LNG T NH SNG I.

Tm tt l thuyt:
1. Nng lng mt lng t nh sng
e = hf = hc = mc 2 l

Trong h = 6,625.10-34 Js l hng s Plng. c = 3.108m/s : l vn tc nh sng trong chn khng. f, : l tn s, bc sng ca nh sng (ca bc x). m : l khi lng ca phtn 2. Tia Rnghen (tia X) Bc sng nh nht ca tia Rnghen
l Min = hc E

Trong E = cc)

mv 2 mv 2 = e U + 0 l ng nng ca electron khi p vo i catt (i m 2 2

U l hiu in th gia ant v catt v l vn tc electron khi p vo i catt v0 l vn tc ca electron khi ri catt (thng v0 = 0) m = 9,1.10-31 kg l khi lng electron 3. Hin tng quang in *Cng thc Anhxtanh
e = hf = mv 2 hc = A + 0 Max l 2 hc : l cng thot ca kim loi dng lm catt l0

Trong :

A=

0 : l gii hn quang in ca kim loi dng lm catt v0Max : l vn tc ban u ca electron quang in khi thot khi catt f, : l tn s, bc sng ca nh sng kch thch 4. T bo quang in: * dng quang in trit tiu th UAK Uh (Uh < 0), Uh gi l hiu in th hm
eU h =
2 mv0 Max 2

Lu : Trong mt s bi ton ngi ta ly Uh > 0 th l ln. * Xt vt c lp v in, c in th cc i VMax v khong cch cc i dMax m electron chuyn ng trong in trng cn c cng E c tnh theo cng thc:
1 2 e VMax = mv0 Max = e Ed Max 2

* Vi U l hiu in th gia ant v catt, vA l vn tc cc i ca electron khi p vo ant, vK = v0Max l vn tc ban u cc i ca electron khi ri catt th:
1 2 1 2 e U = mv A - mvK 2 2

* Hiu sut lng t (hiu sut quang in)

H= n n0

Vi n v n0 l s electron quang in bt khi catt v s phtn p vo catt trong cng mt khong thi gian t.
n0 e n0 hf n hc = = 0 t t lt q ne Cng dng quang in bo ho: I bh = = t t I e I hf I hc H = bh = bh = bh pe pe pl e

Cng sut ca ngun bc x: p =

* Bn knh qu o ca electron khi chuyn ng vi vn tc v trong t trng u B

R= r r mv u , a = (v,B) e B sin a

Xt electron va ri khi catt th v = v0Max

r u r mv v ^ B sin a = 1 R = Khi eB

Lu : Hin tng quang in xy ra khi c chiu ng thi nhiu bc x th khi tnh cc i lng: Vn tc ban u cc i v0Max, hiu in th hm Uh, in th cc i VMax, u c tnh ng vi bc x c Min (hoc fMax) 4. Tin Bo - Quang ph nguyn t Hir Em * Tin Bo
e = hf mn = hc = Em - En l mn

hfmn

* Bn knh qu o dng th n ca electron trong nguyn t hir: rn = n2r0 Vi r0 =5,3.10-11m l bn knh Bo ( qu P o K) O * Nng lng electron trong nguyn t hir: N W= W+Wt =
ke 2 1 mv 2 rn 2

En Em > En

hfmn

(1), m khi e

M L

chuyn ng quang ht nhn th lc tnh in ng vai tr l lc hng tm nn ta c : Fht =

mv 2 ke 2 = 2 (2), t (1) v (2) suy ra: rn r n 13, 6 En =- 2 (eV ) Vi n N*. n

H H H H Banm e

n= n= 6 5 n= 4 n= Pase 3 n n= 2

* S mc nng lng - Dy Laiman: Nm trong vng t ngoi

K Laima n

n= 1

ng vi e chuyn t qu o bn ngoi v qu o K Lu : Vch di nht LK khi e chuyn t L K Vch ngn nht K khi e chuyn t K. - Dy Banme: Mt phn nm trong vng t ngoi, mt phn nm trong vng nh sng nhn thy ng vi e chuyn t qu o bn ngoi v qu o L Vng nh sng nhn thy c 4 vch: Vch H ng vi e: M L Vch lam H ng vi e: N L Vch chm H ng vi e: O L Vch tm H ng vi e: P L Lu : Vch di nht ML (Vch H ) Vch ngn nht L khi e chuyn t L. - Dy Pasen: Nm trong vng hng ngoi ng vi e chuyn t qu o bn ngoi v qu o M Lu : Vch di nht NM khi e chuyn t N M. Vch ngn nht M khi e chuyn t M. Mi lin h gia cc bc sng v tn s ca cc vch quang ph ca nguyn t hir: 1 1 1 = + v f13 = f12 +f23 (nh cng vct) 13 12 23

