SUBCOURSE OD1402

EDITION 9

BASIC OSCILLOSCOPE

BASIC OSCILLOSCOPE SUBCOURSE OD1402 EDITION 9 United States Army Combined Arms Support Command Fort Lee, VA 23801-1809 5 CREDIT HOURS NEW: 1989 GENERAL Thepurposeofthissubcourseistofamiliarizethetankturret repairerwiththeinformationnecessarytooperatetheAN/USM281C oscilloscope.Thiswillincludedescriptionsofcontrols, indicators,andinitialsetupprocedures.Thissubcoursewill alsotraintherepaireronproperprocedurestomeasurevoltage amplitudeandfrequencyusingthescreengrids. LESSON1:BASICOSCILLOSCOPE TASK: Describethepurposeandtheinitialpositionof thebasiccontrolsandswitches.Describetheuse ofscreengridstointerpretvoltageamplitudeand frequencymeasurementsonthebasicoscilloscope. Thestudentwillcompletethesubcourseand examinationinaselfstudyenvironment,giventhe subcoursebooklet.Aftersuccessfulcompletionof theexamination,thestudentshouldbeableto performthetask,givenTM9254andTM116625 265814. Demonstrateyourcomprehensionofthetaskby correctlyanswering70%ofthequestionsonthe examinationinaccordancewiththelisted references.

CONDITIONS:

STANDARD:

(ThisobjectivesupportsSoldier'sManual(SM)task:0914993012.)

BASIC OSCILLOSCOPE - OD 1402

TABLEOFCONTENTS Section TITLEPAGE............................................... TABLEOFCONTENTS........................................ INTRODUCTION............................................. LESSON1: BASICOSCILLOSCOPE............................ LearningEvent1:Describethepurposeand theinitialpositionofthebasiccontrols andswitchesofthebasicoscilloscope.............. LearningEvent2:Interpretthevoltage amplitudeandfrequencymeasurementsonthe basicoscilloscopebytheuseofscreengrids....... PracticeExercise1................................. AnswerstoPracticeExercise1...................... Page i ii iv 1

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BASIC OSCILLOSCOPE - OD 1402 INTRODUCTION Electronicallyspeaking,anoscilloscopeisadevicethatmakesthe invisiblebecomevisible.Theinvisiblethingsweareinterested inseeingarethegalaxyofdifferentelectronicsignalspresentin electroniccircuitry.Connecttheoscilloscopetoanysignal circuitandyoucanfollowtheprogressoftheevergrowingsignal asitweavesitswayfromtheinputtotheoutputterminals.The luminoustraceontheoscilloscope'sscreenshowsyouthesignal's everyup,down,andtwist.Asyoumovethescope'sprobefrom stagetostage,youcanvieweachstage'seffectonthesignal. Whatcanyoudowithanoscilloscope?Becausetheinstrumentisso versatile,it'shardtofindapointtobegintalkingaboutit.It canbeusedtodesigncircuitry,adjustvariablecomponentvalues, andcalibratecircuitry.Itcanalsobeusedtotroubleshoot faultycircuitrywhenyouknowthecorrectwaveformateachpoint inthecircuit.Youjustmovetheprobefromstagetostageuntil youfindanoutofshapewaveform.Youcanalsomeasurevoltages ofalternatinganddirectcurrentsanddeterminethefrequencyof thecycles. Yougettheidea.Throughoutthissubcourse,youwillusethe oscilloscopetoviewvariouswaveforms.Youwillalsolearnhowto determinethevoltageandfrequencyofthesewaveforms.Allof thisinformationshouldhelpthetankturretrepairerbecome comfortablewithusingtheoscilloscopeasatoolofhistrade.

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OD1402 - Lesson 1/Learning Event 1

LESSON1 BASICOSCILLOSCOPE TASK Describethepurposeandtheinitialpositionofthebasiccontrols andswitches.Describetheuseofscreengridstointerpret voltageamplitudeandfrequencymeasurementsonthebasic oscilloscope. CONDITIONS Thestudentwillcompletethesubcourseandexaminationinaself studyenvironment,giventhesubcoursebooklet.Aftersuccessful completionoftheexamination,thestudentshouldbeableto performthelearningevent,givenTM9254andTM116625265814.

STANDARD Demonstrateyourcomprehensionofthetaskbycorrectlyanswering 70%ofthequestionsontheexaminationinaccordancewiththe latestreferences. REFERENCES TM9254 TM116625265814 LearningEvent1: DESCRIBETHEPURPOSEANDTHEINITIALPOSITIONOFTHEFUNDAMENTAL CONTROLSANDSWITCHESOFTHEBASICOSCILLOSCOPE GENERAL Theoscilloscopeisusedtovisuallydisplayelectricalimpulses. Someoscilloscopesaredesignedspecificallyfor

