 2 sin 2 x = 4 + 5 cos x e) sin 4 x + cos4 x = sin 2 x g) sin 4 k)

3. Dang 3: Cach giai:

b) cos 2 x 4 cos x +

5 =0 2 d) 2 cos x cos 2 x = 1 + cos 2 x + cos3 x

x x + cos4 = 1 2sin x 2 2 6 2(cos x + sin 6 x) sin x. cos x

2 2 sin x

1 2

f) 2(sin 4 x + cos 4 x) cos(

2 x) = 0

h) sin 4 x + cos 4 x + sin x. cos x = 0

=0

l) 5(sin x +

cos 3x + sin 3x ) = cos 2 x + 3 1 + 2 sin 2 x

a cos x + b sin x = c (1)

( a;b 0)

Chia hai ve cua phng trnh cho a2 + b2 th pt a b c (1) cos x + sin x = a2 + b2 a2 + b2 a2 + b2 at

a a2 + b2

(2)

= cos va

b a2 + b 2

= sin vi [ 0;2 ) th :

(2) cosx.cos + sinx.sin =

cos(x- ) =

c a2 + b 2 (3)

c
2 2

a +b Pt (3) co dang 1. Giai pt (3) tm x.

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Chu y :

Pt acosx + bsinx = c co nghiem a2 + b2 c2

V du : Giai cac phng trnh : a) cos x + 3 sin x = 1

c) 4(sin 4 x + cos4 x ) + 3 sin 4 x = 2

e)
d. Dang 4:

cos x sin 2 x = 3 2 cos 2 x sin x 1

b) cos x + 3 sin x = 2 1 d) tgx 3 = cos x

a sin 2 x + b sin x.cos x + c cos2 x = 0

(a;c 0)

(1)

Cach giai 1:

Ap dung cong thc ha bac : sin 2 x =

1 cos 2 x 1 + cos 2 x va cos2 x = 2 2 1 va cong thc nhan oi : sin x.cos x = sin 2 x thay vao (1) ta se bien oi pt (1) ve dang 3 2

Cach giai 2: ( Quy ve pt theo tang hoac cotang )

Chia hai ve cua pt (1) cho cos2 x ta c pt: atg2 x + btgx + c = 0 ay la pt dang 2 a biet cach giai
Chu y: Trc khi chia phai kiem tra xem x =

V du : Giai phng trnh: 3 sin 2 x + (1 3 ) sin x. cos x cos 2 x + 1 3 = 0 d. Dang 5:

+ k co phai la nghiem cua (1) khong? 2

a(cos x + sin x ) + b sin x.cos x + c = 0

Cach giai :

(1)

at t = cos x + sin x = 2 cos( x ) vi - 2 t 2 4 t2 1 Do (cos x + sin x )2 = 1 + 2sin x.cos x sinx.cosx= 2 Thay vao (1) ta c phng trnh : t2 1 at + b + c = 0 (2) 2

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Giai (2) tm t . Chon t thoa ieu kien roi giai pt:

2 cos( x ) = t tm x. 4

V du : Giai phng trnh : sin 2 x 2 2(sin x + cos x ) 5 = 0 Chu y :

Ta giai tng t cho pt co dang :

a(cos x sin x ) + b sin x.cos x + c = 0

V du : Giai phng trnh :

sin 2 x + 4(cos x sin x ) = 4

4. Cac phng phap giai phng trnh lng giac thng s dung :

a. Phng phap 1: Bien oi pt a cho ve mot trong cac dang pt lng giac c ban a biet V du: Giai phng trnh: 3 sin 4 x + cos 4 x + sin 2 x = 0 2 b. Phng phap 2: Bien oi pt a cho ve dang tch so C s cua phng phap la da vao cac nh ly sau ay:

A=0 A.B = 0 B=0

V du : Giai cac phng trnh : a. sin 2 x + sin2 2 x + sin2 3 x = 2

hoac

A.B.C = 0

A=0 B=0 C=0

b. sin 2 3 x cos2 4 x = sin 2 5 x cos2 6 x d. sin 2 x + 2 2 cos x + 2 sin( x +

c. 2 sin3 x + cos 2 x cos x = 0

c. Phng phap 3: Bien oi pt ve dang co the at an so phu Mot so dau hieu nhan biet : * Phng trnh cha cung mot mot ham so lng giac ( cung cung khac luy tha) V du : Giai cac phng trnh : a. cos 3 x + cos 2 x cos x 1 = 0 b. 4 cos 3 x cos 2 x 4 cos x + 1 = 0 1 c. 2 cos 2 x 8cos x + 7 = cos x 4 2 d. sin x + cos 2 x = 2 * Phng trnh co cha (cos x sin x ) va sinx.cosx 3 V du : Giai phng trnh : a. 1 + sin3 x + cos3 x = sin 2x 2 3 3 b. sin x + cos x = 2(sin x + cos x) 1

