eroberogeday

lwm pl:n nig Esn Bisid

briBaabR&tEpkKNitviTa

b
aa22

b 2 4a c
== || aa|| 2a
y
i
x

x
x dx = n + 1
n

i2 = 1

n+1

z = a + i.b

dy
+ c dx

2
(X

X)
i
i =1

1
2
=
1
+
cot

2
sin
x

1
e = lim 1 +
xx

x

-i-

matikar

CMBUkTI1
CBUkTI2
CMBUkTI3
CMBUkTI4
CMBUkTI5
CMBUkTI6
CBUkTI7
CMBUkTI8
CMBUkTI9
CMBUkTI10
CMBUkTI11
CBUkTI12
CMBUkTI13
CMBUkTI14
CMBUkTI15
CMBUkTI16
CMBUkTI17
CMBUkTI18

tk;viTa
sMNMu
cMnYn BhuFa RbB&nrb
smIkar nig vismIkar
sVItncMnYnBit
GnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRt
GnuKmn_Gics,NgEsl nig elakarIt
lImIt nig PaBCabnGnuKmn_
edrIevnGnuKmn_
GaMgetRkal
smIkarDIeprgEsl
viuTr&kglMh
cMnYnkMupic
RTwsIbTkgRtIekaN
vismPaBcMnYnBit
PaBEckdac nig viFIEckGWKIt
GnuKmn_GIuEBbUllik
viPaKbnM nig RbUblIet

TMB&r
001
005
007
012
017
028
035
039
049
057
065
069
082
088
101
111
116
131

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

CMBUkTI01

tk;viTa

1-sMeNI
niymn&y
- sMeNI KWCaGMNGMNagTaMgLayNaEdleKGacseRmcfaBit
k minBit .
- eKtageQansMeNIedayGkr p , q , r , s , .... .
- ebI p CasMeNIBitena p mantmPaBBitesInwg 1 KW t (p) = 1
- ebI p CasMeNIminBitena p mantmPaBBitesInwg 0 KW t (p) = 0
2-Qabtk;viTa
kQabnig ( )
- eKkMntsresr p q Ganfa p nig q
- sMeNI p q BitEtkgkrNIsMeNI p nig q Bit
xQab ( )
- eKkMntsresr p q Ganfa p q
- sMeNI pq minBitEtkgkrNIsMeNI p nig q minBitTaMgBIr

-1-

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
KQabmig ( )
- eKkMntsresr p Ganfa min p
- sMeNI p nig sMeNI p mantmPaBBitxusKa .
XQabnaM[ ( )
- eKkMntsresr p q Ganfa p naM[ q
- sMeNI p q minBitEtkgkrNIsMeNI p Bit nig q minBit
eRkABIenvaCasMeNIBit .

p CalkxNRKbRKanedIm,I[ q .

q CalkxNcaMcedIm,I[ p .
gQabsmmUl ( )
- eKkMntsresr p q Ganfa p smmUl q
- sMeNI p q BitEtkgkrNIEdlsMeNI p nigsMeNI q
mantmPaBbitdUcKa .

p CalkxNcaMc nigRKbRKanedIm,I[ q .
- CaTUeTA p q = (p q) (q p)

-2-

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
3-RbePTnsRmaybBaak
k sRmaybBaakedaypal
RbePTnsRmaybBaakenKWCakarRsaybBaakRtg@eTAtamGIVEdl
eKcgn .
x sRmaybBaaktamsMeNIpyBIsmtikm
rebobedaRsay
bmafa eKcgbgHajsMeNI p q Bit
- CMhanTI1 RtUvkMntsMeNI p nig sMeNI q [nRtwmRtUv.
- CMhanTI2 RtUvkMntsMeNI p nigsMeNI q .
- CMhanTI3 eKepImBI q bBaakrhUteKnsMeNI p EdlCa
sMeNIpyBIsmtikm KWmann&yfaeKnbgHajfa q p Bit
dUceneKnsMeNI p q Bit .
K sRmaybBaakpyBIkarBit
rebobedaRsay
- CMhanTI1 tag p CasMeNIEdlRtUvbgHaj .
- CMhanTI2 RtUvkMntsMeNI p .
- CMhanTI3 bmafasMeNI p Bit rYcbkRsaybnbnabrhUt
-3-

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
dlnlTplpyBIRTwsIKNitviTa .
eKnsMeNI p minBit .
dUcensMeNI p Bit (eRBatmPaBBitrvagsMeNI p nig p
mantmpyKa ) .
X sRmaybBaaktameTVlkxN
rebobedaRsay
- CMhanTI1 bgHajlkxNcaMc p q
- CMhanTI2 bgHajlkxNRKbRKan q p
g sRmaybBaaktamTahrN_pj
viFIentRmUv[eKrkTahrN_mYymkbBaakfasMeNIEdlRtUvbgHaj
CasMeNIminBit .

-4-

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

CMBUkTI02

sMNMu
sMNMu KWCabNMnvtS EdlkMntedaylkxNCaklak .

cMnYnFatunsMNMu A tageday n( A ) .

sMNMuTeT KWCasMNMuEdlKanFatuesa ehIytageday .

karkMntsMNMumanBIrrebob kMnttamkarerobrabeQaFatu
nig kMnttamlkNrYmnFatu .

sMNMurabGsCasMNMuEdlmancMnYnFatuCacMnYnkMnt . sMNMu
GnnCasMNMuEdlmancMnYnFatueRcInrabminGs .

sMNMuesIKakalNasMNMuTaMgBIrmanbBaIeQaFatudUcKa .

A CasMNMurgn B luRtaEtRKb x A ena x B

ebI A CasMNMurgn B ena n( A ) n(B ) .

ebI A CasMNMurgpaln B ena n( A ) < n(B ) .

sMNMusklKWCasMNMuEdlmanRKbFatuEdleKneRCIserIs
ykmksika .

sMNMurgbMeBj A = { x / x A , x U }

sMNMuRbsBV A B = { x A nig x B }

-5-

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
sMNMuRbCMu A B = { x A x B }

sMNMu A nig B CasMNMudacKaluRtaEt A B = .

cMeBaRKbsMNMu A nigsMNMuskl U eKn
AA = , AA = U .

ebI A nig B CasMNMurabGsenaeKnrUbmn

n ( A B ) = n( A ) + n( B ) n( A B )

lkN

DeMogan

AB= AB

AB = AB

lkNpM
1/

A ( B C) = ( A B ) C

2 / A ( B C) = ( A B ) C

lkNbMEbk
1/

A ( B C ) = ( A B ) ( A C)

2 / A ( B C) = ( A B ) ( A C )

-6-

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

CMBUkTI03

cMnYn BhuFa RbBn&rb

1 cMnYn

bnatcMnYn
Kl
EpkGviCman

EpkviCman
O

cMnuckta

lkNntmdacxat
. | a | = a ebI a 0
. | a | = a ebI a < 0

sMNMucMnYnKtFmCati IN = { 1 , 2 , 3 , ..... }

sMNMucMnYnKtrWLaTIhV Z = { ... , 2 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 2 , ... }
m

cMnYnsniTanmanTRmg
Edl m nig n CacMnYnKtrILaTIb
n

sMNMucMnYnsniTantageday Q

-7-

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
RKbcMnYnBitviCman a nig b eKn

cMeBa a > b nig b > 0 eKn

ab = a . b
a
=
b

a<b a <

a 2 = ( a )2

a
b

TRmgBnatnRbB&nrbeKal 10 manrag
abcd10 = a 103 + b 102 + c 10 + d

TRmgBnatnRbB&nrbeKal 2 manrag
abcd 2 = a 23 + b 22 + c 2 + d

2 kFa nig BhuFa

kFaKWCakenamEdlRbmaNviFIelIGefrmanEtviFIKuN nig
sV&yKuNEdlmanniTsnKtviCman sUn .

kFadUcKa KWCakFaEdlmanEpkGefrdUcKa .

dWeRknkFa CaplbUkniTsnrbsGefrnImYy@nkFa .

BhuFa CaplbUkneRcInkFaxus@Ka .

dWeRknBhuFa KWCadWeRkrbstYEdlmandWeRkx<sCageK .

-8-

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
3 RbmaNviFIelI BhuFa

edIm,IbUk dkBIrBhuFa eKRtUvbUk dkkFaEdldUcKa .

edIm,IKuNBhuFa nig BhuFaeKyktYnImYy@nBhuFaTImYyKuN
RKbtYnBhuFaTIBIr rYceFIVRbmaNviFI .
4 rUbmn
1 (a + b) = a + 2ab + b
2 (a b) = a 2ab + b
3 (a b)(a + b) = a b
4 (a + b + c) = a + b + c + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
5 (a + b) = a + 3a b + 3ab + b
6 (a b) = a 3a b + 3ab b
7 (a + b)(a ab + b ) = a b
8 (a b)(a + ab + b ) = a + b
9 acx + (ad + bc)x + bd = (ax + b)(cx + d)
5 RbmaNviFIEckBhuFa

bmafaeKmankenamBIr A nig B EdlmanGefrdUcKa
ehIymandWeRkerogKa m nig n . ebI m n eKGacrkkenam
2

-9-

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
BICKNitBIr Q nig R Edl A = B Q + R .
dWeRkn R tUcCagdWeRkn B . Q CaplEck ehIy R Ca
sMNlnkgviFIEck . plEck Q mandWeRk m n .

ebI R = 0 eKn A = B Q enaeKfa A Eckdacnwg B
6 tYEckrYmFMbMput nig BhuKuNrYmtUcbMput

tYEckrYmFMbMputnkenam A nig B KWCaplKuNktarYmEdl
manniTsntUcCageK .

BhuKuNrYmtUcbMput KWCaplKuNRKbktarYmEdlmanniTsn
FMCageK .
7 viFan

edIm,IKNnatYEckrYmFMbMput
1-dakCplKuNkta RKbtYTaMgGs
2-eRCIserIsykEtktarYmEdlmanniTsntUcCageK.
3-tYEckrYmFMbMput CaplKuNnktarYmTaMgena .

edIm,IKNnatYEckrYmtUcbMput
1-dakCplKuNkta RKbtYTaMgGs
2-eRCIserIsykEtktaminrYm nig karYmEdlmanniTsn
- 10 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
FMCageK.
3-BhuKuNrYmtUcbMput CaplKuNnktaTaMgena .
8 RbmaNviFIbUk dkkenamRbPaK
A B +B
A B AB
+ =
ni
g
=
C C
C
C C
C
Edl C 0 .
9 viFan

edIm,IeFIV viFIbUk dkkenamRbPaKeKRtUv
1-tRmUvRbPaKnImYy@[manPaKEbgrYmdUcKa
2-eFIVRbmaNviFIbUk dkEtPaKyk rkaTukPaKEbgrYm
3-sRmYllTpl
10 RbmaNviFIKuN nig RbmaNviFIEck
A C AC
A C AD
=
ni
g
=
B D BD
B D BC
Edl B , C , D xusBIsUn .
11 viFan

dakPaKyk nig PaKEbgnkenamTaMgGsCaplKuNkta

sRmYlkenamRbPaKnImYy@

eFIVRbmaNviFIKuN viFIEcktamrUbmnxagelI .
- 11 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

CMBUkTI04

smIkar nig vismIkar

1-smIkardWeRkTIBIrmanmYyGBaat
k-niymn&y
smIkarEdlmanragTUeTA ax + bx + c = 0 ehAfasmIkardWeRkTIBIr
manmYyGBaatEdl x CaGBaat ehIyelxemKuN a , b , c CacMnYnefr
nig a 0 .
x-dMeNaRsaysmIkardWeRkTIBIr
sntfaeKmansmIkar ax + bx + c = 0 , a 0
DIsRKImINg;smIkar = b 4ac
-ebI > 0 smIkarmanbsBIrCacMnYnBitepSgKaKW
2

x1 =

b+
b
; x2 =
2a
2a

-ebI = 0 smIkarmanbsDb x = x = 2ba

-ebI < 0 smIkarmanbsBIrepSgKaCacMnYnkMupicqas;Ka
1

x1 =

b+i
bi
; x2 =
2a
2a

- 12 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
K-TMnakTMngs nig elxemKuN
ebI nig Cabsrbs;smIkar ax 2 + bx + c = 0 , a 0 enaHeKman
-plbUkbs S = + = ba
-plKuNbs P = . = ac
X-muFaKNnasnsmIkardWeRkTIBIrgay
]bmafaeKmansmIkardWeRkTIBIr ax 2 + bx + c = 0 , a 0
-ebI a + b + c = 0 smIkarmanbs x1 = 1 ; x 2 = ac
-ebI b = a + c smIkarmanbs x1 = 1 , x 2 = ac
g-rUbmndakCaplKuNkta
ebI nig Cabsrbs;smIkar ax 2 + bx + c = 0 , a 0 enaHeK)an
ax 2 + bx + c = a( x )( x ) .
c-begItsmIkardWeRkTIBIr
ebIeKdwgplbUk + = S nig plKuN = P enaH nig
CabssmIkardWeRkTIBIr x 2 Sx + P = 0 .