OD1402 - Lesson 1/Learning Event 1 displayingonlyonetrace.Theseareclassifiedassingletrace oscilloscopes.Theyconsistofoneverticalamplifierandone horizontalsweepgeneratorconnectedtoacathoderaytube(CRT). Theoscilloscope(AN/USM281C)usedinthissubcourseprovidesdual traceoperation.Adualtraceoscilloscopehastwovertical amplifiersandtwohorizontalsweepgenerators.Thisprovidesdual traceoperationforthecomparisonoftwoelectricalimpulsesat thesametime. Sometimes,therecurringsignalrateissoslowthatitbecomes impossibletoobserveitonaconventionaloscilloscope.Then,a storageoscilloscopemustbeused.Thestorageoscilloscopeis designedtostorethesignalinitsmemoryandthendisplaythe signalontheCRT.Inaddition,thestorageoscilloscopecanbe operatedasaconventionaloscilloscope. EQUIPMENTDESCRIPTION TheAN/USM281Coscilloscope(figure1,onthenextpage)isa lightweight,solidstateinstrumentdesignedforgeneralpurpose signalwaveformmeasurements.Ithassingleordualtrace capabilities.Theoscilloscopeconsistsoftheoscilloscopemain frame,twoverticalamplifierpluginunits,andthedualtimebase pluginunit.Theseunitsaredescribedinthefollowing paragraphs. MainFrame ThemainframecontainstheCRTandpowersupplycomponentsand providesthreeplugincompartmentsfortheverticalamplifiersand dualtimebaseunits.Ofthethreeplugincompartments,thetwo ontheleftareconnectedtotheverticaldeflectioncircuits.The oneontherightisconnectedtothehorizontaldeflectionsystem. Electronicswitchingbetweentheverticalamplifiersallowsadual traceverticaldisplay. VerticalAmplifier Theverticalamplifierisawidebandamplifierthatprovides verticaldeflectionsignalstothemainframeverticalamplifier circuits.Therearetwoverticalamplifiercompartmentsinthe mainframe.Thisallowsoneamplifiertobeusedalone,forsingle traceoperation,ortwoamplifierstobeusedfordualtrace operation.

OD1402 - Lesson 1/Learning Event 1 DualTimeBase Thedualtimebaseprovidesahorizontaldeflectionsignaltothe mainframeCRTcircuitsforeachofthetwotraces.

FIGURE1.OSCILLOSCOPESUBASSEMBLIES. OSCILLOSCOPECONTROLS ThecontrolsfortheAN/USM281Coscilloscopearelocatedonthe frontandrearpanels.Themostcommonlyusedcontrolswillbe discussedinthissubcourse.Themorecomplex 3

OD1402 - Lesson 1/Learning Event 1 controlswillnotbecovered.Thesecontrolsareforspecial applications.Fortheiruses,refertotheoperator'smanualof theparticularoscilloscopeyouareusing. OscilloscopeFrontPanelControls Thefunctionoftheoscilloscopefrontpanelcontrols(figure2,on thenextpage)areasfollows: IntensityControl.Controlsthebrightnessofthedisplay. FocusKnob.Controlsthedefinition(focus)ofthedisplay. TraceRotationControl.Controlsthealignmentofthetracewith thescreengrids(graticulelines). GratIllum(GraticuleIllumination)Knob.Controlsthebrightness ofthegraticulelines. BeamFinderSwitch.Whenpressed,causesthedisplaytobe compressedwithinthegraticulearea. VerticalModeSwitches.Selectsthesignalfromthevertical amplifiers.Itconsistsofthefollowingfivefunctionswitches: oLeftSelectsthesignalfromthelefthandvertical amplifierfordisplay. oAltSelectssignalsfromthelefthandandtherighthand verticalamplifiersinalternatingpatternsfordisplay.Signals areswitchedaftereachsweep. oAddSelectssignalsfrombothverticalamplifiersfor display.Signalsareaddedtogetherandthesumisdisplayed. oChopSelectssignalsfrombothverticalamplifiersinan alternatingpattern.Signalsareswitchedata1megahertzrate, underthecontrolofaninternaloscillator. oRightSelectssignalfromtherighthandverticalamplifier fordisplay.

OD1402 - Lesson 1/Learning Event 1

FIGURE2.FRONTPANELCONTROLS. TriggerSourceSwitches.Provideatriggersignaltogiveyoua stabledisplayontheCRT.Thetriggersignalcomesfromthree sources: oLeftSelectsthetriggersignalfromtheleftvertical amplifier. oVertModeTriggersignalautomaticallyfollowsthe verticaldisplay,exceptinthechoppedmode.Inthechoppedmode, thetriggeroccursata1megahertzrate,underthecontrolofan internaloscillator. 5

