The Quantum Physics of Atomic Frequency Standards Volume 1 Jacques Vanier Division de Physique, Conseil National de Recherches, Ottawa and Claude Audoin Laboratoire de I'Horloge Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris Sud, Orsay Ada i Adam Hilger, Bristol and Philadelphia(© 10P Publishing Les 1989 Al sights served. No pat ofthis publication may be reproduced, Stored ine retnovl stem o ransmted i a form oe by any means, ‘lestrni, mechaniah, photocopying, records or eerwie, without ‘he por jenn oe pane furl copying ony permite unde theterms ofthe agreement betwee the Commits of Vie {Chancellors and Principals andthe Copyright Leasing Agen. rsh Library Cataloguing Pubcon Date Vanier. teqes “The quantum physics of atomic Requeney standards {Atom equency standards 2 Quantum theory [Tie TL Audoin, Claude sw.75eOCTRLS IsaNosse74s3x ISBNOASITAA23 v1 ISBNOSSEHAE I 2 Library of Congres Cataloging Pubcon Data Vanier, Jrqus, 1934 "The quan physics of tome frequency standards Ince biographies and inden. xbmc Requeaey standards. 2. Quantum theory 1. Audoin, Cader 33 MT GCASE VSS 58H 539.7 | 7326 Constant Bator: A. Eley Published under the Adam Hilger imprint by 1OP Publishing Lid Techno be, Redcile Way, Bisel BSI ONX. England 22 Caery Steet, Piadelphia, PA T9108, USA “Typeset by KEYTEC, Bridport, Donet Printed in Grest Bean by 1 W Artowsmith Ld, Bristol Contents Foreword Introduction Chapter 1: Basic Physics of Selected Atomic Systems 1.1. Hydrogen, alta and other selected atoms 412. Mansions between atomic sates 113. Ensemble of atoms de density max Chapter 2: Electromagnetic and Noise Pter 2 oncepts® 21. Electromagnetic eld equations 22 The quantaedetd approach 23. Black body radiation Chapter 3: Random Perturbations: Per a Rie Shapes, Relaxation and Frequency Shifts 21. Basic equations 32. The Dopoer effect 213. Relation, broadening and frequency shits: bul gases 34 Relanation, broadening and fequency shits: the ese ‘of wall castings New m ™ m Foy m0 5Comoe 3.5. Burgas and wall elasation in cells of ite 36 Becton spin exchange: Chapter 4: State Selection and Population Inversion 4:1 Magnetic state selection 42 Opts! pumping 45 Seletion of Sates by spn exchange Chapter 5: The Caesium Atomic Beam Frequency Standard 5.1. Desciption ofthe device 5.2 Probability that 3 transition occurred inthe beam tube 33 The microwave cavity 544 Determination ofthe Frequency ofthe atomic 55. Frequency stably 546 Frequency offsets and thelr estimated accuracy 3 racial realisation of the device 58 The optically pumped caesium Beam Krequency stondard Chapter 6: The Hydrogen Maser 6:1 Physical principles 2 ations forthe description ofthe hydrogen maser toeaviour 63 Prozeries of the oscilting hydrogen maser 1.8 Pied smelted emission 15. asively operated hydrogen maser 16 Amtude and phase noises 82 Frequency stabity £2 frequency shifts, nperturbed hydrogen hypertine tarsiton requeney and acuracy 69. Thehydrogen maser aha precion spectrometer 10 Practical realeaton ofthe device GAT Prospects a 3s “7 “9 72 7 357 106 see ams sis W7 one Chapter 7: Rubidium Frequency Standards Passive rubidium vapour frequency standare 32 Determination ofthe transiion frequency 73. Frequency shits 7A. Praca! implementation 33 Frequencylocked loop 7 Posie avenues for mprovement Active rubidium vapour frequency standard 27 theory 7 Frequency shits 79 Frequency siabity 710. Phaselocked crystal oscilator Chapter 8: Other Atomic Frequeney Standards and Related 481 Standards using the NH, molecule 182 The thallum beam device 13 The optically pumped rubidium beam device EA The ser beam proposal 85 The hydrogen beam tube 16 The magnesium and calcium beam devices 17 The caesium cel frequency standard 18 lon storage frequency standards 133 Cooling of ions and toms 5.10 Optical atomic equency standards BEIT Mromave to opi frequency shes Chapter ): Impact of Atomic, Frequen: SUindards om Technolgy, Science and Metrology’ 9.1 Atomic frequency standards as clocks: timekeeping 522 Atomic frequency standards in navigation systems 53. Atomic cocks in communieation systems 34 Atom frequency standards for indestal and public uses 55 Atom frequency standards i base research 54 Atom frequency Standards andthe Systeme International Unites 7 1283 1 a 158 1360 ne 143 ie 152 Met 134 1535 1536 1897