- 13 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
2-vismPaB
k-lkNvismPaB
!> cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnBit a , b , c ebI a > b enaHeK)an a + c > b + c
b a c > b c .
@> cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnBit a , b , c eKman
-ebI a > b nig c > 0 enaH ac > bc
-ebI a > b nig c < 0 enaH ac < bc
x-vismPaBmFmnBVn nig mFmFrNImaRt
cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnBit a 0 nig b 0 eKman
a+b
ab .
2
vismPaBenHkayCasmPaBluHRtaEt a = b .
3-vismIkartmdacxat
ebI > 0 enaHeK)an
!> | ax + b |< ax + b < nig ax + b >
@> | ax + b |> ax + b > b ax + b <
#> | ax + b |= ax + b =

- 14 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
4-sBaarbseTVFadWeRkTImYy
cMeBaHeTVFa f (x) = ax + b man x = ba Cabs eKkMNt;sBaaeTVFaenH
eTAtamsBaarbs; a dUctaragxageRkam

sBaapyBI a

f ( x ) = ax + b

b
a

sBaadUc a

5-sBaarbsRtIFadWeRkTIBIr
cMeBaHRtIFa f (x) = ax + bx + c manbsBIr nig Edl < .
2

x
f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c

sBaapyBI a sBaadUc a

sBaadUc a

6-cemIyvismIkardWeRkTIBIr
-krNI > 0 nig a > 0 mans , ( < )
k> ax + bx + c > 0 mancemIy x < , x > .
x> ax + bx + c < 0 mancemIy < x < .
K> ax + bx + c 0 mancemIy x , x .
X> ax + bx + c 0 mancemIy x .
-krNI = 0 nig a > 0 mansDb
2

- 15 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
k> ax + bx + c > 0 mancemIyRKb;cMnYnBitelIkElgEt x = 2ba
x> ax + bx + c < 0 KancemIy .
K> ax + bx + c 0 mancemIyRKb;cMnYnBitTaMgGs; .
X> ax + bx + c 0 mancemIy x = 2ba .
-krNI < 0 nig a > 0 mansCacMnYnkMupic
k> ax + bx + c > 0 mancemIyRKb;cMnYnBitTaMgGs; .
x> ax + bx + c < 0 KancemIy .
K> ax + bx + c 0 mancemIyRKb;cMnYnBitTaMgGs; .
X> ax + bx + c 0 KancemIy .
2

- 16 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

CMBUkTI05

sIVtncMnYnBit
I-

sIVtnBVn nig sIVtFrNImaRt

1-sIVtcMnYnBit
sIVtncMnYnBitKWCaGnuKmn_elxEdlkMnt;BIsMNMu IN eTAsMNMu IR .
eKkMnt;sresrsIVtmYyeday (Un ) b (U n ) nIN Edl Un = f (n)
2>GefrPaBnsIVt
k-sIVtekIn
eKfasIVt (Un ) CasIVtekInelI IN kalNaRKb; n IN
eKman U > U
x-sIVtcuH
eKfasIVt (U ) CasIVtcuHelI IN kalNaRKb; n IN
eKman U n+1 < U n
K-sIVtm:UNUtUn
eKfasIVt (U ) CasIVtm:UNUtUnkalNavaCasIVtekInCanic b CasIVt
cuHCanic .
n +1

- 17 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
3>sIVtTal;
k-sIVtTal;elI
eKfasIVt (U ) CasIVtTal;elIkalNamancMnYnBit M EdlbMeBj
lkxN n IN : U n M .
x-sIVtTal;eRkam
eKfasIVt (U ) CasIVtTal;eRkamkalNamancMnYnBit m Edl
cMeBaH n IN : Un m .
K-sIVtTal;
eKfasIVt (U ) CasIVtTal;kalNavaCasIVt Tal;elIpg nigTal;
eRkampg .
4>sIVtxYb
eKfasIVt (U ) CasIVtxYbEdlmanxYbesI p kalNa
cMeBaH n IN : Un + p = Un , p IN * .
2-sIVtnBVn
-sIVtnBVn KWCasIVtncMnYnBitEdlmantYnImYy eRkABItYTImYy
esInwgtYmunbnab;bUkcMnYnefr d mYyehAfaplsgrYm b ersugnsIVt
rUbmnplsgrYm d = un+1 un .
-tYTI n nsIVtnBVn un = u1 + (n 1)d
n

- 18 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
-plbUk n tYdMbUgnsIVtnBVn
Sn =

(uk ) = u1 + u2 + u3 + ... + un =

k =1

n ( u1 + u2 )
2

3-sIVtFrNImaRt
-sIVtFrNImaRt KWCasIVtncMnYnBitEdlmantYnImYy eRkABItYTImYy
esInwgtYmunbnab;KuNnwgcMnYnefr q mYyEdlxusBIsUn .
cMnYnefr q ehAfapleFobrYm b ersugnsIVt .
rUbmnpleFobrYm q = uun+1 .
n
-tYTI n nsIVtFrNImaRt un = u1 q n1
-plbUk n tYdMbUgnsIVtFrNImaRt
qn 1
S n = (uk ) = u1 + u2 + u3 + ... + un = u1
q1
k =1
n

4-rUbmnplbUksIVtnBVnmanlMdabx<s
n

1/

(k ) = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n =

k =1
n

2/

2)
2
2
2
2 n( n + 1)( 2n + 1)
(
k
=
1
+
2
+
3
+
...
+
n
=

k =1
n

3/

n( n + 1)
2

( )

k =1

n 2 ( n + 1) 2
= 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n =
4
3

- 19 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
-rebobKNnaplbUktYnsIVtepg@
1-nimitsBaa sRmabplbUknsIVt
plbUk n tYdMbUgnsIVt u , u , u ,...., u kMnt;tageday

II

S n = (uk ) = u1 + u2 + u3 + ..... + un
k =1

2-lkNplbUktYnsIVt
1> ( ) = + + + ..... + = n
n

k =1
n

2> ( u ) = (u ) CacMnYnefr
k

k =1
n

3> (u

k =1
n

k =1

k =1

k =1

k =1
n

+ v k w k ) = (uk ) + (v k ) (w k )

4> (u + v ) = (u ) + 2 (u v ) + (v )
3-rebobKNnaplbUksIVtEdlmanTRmg
S = 1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + n
Edl p = 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; ...
edIm,IKNnaplbUkenHeKRtUvGnuvtn_tamCMhanxageRkam
-KNna (n + 1) n
-[tm n = 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; ....; n
-eFIVviFIbUk .
n

k =1

k =1

k =1

k k

p +1

- 20 -

k =1

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
4-rebobKNnaplbUksIVtEdlmanTRmg
Sn =

1
1
1
1
+ ..... +
+
+
a1a 2 a 2a 3 a 3 a4
an an+1

Edl a a = d efr ehIy d 0 .

edIm,IKNnaplbUkenHeKRtUv
-bEmgtY a a1 = d1 . aa a a = d1 a1 a1
n +1

n+1

n n +1

n n+1

n +1

-[tm n = 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; ....; n
-eFIVviFIbUk
5-rebobKNnaplbUksIVtEdlmanTRmg
Sn =

1
1
1
1
+ ..... +
+
+
a1a 2a 3 a 2a 3a4 a 3a4 a5
a n a n + 1a n + 2

Edl a a = d efr ehIy d 0 .

edIm,IKNnaplbUkenHeKRtUv
-bEmgtY a a 1 a = d1 . aa a aa = d1 a a1

-[tm n = 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; ....; n
-eFIVviFIbUk
n+ 2

n+ 2

n n +1 n + 2

n n+1 n+ 2

- 21 -

n n +1

a n+1an+ 2

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
6-rebobKNnaplbUksIVtEdlmanTRmg
S n = a1b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 + ...... + a n bn

Edl (a ) CasIVtnBVnmanplsgrYm d nig (b ) CasIVtFrNImaRmanersug q .

edIm,IKNnaplbUkenHeKRtUvKNna S q S rYcTajrk S .
7-sMKal
eK[ S = (u ) = u + u + u + .... + u
edIm,IKNnaplbUkxagelIenHeKRtUv
-sresrtY u Carag u = t t b u = t t ebIGac
-krNIeKGacsresr u = t t enaHeK)an
n

k =1

k =1

k =1

k +1

k +1

S n = (uk ) = (t k +1 t k ) = t n+1 t1

-krNIeKGacsresr u

k =1

k =1

= t k t k +1

enaHeK)an

S n = (uk ) = (t k t k +1 ) = t1 t n+1

- 22 -

k +1

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
-rebobkMnttYTI n tamplsgtYnsIVt
1-plsgtYlMdabTImYy
-eKmansIVt (a ): a ; a ; a ; ..... ; a
ehIy b = a a ; b = a a ; b = a a ; ..... enaeKfasIVt
(b ) : b ; b ; b ; .... ; b CaplsgtYlMdabTImYynsIVt (a ).
-rUbmnKNnatY a
eKman b = a a
eKn (b ) = (a a )
III

n +1

n 1

k =1
n 1

eday (a
k =1

n 1

k +1

k =1

k +1

ak ) = (a 2 a1 ) + (a 3 a 2 ) + ... + (a n a n1 )
= a n a1

n 1

eKn (b ) = a a
dUcen a = a + (b ) .
2-plsgtYlMdabTIBIr
-eKmansIVt (a ): a ; a ; a ; ..... ; a ehIy
k =1

n 1

k =1

b1 = a2 a1 ; b2 = a 3 a 2 ; b3 = a4 a3 ; .....; bn = an+1 a n

(bn ) : b1 ; b2 ; b3 ; .... ; bn

CaplsgtYlMdabTImYynsIVt
- 23 -

(an )

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
n 1

-rUbmnKNnatY a KW a = a + (b ) .
-sIVt ( c ) CaplsglMdabTIBIrnsIVt (a ) KWCaplsg
lMdabTImYynsIVt (b ) Edl c = b b ; n = 1 , 2 , 3 , ...
rUbmnKNnatYTI n KW b = c + (c ) ; n 2 .
n

k =1

n+1

n 1

-vicarGnumanrYmKNitviTa
niymn&y

i =1

IV

CasMeNIEdlTak;TgnwgcMnYnKt; n
edIm,IRsaybBaak;fa P(n)BitcMeBaHRKb; n IN * eKRtUv
!> epgpat;fa P(n) BitcMeBaH n = 1
@> ]bmafa P(n)BitcMeBaHtm n
#> RsaybBaak;fa P(n) BitnaM[)an P(n + 1) Bit
P (n)

- 24 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
-rebobKNnatYTUeTAnsIVttamTMnakTMngkMeNIn
1-krNIs:alTMnakTMngkMeNIn un +1 = a un + b
ebIeKs:alfa (un ) CasIVtncMnYnBitehIyepgpat
TMnakTMngkMeNIn un +1 = a un + b cMeBaRKb n IN *
nigmantY u1 = ( | a | 1 , a 0 ) .
edIm,IkMntrktY un eKRtUvBicarNadUcxageRkam
 rkssmIkar r = a r + b (ehAfasmIkarsMKalnsVIt)
 tagsIVtCMnYy Vn = un r rYcRtUvbgHajfa (Vn )
CasIVtFrNImaRt .
 rk[eXIjnUvtY Vn bnabmkeKTaj un = Vn + r .
2-krNIs:alTMnakTMngkMeNIn un + 2 = a un +1 + bun
ebIeKs:alfa (un ) CasIVtncMnYnBitehIyepgpat
TMnakTMngkMeNIn un + 2 = a un +1 + b un cMeBaRKb n IN *
nigmantY u1 = , u2 =
edIm,IkMntrktY un eKRtUvBicarNasmIkar r 2 = a r + b
( E ) : r 2 a .r b = 0 ( ehAfasmIkarsMKalnsVIten )
eKRtUvsikakrNIepg@dUcxageRkam
 ebI = a 2 + 4b > 0
IV

- 25 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
smIkarsMKal (E ) mansBIrepgKaCacMnYnBit r1 nig r2 .
kgkrNIenedIm,IKNna un eyIgRtUvGnuvtn_dUcxageRkam
-tagsIVtCMnYyBIrKW
x n = un + 1 r1 un nig y n = un + 1 r2 un
-rkRbePTnsIVt ( xn ) nig ( yn )
rYcKNna xn nig yn CaGnuKmn_n n .
bmafaeKn xn = f (n) nig yn = g(n)
un + 1 r1un = f ( n)
-eyIgnRbB&nsmIkar u r u = g(n)
n+1

-edaRsayrk

un

eKTTYln

2 n

un =

f ( n) g( n)
r2 r1

 ebI = a 2 + 4b = 0
smIkarsMKal (E ) mansDub r1 = r2 = r0
kgkrNIenedIm,IKNna un eyIgRtUvGnuvtn_dUcxageRkam
-tagsIVtCMnYy Vn = un+1 r0 un rYcrkRbePTnsIVt (Vn )
nigKNna Vn CaGnuKmn_n n . bmafa Vn = f (n) .
-eKTajnsmIkar un +1 r0un = f (n)
rYcRtUvbMElgCaTRmg
u n + 1 un
f ( n)

=
(
EcksmI
k
arnw
g
r0 n + 1 )
n+1
n
n+1
r0

r0

r0

- 26 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
-Taj[n

n 1 f ( k )

n u1
un = r0 + [
r0 k = 1 r0 k + 1

 ebI = a 2 + 4b < 0
smIkarsMKal (E) mansBIrCacMnYnkMupicqasKa
KW r1 = p + i .q , r2 = p i .q , p , q IR .
kgkrNIenedIm,IKNna un eyIgRtUvGnuvtn_dUcxageRkam
-tagsIVtCMnYy Z n = un +1 ( p + i .q) un rYcRtUvRsayfa
( Z n ) CasIVtFrNImaRtncMnYnkMupic .
rUcKNna Z n CaGnuKmn_n n .
-bmafa Z n = An + i .Bn ; An , Bn IR , n IN * .
-eKnsmIkar un +1 ( p + iq) un = An + i .Bn
-Taj[nfa un = Bqn .
3-krNIs:alTMnakTMngkMeNIn un + 2 = a un +1 + bun + c
ebIeKs:alfa (un ) CasIVtncMnYnBitehIyepgpat
TMnakTMngkMeNIn un + 2 = a un +1 + b un cMeBaRKb n IN *
nigmantY u1 = , u2 = .
edIm,IkMntrktY un eKRtUvGnuvtn_dUcxageRkam
 tagsIVtCMnYy wn = un +
- 27 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
 eKn un = wn , un+1 = wn+1 , un+ 2 = wn+ 2
 yk un , un +1 , un + 2 CMnYskg un + 2 = a un +1 + bun + c
eKnsmIkar
w n + 2 = a ( w n + 1 ) + b( w n ) + c

w n + 2 = a w n + 1 + b w n + (1 a b ) + c

RtUv[

eKTajn
( Edl a + b 1 ) .
 kgkrNIeneKnTMnakTMngkMeNIn
(1 a b ) + c = 0

c
a + b1

wn + 2 = a wn +1 + b wn

 edaRsayrktY wn tamviFIsaRsEdlnsikarYcehIy
xagelI bnabmkTajrktY un = wn = wn a + cb 1

CMBUkTI06

GnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRt
- 28 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
1 TMnakTMngRKw
!> sin 2 + cos2 = 1
sin
@> tan = cos