OD1402 - Lesson 1/Learning Event 1 oRightSelectsthetriggersignalfromtherightvertical amplifier. PowerSwitch.Controlspowertotheoscilloscope. CalibratorConnector.Providesforconnectingacabletothe calibratoroutputsignal. VerticalAmplifierControls Thefunctionsoftheverticalamplifiercontrols(figure3,onthe nextpage)areasfollows: PositionControl.Controlstheverticalpositionofthetrace. PolaritySwitch.Providesfordisplayinversion.Inthe+UP position,positivesignalswillcauseanupwardtracedeflection. IntheINVERTposition,apositivesignalwillcauseadownward tracedeflection. MagSwitch.Providesforadecreasingdeflectionfactor. Inthex1position,thedeflectionfactorisnotchanged.Inthe x10position,thedeflectionfactoris1/10thofthatselectedby theVOLTS/DIVswitch. GainControl.Finetuningofthedeflectionfactor. InputConnector.Providesforconnectingtheamplifierinput signalcable. Volts/DivSwitch.Providesforselectingcalibratedselection factors,from5millivoltsto10voltsperdivision. Variable(Calibrate)Knob.CanmultiplytheVolts/Divswitch settingupto2.5times.Extendstherangeto25voltsper divisionormore. AC/GND/DCSwitch.IntheACposition,anyACsignalispassedto theamplifierandanyDCsignalisblocked.Intheground(GND) position,nosignalispassedtotheamplifier.IntheDC position,allcomponentsofthesignal(ACandDC)arecoupledto theamplifierinput.

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FIGURE3.VERTICALAMPLIFIERCONTROLS. DualTimeBaseControls Thefunctionsofthedualtimebasecontrols(figure4,onthenext page)arediscussednext. LevelKnob.Providesforselectingtheamplitudepointonthe triggersignalatwhichtriggeringoccurs. SlopeSwitch.Providesforselectingeitherthepositiveor negativegoingslopeofthetriggersignalonwhichtotrigger.

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FIGURE4.DUALTIMEBASECONTROLS. Trig'dIndicator.Lightsuptoindicatethatthemainsweepis triggeredandwillproduceadisplayifthepositionandintensity controlsareproperlyadjusted. MainTriggeringMODESwitches.Providefortheselectionofmain triggeringmodeandindicateselection.Theyareasfollows: oAutoWhenpressed,sweepisinitiatedbythetriggersignal appliedbytheLEVELandSLOPEcontrols,ifthetriggerfrequency isabove30hertzandwithintherange

OD1402 - Lesson 1/Learning Event 1 selectedbytheCOUPLINGswitch.Triggeredsweepcanbeobtained onlyovertheamplituderangeoftheappliedtriggersignal.When thelevelcontrolissetoutsidetheamplituderange,thesweep willfreerun,atarateselectedbytheTIME/DIVswitch,to provideareferencetrace. oNormWhenpressed,sweepisinitiatedbythetriggersignal appliedbytheLEVELandSLOPEcontrols,withintherangeselected bytheCOUPLINGswitch.Whenthelevelcontrolissetoutsidethe amplituderange,notracewillbedisplayed. oSingleSwpWhenpressed,onlyonesweepcanbedisplayed untiltheRESETswitchispressed. oResetReadyWhenpressedwhileinthesinglesweepmode, onesweepisdisplayedatthenexttriggerpulse. AmplifierCouplingSwitches.Thesefourswitchesprovideforthe selectionofmaintriggercoupling.Theyareasfollows: oACWhenpressed,DCcomponentsofsignalsarerejectedand ACsignalsbelow30hertzareattenuated.ACsignalsbetween30 hertzand50megahertzareacceptedintact. oACLFREJWhenpressed,DCcomponentsofsignalsare rejectedandACsignalsbelow30kilohertzareattenuated.AC signalsbetween30kilohertzand50megahertzareaccepted. oACHPREJWhenpressed,DCcomponentsandACsignalsbelow 30hertzandabove50kilohertzrangeareattenuated.Signals withinthe30hertzto50kilohertzrangeareacceptedintact. oDCWhenpressed,allsignalsfromDCto50megahertzACare accepted. AmplifierSourceSwitches.Provideforselectionofthemain triggersource.Theyareasfollows: oINTWhenpressed,triggersignalisobtainedfromthe verticalamplifier. oLINEWhenpressed,triggersignalisobtainedfromasample oftheoscilloscope'sinputpowerfrequency.

OD1402 - Lesson 1/Learning Event 1 oEXTWhenpressed,triggersignalisobtainedfroman externalsourceconnectedtotheMAINTRIGINconnector. oEXT10SameasEXT,exceptsignalisdecreasedto approximately10percentoftheinputamplitude. PositionKnob.Providesforcoarseadjustmentofthehorizontal positionofthetrace. FineKnob.Providesforfineadjustmentofthehorizontalposition ofthetrace. SwpCal(SweepCalibrate)Control.Providesanadjustmenttomatch thegainoftheDualTimeBasetotheMainFrameforcalibrated sweeprates. Mag(Magnification)Switch.Providesforselectionofhorizontal magnification.Theswitchhasthefollowingspecificfunctions: ox1(In)selectsunmagnifiedsweepataratedeterminedbythe TIME/DIVswitchsetting. ox10(Out)expandsthecentercentimeterofthedisplayten times. Time/DivorDivTimeSwitch(outerring).Providesforthe selectionofthebasicsweeprateandthedelaytime.Thisallows foroperationinintensifiedordelayedsweepdisplaymodes.MAG switchmustbeinxlposition,andVARIABLEswitchintheCAL positionfortheindicatedsweeprate. DelayedTime/DivisionSwitch(centerring).Selectsthesweeprate foroperationindisplayedsweepandintensifieddisplaymodes. TheVARIABLE(CAL)controlmustbeintheextremeclockwise(CAL) position,andtheMAGswitchmustbeinthex1positionforthe indicatedsweeprate.

