Chng 3: HE TO HP

I. Gii thieu Cach thiet ke he to hp: Mach logic c chia lam 2 loai: - He to hp (Combinational Circuit) - He tuan t (Sequential Circuit).

He to hp la mach ma cac ngo ra ch phu thuoc vao gia tr cua cac ngo vao. Moi s thay oi cua ngo vao se lam ngo ra thay oi theo.

Ngo vao (INPUT)

CONG LOGIC

Ngo ra (OUTPUT)
1

* Cac bc thiet ke: - Phat bieu bai toan. - Xac nh so bien ngo vao va so bien ngo ra.

- Thanh lap bang gia tr ch ro moi quan he gia ngo vao va ngo ra.

Xn-1 X1 X0 0 1 0 0 1 1

Ngo vao

Ym-1 Y1 Y0

Ngo ra

- Tm bieu thc rut gon cua tng ngo ra phu thuoc vao cac bien ngo vao. - Thc hien s o logic.

Vd: Thiet ke he to hp co 3 ngo vao X, Y, Z; va 2 ngo ra F, G.

0.

- Ngo ra F la 1 neu nh 3 ngo vao co so bit 1 nhieu hn so bit 0; ngc lai F =

- Ngo ra G la 1 neu nh gia tr nh phan cua 3 ngo vao ln hn 1 va nho hn 6; ngc lai G = 0. F XY XY 00 01 11 10 Z X Y Z F G 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 XZ YZ 0 1 1 1 1 F=XY+YZ+XZ 1 0 0 0 1 G XY 1 0 1 1 1 00 01 11 10 Z 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 XY 1 1 XY 1

G=XY+XY= XY

F=XY+YZ+XZ

G=XY+XY= XY

X Y

G
4

Trng hp he to hp khong s dung tat ca 2n to hp cua ngo vao, th tai cac to hp khong s dung o ngo ra co gia tr tuy nh.
ngo vao bieu dien cho 1 so ma BCD. Neu gia tr ngo vao nho hn 3 th ngo ra co gia tr bang bnh phng gia tr ngo vao; ngc lai gia tr ngo ra bang gia tr ngo vao tr i 3.

Vd: Thiet ke he to hp co

A B C D
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

F2 F1 F0
0 0 0 0 0 00 1 0 0 X X X X X 0 0 0 11 0 0 10 1 0 11 0 0 1 1 0 1 1

F2 = A + B C D + B C D F1 = A D + B C D + B C D F0 = A D + B D + A B C D

X X X X X

X X X X X X X X

II. Bo cong - tr nh phan: 1. Bo cong (Adder): a. Bo cong ban phan (Half Adder H.A): Bo cong ban phan la he to hp co nhiem vu thc hien phep cong so hoc x + y (x, y la 2 bit nh phan ngo vao); he co 2 ngo ra: bit tong S (Sum) va bit nh C (Carry). x y x 0 0 1 1 y 0 1 0 1 H.A S C C 0 0 0 1 S 0 1 1 0

S = xy + xy = xy C= xy x
y

C
6

Bo cong toan phan thc hin phep cong so hoc 3 bit x + y + z (z bieu dien cho bit nh t v tr co trong so nho hn gi ti) S xy x S 00 01 11 10 z 0 1 1 y F.A z x y z
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

b. Bo cong toan phan (Full Adder F.A):

C C S
0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1

1 1

S = xyz + xyz +xyz+xyz

C

xy 0

00

01 1

11 1 1

10 1
7

C = xy +xz+yz

S = = = S =
x
y

xyz + xyz +xyz+xyz z (x y + x y) + z (x y + x y) z (x y) + z (x y) z (x y)

C = xy +xz+yz = xy +xyz+xyz+xyz = x y (1 + z) + z (x y + x y) C = x y + z (x y)

C
z
8

2. Bo tr (Subtractor): a. Bo tr ban phan (Half Subtractor H.S): Bo tr ban phan co nhiem vu thc hien phep tr so hoc x - y (x, y la 2 bit nh phan ngo vao); he co 2 ngo ra: bit hieu D (Difference) va bit mn B (Borrow).

x y
x 0 0 1 1 y 0 1 0 1

H.S

D B
B 0 1 0 0 D 0 1 1 0

D = xy + xy = xy B = xy

x
y

B
9

Bo tr toan phan thc hin phep tr so hoc 3 bit x - y - z (z bieu dien cho bit mn t v tr co trong so nho hn) D xy x D 00 01 11 10 z 0 1 1 y F.S 1 1 1 z B x y z
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

b. Bo tr toan phan (Full Subtractor F.S):

B D
0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1

S = xyz + xyz +xyz+xyz S = z (x y)

B z xy 0 1 1 00 01 1 1 11 1
10

10

C = xy +xz+yz C = x y + z (x y)