#> cot = cos

sin

$> tan . cot = 1

%> 1 + tan 2 = 12

cos
^> 1 + cot 2 = 12
sin

2 rUbmnplbUk nig pldk

!> sin(a + b) = sin a cos b sin b cos a
@> cos(a + b) = cos a cos b sin a sin b
a + tan b
#> tan(a + b) = 1tan
tan a tan b
$> sin(a b) = sin a cos b sin b cos a
%> cos(a b) = cos a cos b + sin a sin b
a tan b
^> tan(a b) = 1tan
+ tan a tan b
3 rUmnmMuDub
!> sin 2a = 2 sin a cos a
@> cos 2a = cos2 a sin 2 a = 2 cos2 a 1 = 1 sin 2 a
#> tan 2a = 2 tan a2
$> cot 2a = cot2 cota a 1
2

1 tan a

- 29 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
4 rUbmnknmMu
a
!> sin a2 = 1 cos
2
2

a 1 + cos a
=
2
2
a 1 cos a
tan 2 =
2 1 + cos a

@> cos
#>

5 kenam

sin x , cos x , tan x

CaGnuKmn_n

t = tan

x
2

2t
1 + t2
1 t2
@> cos x = 2
1+ t
1 t2
#> tan x = 2
1+ t
6 kenam sin 3a , cos 3a , tan 3a

!> sin x =

!> sin 3a = 3 sin a 4 sin 3 a

@> cos 3a = 4 cos3 a 3 cos a #> tan 3a = 3 tan a tan a
1 3 tan a
7 rUbmnbMElgBIplKuNeTAplbUk
!> cos a cos b = 12 [ cos(a + b) + cos(a b) ]
3

@> sin a sin b = 12 [ cos(a b) cos(a + b) ]

- 30 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
#> sin a cos b = 12 [ sin(a + b) + sin(a b) ]
$> sin b cos a = 12 [ sin(a + b) sin(a b) ]
6 rUbmnbMElgBIplbUkeTAplKuN
!> cos p + cos q = 2 cos p +2 q cos p 2 q
@> cos p cos q = 2 sin p +2 q sin p 2 q
#> sin p + sin q = 2 sin p +2 q cos p 2 q
$> sin p sin q = 2 sin p 2 q cos p +2 q
sin(p + q )
%> tan p + tan q = cos
p cos q
sin(p q )
^> tan p tan q = cos
p cos q
p + q)
&> cot p + cot q = sin(
sin p sin q
q p)
*> cot p cot q = sin(
sin p sin q
7 smIkarRtIekaNmaRt
!> smIkar sin u = sin v mancemIy

u = v + 2k
u = v + 2k , k Z

- 31 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
@> smIkar cos u = cos v mancemIy

u = v + 2k
u = v + 2k , k Z

#> smIkar tan u = tan v mancemIy u = v + k

8 rUbmnbEmgFEdlKYktsMKal

sin
(
) = cos

!> cos ( 2 ) = sin @>

tan
(
) = cot

sin ( 2 + ) = cos

#> cos ( 2 + ) = sin

tan
(
+ ) = cot

2
sin ( + ) = sin
$> cos ( + ) = cos
tan ( + ) = tan

sin ( + 2k ) = sin
%> cos ( + 2k) = cos
tan ( + k ) = tan

- 32 -

sin ( ) = sin

cos ( ) = cos
tan ( ) = tan

, k Z

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
9 RkahVikGnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRt
!> ExekagGnuKmn_ y = sin x
y
4
3
2
1

-4

-3

-2

-1

10x

10x

-1
-2

@> ExekagGnuKmn_

y = cos x

y
4
3
2
1

-4

-3

-2

-1

-1
-2

- 33 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

#> ExekagGnuKmn_

y = tan x
y
4
3
2
1

-4

-3

-2

-1

-1
-2

$> ExekagGnuKmn_

y = cot x

y
4
3
2
1

-3

-2

-1

-1
-2
-3
-4

- 34 -

9 x

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

CMBUkTI07

GnuKmn_Gics,NgEsl nig GnuKmn_elakarIt

1-

y = f ( x ) = a x x IR a
1

y

(C) : y = a x , (a > 1)
3

-2

-1

- 35 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
y

-2

-1

(C) : y = a x , ( 0 < a < 1)

a > 0 a 1
1/ a x = ak

x=k

2/ af ( x ) = ag ( x ) f ( x ) = g( x )

- 36 -

4 x

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
2-

y = ax x = loga y
y > 0 , a > 0 a 1
f ( x) = a x f 1 ( x) = log a x
y = log a x x
a

x y , a > 0 , a 1

1/ log a ( xy ) = log a x + log a y

x
y

2/ log a = log a x log a y

3/ log a xn = n log a x
4/ log a x =

1
log x a

5/ log a a = 1
6/ log a 1 = 0
7/ alog a b = b

- 37 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa


y

y = log a x , a > 1

-1

-1

y = log a x , 0 < a < 1

-1

-1

- 38 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

CMBUkTI08

lImIt nig PaBCabnGnuKmn_

1-lImItnGnuKmn_RtgcMnYnkMNt

niymny
GnuKmn_ f manlImItesI L kalNa x xitCit a ebIRKb;
cMnYn > 0 mancMnYn > 0 Edl 0 <| x a |< naM[
| f ( x ) L |< . eKsresr lim f ( x) = L .

niymny
eKfaGnuKmn_ f xiteTA + b kalNa x xiteTACit
a ebIcMeBaHRKb;cMnYn M > 0 man > 0 Edl
0 <| x a |< naM[ f ( x ) > M b f ( x ) < M .
eKsresr lim f (x) = + b lim f (x) = .
2-lImItnGnuKmn_RtgGnn

eKfaGnuKmn_ f manlImItesI L kalNa x eTACit +
b ebIcMeBaHRKb;cMnYn > 0 eKGacrk N > 0 Edl x > N
b x < N naM[ | f (x) L |< .
xa

xa

xa

- 39 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

eKsresr lim f (x) = L b lim f (x) = L .

eKfaGnuKmn_ f manlImIt + kalNa x eTACit +
ebIcMeBaHRKb;cMnYn M > 0 eKman N > 0 Edl x > N naM[
f ( x) > M .eKsresr lim f ( x ) = + .

eKfaGnuKmn_ f manlImIt + kalNa x eTACit
ebIcMeBaHRKb;cMnYn M > 0 eKman N > 0 Edl x < N naM[
f ( x) > M .eKsresr lim f ( x ) = + .
3-RbmaNviFIelIlImIt
ebI lim f (x) = L ; lim g(x) = M nig lim h(x) = N
Edl L ; M ; N CacMnYnBitenaHeK)an
1 / lim[f ( x ) g( x )] = L M a CacMnYnkMNt; bGnn
x +

x +

xa

xa

xa

xa

2 / lim[f ( x ) + g( x) h( x )] = L + M N
xa

[k f ( x)] = k lim
[f ( x)]
3 / lim
xa
xa

[f ( x).g( x).h( x)] = L.M .N

4 / lim
xa

f ( x) L
5 / lim
=
;M0

xa
g( x ) M
n
[
]
6 / lim
f
(
x
)
=
L
xa
n

Edl n CacMnYnKt;FmCatiminsUn .
- 40 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

4-lImItnGnuKmn_GsniTan
1 / lim ( x ) = a cMeBaH a 0 nig n IN
2 / lim ( x ) = a cMeBaH a < 0 nig n CacMnYnKt;ess
n

xa

xa

3 / lim n f ( x ) = n lim[f ( x )] = n L
xa
xa

ebI L 0 nig n CacMnYnKt;KU b L < 0 nig n CacMnYnKt;ess.

5-lImItnGnuKmn_bNak
ebI f nig g CaGnuKmn_Edlman lim[g(x)] = L
nig lim f (x) = f (L) enaH lim f [g ( x )] = f ( L ) .
6-lImIttamkareRbobeFob

ebIeKmanGnuKmn_ f ; g nigcMnYnBit A Edl lim g( x) = +
nig f (x) g(x) cMeBaHRKb; x A enaH lim f (x) = .

ebIeKmanGnuKmn_ f ; g nigcMnYnBit A Edl lim g( x) = +
nig f (x) g(x) cMeBaHRKb; x A enaH lim f (x) = .

ebIeKmanGnuKmn_ f ; g; h nigcMnYnBit A Edl
lim g( x ) = lim h( x ) = nig g( x ) f ( x ) h( x )
cMeBaHRKb; x A enaH lim f (x) = .
xa

xL

xa

x +

x +

x +

x +

x +

x +

x +

- 41 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

ebIeKmanGnuKmn_ f ; g nigcMnYnBit A

Edl lim f (x) =

lim g( x) = ' nig f ( x ) g( x ) cMeBaHRKb; x A
enaH ' .
7-lImItragminkMnt
0

lImItEdlmanragminkMnt;t
0
viFan edIm,IKNnalImItEdlmanragminkMnt; 00 eKRtUvbMEbk
PaKyk nig PaKEbgCaplKuNkta ehIysRmYlktarYm rYcKNna
lImItnkenSamfI .

lImItEdlmanragminkMnt;t

viFan edIm,IKNnalImItEdlmanragminkMnt; eKRtUvdak;tY

EdlmandWeRkFMCageKenAPaKyk nig PaKEbgCaplKuNkta
ehIysRmYlktarYm rYcKNnalImItnkenSamfI .

lImItEdlmanragminkMnt;t +
viFan edIm,IKNnalImItEdlmanragminkMnt; + eKRtUv
dak;tYEdlmandWeRkFMCageKenAPaKyk nig PaKEbgCaplKuN
x +

- 42 -

x +

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

nkta ehIysRmYlktarYm rYcKNnalImItnkenSamfI .

8-lImItnGnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRt
-ebI a CacMnYnBitsienAkgEdnkMnt;nGnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRtEdl
[enaHeK)an lim sin x = sin a ; lim cos x = cos a
nig lim tan x = tan a .
-viFan ebI x Cargjvas;mMu bFKitCar:adg;enaHeK)an
sin x
1 cos x
= 1 nig lim
=0 .
lim
x
x
9-lImItnGnuKmn_Giucs,:NgEsl
xa

xa

xa

x0

x0

1 / xlim e x = +
+
2 / xlim e x = 0

ex
3 / xlim
= +
+
x
ex
4 / lim n = + ( n > 0)
x +
x
xn
5 / xlim
= 0 (n > 0)
+ x
e

- 43 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

10-lImItnGnuKmn_elakarItenEB
1 / lim ln x = +
x +

2 / lim ln x =
x 0+

ln x
=0
x +
x
4 / lim
x ln x = 0
x0
3 / lim

ln x
= 0 (n > 0)
+ x n
6 / lim x n ln x = 0
5 / xlim
+
x0+

11-lImItsIVt nig esrI

 RbmaNviFIelIlImIt
eKmansVIt (a ) nig (b ) Edlman lim a = M
nig lim b = N eK)an
k> lim ka = k .M
x> lim (a + b ) = M + N , lim (a b ) = M N
K> lim (a b ) = M.N
ebI N 0 enaH lim ba = MN
n

n +

n +

n +

n +

n +

n +

n +

- 44 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

lImItsVItFrNImaRtGnn
k>ebI r > 1 enaH lim r = + ehIy r CasVItrIkeTArk +
x>ebI r = 1 enaH (r ) CasIVtefrehIy lim r = 1 .
K>ebI r = 0 enaH (r ) CasIVtefrehIy lim r = 0 .
X>ebI r 1 enaHsIV (r ) CasIVtqas;ehIykalNa n +
eKminGackMNt;lImItn (r ) )aneT .
 sVItFrNImaRtGnnEdlrYm sVIt (r ) smmUl 1 r 1
 esrIrYm nig esrIrIk
k-ebIesrI (a ) CaesrIrYmenaH lim a = 0

n +

n +

n +

n =1

n +

x-ebIsIVt (a ) minrYmrk 0 eTenaH (a ) CaesrIrIk .

 PaBrYmnigrIknesrIFrNImaRtGnn
RKb;esrIFrNImaRtGnn a + ar + ar + ar + .... + ar
Edl a 0 CaesrIrYm b rIkeTAtamkrNIdUcxageRkam
k-ebI | r |< 1 enaHesrIrYmeTArk 1 a r .
x-ebI | r | 1 enaHesrIrIk .
n

n =1

- 45 -

n 1

+ ...

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

12-PaBCabnGnuKmn_RtgmYycMnuc

niymny
GnuKmn_ y = f (x) Cab;Rtg;cMnuc x = c kalNa f bMeBj
lkxNTaMgbIdUcxageRkam
!- f kMNt;cMeBaH x = c
@- f manlImItkalNa x c
#- lim f (x) = f (c)
13-lkNnGnuKmn_Cab
ebI f nig g CaGnuKmn_Cab;Rtg; x = c enaHeK)an
1> f (x) g(x) CaGnuKmn_Cab;Rtg; x = c
2> f (x).g(x) CaGnuKmn_Cab;Rtg; x = c
3> gf ((xx)) CaGnuKmn_Cab;Rtg; x = c Edl g(c) 0 .
14-PaBCabelIcena

niymny
-GnuKmn_ f Cab;elIcenaHebIk (a , b ) luHRtaEt f Cab;cMeBaH
RKb;tm x ncenaHebIenaH .
xc

- 46 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

-GnuKmn_ f Cab;elIcenaHbiT [a , b ] luHRtaEt f Cab; elIcenaH

ebIk (a , b ) nigmanlImIt lim f (x) = f (a) ; lim f (x) = f (b)
GnuKmn_ f Cab;Rtg; a xagsaM Cab;Rtg; b xageqVg
15-PaBCabnGnuKmn_bNak
ebIGnuKmn_ g Cab;Rtg; x = c nigGnuKmn_ f Cab;Rtg; g(c)
enaHGnuKmn_bNak; (f
g)(x) = f [ g(x) ] Cab;Rtg; c .
16-Gnuvtn_ GnuKmn_bnaytamPaBCab
ebI f CaGnuKmn_minkMnt;Rtg; x = a nigmanlImIt lim f (x) = L
enaHGnuKmn_bnayn f tamPaBCab;Rtg; x = a kMnt;eday
f ( x ) ebI x a
g( x ) =
ebI x = a
L
xa +

xb

xa

- 47 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

17-RTwsIbTtmkNal
RTwsIbT ebIGnuKmn_ f Cab;elIcenaHbiT [ a , b ] nig k
CacMnYnmYyenAcenaH f (a) nig f (b) enaHmancMnYnBit c
mYyya:gtickgcenaHbiT [a , b ] Edl f (c) = k .
y