NOTE TherelationshipsbetweentheTIME/DIVORDLYTIME switch,theDELAYEDTIME/DIVISIONswitch,andthe INTENSIFYswitcharecomplex.Forefficientuseof thesefunctions,thefollowingdefinitionsofthe displaymodesmustbeunderstood.

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OD1402 - Lesson 1/Learning Event 1 Thedisplaymodesareasfollows: oMainSweepInMAINSWEEPmode,thetimebase switchesarelockedtogetherandthetimeperdivision (sweeprate)isbracketedbytheblacklinesonthe TIME/DIVORDLYTIMEswitch.Onlythemaintimebase (sweep)generatoroperatesinthismode. oIntensifiedSweepInthismode,bothtimebase generatorsareused,butonlythemainsweepis displayed.Onesweepgeneratorsignalisusedto brighten(intensify)themainsweepdisplay.Themain timebasesweeprateisbracketedbytheblacklineson theTIME/DIVORDLYTIMEswitch.Thedelayedtimebase sweeprateisselectedbypullingtheDELAYED TIME/DIVISIONswitchoutandturningitclockwise.With theswitchpulledout,anintensifiedzoneappearson themainsweep.ThepurposeoftheINTENSIFIEDSWEEP modeistolocatetheportionofthetracethatistobe displayedintheDELAYEDSWEEPmode. oDelayedSweepInthismode,theDELAYED TIME/DIVISIONswitchispushedin.Thepartofthe displayshownintheintensifiedzoneisthendisplayed ontheDELAYEDSWEEPandexpandedovertheentire screen.Thedelayedsweepmodeenablestheoperatorto selectanypartofthemainsweepdisplayandexpand thatpartformorecarefulstudy. VARIABLE(CAL)Knob.Whenthisswitchisinthecounterclockwise direction,itenablesyoutovarythecalibratedsettingsofthe TIME/DIVORDLYTIMEswitchbyatleast12.5secondsperdivision. Whenthecontrolissettotheextremeclockwisesetting,the switchisoperatedtoselectcalibrateddeflectionfactors. Dly'dTrig(DelayedTrigger)Knob.Selectsmodeandlevelfor delayedtriggering.Whenthecontrolisturnedtoextreme clockwise,delayedsweeprunsimmediatelyfollowingthedelaytime. DelayedSLOPE,COUPLING,andSOURCEswitchesarenotactivated. Whentheswitchisturnedcounterclockwise,thedelayedsweepis triggerable.TheLEVELcontrolthenselectsthepointonthe triggersignalatwhichthedelayedsweepistriggered.Delayed SLOPE,COUPLING,andSOURCEswitchesareactivated.

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OD1402 - Lesson 1/Learning Event 1 SlopeSwitch.Selectstheportionofthetriggersignalthat startsthedelayedsweep.The+(IN)positionprovidesthatthe delayedsweepistriggeredfromthepositivegoingportionofthe triggersignal.The(OUT)positionprovidesthatthedelayed sweepistriggeredfromthenegativegoingportionofthesignal. CouplingSwitch.Selectsthemethodofcouplingthetriggersignal tothedelayedtriggercircuits.TheAC(IN)positionrejectsDC signals,ACsignalsbelow30hertzareattenuated.Signalsbetween 30hertzand50megahertzareacceptedintact.TheDC(OUT) positionprovidesthatallsignalsfromDCandACto50megahertz areacceptedintact. SourceSwitch.Selectsthesourceofthedelayedtriggersignal anddeterminesthefunctionoftheDLY'DTRIGINconnector.The INT(IN)positionprovidesthatthedelayedtriggersignalis providedbytheverticalamplifier.TheEXT(OUT)position providesthatthedelayedtriggersignalisobtainedfroman externalsource,throughtheDLY'DTRIGINconnector. DelayTimeMultKnob.Providesforselectingavariablesweep delaybetween0and10timesthedelayindicatedbytheTIME/DIVor DLYTIMEswitchsetting. MainTrigInorAmpInConnector.Providesforconnectingacable totheDualTimeBaseforanexternaltriggeringsignalinput. Also,whentheMainTriggeringAmplifierSourceisEXTorEXT10, andtheTIME/DIVorDLYTIMEswitchissettoAMPL,thisconnector canbeusedforanexternalhorizontalinput. Dly'dTrigInConnector.Providesforconnectingacabletothe DualTimebaseforexternaldelayedtriggeringsignalinput. Nowwehavecoveredthefunctionsofallthecontrolsand connectorsonthefrontoftheoscilloscope.Let'sbeginpreparing theoscilloscopeforoperation.

