Design of Drilled Shafts in Incheon Bridge Considering Soil-Pile Interaction

Jeong-Hwan Kim
Incheon Bridge Project, SAMSUNG Corporation, Incheon, Korea, 406-840 jnghwan@samsung.com

Hyung-Wook Kim
Geotechnical & Tunnel Design Team, SEOYEONG Engineering Co., Ltd, Incheon, Korea, 406-840 geokhw@seoyeong.co.kr

Zu-Cheol Kim
Incheon Bridge Project, SAMSUNG Corporation, Incheon, Korea, 406-840 zc.kim@samsung.com

Sung-Min Cho
Bridge Construction Office, KOREA HIGHWAY Corporation, Incheon, Korea, 406-840 chosmin@ex.co.kr

Sang-Seom Jeong
Department of Civil Engineering, Professor, YONSEI University, Seoul, Korea, 120-749 soj9081@yonsei.ac.kr ABSTRACT: The substructure of Incheon Bridge is composed of pile foundations with cap and single shafts(pile bent system). To consider the non linear lateral reaction of the ground in foundation design, separate analysis for the substructure is done with p-y curve, then iterative analysis is carried out until the force at the footing is converged within the acceptable tolerance to the force which is obtained from analysis of superstructure. In this study, sensitivity analysis was performed to find out the influences on the piles due to soil stiffness changes(nonlinear analysis using p-y method, elastic spring, and Kh variation). It was also intended to verify the applied design method through lateral load testing. Comparison of lateral pile load test results and analysis results are also introduced. The analysis method of pile foundation applied to the Incheon Birdge project is expected to be a reference for the analysis of bridge foundation and design specifications hereafter. 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Incheon Bridge
<West Viaduct > L=5,950m <West Approach> L=889,000m
W28 (W29) U nchanged zone 200.00 150.00 100.00 50.00 0.00 -50.00 -100.00 Changed zone for Alignment

<Tatal Bridge Length> L=11,658m <East Approach> <CSB> L=889,000m L=1480,000m

EL.=237.800 W1 E1

TP2 <East Viaduct > L=2,450.000m

STA. 8+134.990

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E3 E10 E20 E30 E40 E50 E59

M.S.L EL.=0.000

S =+0.300%

S =-0.300%

S =+0.950%

Fig. 1 Incheon Bridge General

The Incheon Bridge is 11.658Km long bridge to connect Yongjong island and Songdo-city(main land), consists of approach bridge(1,778m), viaduct bridge(8,400m) and 800m span length cable stayed bridge(1,480m) which crosses the navigational channel to Incheon Harbor.

The substructure of Incheon Bridge is composed of two types of foundations, the drilled shafts with pile-cap and single shaft(pile bent system). In this study, it is intended to introduce the structural analysis method, which considers the interaction between piles and soil, applied to the design of Incheon Bridge.

Fig. 2 Geological Condition of Incheon Bridge 1.2 Geological Condition The foundation of Incheon Bridge is composed of drilled shafts with a diameter of 1.8 to 3.0m socketed to weathered rock or soft rock through the soil strata which is composed of marine deposits(SPT-N value is 1 to 30) and residual soil(SPT-N value is over 40). And, the bearing soil layer appears at a depth of about 30m. The upper portion of the bearing soil layer is composed of deposit soil and weathered soil (SPT-N over 40). And, in the deposit soil, sand and clay whose SPT-N is about 1 to 30 are laid alternately. Geological section is shown in Fig. 2 along the route of Incheon Bridge project. 2. ANALYSIS METHTOD OF PILE FOUNDATION For the global structural analysis of bridge required to variety of modeling methods can be applied. Regarding the modeling methods, it is the major concern to well predict the interaction between the pile and the soil. For the drilled shafts of Incheon Bridge, structural analysis was carried out by replacing the pile foundation with the stiffness matrix spring of 6x6. FB-Pier analysis program considering non linearity of the ground is used for the analysis of pile foundations. The force which is the input of FB-Pier is obtained from the global analysis with MIDAS/CIVIL and the reaction of piles from FB-Pier is forwarded to the input of the global analysis iteratively(see Figure 3). The iteration process is completed once the force and displacement converges within a certain tolerance range. Following is the analysis sequence. Structural analysis is performed to determine the reaction(R1) of the ground plane by setting built-in end as the boundary condition of the ground plane of the global model. The reaction(R1) of the ground plane is input as load into FB-PIER, for pile and soil, to calculate a spring constant (K1) with the typical stiffness matrix of 6x6 where pile-soil nonlinearity of each pier is considered. The boundary condition of the ground plane of the global model is set to be a spring constant(K1) to calculate the reaction(R2) of ground plane. The processes of and are repeated until an equivalent linear spring(K) is determined.