(c ) : y = f ( x )

f (b )
k
f (a )

- 48 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

CMBUkTI09

edrIevnGnuKmn_
1-edrIevnGnuKmn_Rtg x 0

niymny
edrIevnGnuKmn_ y = f (x) CalImIt ebIman npleFob
kMenIn yx kalNa x xiteTACit 0 .
eKkMnt;sresr

f ( x) f ( x 0 )
f (x 0 + h) f (x 0 )
y
y'0 = lim
= lim
= lim
x 0
h0
x x x 0 x x 0
h

2-PaBmanedrIev nig PaBCab

sntfaGnuKmn_ f (x) kMnt;elIcenaH I ehIy x0 CacMnYnBitenAkg
cenaH I nig h CacMnYnBitminsUnEdl x0 + h Carbs; I .
-cMnYnedrIeveqVgRtg;cMnYn x0 nGnuKmn_ f (x) kMnt;tageday
f (x + h) f (x )
f ' ( x ) = lim
.
h
-cMnYnedrIevsaMRtg;cMnYn x0 nGnuKmn_ f (x) kMnt;tageday
f (x + h) f (x )
f ' ( x ) = lim
.
h
-edrIevnGnuKmn_ f (x) Rtg; x0 ebIman kMnt;tageday

h0

h0+

- 49 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
f (x0 + h) f (x0 )
h0
h
f (x0 + h) f (x0 )
lim
h0
h
f (x0 + h) f (x0 )
f (x0 + h) f (x0 )
lim
= lim
h
h
h0
h0+
f ' ( x 0 ) = lim

mankalNa

ehIy

3-GnuKmn_edrIev

kni
kniymn&
mny&
-ebI f CaGnuKmn_mYykMntelIcena I nigmanedrIevRtgRKbcMnuc
enAkgcena I enaeKfaGnuKmn_ f manedrIevelIcena I .
-GnuKmn_EdlRKb x I pMncMnYnedrIevn f Rtg x ehAfa
GnuKmn_edrIevn f EdleKkMntsresr f : x f ' (x) .
y

( C ) : y = f (x)

(T)

cMnYnedrIevnGnuKmn_

f ( x)

RtgcMnuc
- 50 -

x0

KWCaemKuNRbTisn

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
bnatbnwgExekag (c) : y = f (x) RtgcMnucmanGabsIus
ehIysmIkarbnatbenakMnteday
( T) : y y = f ' ( x ) ( x x )
.
0

x = x0

4-edrIevnGnuKmn_bNak
ebI y = f (u) nig u = g(x) enaHeK)an
dy dy du
d
f [u( x)] = f ' (u ) u' ( x )
=

= y'u' b
dx du dx
dx
5-rUbmnedrIevnGnuKmn_
GnuKmn_

edrIev

!> y = k
@> y = xn
#> y = 1

y' = 0

$> y =

%> y = e x
^> y = a x
&> y = ln x
*> y = sin x
(> y = cos x

y' = n x n 1
1
y' = 2
x
1
y' =
2 x
y' = e x

y' = a x ln a
1
y' =
x
y = cos x
y' = sin x
- 51 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
!0> y = tan x
!!> y = cot x
!@> y = arcsin x
!#> y = arccos x
!$> y = arctan x
 CaTUeTA

GnuKmn_

!> y = un
@> y = u
#> y = u.v
$> y = u
v

%> y = ln u
^> y = sin u
&> y = cos u
*> y = eu
(> y = tan u
!0> y = arcsin u

1
2
=
1
+
tan
x
2
cos x
1
y' = 2 = (1 + cot 2 x )
sin x
1
y' =
1 x2
1
y' =
1 x2
1
y' =
1 + x2
y' =

edrIev

y' = n.u'.u n 1
u'
y' =
2 u
y' = u' v + v' u
u' v v' u
y' =
v2
u'
y' =
u
y' = u'. cos u
y' = u' sin u

y' = u'.eu
y' = u' (1 + tan 2 u )
u'
y' =
1 u2
- 52 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
!!> y = arccos u

y' =

u'

1 u2
u'
y' =
1 + u2
u'

y' = u V v' ln u + v

!@> y = arctan u
!#> y = u V

6-edrIevlMdabx<s
ebIGnuKmn_ y = f (x) manedrIevbnbnab;dl;lMdab; n
enaH y = f (x) ehAfaedrIevTI n nGnuKmn_ y = f (x)
ehIy f (x) = dxd f (x) .
7-el,nnclna

niymny
el,nnclnamYyenAxN t KW V(t ) = S' (t ) = dS
dt
Edl S(t ) CacmayenAxN t .
8-sMTunclna
sMTuHnclnamYyenAxNH t KW a(t ) = dVdt(t ) = V' (t )
Edl V(t ) Cael,nnclnaenAxN t .
(n)

(n )

(n )

( n 1)

- 53 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

9-GnuKmn_GsniTan
>GnuKmn_ y = ax + b Edl a 0
EdnkMNt; GnuKmn_mannykalNa ax + b 0
-ebI a > 0 enaH x ba ehIy D = [ ba , + )
-ebI a < 0 enaH x ba ehIy D = ( , ba ]
edrIev y' = 2 axa + b
-ebI a < 0 enaH y' < 0 naM[GnuKmn_cuHCanicelIEdnkMNt;.
-ebI a > 0 enaH y' > 0 naM[GnuKmn_ekInCanicelIEdnkMNt; .
>GnuKmn_ y = ax + bx + c man = b 4ac
EdnkMNt; GnuKmn_mannykalNa ax + bx + c 0
-krNI a > 0
Rkabn y = ax + bx + c manGasIumtUteRTtBIrKW
k-ebI x + enaH y = a(x + 2ba ) CaGasIumtUteRTt .
k-ebI x enaH y = a (x + 2ba ) CaGasIumtUteRTt
-krNI a < 0
2

- 54 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

RkabnGnuKmn_ y = ax + bx + c KanGasIumtUteT .
2ax + b
edrIev y' =
mansBaadUc 2ax + b
2 ax + bx + c
-ebI a < 0 GnuKmn_manGtibrmamYyRtg; x = 2ba .
-ebI a > 0 GnuKmn_manGb,brmamYyRtg; x = 2ba .
10-GnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRtcRmu
>cMNucsMxan;sRmab;sikSaGnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRt
-EdnkMNt;
-xYbnHnuKmn_
-PaBKUessnGnuKmn_
-TisedAGefrPaBnGnuKmn_
>xYbnGnuKmn_
-xYbnGnuKmn_ y = sin(ax) KW |2a|
2

-xYbnGnuKmn_ y = cos(ax) KW | a |
>PaBKUessnGnuKmn_
-GnuKmn_ f (x) CaGnuKmn_esselI I kalNa x I , x I
2

- 55 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

ehIy f ( x) = f (x) .
-GnuKmn_ f (x) CaGnuKmn_KUelI I kalNa x I , x I
ehIy f ( x) = f (x) .
11-RTwsIbT
ebImanBIrcMnYnBit m nig M EdlcMeBaHRKb;
x I : m f ' ( x ) M enaHRKb;cMnYnBit a , b I Edl a < b
eK)an m(b a) f (b) f (a) M(b a) .
 eK[GnuKmn_ f manedrIevelIcenaH [a , b ] . ebImancMnYn M
EdlRKb; x [a , b ] : | f ' (x) | M enaHeK)an
| f (b ) f (a ) | M | b a | .
 ebI f CaGnuKmn_Cab;elIcenaH [a , b ] manedrIevelI
cenaH (a , b ) nig f (a) = f (b) enaHmancMnYnc (a , b ) mYy
y:agticEdl f ' (c) = 0 .
 ebI f CaGnuKmn_Cab;elIcenaH [a , b ] manedrIevelI
cenaH (a , b ) enaHmancMnYn c (a , b ) mYyy:agtic
Edl f ' (c) = f (bb) fa(a) .
- 56 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

GaMgetRkal

CMBUkTI10

1-GaMgetRkalminkMNt

RBImITIv
k> niymn&y
sntfa f (x) CaGnuKmn_kMntelIcena I .
eKfa F(x) CaRBImITIvn f (x) elIcena I kalNa
F' ( x ) = f ( x ) RKb x I .
TahrN_1 GnuKmn_ F(x) = x CaRBImITIvmYynGnuKmn_
f ( x ) = 3x elIcena ] , + [
BIeRBa F' (x) = 3x = f (x) cMeBaRKb x ] , + [
TahrN_2 GnuKmn_ F(x) = sin x CaRBImITIvmYynGnuKmn_
f ( x ) = cos x elIcena ] , + [
BIeRBa F' (x) = cos x = f (x) cMeBaRKb x ] , + [ .
TahrN_3 GnuKmn_ F(x) = ln x CaRBImITIvmYynGnuKmn_
1
elIcena ] 0 , + [
f ( x) =
x
BIeRBa F' (x) = 1x = f (x) cMeBaRKb x ] 0 , + [ .
3

- 57 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
x> RTwsIbT
ebIGnuKmn_ F(x) nig G(x) CaRBImITIvnGnuKmn_ f (x)
elIcena I enaeKman F(x) = G(x) + c cMeBaRKb x I .
Edl c CacMnYnefr .

GaMgetRkalminkMnt
k> niymn&y ebIGnuKmn_ F(x) CaRBImITIvnGnuKmn_ f (x)
enaGaMgetRkalminkMntnGnuKmn_ f (x) kMnteday
f ( x).dx = F( x) + c Edl c CacMnYnefr .
x> RTwsIbT
sntfa f (x) nig g(x) CaGnuKmn_BIrmanRBImITIvelIcenarYm
I eKman
a/
b/

[ f ( x) + g( x) ]dx = f ( x).dx + g( x).dx

[ k . f ( x)]dx = k f ( x) .dx

rUbmnGaMgetRkalsMxan@
1> k .dx = kx + c
2> xn .dx = n 1+ 1 .xn + 1 + c
+

, n 1

3> dxx = ln | x | + c
4> dx2 = 1x + c
x

- 58 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
5>
6>
7>

dx
= 2 x+c
x
dx
1
= ln | ax + b | + c
ax + b a
dx
2
=
ax + b + c
ax + b a

8> exdx = ex + c
9> eax .dx = a1 eax + c
10> a x .dx = ln1a . a x + c
11> dx2 = tan x + c

cos x
dx
= cot x + c
2
sin x
sin x.dx = cos x + c

12>
13>
14> cos x.dx = sin x + c
15> tan x.dx = ln | cos x | +c
16> cot x.dx = ln | sin x | +c
17>
18>
19>

dx
1
xa
.
ln
+c
=
2
2
2
a
x
+
a
x a
dx
1
x
=
arctan
+c
x2 + a2 a
a
dx
= ln | x + x 2 + a 2 | + c
x2 + a2

- 59 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
20>
21>
22>
23>
24>

dx
x2 a2
dx

= ln | x + x 2 a 2 | + c

x
= arcsin + c
a
a2 x2
x 2
a2
2
2
2
x + a .dx =
x + a + ln | x + x 2 + a 2 | + c
2
2
x 2
a2
2
2
2
x a .dx =
x a ln | x + x 2 a 2 | + c
2
2
x 2
a2
x
2
2
2
a x .dx =
a x + arcsin + c
2
2
a

viFIbrGefrkgGaMgetRkalminkMnt
1-bmafaeKmanGaMgetRkal I = f [g(x)].g' (x).dx
ebIeKtag u = f (x) ena du = f ' (x).dx
eKn I = f [g(x)].g' (x).dx = f (u).du = F(u) + c
2-bmafaeKmanGaMgetRkal I = f (x).dx
tag x = (t ) ena dx = ' (t ).dt
eKn I = f (x).dx = f [(t )].' (t ).dt .
3-rUbmnRKw
k- k P' (x).dx = k .P(x) + c
- 60 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
xKXgc-

1
n
[
]
P
(
x
)
.
P
'
(
x
).
dx
=
.P n + 1 ( x ) + c

n+1
P' ( x )
P( x) .dx = ln | P( x) | + c
P' ( x)
P( x) .dx = 2 P( x) + c

e P ( x ) .P' ( x ).dx = e P ( x ) + c

P' ( x )
1
.
dx
=

+c
2
P( x )
P ( x)

GaMgetRkaledayEpk
ebIeKman u = f (x) nig

, n 1

u . dv = u .v

v .du

v = g( x )

eKn

2-GaMgetRkalkMNt

>niymny
f CaGnuKmn_Cab;elIcenaH [a , b ] .
GaMgetRkalkMNt;BI a eTA b n y = f (x) kMNt;eday
f ( x).dx = F(b) F(a) Edl F' (x) = f ( x) .
b

>pRkLanEpkbg;
-ebIGnuKmn_ y = f (x) Cab;elIcenaH [a , b ] enaHpRkLa
nEpkbg;EdlxNedayExSekag GkSGab;sIus bnat;Qr
- 61 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
x=a , x=b
y

kMNt;eday S = f (x).dx ebI f (x) 0

a

C : y = f ( x)
A
S
a

B
b

-ebIGnuKmn_ y = f (x) Cab;elIcenaH [a , b ] enaHpRkLa

nEpkbg;EdlxNedayExSekag GkSGab;sIus bnat;Qr
b
x = a , x = b kMNt;eday S = f ( x ).dx ebI f ( x ) 0 .
y

b
x

(C) : y = f ( x )
B

-ebI f nig g CaGnuKmn_Cab;elI [a , b ]enaHeK)anpRkLa

enAcenaHExSekagtagGnuKmn_TaMgBIrkMNt;eday
- 62 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
S=

[f ( x) g(x)].dx
a

Edl f (x) g(x) RKb; x [a , b ] .