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OD1402 - Lesson 1/Learning Event 1 INITIALCONTROLSETTINGS Performtheinitialcontrolsettingsbeforeturningonthe oscilloscopeforthefirsttime.Oncetheoscilloscopehasbeenin use,itshouldnotbenecessarytorepeattheinitialcontrol settings,unlessthefrontcontrolshavebeencompletely maladjusted. InitialSettingsforMainFrameFrontPanelControls Positiontheoscilloscopefrontpanelcontrolsasfollows: oSettheINTENSITYknobfullycounterclockwise. oTurntheFOCUSknobtomidrange. oTurntheGRATILLUMknobtomidrange. oUndertheVERTMODE,presstheLEFTbutton. NOTE BesureonlyoneTRIGSOURCEswitchremainspressedin atatime. oUndertheTRIGSOURCEcolumn,pressintheVERTMODEbutton. InitialSettingsforVerticalAmplifierControlsPrepositionthe controlsontheverticalamplifiersasfollows: oSetthePOSITIONknobtomidrange. oSetthePOLARITYswitchtothe+UPposition. oSettheMAGswitchtothexlposition. oTurntheVOLTS/DIVswitchtothe.5position. oTurntheVARIABLE(CAL)(RedKnob)fullyclockwiseuntilit clicksinplace. oSettheAC/GND/DCswitchtoAC.

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OD1402 - Lesson 1/Learning Event 1 InitialSettingsfortheDualTimeBase Setthedualtimebasefrontpanelcontrolsasfollows: oTurntheLEVELknobtomidrange. oTurntheSLOPEknobfullyclockwiseto+. oSettheMODESWITCHtoAUTO. oSettheCOUPLINGswitchtoAC. oSettheSOURCEswitchtoINT. oTurnthePOSITIONknobandFINEknobtomidrange. oSettheMAGswitchtoxlbydepressingthebutton. NOTE TheTIME/DIVORDLYTIMEswitchisfourcontrolsinone. Caremustbetakentoseethateachispositioned properly. oSettheinnermostTIME/DIVswitchtothe1msposition. oSettheDLY.TIMEswitchtothe1mspositionandthenpush itin. oTurntheVARIABLE(CAL)knobfullyclockwiseuntilitclicks inplace. oTurntheDLYDTRGknobfullyclockwisetoRUNSAFTERDLY TIME. oSettheSLOPEto+,COUPLINGtoAC,andSOURCEtoINTby depressingthepushbuttons. oTurntheDELAYTIMEMULTknobtothe0position. Sofar,thebasiccontrolsoftheoscilloscopeandtheirfunctions havebeendiscussed,aswellastheinitialsetupofthose controlsthatmustbeaccomplishedpriortoturningonthescope. Youarenowreadytoturnontheoscilloscope. Inthenextlearningevent,howtoturnonandadjustthe oscilloscopeforasingletracewillbediscussed.Then,youwill learnhowtomeasurethevoltageamplitudeandfrequencyofa signalbyusingthescreengrid.

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OD1402 - Lesson 1/Learning Event 1 LearningEvent2: INTERPRETTHEVOLTAGEAMPLITUDEANDFREQUENCYMEASUREMENTSONTHE BASICOSCILLOSCOPEBYTHEUSEOFSCREENGRIDS SIMPLIFIEDOPERATINGPROCEDURES Thefollowingmethodsareprovidedtoaidinquicklysettingthe oscilloscopecontrolstopresentadisplay.Beforeattempting theseprocedures,theoperatorshouldbecomethoroughlyfamiliar withthefunctionsofallcontrols,indicators,andconnectors,as describedinLearningEvent1. SingleTraceDisplay Thefollowingprocedureswillproduceadisplayoftheinputsignal ofoneverticalamplifier,ononetrace,bythedualtimebase.In thiscase,thelefthandverticalamplifierisused.Theright handverticalamplifiercanbeusedbymakingtheappropriate changestotheprocedure. Toproduceadisplayoftheinputsignalofthelefthandvertical amplifier,usethefollowingsteps: Step1.PresetallthecontrolsasdescribedinLearningEvent1, pages13and14. Step2.PullthePOWERswitchknobouttoapplypowerandallow theoscilloscopetowarmupforfiveminutesormore. Step3.TurntheINTENSITYknobclockwiseuntiladisplayis visible.Ifnodisplayisvisiblebythemidrangepositiononthe INTENSITYknob,performsteps4through8below. Step4.PressandholdtheBEAMFINDERswitch. Step5.SettheVOLTS/DIVswitchonthelefthandvertical amplifierforadisplaythatremainswithintheverticalareaof thescreen. Step6.AdjustthePOSITIONknobonthelefthandvertical amplifierforthedesiredverticalpositionofthedisplay.

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OD1402 - Lesson 1/Learning Event 1 Step7.AdjustthePOSITIONknobonthedualtimebaseforthe desiredhorizontalpositionofthedisplay. Step8.ReleasetheBEAMFINDERswitch. Step9.Ifnecessary,adjusttheLEVELcontrolonthedualtime baseforastabledisplay. Step10.AdjusttheFOCUScontrolforawelldefineddisplay.The oscilloscopeisnowsetupforasingletracedisplay(seefigure 5,below).