II. Bi tp

Dng 1. Xc nh cc c trng ca: A, 0 , Ed0 , v0 , Ibh , Uh Cu 1: xc nh gii hn ca lng t nh sng ng vi quang ph nh sng nhn

thy c ( 0, 4 m 0, 76 m ) Cu 2: ng nng ca cc electron trong nguyn t hir thay i mt lng l bao nhiu khi nguyn t ny pht ra mt phtn c bc sng = 0, 486 m Cu 3: phim chp nh s dng mui AgBr ghi nh tc ng ca nh sng phn tch cc phn t AgBr thnh nguyn t. Cho bit nng lng phn li ca AgBr l 23,9 Kcal.mol-1 a. Xc nh tn s v bc sng ca bc x va phn li phn t AgBr b. Tnh lng t ca bc x ng vi tn s 100MHz(Theo eV). Gii thch ti sao sng v tuyn ca mt i truyn hnh c cng sut 50000W v c tn s 100MHz khng tc ng ln phim Cu 4: Mt ngun laser mnh pht ra nhng xung bc x c nng lng 3000J bc x pht ra c bc sng 480nm. C bao nhiu photon trong mi xung nh vy? Cu 5: Hy xc nh tn s nh sng cn thit bc c electron ra khi mt kim loi no . Bit rng tn s gii hn i vi kim loi l f0 = 6.1014(s-1) v sau khi thot ra cc electron ny s b hm li hon ton bi hiu in th 3V

Cu 6: Khi chiu mt bc x c bc sng

= 0, 405 m Vo b mt Catot ca mt t bo

quang in ta c mt dng quang in bo ha c cng i c th lm trit tiu dng in ny bng hiu in th hm Uh= 1,26V a. Tm vn tc ban u cc i ca electron quang in b. Tm cng thot ca electron i vi kim loi lm Catot c. Gi s c mi photon p vo Catot lm bc ra 1 electron (hiu sut quang in 100%) ta o c i = 49mA tnh s photon p vo Catot sau mi giy Suy ra cng sut ca ngun bc x (Coi ton b cng sut ch dng chiu sng Catot) Cu 7: Catot ca mt t bo quang in lm bng kim loi c cng thot electron l : A0=7,23.10-19(J) a. Xc nh gii hn quang in ca kim loi b. Mt tm kim loi c lp c ri sang ng thi bi hai bc x : mt c tn s f1=1,5.1015(s-1) v mt c bc sng 2 = 0,18 m . Tnh in th cc i trn tm kim loi c. Khi ri bc x c tn s f1 vo t bo quang in trn khng mt electron v c Anot th hiu in th gia Anot va catot l bao nhiu? Cu 8: Cng thot electron i vi ng l : A0 = 4,47 eV. a. Tnh gii hn quang in ca ng b. Khi chiu bc x c bc sng = 0,14 m vo qu cu bng ng t cch li cc vt khc th qu cu c tch in n in th cc i l bao nhiu? c. Chiu mt bc x c bc sng / vo qu cu bng ng cch li cc vt khc th qu cu t in th cc i 3V. Tnh / v vn tc ban u cc i ca cc electron quang