y

3-maDsUlId nig RbEvgF

ebIGnuKmn_ f viCmanehIyCab;elIcenaH [a , b ] enaHmaDnsUlId

brivtn_)anBIrgVilCMuvijGkSGab;sIusnpEdlxNedayRkabtag
GnuKmn_ y = f (x) GkSGab;sIus bnat;Qr x = a nig x = b
kMNt;eday V = lim [f (x ).x] = f (x).dx .
maDnsUlIdbrivtkMNt;)anBIrgVilCMuvijGkS (ox) np
xNeday Rkab y = f (x) nig y = g(x) elIcenaH [a , b ]

n +

k =1

- 63 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

Edl f (x) g(x) kMNt;eday V = [f

b

( x ) g 2 ( x ) .dx

a
x

GnuKmn_ F EdlkMNt;elIcenaH [a , b ] eday F(x) = f (t ).dt

ehAfaGnuKmn_kMNt;tamGaMgetRkalkMNt; .
1
tmmFmn f kMNt;Cab;elI [a , b ] KW y =
f ( x ).dx

ba


RbEvgFnRkabtag f elI[a , b ] KW L =
a

- 64 -

1 + f '2 ( x ) .dx

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

CMBUkTI11

smIkarDIeprgEsl
1-smIkarDIeprgEsllMdabTI1

smIkarDIepr:g;EsllMdab;TI ! manragTUeTA
> dy
= f ( x ) mancemIyTUeTA y = f ( x ).dx + c
dx
= f ( x ) mancemIyTUeTA G ( y ) = F( x ) + C
> g(y ). dy
dx
Edl G(y ) = g(y ).dy .
+ ay = 0 mancemIyTUeTA y = A.e
> y'+ay = 0 b dy
dx
Edl A CacMnYnefr .
> y'+ay = p(x) mancemIyTUeTA y = y + y Edl y
CacemIynsmIkar y'+ay = 0 nig y CacemIyBiessmYy
nsmIkar y'+ay = p(x) .
ax

- 65 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
2-smIkarDIeprgEsllMdabTI2
k-smIkarDIeprgEsllIenEGlMdab2

niymny
smIkarDIepr:g;EsllIenEGlMdab;TI2 GUm:UEsn nigman
emKuNCacMnYnefrCasmIkarEdlGacsresrCaragTUeTA ]
ay' '+ by'+ cy = 0 Edl a 0 , a, b, c IR .

x-dMeNaRsaysmIkarDIeprgEsllMdabTI2

-smIkarsmal;
smIkarsmal;nsmIkarDIepr:g;EsllIenEGlMdab;TI2
GUmU:Esn nigmanemKuNCacMnYnefr ay' '+by'+cy = 0
CasmIkardWeRkTIBIr a + b + c = 0 Edl a 0 , a, b, c IR
-viFIedaHRsaysmIkarDIepr:g;EsllIenEGlMdab;2
]bmafaeKmansmIkarDIepr:g;EsllIenEGlMdab;@dUcxageRkam
(E) : y' '+ by'+ cy = 0 Edl b , c IR .
smIkar ( E) mansmIkarsmal; + b + c = 0 (1)
KNna = b 4c
-krNI > 0 smIkar (1) manbsBIrCacMnYnBitepSgKaKW
2

- 66 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

nig = enaHsmIkar (E) mancemIyTUeTA

CaGnuKmn_rag y = A.e + B.e
Edl A , B CacMnYnefrmYyNak)an .
-krNI = 0 smIkar (1) manbsDbKW = =
enaHsmIkar (E) mancemIyTUeTACaGnuKmn_rag
1 =

y = Ax.e x + B.e x

Edl A , B CacMnYnefrmYyNak)an .
-krNI < 0 smIkar (1) manbsBIrepSgKa
CacMnYnkMupicqas;KaKW = + i. nig = i.
, IR enaHsmIkar (E) mancemIyTUeTACaGnuKmn_rag
1

y = ( A cos x + B sin x )e x

Edl A , B CacMnYnefrmYyNak)an .

K-dMeNaRsaysmIkarDIeprgEsllMdabTI2minGUmUEsn

]bmafaeKmansmIkarDIepr:g;EsllIenEGlMdab;TI@minGUmU:Esn
y' '+ by'+ cy = P( x ) Edl P( x ) 0 .
edIm,IedaHRsaysmIkarenHeKRtUv
EsVgrkcemIyBiessminGUmU:Esn tageday y
P

- 67 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

rbs;smIkar y' '+by'+cy = P(x) Edl y manTRmg;dUc P(x) .

rkcemIyTUeTAtageday y nsmIkarlIenEG
lMdab;TI@GUmU:Esn y' '+by'+cy = 0 .
eK)ancemIyTUeTAnsmIkarDIepr:g;EsllIenEGlMdab;TI@
minGUm:UEsnCaplbUkrvag y nig y KW y = y + y .
P

- 68 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

viucTr&kglMh

CMBUkTI12
-

/

AB

A B

AB
/

(O, i , j , k )

P ( a , b , c )

U = OP = a . i + b . j + c . k (a , b , c )

P P(a , b , c )
-

/

u
- 69 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

u v

u . v = | u | .| v | cos

(
u v )

- u = 0 v = 0 u . v = 0
/

z

( i , j , k ) | i | = | j | = | k | = 1

i . j = j . k = k . i = 0
- 70 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
/

u = ( x1 , y 1 , z1 ) v = ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 )

u . v = x1x 2 + y 1y 2 + z1z 2
/

-
u = ( x1 , y 1 , z1 ) v = ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 )

u . v = 0

u v x1 x 2 + y 1 y 2 + z 1 z 2

-
u = (a , b , c )

( u ) =a +b +c
2

| u | = a 2 + b 2 + c 2

-
u = ( x1 , y 1 , z1 ) v = ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 )

u . v = | u | .| v | cos cos =
cos =

u.v

| u |.| v |

x1 x 2 + y 1 y 2 + z 1 z 2
x1 + y 1 + z 1 . x 2 + y 2 + z 2
2

- 71 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
-

z
c

P
I

(S )

k
b

i
a

P( x , y , z )

I R
R I(a ; b ; c )

(S ) : ( x a ) 2 + ( y b ) 2 + ( z c ) 2 = R 2

- 72 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
-

u
(L)

j
x

(L )
A( x A , y A , z A )

u (a , b , c )

x = x A + at

(L ) : y = y A + bt
( )
z = z + ct ; t IR

A
x xA y y A z z A
(L ) :
=
=
( )
a
b
c

- 73 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
-=

/=

A( x A , y A , z A )

n(a ; b ; c )
( P ) : a( x x A ) + b( y y A ) + c( z z A ) = 0

/
=


z

d( A ; ( P ))

j
x

A( x A ; y A ; z A ) ( P )
- 74 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
ax + by + cz + d = 0
d( A ; ( P )) =

| ax A + by A + cz A + d |
a +b +c
2

!>niymnyplKuNnBIrviucTr
ebI u = u . i + u . j + u . k nig v = v . i + v . j + v . k
CaviucTrkglMh .
plKuNnviucTr u nig v KWCaviuTrkMNt;eday

u v = (u2 v3 u3 v2 ) i (u1 v3 u3 v1 ) j + (u1v2 u2 v1 ) k

edIm,IgayRsYlkgkarKNnaplKuNnBIrviucTr u nig v eKsnt

eRbIedETmINg;lMdab;bIdUcxageRkam

u v = u1
v1

u2
v2

u3
v3

u v =

u2 u 3
v2 v3

u1 u2
j+
k
v3
v1 v2

u1 u3
v1

- 75 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

@>lkNnplKuNnBIrviucTr
ebI u , v nig w CaviucTrkglMh nig c CacMnYnBitenaHeK)an
k> u v = ( v u )
x> u ( v + w ) = u v + u w
K> c ( u v ) = (c u ) v = u (c v )
X> u o = o u = o
g> u u = o
c> u .( v w ) = ( u v ). w
#>bMNkRsaynplKuNnBIrviucTrtamEbbFrNImaRt

u v

ebI u nig v CaviucTrminsUnenAkglMh nigtag CamMurvagviucTr

u nig v enaHeK)an

- 76 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

k> u v GrtUkUNal;eTAnwg u pg nig v pg .

x> | u v |= | u | . | v | . sin
K> ebI u v = o enaH u nig v CaviucTrkUlIenEGnwgKa .
X> | u v | CapRkLanRbelLRkamEdlsg;elI u nig v .
g> 12 | u v | CapRkLanRtIekaNEdlsg;elI u nig v .
$>m:Um:g; M nkmaMg F cMeBaHcMNuc P

ebI Q CacMNuccab;nkmaMg F enaHm:m:g;nkmaMg F cMeBaHcMNuc

P KW | M | = | PQ F | .

- 77 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

%>plKuNcRmuHnbIviucTrkuglMh
k>niymny
eKmanviucTrbI u , v nig w enAkglMh . plKuNcRmuHn u , v
nig w tamlMdab;KWCacMnYnBitkMNt;eday u .( v w ) = r .
x>RTwsIbTTI1
ebIeKmanviucTr u = u . i + u . j + u . k
v = v . i + v . j + v . k nig w = w . i + w . j + w . k

u3

u .( v w ) = v 1
w1

v2
w2

v3
w3

u2

u1

K>RTwsIbTTI2
maDrbs;RbelBIEb:tEkgEdlsg;elIviucTr u , v nig w KW

nigmaD W rbs;etRtaEGtKW W = | u .( v6 w ) |
)annyfaykmaDrbs;etRtaEGtEcknwg 6 .

V = | u .( v w ) |

- 78 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

^>bnat; nig bg;kglMh

k-bnatkglMh
RTwsIbT
eKmanbnat; L mYyRsbnwgviucTr v = (a, b, c) ehIykat;tam
cMnuc P (x , y , z ) enaHsmIkar)a:ra:Em:Rtnbnat; L KW

x = x 0 + at , y = y 0 + bt , z = z 0 + ct ( t IR )
x = x 0 + at

y = y 0 + bt ; t IR
z = z + ct

ebI a , b , c

xusBIsUnenaHsmIkarqHnbnat; L KW
xx
yy
zz
L:
=
=
.
a
b
c
x-bgkglMh
RTwsIbT ebIbg;mYykat;tamcMNuc P(x , y , z )
nigmanviucTrNrm:al; n = (a, b, c) enaHbg;mansmIkarsg;da
0

a( x x 0 ) + b( y y 0 ) + c( z z 0 ) = 0

edayBnatsmIkarenHehIytag d = (ax + by
enaHeK)ansmIkarTUeTA ax + by + cz + d = 0 .
0

- 79 -

+ cz 0 )

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

K-mMurvagbgBIr
eKmanbg;BIr nig manviucTrNrm:al;erogKa n nig n
enaHmMu rvagBIrviucTrenH CamMurvagbg;TaMgBIrEdlGackMNt;)an

tamTMnak;TMng cos =

| n1 . n 2 |

| n1 | . | n 2 |

X-smIkarEsV
smIkarsg;danEsVEdlmanpit C(x , y , z ) nigkaM r KW
(x x ) + (y y ) + (z z ) = r .
BnatsmIkarsg;daeK)ansmIkarTUeTAnEsVEdlmanrag
0

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 2x 0 x 2 y 0 y 2 z 0 z + k = 0

Edl k = x + y + z r .
g-cmayBIcMNucmYyeTAbgkglMh
RTwsIbT cmayBIcMnuc Q eTAbg; EdlcMNuc Q minenAkgbg;
2

kMNt;eday D =

| PQ . n |

Edl P CacMNucenAkgbg;ehIy n

|n|

CaviucTrNrm:al;nbg; .
- 80 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

ebI Q(x , y , z ) nig : ax + by + cz + d = 0

ehIy n = (a, b, c) enaH D = | ax + by + cz + d | .
a +b +c
c-cmayBIcMNucmYyeTAbnatkglMh
RTwsIbT cmayBIcMnuc Q eTAbnat; L kglMhkMNt;eday
0

D=

| PQ u |

Edl P CacMNucenAelIbnat;ehIy u CaviucTr

|u|

R)ab;Tisnbnat; L .

- 81 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

cMnYnkMupic

CMBUkTI13

1-niymny
> cMnYnkMupicCacMnYnEdlmanTRmg; z = a + i.b Edl a nig b CaBIrcMnYnBit
ehIy i ehAfaktanimitEdl i = 1 b i = 1 .
> eKtagsMNMucMnYnkMupiceday .
> a ehAfaEpkBitEdleKkMnt;tageday Re(z ) = a .
> b ehAfaEpknimitEdleKkMnt;tageday Im( z ) = b .
2-RbmaNviFIelIcMnYnkMupic
k> RbmaNviFIbUk nig RbmaNviFIdk
sntfaeKman z1 = a1 + i.b1 nig z 2 = a 2 + i.b 2
Edl a1 , a 2 , b1 , b 2 IR .
eK)anrUbmn z + z = (a + a ) + i.(b + b )
2

nig

z 1 z 2 = (a1 + a 2 ) i .(b1 + b 2 )

- 82 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
x> RbmaNviFIKuN nig RbmaNviFIEck
sntfaeKman z1 = a1 + i.b1 nig z 2 = a 2 + i.b 2
Edl a1 , a 2 , b1 , b 2 IR .
eK)anrUbmn z z = (a a b b ) + i.(a b + a b )
1

nig

1 2

1 2

1 2

z 1 a 1a 2 + b 1b 2
a 2 b 1 a 1b 2
=
+
i
.
z2
a 22 + b 22
a 22 + b 22

2 1

3-cMnYnkMupicqas;nigm:UDlncMnYnkMupic
> cMnYnkMupicqas;ncMnYnkMupic z = a + i.b KWCacMnYnkMupicEdltageday
z = a i .b .
> kgtRmuyGrtUnrm:al; eKGactagcMnYnkMupic z = a + i.b edaycMnuc
P(a , b ) .
y
b

P
| z |= r

x'

0
y'

- 83 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
> rgVas; OP = r =| z | ehAfam:UDlncMnYnkMupic
eKkMnt;sresr | z |= r = a + b .
2

z = a + i .b

5-sVyKuNn i
cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnKt; k IN eKmansVyKuNn i dUcxageRkam
i =1 , i
=i , i
= 1 nig i
= i .
4k +1

4k

4k + 2

4k + 3

]TahrN_
TahrN KNna S = 1 + i + i + i + ..... + i .
tamrUbmnplbUksIVtFrNImaRt 1 + q + q + q + ..... + q
2

2006

1 i 2007
S=
i 2007 = i 4501+ 3 = i
1 i
1+ i
(1 + i ) 2
1 + 2i 1 2i
S=
=
=
=
= i
1 i (1 i )(1 + i )
1+1
2

eK)an
eday
dUcenH
6-Gnuvtn_kgdMeNaHRsaysmIkardWeRkTIBIr
eKmansmIkardWeRkTIBIr az 2 + bz + c = 0
Edl a 0 nig a, b, c IR .
DIsRKImINg;nsmIkarKW = b 2 4ac .
-ebI > 0 smIkarmanbsBIrCacMnYnBitKW
z1 =

b+
b
, z2 =
2a
2a

-ebI = 0 smIkarmanbsDbCacMnYnBitKW
- 84 -

1 q n +1
=
1 q

.
z1 = z 2 =

b
2a

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
-ebI < 0 smIkarmanbsBIrCacMnYnkMupicqas;KaKW
z1 =

b+i ||
bi ||
, z2 =
2a
2a

7-rebobKNnabskaerncMnYnkMupic
edIm,IKNnabskaerncMnYnkMupic z = a + i.b eKRtUvGnuvtn_dUcteTA
-tag W = x + i.y ; x, y IR Cabskaern z = a + i.b .
-eK)an W = z eday W 2 = (x + i.y )2 = (x 2 y 2 )+ 2ixy
-eK)an (x y )+ 2ixy = a + i.b
x 2 y 2 = a
-eKTaj)anRbBn 2xy = b
2

RtUvedaHRsayRbBnenHrkKUcemIy x; y
8-TRmg;RtIekaNmaRtncMnYnkMupic
y
Q

| z |= r

x'

R
a

y'

enAkgbg;kMupic (xoy) eK[cMnuc P(a ;b) tag[cMnYnkMupic z = a + i.b .