FIGURE5.SINGLETRACENOSIGNALAPPLIED. DualTraceDisplay Thefollowingprocedurewillproduceadisplayoftheinputsignals oftwoverticalamplifiers,ontwotraces,bythedualtimebase. Toproduceadisplayoftheinputsignalsoftwovertical amplifiersontwotraces,usethefollowingsteps:

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OD1402 - Lesson 1/Learning Event 1 Step1.Presetallthecontrols,asdescribedinLearningEvent1, pages13and14. Step2.PullPOWERswitchknobouttoapplypower.Allowthe oscilloscopetowarmupforfiveminutesormore. Step3.TurntheINTENSITYknobclockwiseuntiladisplayis visible.Ifnodisplayisvisiblebythemidrangepositiononthe INTENSITYknob,performsteps4through8. Step4.PressandholdtheBEAMFINDERswitch. Step5.SettheVOLTS/DIVswitchonthelefthandvertical amplifierforadisplaythatremainswithintheverticalareaof thescreen. Step6.AdjustthePOSITIONcontrolonthelefthandvertical amplifierforthedesiredverticalpositionofthedisplay. Step7.AdjustthePOSITIONcontrolonthedualtimebaseforthe desiredhorizontalpositionofthedisplay. Step8.ReleasetheBEAMFINDERswitch. Step9.Ifnecessary,adjusttheLEVELcontrolonthedualtime baseforastabledisplay. Step10.AdjusttheFOCUScontrolforawelldefineddisplay. Step11.AdjustthePOSITIONcontrolonthelefthandvertical amplifiertoplacethetraceintheupperhalfofthegraticule (screen)area. Step12.PresstheVERTMODERIGHTswitchin. Step13.Ifdisplayofthesecondtraceisnotvisible,adjustthe POSITIONcontrolontherighthandverticalamplifieruntiltrace isvisible.

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OD1402 - Lesson 1/Learning Event 1 Step14.AdjustthePOSITIONcontrolontherighthandvertical amplifiertoplacethedisplayinthelowerhalfofthegraticule (screen)area. Step15.PresstheVERTMODEALTswitchin.Thedualtraceshould nowappearonthescreen(seefigure6,below).

FIGURE6.DUALTRACENOSIGNALAPPLIED. ApplyingaSignal Nowthatyouareabletoperformtheturnonprocedureandadjust theoscilloscopeforastabletrace,youarereadytodisplaya signal. Todisplayasignal,usethefollowingsteps: Step1.Performtheturnonprocedureforasingletracedisplay. Step2.DepresstheLEFTverticalmode.

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OD1402 - Lesson 1/Learning Event 1 Step3.SettheTIME/DIVORDLYTIMEcontrolswitches(figure7, below)asfollows.TurntheTIME/DIVswitchtothe.2msposition. SincethegrayDLYTIMEswitchispushedin,thetwoswitchesturn asasingleunit.TurntheVARIABLE(CAL)sweepswitchfully clockwiseuntilitclicks.Thismeansthateachhorizontalsquare equals.2millisecond.

FIGURE7.TIME/DIVORDLYTIMECONTROL. Step4.PlacetheinputcouplingAC/GND/DCtotheACposition. TurntheVOLTS/DIVswitch(figure8,onthenextpage)tothe.5 position.TurntheredVARIABLE(CAL)switchfullyclockwiseuntil itclicks.Thismeanthateachverticalsquareonthescreenis equalto.5voltsofinputsignal. Step5.ConnectoneendofacoaxcabletotheCALIBRATOR connectorlocatedonthemainframeofthescope.Connectthe otherendtotheINPUTconnectoroftheleftverticalamplifier. Youshouldhavetwocompletecyclesofasquarewavedisplayedon thescreen(figure9,onthenextpage).Itmaybenecessaryto adjusttheLEVELcontroltoobtainastabledisplay.Adjustboth POSITIONcontrolstocenterthedisplayedwaveform. Step6.Ifthewaveformisnotexactlytwodivisionsorgrid squareshigh,thegainoftheverticalamplifiershouldbe adjusted.UseasmallscrewdriverandadjusttheGAINcontrolfor awaveformexactlytwodivisionshigh(1voltpeaktopeak)as showninfigure9.

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OD1402 - Lesson 1/Learning Event 1

FIGURE8.VOLTS/DIVSWITCH.

FIGURE9.TWOSQUAREWAVES.

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OD1402 - Lesson 1/Learning Event 1

NOTE Thesignalcanalsobechangedwiththeredvernieron theVOLTS/DIVknob.However,whenthiscontrolisused theverticalamplitudeisnolongercalibrated.Always leavethisvernierfullyclockwisetoCALwhenmeasuring amplitude. Step7.DisconnectthecablebetweentheINPUTofthevertical amplifierandtheCALIBRATORconnector.Connectaprobeora signalinputcabletotheINPUTconnectoroftheleftvertical amplifier. TheGraticule Beforewecanstartdeterminingvoltageamplitudesandfrequencies, wemustknowalittleaboutthescreengrids(graticule).The graticuleismarkedontheinsideoftheCRTfaceplate,providing fordistortionfreemeasurements.Thegraticule(figure10,below) isarrangedin8verticaland10horizontaldivisions,witheach division1centimetersquare.Thus,withcalibratedverticaland horizontalcircuits,accuratemeasurementscanbemade.