in. Cu 9: Cng ti thiu bc mt electron ra khi mt kim loi l 1,88eV. Dng l kim
loi lm Catot trong mt t bo quang in. Hy tnh: a. Gii hn quang in ca kim loi . b. Vn tc ban u cc i ca cc electron kim loi b bn ra khi kim loi khi chiu vo nh sng c bc sng = 0,489 m c. S electron tch ra khi mt kim loi trong 1 pht Gi thit tt c cc electron tch ra b ht v Anot v cng dng quang in thu c l: I = 0,26 mA d. Hiu in th gia Anot v Catot dng quang in b trit tiu Cu 10: p dng nh lut bo ton ng lng v nh lut bo ton nng lng CMR electron t do khng th hp th hay bc x lng t nh sng. Cu 11: Cho nh sng c bc sng nh hn bc sng gii hn quang in 0 Chiu vo Catot ca t bo quang in. Ni hai cc ca t bo quang in vi ngun in mt chiu hiu in th gia 2 u ca t bo quang in l 80V mt ampe k mc vo mch A . ch l 3,2 a. Tnh s photon p vo Catot gy ra hin tng quang in trong mi giy ng h. b. Tnh nhit lng ta ra Anot ca t bo quang in trong mi giy. Gi s electron khi ri khi catot u c vn tc l v0 = 4.105(m/s) Cu 12: Dng lng t nh sng = hf hy thit lp biu thc ca p sut nh sng tc ng nn mt b mt phn x vi gc ti i Cu 13: Gii hn quang in ca Rb l 0 = 0,81m .

a. Xc nh vn tc cc i ca cc electron quang in khi chiu nh sng n sc c bc sng = 0,4m vo Rb b. Hiu in th hm khi t vo t bo quang in c Catot Rb l bao nhiu th lm ngng c dng quang in. c. Nu nh sng ti ca bc sng gim bt 2nm th phi thay i hiu in th hm l bao nhiu?

Dng 2. Chuyn ng ca cc electron quang in trong in trng v t trng. Cu 1: Catot ca mt t bo quang in c ph bng mt lp xedi c cng thot ca
cc electron l 1.9eV. Catot c chiu sng bi mt chm sng n sc c bc sng l:
= 0,45m

a. Xc nh gii hn quang in ca Xedi b. Dng mn chn tch ra mt chm hp cc electron quang in v hng n vo mt t trng u c vecto B vung gc vi (v ) ca cc electron. Cho B= 6,1.10-5(T). Xc nh bn knh cc i ca qu o cc electron trong t trng. c. Mun tng vn tc ca cc quang electron ta lm nh th no? Thay i cng nh sng ti hay thay i bc sng ca nh sng ti? Khi gi nguyn bc sng ca nh sng ti v tng cng nh sng ti th c nh hng g? Cu 2: Mt in cc phng nhm c ri bng bc x t ngoi c bc sng = 83nm a. Electron quang in c th ri xa b mt in cc mt on ti a l bao nhiu ? Nu in trng u cn li chuyn ng ca electron c ln E = 7,5(V/m)cho bit gii hn quang in ca kim loi l: 0 = 332nm b. Nu khng c in trng hm v in cc c ni t qua in tr R = 1M th dng in cc i qua in tr l bao nhiu? Cu 3: Khi ri vo Catot phng ca mt t bo quang in mt bc x c bc sng = 0,33 m th c th lm dng quang in trit tiu bng cch ni Anot v catot ca t bo quang in bng mt hiu in th U AK 0,3125V a. Xc nh gii hn quang in ca kim loi b. Catot ca t bo cng c dng phng song song vi Catot t i din v cch Catot mt on d = 1cm Khi ri chum bc x rt hp vo tm ca Catot v t mt hiu in th U AK = 4,55V . Gia Anot v Catot th bn knh ln nht ca vng trn b mt Catot m electron ti p vo bng bao nhiu? Cu 4: Mt b mt kim loi c gii hn quang in l 0 c ri vo mt bc x c bc sng < 0 a. Lp biu thc ca vn tc ban u cc i ca cc electron ri khi b mt kim loi. b. t mt hiu in th hm Uh gia Anot v Catot cch nhau mt on l d lp biu thc ca khong ng xa nht t Catot m cc electron quang in c vn tc u l v vung gc vi b mt ca Catot c th i c. c. Mt chm electron quang in bay vo mt t trng u c cm ng t B . M t chuyn ng ca electron trong hai trng hp: *. B v0 *. B hp vi v mt gc = 90 0
0 max
0 0

Cu 5: Catot ca t bo quang in chn khng l tm kim loi phng c

0 = 3600 A0 .