- 85 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
tag CamMutUcbMputn

0x ; 0P

EdlehAfaGaKuym:g;ncMnYnkMupic z = a + i.b .
kgRtIekaNEkg OPR eKman OP = OR + RP
2

eday

OP = r =| z |

OR = a
RP = OQ = b

eK)an r

ma:geTot

= a2 + b2

b r =

OR a

cos

=
=

OP r

sin = RP = b

OP r

a2 + b2

naM[

ehAfam:UDln z = a + i.b .

a = r . cos

b = r . sin

eK)an z = a + i.b = r. cos + i.r. sin = r(cos + i. sin )

dUcenH

z = r .(cos + i . sin )

Edl

a
b

=
cos
;
sin

r
r

2
2
r = a + b > 0

9-RbmaNviFIelIcMnYnkMupicRtIekaNmaRt
k> rUbmnviFIKuN
sntfa Z = r (cos + i. sin ) nig Z = r (cos + i. sin
eK)an Z Z = r .r [cos( + ) + i. sin( + )] .
1

x> rUbmnviFIEck
- 86 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
sntfa Z = r (cos + i. sin ) nig Z = r (cos
eK)an ZZ1 = rr1 [cos(1 2 ) + i. sin(1 2 )] .
1

+ i . sin 2 )

K> sVyKuNTI n ncMnYnkMupicRtIekaNmaRt

sntfaeKman Z = r (cos + i. sin ) nigRKb;cMnYnKt; n Z
eK)an Z = [r. (cos + i. sin )] = r [cos(n) + i. sin(n)]
n

X> rUbmndWmr
cMeBaHRKb; n Z eKman

(cos + i. sin )n = cos(n) + i. sin(n)

10-bsTI n ncMnYnkMupic
RTwsIbT sntfa Z = r (cos + i. sin )CacMnYnkMupicminsUn
ehIy n IN * .
ebI Wk CabsTI n ncMnYnkMupicxagelIenaHeK)an
+ 2k
+ 2k
Wk = n r cos
+ i . sin

n
n

Edl k = 0 , 1, 2, 3 ,......,n 1 .
11-TRmg;Giucs,:Ng;EslncMnYnkMupic
cMnYnkMupic Z Edlmanm:UDl | Z |= r nig GaKuym:g; arg(Z) =
manTRmg;Giucs,:Ng;EslkMnt;eday Z = r . ei . .
- 87 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

CMBUkTI14

RTwsIbTkgRtIekaN
-

ABC
A AH

1/ AB = BH .BC
2
2/ AC = HC.BC
2
3/ AH = BH .HC
2

4/ BC = AB + AC
2

5/ AH .BC = AB.AC

(
)

1
1
1
=
+
AH 2 AB 2 AC 2
AB
7/ sin =
BC
AC
8/ cos =
BC
B
AB
9/ tan =
AC

6/

- 88 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
-

A
b

ABC

R BC = a ; AC = b
AB = c

a
b
c

= 2R
=
=
sin A sin B sin C

ABC BC = a ; AC = b
AB = c
1/ a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bccsoA
2/ b 2 = c 2 + a 2 2ca cos B
3/ c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2ab cos C

- 89 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
-
ABC BC = a ; AC = b
AB = c
1/ a = b cos C + c cos B

2/ b = c cos A + a cos C
3/ c = a cos B + b cos A

A'

ABC BC = a ; AC = b
AB = c

AB
ab
2
1/
=
A+B
a+b
tan
2
BC
tan
bc
2
2/
=
B+C
b+c
tan
2
C A
tan
ca
2
3/
=
C+ A
c+a
tan
2
tan

- 90 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
-

ABC BC = a ; AC = b
AB = c p =

a+b+c

rA , rB , rC A , B , C

ABC

K
C

rA
J
rA

H
A

A pc pb
=
=
B
C
2
tan
tan
2
2
B pa
pc
2/ rB = p. tan =
=
C
A
2
tan
tan
2
2
C pb
pa
3/ rC = p. tan =
=
A
B
2
tan
tan
2
2

1/ rA = p. tan

- 91 -

rA
L

(rA )

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
-

ABC BC = a ; AC = b
AB = c p =

a+b+c

A
B
C
r = (p a ) tan = (p b ) tan = (p c) tan
2
2
2
A
L
K
I
r

- 92 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
-

ABC BC = a ; AC = b

AB = c p = a + b + c
2

r R

, rA , rB , rC
h a , h b , h c
A , B , C

1
1
1
a.h a = b.h b = c.h c
2
2
2
abc
2/ S =
= pr
4R
3/ S = p(p a )(p b )(p c)
1
1
1
4/ S = b.c sin A = c.a sin B = a.b sin C
2
2
2
A
B
C
5/ S = p(p a ) tan = p(p b ) tan = p(p c ) tan
2
2
2
6/ S = 2R 2 sin A sin B sin C
1/ S =

7/ S = (p a )rA = (p b )rB = (p c )rC

8/ S =

r . rA . rB . rC

- 93 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
-

ABC BC = a ; AC = b
AB = c AL = m a ; AM = m b ; AN = m c
ABC
A

b2 + c2 a2

1/ m a =
2
4
2
2
c + a b2
2

2/ m b =
2
4
2
2
a + b c2
2
3/ m c =

2
4
2

- 94 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
-

ABC BC = a ; AC = b
AB = c AA' = L a ; BB' = L b ; CC' = L c
A , B , C
A

B'

C'
I

A'

2bc
A
cos
b+c
2
2ac
B
2/ L b =
cos
a+c
2
2ab
C
3/ L c =
cos
a+b
2

1/ L a =

- 95 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
- cos
A
cos =
2
C
cos =
2

A
B
C
; cos ; cos
2
2
2
p(p a )
B
; cos =
bc
2

p(p b )
ac

p(p c )
ab
A
B
C
- sin ; sin ; sin
2
2
2
A
(p b )(p c )
B
(p a )(p c )
sin =
; sin =
2
bc
2
ac
C
(p a)(p b )
sin =
2
ab
A
B
C
- tan ; tan ; tan
2
2
2
A
(p b )(p c)
B
(p a )(p c )
tan =
; tan =
2
p( p a )
2
p(p b )
tan

C
(p a )(p b )
=
2
p(p c )

- 96 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
-

ABC

A
2

B
2

1/ sin A + sin B + sin C = 4 cos cos cos

C
2

A
B
C
sin sin
2
2
2
3/ tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C

2/ cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + 4 sin

4/ cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot C cot A = 1

A
B
C
A
B
C
+ cot + cot = cot cot cot
2
2
2
2
2
2
A
B
B
C
C
A
6/ tan tan + tan tan + tan tan = 1
2
2
2
2
2
2
7/ sin 2 A + sin 2 B + sin 2 C = 1 2 cos A cos B cos C

5/ cot

8/ cos 2 A + cos 2 B + cos 2 C = 2 + 2 cos A cos B cos C

A
B
C
A
B
C
+ cos 2 + cos 2 = 2 + 2 sin sin sin
2
2
2
2
2
2
A
B
C
A
B
C
10/
10/ sin 2 + sin 2 + sin 2 = 1 2 sin sin sin
2
2
2
2
2
2

9/ cos 2

- 97 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
-

Ceva

F
E
K
B

ABC , AD ; BE ; CF
K
AF BD CE
.
.
=1
FB DC EA

- 98 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
-

Menelaus
A
F
F

AB , BC , AC
F , D , E
ABC F , D , E

AF BD CE
.
.
=1
BF CD AE

-



ABC a ; b ; c

O R G

- 99 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
a2 + b2 + c2
ABC OG = R
9
2

-

Stewart
L BC ABC
AL = l ; BL = m ; LC = n , a , b , c
a ( l 2 + mn ) = b 2 m + c 2 n

- 100 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

vismPaBcMnYnBit

CMBUkTI15

(The AM-GM Inequality )

a1 ,a 2 ,a 3 ,...,an

a1 + a 2 + a 3 + ... + an n
a1 .a 2 .a 3 ...an
n

a1 = a 2 = a 3 = .... = an

a1 + a 2
-eKman 2 a1a2 smmUl ( a1 a2 )2 0
dUcenvismPaBBi
mPaBBitcMeBa
Ba n = 2 .

-bmafasmPaBen
bmafasmPaBenBitdltYTI
a1 + a 2 + a 3 + ...... + ak

eyIgnwgRsayfavaBitdltYTI

n=k
k

KW

a1 .a 2 .a 3 ......ak

k +1

a1 + a 2 + a 3 + .... + ak + ak +1

k +1

- 101 -

k +1

Bit

KW
a1 .a 2 .a 3 ...ak .ak +1

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

tagGnuKmn_
mn_

(x + a1 + a 2 + a 3 + ...... + ak )k +1
f (x) =
x
Edl x > 0 , ak > 0 , k = 1 , 2 , 3 , ... .

eyIgn

(k + 1)(x + a1 + .... + ak )k x (x + a1 + ... + ak )k +1

f '(x) =
x2
(x + a1 + .... + ak )k [ (k + 1)x (x + a1 + .... + ak )]
=
x2

(x + a1 + a2 + .... + ak )k ( kx a1 a2 .... ak )
=
x2

a1 + a 2 + ..... + ak
ebI f '(x) = 0 naM[ x =
k
cMeBa x = a1 + a2 +k..... + ak eKn
eKn

a1 + a 2 + ... + ak
k +1
+
a
+
...
+
a
)
1
k
a + a 2 + .... + ak
k
f( 1
)=
a1 + a 2 + ... + ak
k
k
(

a + a 2 + ...... + ak
a + a 2 + ... + ak
f( 1
) = (k + 1)k +1 1

k
k

cMeBa
Ba

x 0

eyIgTajn
- 102 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
a1 + a 2 + .... + ak
f (x) f (
)
k
k
a
+
a
+
a
+
.....
+
a

2
3
k
f (x) (k + 1)k +1 1

tamkarbma
smmUl

a1 + a 2 + a 3 + ..... + ak

a1 .a 2 .a 3 ......ak

a1 + a 2 + .... + ak

a1 .a 2 ...ak
k

(x + a1 + a 2 + .... + ak )k +1
(k + 1)k +1 a1a2 ...ak
x
x + a1 + a 2 + ..... + ak
k +1 a1 .a 2 .......ak x (*)
k +1

yk

x = a k +1 > 0

CYskg (*) eKn

a1 + a 2 + a 3 + ... + ak + ak +1 k +1

a1 .a 2 .a 3 ......ak .ak +1
k +1

dUcen

a1 + a 2 + a 3 + ... + an n
a1 .a 2 .a 3 ...an
n

/ -
(Cauchy-Schwarzs Inequality)

-


a1 ; a 2 ;...; an ; b1 ; b 2 ; ...; b n

- 103 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
(a1b1 + a2b2 + ... + anbn )2 (a12 + a22 + ... + an2 )(b12 + b22 + ... + bn2 )
2

( )

( )

n
n
n

2
2
a
b
a
b

(
)

k k
k
k
k =1

k =1
k =1

a1 a 2 a 3
a
= ... = n
=
=
b1 b 2 b 3
bn

eyIgeRCIserIsGnuKmn_
Y kMnt
mnmY_my

x IR eday

f (x) = (a1x + b1 )2 + (a 2 x + b 2 )2 + ..... + (an x + bn )2

n

f (x) =

k =1

eday

( )x
ak2

k =1

k =1

( )

+ 2 ( ak bk ) x + bk2

x IR RtIFa f (x) 0

Canicena

af > 0

' 0

eday af = a12 + a22 + ..... + an 2 > 0

ehtueneKnCanic ' 0
2

( )

( )

n
n
n

2
' = ( ak bk ) ak bk2 0
k =1
k =1
k =1
2
n
n
n

2
( ak bk ) ak bk2
k =1

k =1
k =1

( )

- 104 -

( )

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
2/ Cauchy-Schwarz in Engle form
x1 , x 2 ,..., xn , y 1 , y 2 ,..., y n > 0

x1 2 x 2 2
xn 2 (x1 + x 2 + ... + xn )2
+ ... +
+

y1 y 2
yn
y1 + y 2 + ... + y n

x1 x 2 x 3
xn
= ... =

=
=
y1 y 2 y 3
yn

( )

( )

n
n
n

2
2

a
b

b
(
)

k k
k
k
k =1

k =1
k =1
xk
ak =
, bk = y k
yk
2

n x 2
n
xk

k

. yk
( yk )
k =1 y

k =1 y k k =1

k
2
n

x
(
)

k
n x 2
,
k k =n1
k =1 y k
(y )
n

k =1

- 105 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
x1 2 x 2 2
xn 2 (x1 + x 2 + ... + xn )2

+ ... +
+

y1 y 2
yn
y1 + y 2 + ... + y n
/ (Hlders Inequality)
a i,j ,1 i m , 1 j 1

m
aij a ij
i =1 j=1
j=1 i =1
m

Hlders Inequality

x1 , x 2 ,...., xn
y 1 , y 2 ,..., y n

1 1
p > 0,q > 0 + = 1
p q

p
x
y

x
(
)
k k k
n

k =1

k =1

1
p

yk q

k =1

/
(Minkowskis Inequality)

a1 ,a 2 ,...,an

b1 ,b 2 ,....,bn ; n
p 1 :