3. Bo cong/tr nh phan song song: a. Bo cong nh phan:

+
M3 N3

M: N: C4
M2 N2

C3 C2 C1 M3 M2 M1 M0 N3 S3 N2 S2
M1 N1

N1 S1

N0 S0
M0 N0

x C

F.A

y z
C3

x C

F.A

y z
C2

x C

F.A

y z
C1

x C

F.A

y z
C0 =0

S
C4 S3

S
S2

74283

S
S1

S
S0
11

b. Bo tr nh phan: - S dung cac bo tr toan phan F.S - Thc hien bang phep cong vi bu 2 cua so tr

M N = M + Bu_2(N) = M + Bu_1(N) + 1
M3 N3 M2 N2 M1 N1 M0 N0

x C

F.A

y z
C3

x C

F.A

y z
C2

x C

F.A

y z
C1

x C

F.A

y z
C0 =1

S
C4 S3

S
S2

S
S1

S
S0
12

Ket qua: - C4 = 1 ket qua la so dng - C4 = 0 ket qua la so am

c. Bo cong/tr nh phan:
Phep toan CONG TR
M3 N3

C0 0 1

yi Ni Ni

Ngo vao ieu khien T = 0: Cong T = 1: Tr

M1 N1

C0 = T
M0 N0

y i = T Ni
T

M2 N2

x C

F.A

y z
C3

x C

F.A

y z
C2

x C

F.A

y z
C1

x C

F.A

y z
C0

S
C4 S3

S
S2

S
S1

S
S0

13

III. He chuyen ma (Code Conversion): - He chuyen ma la he to hp co nhiem vu lam cho 2 he thong tng thch vi nhau, mac du moi he thong dung ma nh phan khac nhau.

Ma nh phan A

He chuyen ma

Ma nh phan B

- He chuyen ma co ngo vao cung cap cac to hp ma nh phan A va cac ngo ra tao ra cac to hp ma nh phan B. Nh vay, ngo vao va ngo ra phai co so lng t ma bang nhau.
14

Vd: Thiet ke he chuyen ma t ma BCD thanh ma BCD qua 3.

A B C D
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

W X Y Z
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 X 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 X 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 X

W = A + B (C + D) X = B (C + D) Y=C D Z=D

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 X

A B C D
15

X Y Z

IV. Bo giai ma (DECODER): 1. Gii thieu: - Bo giai ma la he chuyen ma co nhiem vu chuyen t ma nh phan c ban n bit ngo vao thanh ma nh phan 1 trong m ngo ra. Ma nh phan
X0 X1 Y0 Y1

Ma 1 trong m

Xn-1

Ym-1

m = 2n
- Vi gia tr i ca t hp nh phan ngo vao, th ngo ra Yi s tch cc va cac ngo ra con li s khong tch cc.
- Co 2 dang: ngo ra tch cc cao (mc 1) va ngo ra tch cc thap (mc 0).
16

a. Bo giai ma ngo ra tch cc cao:

X0 (LSB)

Y0
Y1 Y2 Y3

X1 X0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1

Y3 Y2 Y1 Y0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

X1

Y 0 = X 1 X0 = m 0 Y 1 = X 1 X0 = m 1 Y 2 = X 1 X0 = m 2 X0

Y0 Y1 Y2 Y3
17

Y 3 = X 1 X0 = m 3
Ngo ra: Yi = mi (i = 0, 1, .., 2n-1)

X1

b. Bo giai ma ngo ra tch cc thap:

X0 (LSB)

Y0
Y1 Y2 Y3

X1 X0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0

Y3 Y2 Y1 Y0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1

X1

Y 0 = X 1 + X0 = M 0 = m 0 Y 1 = X 1 + X0 = M 1 = m 1 Y 2 = X 1 + X0 = M 2 = m 2 Y 3 = X 1 + X0 = M 3 = m 3
Ngo ra: Yi = Mi (i = 0, 1, .., 2n-1)
18

Y0 X0 Y1 Y2 Y3

X1

c. Bo giai ma co ngo vao cho phep: - Ngoai cac ngo vao d lieu, bo giai ma co the co 1 hay nhieu ngo vao cho phep. - Khi cac ngo vao cho phep trang thai tch cc th mach giai ma mi c hoat ong. Ngc lai, mach giai ma se khong hoat ong; khi o cac ngo ra eu trang thai khong tch cc.
X0 (LSB)
X1 EN EN X1 X0 0 1 1 1 1 X 0 0 1 1 X 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 Y0 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y3 Y2 Y1 Y0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