1. Tm cng thot A0 ca catot 2. Chiu ti Catot mt bc x c bc sng = 0,33 m . Tm vn tc ban u cc i ca cc quang electron pht ra khi Catot 3. Anot ca t bo quang in cng l kim loi phng i din Catot v cch Catot 3cm gia chng c U AK = 18, 2V bc x chiu ti vn l = 0,33 m Tm bn knh ln nht ca vng trn b mt Anot c quang electron p ti.

Dng 3: Cng sut v hiu sut lng t . Cu 1: Mt n nh sng dn sc c bc sng = 0,4m c dng chiu vo t bo
quang in cng thot i vi kim loi dng lm Catot l 2,26eV. a. Tm gii hn quang in ca Catot b. Tnh vn tc ban u cc i ca cc electron bt ra khi Catot c. B mt c ch ca Catot nhn c cng sut 3mW cng dng in bo ha ca t bo quang in l 6,43.10-6(A). Tnh s Photon N m Catot nhn c trong 1s v s electron n bt ra trong mi giy. Suy ra hiu sut Cu 2: Mt ngun sng c cng sut 2W pht ra nhng sng nh sng c bc sng = 0,597 m ta ra u theo khp mi hng. hy tnh xem khong cch bao xa ng ta cn trng thy c ngun sng ny bit rng mt cn thy ngun sng khi c t nht 80 photon pht ra t ngun ny lt vo con ngi trong mi giy con ngi c ng knh vo khong 4mm (B qua s hp th nh sng ca kh quyn) Cu 3: nhy ca mt ngi trong ti c xc nh l 60 photon /s vi nh sng c bc sng 555nm. Tnh cng nh sng v cng sut ca ngun sng. Cho bit: *. Khong cch t ngun ti mt l 10km *. ng knh con ngi trong ti l 8mm Cu 4: Chiu mt chm sng n sc c bc sng = 0, 489 m ln mt Catot ca mt t bo quang in ngi ta thy hiu in th hm khng co dng quang in Uh = 0,39V 1. Tnh 0 v A0 2. Bit cng sut ca chm sng ti mt Catot l P = 12,5W v cng dng quang in bo ha bng I = 0,05A. Tnh hiu sut lng t. Cu 5: Dung dch fluroxin hp th nh sng c bc sng = 0, 45 m v pht ra mt nh sng c bc sng / = 0,5 m . 1. Tm hiu sut ca mi qu trnh hp th v pht hunh quang trn. 2. Bit hiu sut ca s pht quang ca dung dch fluroxin l 75% hy tnh s phn trm photon b hp th dn n s pht quang ca phn t fluroxin

Dng 4: ng dng ca hin tng quang in vo vic o cc hng s vt l Cu 1: xc nh hng s Plng ngi ta ri vo Catot ca mt t bo quang in cc
nh sng n sc c bc sng khc nhau - Vi nh sng c bc sng 1 = 620nm Dng quang in bt u trit tiu nu gia Anot v Catot c hiu in th hm Uh

- Vi nh sng c bc sng 2 = 1,251 th hiu in th hm gim 0,4V a. Xc nh hng s Plawng theo cc gi kin cho b. Xc nh cng thot ca cc electron i vi cc kim loi lm Catot bit rng nh sng c bc sng 3 =1,51 . Th hiu in th hm gim cn mt na. Cu 2: Chiu ln lt 2 bc x c bc sng l 1 = 250nm v 2 = 300nm vo mt kim loi M. vn tc ban u cc i ca cc electron quang in ln lt l v1 = 7,31.105(m/s) v v1 = 4,93.105(m/s). a. Xc nh khi lng me ca electron v gii hn quang in ca kim loi M b. Chiu bc x c bc sng vo tm kim loi trn c lp v in th in th cc i l 3V. Tnh Cu 3: Mun hm li hon ton cc electron b bc ra khi mt kim loi no bi nh snags c tn s f1 = 2,2.1015(Hz) th ph t mt hiu in th hm Uh1 = 6,6(V). Vi nh sng c tn s f2 = 4,5.1015(Hz) th hiu in th hm l Uh2 = 16,5(V). Xc nh hng s Plng