- 106 -

1
q

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
1
p p

1
p p

1
p p

(a
+
b
)
a

bk
k
k
k
k =1

k =1
k =1

a1 ,a 2 ,...,an

b1 ,b 2 ,....,bn ; n n 2
n

k =1

k =1

k =1

( ak ) + n ( bk ) n ( ak + bk )

/ ( Bernoullis Inequality)

a
x > 1 , a (0,1) :
: (1 + x) < 1 + ax

x > 1,n < 1 : (1 + x)a > 1 + ax

/
CHEBYSHEV(Chebyshevs Inequality)

a1 ,a 2 ,...,an
b1 ,b 2 ,....,bn
n*
- a1 a 2 ... an
b1 b 2 ... bn

- 107 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
n

n
1 n
: ( ak bk ) ( ak ) ( bk )
n k =1
k =1
k =1

- a1 a 2 ... an
b1 b 2 ... bn
n

n
1 n
( ak bk ) ( ak ) ( bk )
n k =1
k =1
k =1

/ JENSEN (Jensens Inequality)

JENSEN

n

x1 ,x 2 ,...,xn I

f ''(x) < 0
:
xk I :

1 n
1 n

f
(x
)

f
(x
)
[
]

k
k

n k =1
n k =1

f ''(x) > 0
:
xk I :

1 n
1 n

[ f (xk )] f (xk )
n k =1
n k =1

- 108 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
JENSEN

n

x1 ,x 2 ,...,xn I

a1 ,a 2 ,...,an

( ak ) = 1

k =1

f ''(x) < 0
:
xk I :

a
f
(x
)

f
(a
x
)
[
]
k k
k k

k =1

k =1
n

f ''(x) > 0
:
xk I :

f
(a
x
)

f
(a
x
)
[
]

k k
k k

k =1

k =1
n

JENSEN

n

x1 ,x 2 ,...,xn I

a1 ,a 2 ,...,an

f ''(x) < 0
:
xk I :

- 109 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
n

a
f
(x
)
(a
x
)
[
]
k k
k k

k =1
k =1

n
n
( ak )
( ak )
k =1

k =1
n

f ''(x) > 0
:
xk I :
n
n

a
f
(x
)
(a
x
)
[ k k ] k k
k =1
f k =1n

n
( ak )
( ak )
k =1

k =1
/ Schur (Schurs Inequality)
a ,b ,c n > 0

an (a b)(a c) + bn (b c)(b a) + cn (c a)(c b) 0

a = b = c

/ (Rearrangements Inequality)

( an )n1 ( bn )n1


(cn )

k =1

k =1

k =1

( bn ) ( ak bk ) ( ak ck ) ( ak bnk +1 )
- 110 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

CMBUkTI16

PaBEckdac nig viFIEckGWKIt

!>PaBEckdac;kg Z
k-niymny
-cMnYnKt;rWuLaTIb a CaBhuKuNncMnYnKt;rWLaTIb b luHRtaEtman
cMnYnrWuLaTIb q mYyEdl a = b.q .
kgkrNIenH b ehAfatYEckn a .
-ebI b 0 enaHeKfa b CatYEckmYyn a b b Eckdac; a ehIy
eKkMnt;sresr b | a Ganfa b Eckdac; a .
x-lkNHEckdac;nplbUknigpldk
man a , b , c nig x CacMnYnKt;rWLaTIbEdl x xusBIsUn .
ebI x | a , x | b nig x | c enaH x | (a + b c) .
K-lkNHEckdac;nwgmYycMnYn
-mYycMnYnKt;Eckdac;nwg 2 luHRtaEtelxxg;rayEckdac;nwg 2
)annyfacMnYnenaHRtUvmanelxxagcugCaelxKU
( 0, 2, 4 , 6,8 ) .
- 111 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

-mYycMnYnEckdac;nwg 5 luHRtaEtvamanelxcug 0 b % .
-mYycMnYnEckdac;nwg $ luHRtaEtcMnYnBIrxg;xagcugEckdac;nwg $
-mYycMnYnEckdac;nwg @% luHRtaEtcMnYnBIrxg;xagcugEckdac;nwg @%
KW 00 , 25 , 50 , 75 .
-mYycMnYnEckdac;nwg # nwg ( luHRtaEtplbUkelxRKb;xg;n
cMnYnenaHEckdac;nwg # nwg ( .
-mYycMnYnEckdac;nwg !! luHRtaEtpldkrvagplbUkelxxg;ess
nigplbUkelxxg;KUncMnYnenaH rab;BIsaMeTAeqVg Eckdac;nwg !! .
@>viFIEckEbbGWKIt
k-niymny
eFIVviFIEckEbbGWKItncMnYnKt;rWLaTIb a nigcMnYnKt;FmCati b KW
kMNt;cMnYnKt;rWuLaTIb q nigcMnYnKt;FmCati r Edl a = bq + r
eday 0 r < b .
a ehAfatMNaMgEck , b ehAfatYEck , q ehAfaplEck nig r
ehAfasMNl; .

- 112 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

x-RTwsIbT ebI a CacMnYnKt;rWLaTIb nig b CacMnYnKt;FmCati

enaHmancMnYnKt; rWuLaTIb q EtmYyKt; nig cMnYnKt;FmCati r
EtmYyKt;Edl a = b.q + r eday 0 r < b .

cMnYnbzm tYEckrYm nig BhuKuNrYm

cMnYnbfm

-eKfacMnYnKt;FmCati n CacMnYnbfmkalNa n mantYEck

EtBIKt;KW 1 nig n xng .
-RKb;cMnYnKt;FmCati n > 1 mantYEckCacMnYnbfmmYyEdlCa
tYEcktUcbMputeRkABI 1 .
-ebI n IN ehIy n minEmnCacMnYnbfm enaHmancMnYnbfm b
Edl n Eckdac;nwg b nig b2 n .
-edIm,Isal;facMnYnKt;FmCati a NamYyCacMnYnbfm eKRtUvEck
a nigcMnYnbfmtKaEdltUcCagva . ebIKanviFIEckNamYypl;
sMNl;sUneTenaH nig plEcktUcCagtYEckEdl)anykmkeRbI
enaH a CacMnYnbfm .
-ebI n ehIy n Eckmindac;nwgcMnYnbfmEdlmankaertUc
- 113 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

CagbesI n enaH n CacMnYnbfm .

-sVItncMnYnbfm CasIVtGnntY .
-RKb;cMnYnKt;FmCatiminbfm ehIyFMCag 1 GacbMEbkCaplKuN
nktabfm)an ehIy)anEtmYyEbKt; .

tYEckrYm nig BhuKuNrYm
-eK[ a nig b CacMnYnKt;FmCati . cMnYnKt;FmCati d CatYEck
rYmn a nig b kalNa d CatYEckn a pg nigCatYEckn b pg.
-tYEckrYmFMbMputncMnYnKt;FmCati a nig b CacMnYnKt;FMCageK
nbNatYEckrYmn a nig b . nimitsBaa = PGCD(a,b)
b = GCD(a,b) CatMNag[tYEckrYmFMbMputncMnYnKt;FmCati
a nig b .
-cMnYnKt;FmCati a nig b CacMnYnbfmrvagKakalNa
tYEckrYmFMbMput GCD(a,b) = 1 nigRcas;mkvij .
-ebI a , b Edl a = bq + r , 0 < r < b enaHeK)an
GCD(a,b) = GCD(b,r) .
-RKb; a , b nigRKb;tYEckrYm d n a nig b eK)an

- 114 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

k> GCD(na ,nb) = nG(a,b) Edl n

x> GCD da , db = GCD(a,b)
d

-RTwsIbT Bezout cMnYnKt;FmCati a nig b

bfmrvagKaluHRtaEtmancMnYnKt;rWuLaTIb u nig v
Edl au + bv = 1 .
-RTwsIbT Gauss :
ebI c | ab nig GCD(a,b) = 1 naM[ c | b .
-ebI a | n ; b | n nig GCD(a,b) = 1 naM[ ab | n .
-BhuKuNrYmtUcbMputnBIrcMnYnKt; a nig b KWCacMnYnKt;FmCati
EdltUcCageKkgbNaBhuKuNrYmviCmanxusBIsUnn a nig b
EdlkMNt;eday = PPCM(a,b) b = LCM(a,b)
-RKb;cMnYnKt;FmCati a ,b nig n nigRKb;tYEckrYm a nig b
eK)an k> LCM(na,nb) = n LCM(a,b)
a b LCM(a,b)
x> LCM( d , d ) = d
-RTwsIbT ebI a nig b CacMnYnKt;FmCatienaHeK)an
GCD(a,b) LCM(a,b) = a b .
- 115 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

CMBUkTI17

GnuKmnGIuEBbUlik
(Hyperbolic Functions)

!>kenSamBICKNitsg;da
GnuKmn_GIuEBbUlikman
e e
sIunUsGIuEBbUlik kMNt;edaysmIkar sinh x =
2
e +e
kUsIunUsGIuEBbUlik kMNt;edaysmIkar cosh x =
2
e e
tg;sg;GIuEBbUlik kMNt;edaysmIkar tanh x =
e +e
x

e x e x
coth x = x
e + ex

kUtg;sg;GIuEBbUlik kMNt;edaysmIkar
@>TMnak;TMngsMxan;
k> cosh x sinh x = 1
g> 1 tanh x = cosh1 x
sinh x
1
x> tanh x = cosh
c>
coth x 1 =
x
sinh x
x
K> coth x = cosh
sinh x
X> tanh x = coth1 x


- 116 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

sRmaybBaak;
eday sinh x = e
eK)an

e x + e x
cosh x =
2
2
x
x 2
x
x
e + e
e e

cosh 2 x sinh 2 x =
2
2

ex
2

nig

e 2x + 2 + e 2x e 2x 2 + e 2x
=

4
4
e 2x + 2 + e 2x e 2x + 2 e 2x
=
4
=1

dUcenH cosh x sinh x = 1 .

tam cosh x sinh x = 1
x sinh x
1
eK)an cosh cosh
=
x
cosh
2

dUcenH

sinh 2 x
1
sinh x
1
tanh
x
=
=
cosh x
cosh 2 x cosh 2 x
1
1 tanh 2 x =
cosh 2 x
cosh 2 x sinh 2 x
1
=
sinh 2 x
sinh 2 x
cosh 2 x
1
cosh x

1
=
coth
x
=
sinh x
sinh 2 x
sinh 2 x
1
coth 2 x 1 =
cosh 2 x

eday
.

ma:geTot
dUcenH

eday
.

- 117 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

#>rUbmnplbUk
!> sinh( x + y ) = sinh x cosh y + sinh y cosh x
@> cosh(x + y ) = cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y
x + tanh y
#> tanh(x + y ) = 1tanh
+ tanh x tanh y
x coth y + 1
$> coth(x + y ) = coth
coth x + coth y
sMraybBaak;
eKman sinh x = e 2e , cosh x = e +2e
x

eK)an
ehIy

e y e y
e y + e y
sinh y =
, cosh y =
2
2
(e x e x )(e y + e y )
sinh x cosh y =
4
x+ y
( x+ y )
e e
+ e x y e ( x + y )
sinh x cosh y =
(a )
4
(e y e y )(e x + e x )
sinh y cosh x =
4
x+ y
( x+ y )
e +e
e x y e ( x + y )
sinh y cosh x =
(b )
4

bUksmIkar (a) nig (b) eK)an

e x + y e (x y)
sinh x cosh y + sinh y cosh x =
= sinh( x + y )
2

- 118 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
(e x + e x )(e y + e y )
cosh x cosh y =
4
e x+ y + e x y + e x+ y + e ( x+ y )
cosh x cosh y =
(c )
4
x
x
y
y
(e e )(e e )
sinh x sinh y =
4
e x + y e x y e x+ y + e ( x+ y )
sinh x sinh y =
(d )
4

m:ageTot
ehIy

bUksmIkar (c) nig (d) eK)an

e x+ y + e ( x + y )
cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y =
= cosh(x + y )
2

dUcenH cosh(x + y ) = cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y .

sinh( x + y )
eKman tanh(x + y ) = cosh(
x + y)
=

sinh x cosh y + sinh ycsohx

cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y

sinh x sinh y
+
)
cosh x cosh y
=
sinh x sinh y
cosh x cosh y (1 +
)
cosh x cosh y
tanh x + tanh y
=
1 + tanh x tanh y
tanh x + tanh y
tanh( x + y ) =
1 + tanh x tanh y
cosh x cosh y (

dUcenH

- 119 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

#>GnuKmn_nGaKuym:g;GviCman
!> sinh( x) = sinh x
@> cosh( x) = cosh x
#> tanh( x) = tanh x
$> coth( x) = coth x
sRmaybBaak;
eKman sinh x = e 2e
eK)an sinh( x) = e 2 e = e 2e = sinh x
ehIy cosh x = e +2e
eK)an cosh( x) = e 2+ e = cosh x .
x

sinh( x )
sinh x
=
= tanh x
cosh( x )
cosh x
cosh( x )
cosh x
coth( x ) =
=
= coth x
sinh( x )
sinh x
tanh( x ) =

%>rUbmnpldk
!> sinh( x y ) = sinh x cosh y sinh y cosh x
@> cosh(x y ) = cosh x cosh y sinh x sinh y
- 120 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
x tanh y
#> tanh(x y ) = 1tanh
tanh x tanh y
coth x coth y
$> coth(x y ) = 1coth
x coth y
sRmaybBaak;
eKman sinh( x + y ) = sinh x cosh y + sinh y cosh x

(i )

cosh( x + y ) = cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y (ii )

tanh x + tanh y
tanh( x + y ) =
(iii )
1 + tanh x tanh y
coth x coth y + 1
coth( x + y ) =
(iv )
coth x + coth y

edayCMnYs y eday y kg (i), (ii ), (iii ) nig (iv)

eK)an sinh( x y ) = sinh x cosh( y ) + sinh( y ) cosh x
= sinh x cosh y sinh y cosh x
cosh( x y ) = cosh x cosh( y ) + sinh x sinh( y )
= cosh x cosh y sinh x sinh y
tanh x + tanh( y )
tanh x tanh y
tanh( x y ) =
=
1 + tanh x tanh( y ) 1 tanh x tanh y
coth x coth( y ) + 1 1 coth x coth y
coth( x y ) =
=
coth x + coth( y )
coth x coth y