Y0

X0

Y1 Y2 Y3

X1

EN

19

2. IC giai ma: a. IC 74139: gom 2 bo giai ma 2 sang 4 ngo ra tch cc thap

2 3 1

1A (LSB) 1B 1G 2A (LSB) 2B 2G

1Y0 1Y1 1Y2 1Y3 2Y0 2Y1 2Y2 2Y3

4 5 6 7 12 11 10 9
20

G 1 0 0 0 0

B A X X 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

Y3 Y2 Y1 Y0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1

14

13
15

b. IC 74138: bo giai ma 3 sang 8 ngo ra tch cc thap

1 2 3

A (LSB) B C G1

Y0
Y1 Y2

15
14 13 12 11 10 9

G1 G2A G2B C B A
0 X X 1 X X 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 X X 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X X 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 X X X 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 X X X 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

Y7 Y6 Y5 Y4 Y3 Y2 Y1 Y0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Y3
Y4 Y5

6 5 4

G2A
G2B

Y6
Y7

21

3. S dung bo giai ma thc hien ham Boole: Ngo ra cua bo giai ma la minterm (ngo ra tch cc cao) hoac maxterm (ngo ra tch cc thap) cua n bien ngo vao. Do o, ta co the s dung bo giai ma thc hien ham Boole theo dang chnh tac.

74138

F1 (x, y, z) = (2, 5, 7) = m 2 + m5 + m7 = M2 + M 5 + M7
= M2 M5 M7 F2 (x, y, z) = (0, 1, 4) = M0 M1 M 4

A (LSB)
B C G1 G2A

Y0 Y1

y x
1

F2

Y2
Y3 Y4

0 0

Y5
Y6 Y7
22

F1

G2B

V. Bo ma hoa (ENCODER): 1. Gii thieu: - Encoder la he chuyen ma thc hien hoat ong ngc lai vi decoder. Ngha la encoder co m ngo vao theo ma nh phan 1 trong m va n ngo ra theo ma nh phan c ban (vi m 2n). - Vi ngo vao Ii c tch cc th ngo ra chnh la to hp gia tr nh phan i tng ng.
I0 I1 I2 I3
(LSB) Z0

Z 1 = I3 + I2 Z 0 = I3 + I1
I3
Z1 Z0
0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1

Z1

I3 I2 I1 I0
0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

I2

Z1

I1

Z0
23

* Bo ma hoa co u tien (Priority Encoder): Bo ma hoa co u tien la mach ma hoa sao cho neu co nhieu hn 1 ngo vao cung tch cc th ngo ra se la gia tr nh phan cua ngo vao co u tien cao nhat.
I0 I1
(LSB) Z0

I2
I3

Z1 V

Z 1 = I3 + I2 Z 0 = I 3 + I 2 I1 V = I 3 + I2 + I1 + I0

I3 I2
X 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1

Z1

I3 I2 I1 I0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 X 0 0 1 X X 0 1 X X X

Z1 Z0 V
X 0 0 1 1

I1

Z0 V
24

Th t u tien: I3 I2 I1 I0

I0

2. IC ma hoa u tien 8 3 (74148):

EI

EI I7 I6 I5 I4 I3 I2 I1 I0

A2 A1 A0 GS EO 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

4 3 2
1 13 12 11 10

I7 I6 I5 I4 I3 I2 I1 I0

A2 A1 (LSB)A0
GS EO

6
7 9

14 15

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

X 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

X X 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 0 X X X X X 1 0 X X X X 1 1 0 X X X 1 1 1 0 X X 1 1 1 1 0 X 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1

25

VI. Bo don kenh (Multiplexer - MUX): 1. Gii thieu:

- MUX 2n 1 la he to hp co nhiu ngo vao nhng ch co 1 ngo ra. Ngo vao gom 2 nhom: m ngo vao d lieu (data input) va n ngo vao la chon (select input).
Ngo vao d lieu (Data Input)

D0 D1 : Dm-1 S0(LSB) S1 : Sn-1

Ngo vao la chon (Select Input)

- Vi 1 gia tr i cua to hp nh phan cac ngo vao la chon, ngo vao d lieu Di se c chon a en ngo ra. (m = 2n)

26

* Bo MUX 4 1: D0 D1 D2 D3 S0(LSB) S1
S1 S0
0 1 0 1 Y D0 D1 D2 D3

Y = S 1 S 0 D0 + S 1 S 0 D1 + S 1 S 0 D2 + S 1 S 0 D3 = m 0 D0 + m 1 D1 + m 2 D2 + m 3 D3

= m i Di
Y

(i = 0, 1, 2, 3)

S1 S0 D0 D1 Y

0 0 1 1

D2
D3

Tong quat: Y = mi Di

(vi i = 0, 1, .., 2n-1)

27

2. IC don kenh:

a. 74LS153: gom 2 bo MUX 4 1

14 2 1

A(LSB) B 1G 1C0 1C1 1C2 1C3 2G 2C0 2C1 2C2 2C3

6
5 4 3 15 10

1Y

G B 1 X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1

A X 0 1 0 1

Y 0 C0 C1 C2 C3

11 12
13

2Y

28

b. 74151: bo MUX 8 1
7

11
10 9 4 3 2 1 15 14 13

12

EN A(LSB) B C D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7

Y Y

5 6

EN 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C B A X X X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1