Dng 5: Cc bi ton khc Cu 1 : Cho th ph thuc ca ng nng ban

u cc i ca cc quang electron vo tn s ca c bc x kch thch chiu vo Catot ca t bo quang in da vo th hy tm: 1. Cng thot ca t bo quang in. 2. Gii hn ca kim loi 3. Hng s Plng Cu 2: Trong th nghim quang in vi Na ta thu c bng kt qua sau y v s ph thuc ca hiu in th hm vo bc sng ca nh sng kch thch: Uh(V) 4,2 2,06 1,05 0,41 0,03 200 300 400 500 600 nm V s biu din s ph thuc ca Uh theo bin s thch hp. Da vo th hy xc nh: a. Cng thot ca electron b. Tn s gii hn c. Gi tr ca t s h/e

Dng 6: Mu Bohr. Cu 1: Vch quang ph u tin(c bc sng di nht) ca dy Laiman, Banme v

m ; 0,656 m v Pasen trong quang ph ca Hiro c bc sng ln lt l 0,122 1,875 m . Xc nh bc sng ca vch quang ph th hai trong dy Laiman v Banme, cc quang ph thuc min no ca thang sng in t. Cu 2: Cho ba vch quang ph u tin(c bc sng di nht) ca dy Laiman, Banme m; v Pasen trong quang ph ca nguyn t Hiro c bc sng ln lt l 0,122 0,656 m v 1,875 m. a. C th tm c bc sng ca cc vch no khc. b. Cho bit nng lng ti thiu bt in t ra khi nguyn t Hiro t trng thi c bn l 13,6eV (1eV = 1,6.10-19J). Tnh bc sng ngn nht trong dy Pasen. Ly c = 3.108m/s, h = 6,625.10-34J.s.

Cu 3: Cho bit bc sng ng vi 3 vch quang ph ca nguyn t Hir trong dy

Pasen vng hng ngoi l 1 =1,875m ; 2 =1,282 m ; 3 =1,093m v vch H trong dy Banme l = 0,656m . Hy tnh cc bc sng ; ; tng ng vi cc vch lam H ; vch chm H v vch tm. Cu 4: Ba vch quang ph u tin trong dy Laiman ca nguyn t Hiro c bc sng o o o ln lt l 1 = 1216 A , 2 = 1026 A v 3 = 973 A . Hi nu electron b kch thch ln qu o N th nguyn t c th pht ra nhng vch no trong dy Banme? Tnh bc sng cc vch ? Cu 5: Electron trong nguyn t Hir chuyn t qu o L ng vi mc nng lng E2 = - 3,4eV v qu o K ng vi mc nng lng E1 = -13,6eV. Cho bit 1eV = 1,6.10-19J, c = 3.108m/s, h = 6,625.10-34J.s. a. Tnh bc sng ca bc x pht ra. b. Chiu bc x c bc sng ni trn vo Katt ca mt t bo quang in lm bng kim loi c cng thot electron l A = 2eV. Tnh ng nng ban u cc i W ca quang in t v hiu in th hm dng quang in Uh. Cu 6: Nng lng trng thi dng trong nguyn t Hir ln lt l Ek = -13,6eV; EL = -3,4eV; EM = -1,51eV; EN = -0,85eV; EO = -0,54eV. Hy tm bc sng ca cc bc x t ngoi do nguyn t Hir pht ra. Cho bit 1eV = 1,6.10-19J, c = 3.108m/s, h = 6,625.10-34J.s. Cu 7: Trong quang ph hir c bc sng ca cc vch quang ph nh sau: 21 = 0,121568m ; 32 = 0,656279m ; 43 =1,8751m . a) Tnh tn s ng vi cc bc x trn. b) Tnh tn s ng vi vch quang ph th 2 v th 3 ca dy Laiman. (Cho bit c = 3.108m/s.) Cu 8: Trong quang ph vch ca nguyn t hir, vch ng vi bc sng di nht trong dy Laiman l 1 = 0,1216m v vch ng vi s chuyn electron t qu o M v qu o K c bc sng 2 = 0,1026m . Hy tnh bc sng di nht trong dy Banme. Cu 9: Bit rng vch u tin trong dy Laiman c bc sng 1 = 0,1216m , vch u tin v vch cui ca dy Banme c bc sng ln lt l 2 = 0,6563m v 3 = 0,3653m . Cho bit c = 3.108m/s, h = 6,625.10-34J.s. a. Xc nh cc bc sng ca vch th hai ca dy Laiman v vch cui cng ca dy Laiman. b. Tnh nng lng ion ho ca nguyn t Hir trng thi c bn. Tnh nng lng ny ra n v eV. Cu 10: Cho bit vch u tin ca dy Laiman c tn s l 24,53.1014Hz v nng lng ion ho ca nguyn t hir trng thi c bn l 13,6eV. Cho bit c = 3.108m/s, h = 6,625.10-34J.s. a. Tnh bc sng ca vch cui cng ca dy Banme. b. Cho bit vch u tin ca dy Banme c bc sng bng 0,6563 m . Hi c th tnh c bc sng ca nhng vch no trong quang ph hir.