)+3= 0

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BAI TAP REN LUYEN

DANG 1: Giai phng trnh lng giac S dung 1 trong 3 phng phap sau Bien oi phng trnh ve dang phng trnh lng giac c ban Bien oi phng trnh ve dang phng trnh tch so Bien oi phng trnh ve dang co the at an so phu chuyen ve phng trnh ai so Bai 1: Giai cac phng trnh lng giac sau 7x 3x x 5x 1) sin 2 x + 2 2 cos x + 2 sin( x + ) + 3 = 0 2) sin cos + sin cos + sin 2 x cos 7 x = 0 4 2 2 2 2

2 x x cos 4 sin 4 2 2 = 4) sin 2 x

3) cos 2 ( x +

) + cos 2 (2 x +

) + cos 2 (3x

) = 3. cos

1 + sin 2 x 2 sin ( x +
2

5) cos 7 x + sin 8 x = cos 3 x sin 2 x )

6) 2 sin x + cos x = sin 2 x + 1

Bai 2 : Giai cac phng trnh lng giac sau

1. 2sin3 x + cos 2 x + cos x = 0

x 7 2. sin x.cos 4 x sin 2 2 x = 4sin 2 ( ) 4 2 2

3. 9 sin x + 6 cos x 3sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 8 4. sin 4 x + cos4 x 1 1 = cot g2 x 5sin 2 x 2 8sin 2 x 2 (2 sin 2 x )sin 3 x 5. tg 4 x + 1 = cos4 x

6. 3 tgx (tgx + 2sin x ) + 6 cos x = 0 7. cos 2 x + cos x.(2tg2 x 1) = 2

DANG 2: Phng trnh lng giac co cha tham so S dung phng phap sau Chon an phu thch hp va tm ieu kien ung cho an phu va chon (tuy thuoc vao x) Chuyen phng trnh ve phng trnh ai so Lap luan e chuyen bai toan a cho theo an phu va chon S dung phng phap giai tch hoac ai so e tm tham so theo yeu cau cua e bai Bai 1: Tm m e phng trnh sau co nghiem: 1 sin 4 x + cos 4 x cos 2 x + sin 2 2 x + m = 0 4 1 1 1 Bai 2: nh m e phng trnh : sin x + cos x + 1 + (tgx + cot gx + + )=m 2 sin x cos x

x x 8. sin 2 ( ).tg2 x cos2 = 0 2 4 2 2 cos x (cos x 1) = 2(1 + sin x ) 9. sin x + cos x 1 10. tg2 x tgx = cos x.sin 3 x 3 1 11. 2 cos 2 x 8cos x + 7 = cos x cos 2 x 1 12. cot gx 1 = + sin 2 x sin 2 x 1 + tgx 2 2 13. cot gx tgx + 4sin 2 x = sin 2 x x 14. tgx + cos x cos2 x = sin x.(1 + tgx.tg ) 2

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 co nghiem x 0; 2 4 2 Bai 3: Cho ham so: 2( + cos 2 x) + m( cos x) = 1 2 cos x cos x Tm m e phng trnh co nghiem thuoc (0; ). 2 3 Bai 4: Cho phng trnh : + 3tg 2 x + m(tgx + cot gx) 1 = 0 sin 2 x Tm tat ca cac gia tr cua m e phng trnh co nghiem. Bai 5: Xac nh m e phng trnh :

Bai 6: Cho phng trnh : sin 2 x 4(cos x sin x) = m (1) Tm tat ca cac gia tr cua m e phng trnh (1) co nghiem. Bai 7: Tm m e phng trnh : 4(sin 4 x + cos4 x) 4(sin 6 x + cos6 x) sin 2 4x = m co nghiem. Bai 8: Cho phng trnh cos 4 x + 6 sin x cos x m = 0 nh m e phng trnh co nghiem x 0; . 4 Bai 9: Tm m e phng trnh : 2 cos 2 x + (sin x. cos x m)(sin x + cos x) = 0

2(sin 4 x + cos4 x) + cos 4x + 2sin 2x m = 0 co t nhat mot nghiem thuoc oan [0; ] 2

co nghiem tren oan 0; 2 cos 6 x + sin 6 x Bai 10: Cho phng trnh: = mtgx cos 2 x sin 2 x Vi gia tr nao cua m th phng trnh co nghiem Bai 11: Cho phng trnh: sin 4 x + (sin x 1) 4 = m Vi gia tr nao cua m th phng trnh co nghiem

Bai 12: Tm m e phng trnh : 2 + 2sin 2x = m(1 + cos x)2 co nghiem x [ ; ] 2 2 --------------------------Het--------------------------

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