Y 0 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7
29

3. S dung bo MUX thc hien ham Boole: a. Bo MUX 2n thc hien ham Boole n bien:

F(x, y, z) = (0, 1, 4, 7) = m0 + m1 + m4 + m7 = m0 1 + m1 1 + m2 0 + m 3 0 + m4 1 + m 5 0 + m 6 0 + m 7 1
Y = m i Di = m 0 D 0 + m1 D 1 + m2 D 2 + m 3 D 3 + m 4 D4 + m 5 D5 + m 6 D6 + m 7 D7 1 0

0 z y x

D 0 = D 1 = D4 = D 7 = 1 D2 = D 3 = D 5 = D 6 = 0

EN A(LSB) B C D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7

Y Y

30

b. Bo MUX 2n thc hien ham Boole n+1 bien:

F(x, y, z) = (0, 1, 4, 7) = xyz+xyz+xyz+xyz = x y .1 + x y .0 + x y .z + x y .z = m0 .1 + m1 .0 + m2 .z + m3 .z Y = m 0 D0 + m 1 D1 + m 2 D2 + m 3 D3 D0 = 1; D1 = 0; D2 = z; D3 = z x

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

y x 0 1 0

A(LSB) B

1G 1C0 1C1 1C2 1C3

2G 2C0 2C1 2C2 2C3

1Y

y
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

F
1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1

D0 = 1

D1 = 0
D2 = z D3 = z

2Y

31

VII. Bo phan kenh (DEMUX): 1. Gii thieu: - Bo DEMUX 12n co chc nang thc hien hoat ong ngc lai vi bo MUX. Mach co 1 ngo vao d lieu, n ngo vao la chon va 2n ngo ra. Y0 Y1 :

Ngo vao d lieu (Data Input)

Ngo ra

Ym-1
Ngo vao la chon (Select Input)

S0(LSB) S1 : Sn-1

- Vi 1 gia tr i cua to hp nh phan cac ngo vao la chon, ngo vao d lieu D se c a en ngo ra Yi.

32

* Bo DEMUX 1 4:
D S0 (LSB) S1 Y0 Y1 Y2 Y3

S1 S0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 D

Y3 Y2 Y1 Y0 0 0 D 0 0 D 0 0 D 0 0 0

Y0 = S 1 S0 D = m0 D

D S1 S0

Y0

Y1 = S1 S0 D = m1 D
Y2 = S 1 S0 D = m2 D Y3 = S 1 S0 D = m3 D

Y1
Y2 Y3
33

2. IC phan kenh 74LS155: gom 2 bo phan kenh 1 4

2 1

1G

1Y0 1Y1

7 6 5 4 9 10 11 12

B A X X X X 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 B A

1G 1C 1 X X 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 2G 2C 1 1 0 1 1 1

1Y0 1Y1 1Y2 1Y3 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

1C

1Y2
13 3

A (LSB) B

1Y3

2Y0
2Y1 2Y2

2Y0 2Y1 2Y2 2Y3

14 15

2G

2C

2Y3

X X X X 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1

1 X X 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 0 1 1 1

1 1 1 0 1 1

1 1 1 1 0 1

1 1 1 1 1 0
34

VIII. Bo so sanh o ln (Comparator): 1. Gii thieu: - Bo so sanh la he to hp co nhiem vu so sanh 2 so nh phan khong dau A va B (moi so n bit). - Bo so sanh co 3 ngo ra (A>B), (A=B) va (A<B); ch co 1 ngo ra tch cc theo ket qua so sanh.

* Bo so sanh 3 bit:
A: A2 A1 A0 B: B2 B1 B0 S dung bien trung gian:

A B

(A>B)

(A=B)
(A<B)

xi = Ai Bi (i = 0, 1, 2)

(A = B) = x2 x1 xo (A > B) = A2 B2 + x2 A1 B1 +x2x1 A0 B0 (A < B) = A2 B2 + x2 A1 B1 +x2x1 A0 B0 = (A=B) + (A>B)

35

A0 B0 A1 B1 A2 B2

x0 x1 (A=B)

x2
(A<B)

(A>B)

36

2. IC so sanh 74LS85:
2 3 4 10 12 13 15 9 11 14 1

ALTBIN AEQBIN AGTBIN

AGTBOUT = (A>B) + (A=B)AGTBIN AEQBOUT = (A=B) AEQBIN ALTBOUT = (A<B) + (A=B)ALTBIN

ALTBOUT AEQBOUT AGTBOUT
7 6 5

A0 A1 A2 A3 B0 B1 B2 B3

37