Cu 11: Bit bc sng ca bn vch trong dy Banme l vch

vch chm H = 4861m , vch lam H = 4340m v vch tm H = 0,4102m . Hy tnh bc sng ca ba vch quang ph trong dy Pasen vng hng ngoi. Cu12: Cc bc sng di nht ca vch quang ph thuc dy Lyman v dy Banme trong quang ph vch ca H tng ng l: 21=0,1218 m v m .Tnh bc sng ca vch th 2 trong dy Lyman? 32=0,6563 Cu 13: Cho bit bit bc sng ng vi vch l 0,656 m v vch lam l 0,486 m trong dy Banme ca quang ph vch ca H. Hy xc nh bc sng ca bc x ng vi s di chuyn ca e t qu o L v qu o M?

H = 0,6563m ,

Cu 14: Trong quang ph vch ca hydr bit bc sng ca cc vch trong dy quang
ph Banme vch H : 32 = 0,6563m v H : 32 = 0,4102m. Bc sng ca vch quang ph th ba trong dy Pasen l bao nhiu? Cu 15: Gi tr nng lng ca cc trng thi dng ca nguyn t Hiro c cho bi cng thc:
En = Rh (R; hng s Riber) n2

Cho bit nng lng ion ha ca nguyn t Hidro l 13,5eV. Hy xc nh nhng vch quang ph ca Hidro xut hin khi bn ph nguyn t Hidro trng thi c bn bng chm electron c ng nng 12,5eV.

Cu 16: Cho mt chm electron bn ph cc nguyn t hidro trng thi c bn kch

thch chng. Xc nh vn tc cc tiu ca electron sao cho c th lm sut hin tt c cc vch ca quang ph pht x ca hidro

Dng 7: ng Rnghen: Cu 1: Mt ng Rnghen hot ng vi hiu in th U = 2,5 kV

1. Tnh bc sng nh nht ca tia Ronghen pht ra v vn tc ca electron ti p vo Catot 2. Cng dng in qua ng l 0,01A Tnh s electron p vo Catot trong mi giy v nhit lng cung cp cho i m cc trong mi pht (Gi s ton b ng nng ti p vo Catot v t nng i m cc) 3. Ngi ta lm ngui i m cc bng dng nc lnh nhit lc ra khi ng ln hn nhit lc vo 400. Tnh khi lng nc chy qua i m cc trong mi pht (bit nhit dung ring ca nc l C = 4186 J/kg.K ) Cu 2: tng cng ca tia Rnghen tc l gim bc sng ca n ngi ta cho hiu in th gia hai cc tng thm v = 500V .Tnh bc sng ca tia Rn ghen pht ra khi . Cu 3: Cho chm tia X pht ra t ng Rnghen ta thy c tia c tn s ln nht fmax = 5.1018(Hz). 1. Tm UAK. Tm ng nng ca c electron khi p vo Catot. Coi ng nng u bng 0 2.Trong 20(s) c 1018 electron p vo i Catot. Tnh cng dng in qua ng

3. i Catot c lm bng dng nc chy lun bn trong nhit ni ra cao hn li vo l 100C. Tm lu lng theo m3/s ca dng nc. Xem gn ng 100% ng nng ca chm electron u chuyn thnh nhit lm nng Catot. Cho Nhit dung ring ca nc l C = 4186 J/kg.K v khi lng ring ca nc l D = 1000kg/m3