FIGURE10.GRATICULEMEASUREMENTLINES.

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OD1402 - Lesson 1/Learning Event 1 Controlofthegraticulelines'brightnessisprovidedbytheGRAT ILLUMcontrol.Figure10showsthegraticulelayoutanddefines thevariousmeasurementslines. CALCULATINGVOLTAGEMEASUREMENTS ACVoltages WecalculateACvoltagesinthismanner:thenumberofcentimeters (cm)orgridsquaresofverticaldeflectionofsignalamplitude, timesthesettingoftheVOLTS/DIVswitch,equalsthepeaktopeak voltageoftheinputsignal. SignalAmplitude(cm)xVOLTS/DIVSwitch=PeaktoPeak Setting Voltage Usingtheformula,youshouldbeabletocalculatethepeaktopeak voltageofthedisplayedwaveform(figure11,below). Youranswershouldbe1volt.2(cm)x.5volts=1voltpeakto peak.

FIGURE11.CALCULATINGACVOLTAGE. 22

OD1402 - Lesson 1/Learning Event 1 Formorepractice,computethefollowingvoltages: Signal Amplitude 2 4 7 6 3 x x x x x VOLTS/DIVSwitch Setting 5 .5 10 50mv 2 = = = = = PeaktoPeak Voltage _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________

Youranswersshouldbe10,2,70,.3,and6volts,inthatorder. RememberthatwhentheVOLTS/DIVswitchsettingisinmillivolts, wemustconvertthemillivoltstovoltsbydividingby1000. MEASURINGDCLEVELS TomeasuretheDClevelofawaveform,theACamplitudemustbe measuredasbefore.TheDClevelwillbemeasuredbyobservingthe verticalmovementofthetoporbottomofthewaveformwhenyou switchtheverticalcouplingAC/GND/DCswitchfromtheACtotheDC position.(Refertofigure12,onthenextpage.)Inthisfigure, theACsignalisonevolt.TheVOLTS/DIVswitchissetto.5and theAC/GND/DCswitchissettoAC.TheAC/GND/DCswitchisthen settotheDCposition.Thewaveformmovesdownthreecentimeters. Therefore,theDClevelofthesignalis1.5volts.Noticethata downwarddeflectionisanegativeDClevelandanupwarddeflection isapositiveDClevel. TIMEANDFREQUENCYMEASUREMENTS Thetimeandfrequencyofawaveformisalwaysmeasuredalongthe horizontalaxisofthegraduatedscaleonthefaceoftheCRT. Therefore,wemustcalibratethescopehorizontally,justaswe calibratedthescopeverticallybeforemakingvoltagemeasurements.

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OD1402 - Lesson 1/Learning Event 1

FIGURE12.MEASURINGDCLEVEL. HorizontalCalibration Step1.ConnectacablebetweentheCALIBRATORconnectorandthe INPUTconnectoroftheleftverticalamplifier.Theoutput frequencyoftheCALIBRATORis1000Hertz,withavoltageof1volt peaktopeak. Step2.TurntheTIME/DIVORDLYTIMEswitchtothe.1msposition. OnecycleshouldbedisplayedontheCRT. Step3.Withasmallscrewdriver,rotatetheSWPCALcontroluntil thedisplayedwaveformofonecyclecoversexactly10divisions horizontally(figure13,onthenextpage).

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OD1402 - Lesson 1/Learning Event 1 NOTE Thenumberofhorizontalsquaresoccupiedbythesignal canbechangedinasimilarwaywiththeTIME/DIV controls.SettingtheTIME/DIVswitchon20usecwill doublethenumberofcyclesdisplayed.TheredVERNIER (CAL)willalsoincreasethenumberofcyclesdisplayed ifitisturnedcounterclockwise.However,whenthis controlisused,thetimebaseisnolongercalibrated. AlwaysleavetheVERNIERfullyclockwisetoCALwhen measuringperiodsorcalculatingfrequencies. Step4.ResettheTIME/DIVORDLYTIMEswitchto.2mstoobtain twocompletecyclesonthescreen.Whenyouchangesignals,orthe TIME/DIVswitch,itmaybenecessarytoadjusttheLEVELto stabilizethesignal. CalculatingTimePeriods Tocalculatethefrequencyofasignalyoumustfirstfindthetime ofonecompletecycleofthedisplayedwaveform.

FIGURE13.CALIBRATEDSIGNALDISPLAY.

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OD1402 - Lesson 1/Learning Event 1 Todothis,youmustusethecontrolsoftheMainTriggering Amplifieronthedualtimebase(referbacktofigure4onpage8). TheTIME/DIVswitchcontrolsthehorizontaldisplaytimeofthe oscilloscope. TwocompletecyclesshouldbedisplayedontheCRT(figure14, below)Beforeyoucancalculatethefrequency,youmustfirst computethetimedurationofonecompletecycle.Countthenumber ofdivisionsofhorizontaldeflectionforonecompletecycleand usethefollowingformula: HorizontalDeflectionxTIME/DIVORDLYTIME=Time (incmpercycle)SwitchSettingPeriod InFigure14,theTimePeriodwouldbecalculatedlikethis: 5cmpercyclex.2ms=1ms

FIGURE14.CALCULATINGPERIODANDFREQUENCY.