- 121 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

^>rUbmnmMuDub

( DOUBLE ANGLE FORMULAS

FORMULAS )

!> sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh x

@> cosh 2x = cosh x + sinh
2

= 2 cosh 2 x 1 = 1 + 2 sinh 2 x
2 tanh x
tanh 2x =
1 + tanh 2 x
1 + coth 2 x
coth 2x =
2 coth x

#>
$>
sRmaybBaak;
eKman sinh( x + y ) = sinh x cosh y + sinh y cosh x

(i )

cosh( x + y ) = cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y (ii )

tanh x + tanh y
tanh( x + y ) =
(iii )
1 + tanh x tanh y
coth x coth y + 1
coth( x + y ) =
(iv )
coth x + coth y

edayCMnYs y eday x kg (i), (ii ), (iii ) nig (iv) eK)an

sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh x

cosh 2x = cosh 2 x + sinh 2 x

2 tanh x
1 + coth 2 x
tanh 2x =
coth 2x =
2
2 coth x
1 + tanh x

nig

- 122 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

&>rUbmnknHmMu

( HALE ANGLE FORMULAS )

!> sinh x2 = cosh2x 1

@> cosh x2 = cosh2x + 1
cosh x 1
#> tanh x2 = cosh
x+1
x+1
$> coth x2 = cosh
cosh x 1
2

*>rUbmnBhumMu

( MULTIPLE ANGLE FORMULAS )

!> sinh 3x = 3 sinh x + 4 sinh x

@> cosh 3x = 4 cosh x 3 cosh x
x + tanh x
#> tanh 3x = 3 tanh
1 + 3 tanh x
$> sinh 4x = 8 sinh x cosh x + 4 sinh x cosh x
%> cosh 4x = 8 cosh x 8 cosh x + 1
x + 4 tanh 4x
^> tanh 4x = 14+tanh
6 tanh x + tanh x
3

- 123 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

(>rUbmnplbUk-pldk nig plKuN

( SumSum-Difference and Product of Hyperbolic Functions )

!> sinh x + sinh y = 2 sinh x +2 y cosh x 2 y

@> cosh x + cosh y = 2 cosh x +2 y cosh x 2 y
#> sinh x sinh y = 2 sin x 2 y cosh x +2 y
$> cosh x cosh y = 2 sinh x +2 y sinh x 2 y
sinh( x + y )
%> tanh x + tanh y = cosh
x cosh y
sinh( x y )
^> tanh x tanh y = cosh
x cosh y
sinh( x + y )
&> coth x + coth y = sinh
x sinh y
sinh( y x )
*> coth x coth y = sinh
x sinh y

(> sinh x sinh y = 12 [cosh(x + y ) cosh(x y )]

- 124 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

!0> cosh x cosh y = 12 [cosh(x + y ) + cosh(x y )]

!!> sinh x cosh y = 12 [sinh( x + y ) + sinh( x y )]
!@> sinh y cosh x = 12 [sinh( x + y ) sinh( x y )]
!0>RkabnGnuKmn_GIuEBbUlik
( Graphs of Hyperbolic Functions )

!> y = sinh x
y
5

y = sinh x

4
3
2
1

-4

-3

-2

-1

-1
-2
-3

- 125 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

@> y = cosh x
y

y = cosh x

5
4
3
2
1

-4

-3

-2

-1

4 x

-1

#> y = tanh x
3y
2

y = tanh x
1

-4

-3

-2

-1

-1
-2

- 126 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

$> y = coth x

y
3

y = coth x

2
1

-4

-3

-2

-1

-1
-2
-3

!!>TMnak;TMngrvagGnuKmn_GIuEBbUliknigGnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRt
( Relationships between Hyperbolic and Trigonometry Functions )

!> sin(ix) = i sinh x

$> sinh(ix) = i sin x

@> cos(ix) = cosh x

%> cosh(ix) = cos x

#> tan(ix) = i tanh x

^> tanh(ix) = i tan x

- 127 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

sRmaybBaak;
tamrUbmnGWEl

e ix + e ix
cos x =
2

nig

e ix e ix
sin x =
2i

CMnYs x eday ix eK)an

e i ( ix ) + e i ( ix ) e x + e x
cos( ix ) =
= cosh x
=
2
2
e i ( ix ) e i ( ix ) e x e x
e x e x
sin( ix ) =
=i
= i sinh x
=
2i
2i
2
sin( ix ) i sinh x
ehIy tan(ix) = cos(
=
= i tanh x .
ix ) cosh x

!@>Gnuvtn_
eKman sinh( x + y ) = sinh x cosh y + sinh x cosh y
CMnYs x = ia nig y = ib eK)an
sinh i(a + b ) = sinh( ia ) cosh(ib ) + sinh( ib ) cos(ia )

eday sinh i(a + b) = i sin(a + b) , sinh(ia) = i sin a

- 128 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
sinh( ib ) = i sin b , cosh(ia ) = cos a , cosh(ib )

eK)an i sin(a + b) = i sin a cos b + i sin b cos a

dUcenH

sin(a + b ) = sin a cos b + sin b cos a

eKman cosh(x + y ) = cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y

CMnYs x = ia nig y = ib eK)an
cosh i(a + b ) = cosh(ia ) cosh(ib ) + sinh( ia ) sinh( ib )

eday cosh i(a + b) = cos(a + b) , sinh(ia) = i sin a

sinh( ib ) = i sin b , cosh(ia ) = cos a , cosh(ib )

eK)an cos(a + b) = cos a cos b + i

dUcenH

sin a sin b

cos(a + b ) = cos a cos b sin a sin b

eday i

!#>lImItnGnuKmn_GIuEBbUlik
!> lim sinhx x = 1

@> lim tanhx x = 1

x0

x0

- 129 -

= 1

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

sRmaybBaak;
eKman

e x e x e 2x 1
sinh x =
=
2
2e x

eK)an

sinh x
e2x 1
e 2x 1 1
lim
= lim
= lim
. x =1
x
x0
x
0
x
0

x
2x e
2xe

!$>edrIevnGnuKmn_GIuEBbUlik
!> y = sinh x y' = cosh x
@> y = cosh x y' = sinh x
#> y = tanh x y' = cosh1

$> y = coth x y' = sinh1

x
2

!%>GaMgetRkalnGnuKmn_GIuEBbUlik
!> sinh x.dx = cosh x + c #> tanh x.dx = ln(cosh x) + c
2. cosh x.dx = sinh x + c 4. coth x.dx = ln(sinh x ) + c

- 130 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

CMBUkTI18

viPaKbnM nig RbUblIet

I-

viPaKbnM

1>hVak;tUErl (Factorial)
EdlehAfahVak;tUErlncMnYn n CaplKuNn n cMnYnKt;viCmandMbUg b
CaplKuNcMnYnKt;viCmantKa BI 1 rhUtdl; n EdleKkMnt;sresr
n! = 1 2 3 ....... n .
2>tMerobminsareLIgvij (Arrangement )
tMerob p FatukgcMeNam n FatunsMnMu E KWCasMnuMrgn E Edlman p
FatuxusKa
erobtamlMdab;mYykMnt; . eKkMnt;tagcMnYntMerob p FatukgcMenam n Fatueday
n!
A(n , p ) =
= n(n 1)(n 2 ).....(n p + 1) .
(n p ) !
3>cMlas;minsaeLIgvij (Permultation )
cMlas; n FatuxusKa KWCatMerob n Fatu kgcMeNam n Fatu .
eKkMnt;cMnYncMlas; n Fatueday P = n! = 1 2 3 ..... n .

- 131 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
4>bnSMminsareLIgvij (Combination )
bnSM p FatukgcMeNam n Fatu CatMerobminKitlMdab;EdlkMnt;eday
A(n , p )
n!
C(n, p ) =
=
(n p ) .
p!
p!.(n p )!
5>tMerobsareLIgvij Arrangement with Re petition
tMerobsareLIgvij p Fatu kgcMeNam n FatuKWCatMerobEdlFatunImYy
Gacmanvtman 1,2,3,..., n dg .
eKkMnt;sresr A(n, p) = np .
6>cMlas;sareLIgvij (Permultation with Re petition)
eKeGaysMnMu E man n Fatu EdlkgenaH n1 CaFatuRbePTTI1 , n2
CaFatuRbePTTI2 , n CaFatuRbePTTI3 ,........., np CaFatuRbePTTI p
Edl n + n + n + .... + n = n
cMnYncMlas;sareLIgvijn n Fatu KWCacMlas;GacEbgEck)anEdlkMnt;tageday
n!
P=
.
n !.n !.n !.....n !
3

7>bnSMsareLIgvij (Combiation with Re petition)

bnSMsareLIgvijn p Fatu kgcMenam n FatuKWCabnSM EdlFatunImYyGacman
vtmaneRcIndg.
- 132 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
eKtagbnSMsareLIgvijn p Fatu kgcMenam n Fatueday
C(n, p ) =

8>eTVFajtun

(n + p 1) !
p!.(n 1) !

Binom de Newton

(a + b )n = Cn0 an + Cn2 an 1 .b + Cn2 an 2 .b 2 + ....... + Cnnbn

Edl Cpn = C(n, p) = p!(nn! p)! .

sMKal; eTVFasMxan;KYrkt;sMKal;
!> (1 + x)n = Cn0 + C1n x + Cn2 x2 + Cn3 x3 + ........... + Cnnxn
@> (x + 1)n = Cn0 xn + C1n xn 1 + Cn2 xn 2 + .......... + Cn0
II-

RbUblIet

RbU)ablIet mansarHsMxan;kgCIvPaBRbcaMfrbs;eyIg EdleyIgeRbIR)as;vasMrab;

vas;kMritnPaBmineTogTat; . kalNaeyIgeRKageFVIGIVmYykalNaGk]tuniym
TsSn_TayGakasFatub RkumhunFanara:b;rgeFIVeKalneya)ayrbs;Rkumhun caM)ac;
RtUveRbI RbU)ablIet edIm,IeFVIesckIsMerccit beFVI kareRCIserIs .

- 133 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
1-RBwtikarN_-lMhsMNak
k>viBaasa
viBaasa KWCakarBiesaFn_mYyEdl
-GaceGayeKdwg nUvsMNMulTplEdl)anekIteLIg
-BMuGacdwgR)akdfa lTplNaEdlnwgekItmaneLIg
-karBiesaFn_ GacsareLIgvij CaeRcIndg kglkxNdUcKa .
x>skl blMhsMNak
sMnMunlTplTaMgGs;EdlGacman rbs;viBasamYy ehAfa skl
EdleKtageday S .
K>RBwtikarN_ CasMNMurg rbs;skl blMhsMNak .
]TahrN_
ebIeyIge)aHkak;Edlmanmux H nigxg T cMnYnmYydgenaHeKGac)anlTpl
H b T .
-sMnMu {H, T} ehAfa lMhsMNak tageday S = {H, T} .
-ebIeKR)afae)aH)anmux H enaHsMNMu {H} ehAfaRBwtikarN_ tageday A = {H}
-cMnYnFatunlMhsMNak ehAfacMnYnkrNIGac eKtageday n(S) = 2 .
-cMnYnFatunRBwtikarN_ ehAfacMnYnkrNIRsb eKtageday n(A ) = 1 .

- 134 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
2>rUbmneKalnRbU)ab
enAkgBiesaFn_mYy EdlmanlMhsMNak S RbU)ablIetnRBwtikarN_ A
ekIteLIgkMnt;eday
P(A ) =

cMnYnkrNIR sb
cMnYnkrNIG ac

n( A )
n(S )

eday A S enaH

0 P(A ) 1

3>rUbmnKNnaRbU)ablIet
k-rUbmn RbU)ablIetnRbCMuRBwtikarN_BIr
 ebI A nig B CaRBwtikarN_BIrmincuHsMrugKaenaHeK)an
P (A B ) = P (A ) + P (B )

 ebI

nig B CaRBwtikarN_BIrsamBaenaHeK)an

P (A B ) = P (A ) + P (B ) P (A B )

x-rUbmn RbU)ablIetnRbCMuRBwtikarN_bI
 ebI A , B nig C CaRBwtikarN_bImincuHsMrugKaBIenaHeK)an
P (A B C ) = P (A ) + P (B ) + P (C )

 ebI

nig B CaRBwtikarN_bIsamBaenaHeK)an

P(A B C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) P(A B) P(A C) P(B C) + P(A B C)

- 135 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
K-CaTUeTA
 ebI A , A , A ,......, A CaRBwtikarN_mincuHsMrugKaBIenaHeK)an
P (A A ... A ) = P (A ) + P (A ) + ... + P (A ) .
1

X-rUbmnRbU)abnRBwtikarN_BIrpyKa
ebI A nig A CaRBwtikarN_BIrpyKaenaHeK)an
P(A ) + P(A ) = 1 P(A ) = 1 P(A ) .
g-rUbmnRbU)ablIetmanlkxN
 RbU)ablIetnRBwtikarN_ A edaydwgfa manRBwtikarN_ B )anekIt
eLIgrYcehIy ehAfa RbU)abmanlkxN EdleKtageday P(A / B)
GanfaRbU)abn A eday)andwg B .
dUcenH cMeBaHRBwtikarN_ A nig B eday P(B) 0 eKmanrUbmn
P (A B )
P (A / B ) =
beKGacTaj P(A B ) = P(A / B ) P(B )
P (B )
c-rUbmnRbU)abnRBwtikarN_BIrminTak;TgKa
RBwtikarN_ A nig B EdlGaRsynwgKakgviFIEdlkarekIteLIgnRBwtikarN_mYy
minmanCab;Bak;BnnwgkarekIteLIgnRBwtikarN_mYyeTot eyIgehAfa
RBwtikarN_minTak;TgKa .
P(A / B) = P(A )
 ebI A nig B minTak;TgKasmmUl
P(B / A ) = P(B)

- 136 -

RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
 ebI

nig B CaRBwtikarN_ minTak;TgKaenaHeK)an

P(A B) = P(A ) P(B) .
A

eroberogeday lwm pln

Tel : 017 768 246
Email:lim_phalkun@ymail.com
Website: www.mathtoday.wordpress.com
www.todaymath.blogspot.com

- 137 -