Fig. 3 Flow of pile foundation analysis O'Neill model was applied to the p-y model. And, t-z and q-z were applied in accordance with FHWA(1988) The force and displacement is checked at the top of pile cap for the pile cap foundation system and at the ground surface for the pile bent system to secure sufficient requires strength against the section force acting on each section using the axial force-moment interaction diagram in compliance with AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. Also, in order to check how the stiffness of soil has effects on the superstructure and substructure(foundation),

analysis was carried out by changing the subgrade reaction coefficient. In addition, the results of the nonlinearity analysis using p-y method and the results of the analysis using an elastic spring were compared and sensitivity analysis was also performed to understand the effects of the variation in the properties of ground in term of reaction. 3. ANALYSIS RESULTS OF PILE FOUNDATION 3.1 Sensitivity of Kh Following is the results of the sensitivity analysis according to the variation of Kh where O'Neills p-y model is applied. Section force of piles in strength limit state and the displacement in service limit state are compared. Table 1. Variation in member force and displacement of drilled shafts according to variation of Kh Kh 2 Kh Piles with Cap Memberforce(Moment) Displacement (1~6%) (5~14%) Pile bent (3~15%) (20~28%)

3.3 Effects of c and with p-y method applied In order to investigate the effects on the structures due to the variation of c(cohesion) and (friction angle) when the p-y method is applied, the reduced c and values compared to design values as shown below. Table 3. c and values for sensitivity analysis SPT-N SPT-N C (kPa) SPT-N (degree) Design Reduced Design Reduced SPT-N value value value value under 4 20 10 under 10 24 20 5~8 45 30 10~30 30 26 9~15 75 50 Upper 30 34 30 16~30 135 50 The results of analysis are as shown in table 4. Table 4. Results with variation of c and values
Piles with Cap Reduce for c, Member force 2.4% Displacement 12% Pile bent Member force 0.1 Displacement 24%

: Increase, : decrease, ( ) is variation ratio

In the case of pile foundation with cap, if the ground becomes stiffer, the member force and displacement of the pile decreases. In the case of pile bent, the stiffer the ground is, the smaller the member force and displacement of the pile is. 3.2 Comparison of Nonlinearity Analysis Using Py Method and Linearity Analysis Using An Elastic Spring The analysis results using p-y method was compared with the results using linear elastic soil spring on those two different foundation systems. The comparison results are as shown below. Table 2. Variation in member force and displacement of the drilled shafts with an linear elastic spring applied Py curve Elastic soil spring Pile with Cap Member-force 11% Displacement 15.4%

The results show that the reduction of c and values(c: 33~63% decrease, : 12~17% decrease) in p-y curve analysis results in member force increase by 0.1 to 2.4% or so and displacement increase by 12 to 24% or so. 4. LATERAL LOAD TESTS Lateral load tests were performed for 4 piles on the site to verify the pile behavior designed considering the interaction between pile and soil. The table 5 shows brief explanation of the load test. Table 5. The State of Lateral load tests
Test Pile Location TP-1 TP-2 TP-3 TP-4 W107 W117 W117 W108 Pile type 1000_16t Driven Steel pipe 1000_16t Driven Steel pipe 1000_16t Driven Steel pipe 2400 drilled shaft Actual working pile Loading condition 1 direction cyclic 1 direction cyclic 2 direction cyclic 1 direction cyclic

According to the results, member force decreased by 10% and displacement decreased by about 15%. When the linear elastic spring is applied, both member force and displacement are reduced all together compared with p-y curves.

The displacement of the pile for the load test was predicted using the design method(O'Neills p-y method) mentioned above, and the predicted displacement was compared with the results of the load tests. The estimated load-displacement curves and measured load-displacement curves are compared in Figure 4. The estimated displacement is found about 10 to 17% larger than the measured displacement while they are almost

same in the early stage of the loading. This shows that the prediction of pile behavior is relatively accurate and more conservative results are obtained with this p-y method since the predicted displacement is slightly larger than the actual displacement.
Load(tonf) 0 0 20 40 60 80 100
0 0 20 L o a d (t o n f) 40 60 80 100

5. CONCLUSIONS Sensitivity analysis was carried out in soil-pile interactions in terms of lateral soil reaction for the typical pile foundations of Incheon bridge. The results of lateral load test are introduced and compared with the predicted results based on the actual design methods. Conclusions are as follows.
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1~6% member force and 5~15% displacement is reduced due to the increase of Kh by two for the pile foundations with cap. For pile bents 3~15% member force and 20~28% displacement is reduced. Hence, it is observed that the pile bent is more sensitive to Kh rather than pile foundation with cap. 11% decrease of member force and 15.4% decrease of displacement is observed when the linear elastic soil springs are applied instead of p-y curves in analysis. When the reduced c and phi value is applied, both member forces and displacements are increased for those different foundation systems. The displacement increment of pile bent is doubled than the increment of pile foundation with cap. In contrary, the member force increment of pile foundation with cap is much larger than that of pile bent. Lateral behavior of drilled shafts predicted based on the design method applied in Incheon Bridge Project is well matched with the results of lateral load tests. Design approach in lateral pile analysis of Incheon Bridge is found to be reasonably safe and conservative. The analysis method of pile foundation covered in this study seems capable of predicting the nonlinearity of pile and soil structures reasonably. And, the analysis method is expected to be referred usefully afterwards in design of bridge foundations.

(a) TP-1
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Fig. 4 Test Results (Displacement at pile top)

REFERENCES (a) Test scheme of driven piles 1. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 2nd edition, Washington, D.C., USA, 1998. 2. Michael W.O'Neil and Lymon C.Reese, Drilled Shafts : Construction Procedure and Design Methods (FHWAIF-99-025), FHWA Report, August 1999. 3. SAMSUNG JV (2006) Incheon Bridge Lateral Load Tests Report, Incheon Korea 2006 4. SAMSUNG JV (2006) Incheon Bridge Design Report(ABW-SA, VW2-SA), Incheon Korea 2006 (b) Test scheme of drilled shaft Fig. 5 The scheme of Lateral Pile Load Tests