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OD1402 - Lesson 1/Learning Event 1 CalculatingFrequency Todeterminethefrequencyofthewaveform,wemustdividetheTime Periodofonecycleinto1.Usethefollowingformula: 1 =Frequency(inHertz) TimePeriod(inseconds) Let'sdeterminethefrequencyofthewaveforminfigure14. Remember:Wemustchangethemillisecondstosecondsbeforewe divide: 11 ==1000Hz 1millisecond.001second Thefrequencyis1000Hertz. Calculatethefollowingfrequencies: HorizontalDeflection (incmpercycle) 5 4 5 10 TIME/DIVORDLYTIME SwitchSetting 10 ms .5 ms 1 ms .1 sec

Thecorrectanswersare20Hz,500Hz,200Hz,and1Hz. Let'sreviewthefirstquestion: First,figurethetimeperiodforonecycle: 5cmx10ms=50ms(timeperiod) Thencalculatethefrequency: 11 = 50ms.050sec =20Hertz

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OD1402 - Lesson 1/Learning Event 1 OSCILLOSCOPEPROBES Whenawaveformistobeanalyzed,aprobemaybeused.Most probesaresuppliedwithmorethanonetip,whichcanbeinserted ontheendoftheprobe(figure15,below).Thesetipsmaybe changedbyunscrewingthemfromtheendoftheprobeandscrewing thedesiredtipinplace. ProbeGroundStrap Agroundstrapisalsosuppliedwiththeprobe.Thespringclipof thegroundingstrapclampsoverthebaredportionofcableatthe upperendoftheprobe.Theotherendofthegroundstrapusesan alligatorclipforconnectiontothe

FIGURE15.OSCILLOSCOPEPROBES.

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OD1402 - Lesson 1/Learning Event 1 chassisgroundoftheequipmentundertest.Thiscompletesthe groundconnectionbetweentheequipmentundertestandthe oscilloscope.Theprobegroundstrapmustalwaysbeconnectedwhen measuringsignals. AttenuationFactor Aprobemayhaveanattenuationfactoroften(10)oronehundred (100).Thesignalamplitudeisreducedbytheattenuationfactor oftheprobe.Thisisdonetoallowforthemeasurementofsignal amplitudesthatexceedtheratedinputoftheverticalamplifier. VoltageCalculationwithProbeAttenuation Whenusingaprobethathasattenuation,anadditionalstepmustbe addedtotheprocedureforcomputingthevoltage. SignalXVOLTS/DIVXProbe=PeaktoPeak AmplitudeSwitchSettingAttenuationVoltage ProbeCalibration Whenaprobeisusedwithanoscilloscopeforthefirsttime,or whenitistransferredfromonepluginunittoanother,theprobe mustbecalibrated.Thiswillensureaccurateattenuationof signals.Calibratetheprobeasfollows: Step1.TouchtheprobetiptothecenterCALIBRATOROUTPUT connectorandadjusttheoscilloscopetodisplayseveralcyclesof thesignal. Step2.Loosenthelockingsleeveandturntheprobebodytip assemblyuntilthecorrectwaveformisdisplayedonthescreen (figure16,onthenextpage). Step3.Afterthecorrectadjustmenthasbeenmade,holdtheprobe bodyandtightenthelockingsleeve.Theprobeisnowreadyfor use.

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OD1402 - Lesson 1/Learning Event 1

FIGURE16.PROBEADJUSTMENTANDWAVEFORMS. PREVENTIVEMAINTENANCE Preventivemaintenanceontheoscilloscopeconsistsofperiodic inspectionandcleaningprocedures.Lubricationisnotrequiredon thisequipment.Cleaningshouldbeaccomplishedcarefullyto preventdamage.Theoscilloscopeshouldbecleanedatleastonce monthlyundernormaloperatingconditions.Operationsindustyor othersevereconditionsmayrequiremorefrequentcleaning. Accumulationofdirtintheoscilloscopecancauseoverheatingand componentbreakdown.Dirtoncomponentsactsasaninsulating blanketandpreventsheatfromescaping.Dirtanddustcanalso provideapossibleelectricalpaththatcouldcauseacircuit failureorasevereshocktotheoperator.Itisimportantto cleantheoscilloscopeatregularintervals.

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OD1402 - Lesson 1/Learning Event 1 Inspection Aninspectionoftheoscilloscopeshouldbeperformedatleastonce weekly.Thefollowingprocedureisused: oInspectthecabinetforobviousdamage,suchasdents, scratches,brokenparts,frayedorotherwisedamagedcables, damagedindicators,etc. oInspectallswitchesforfreemovement,properalignmentwith cabinetmarkings,andoperation. oInspectallmovingcontrolsforfreemovement,scratching, etc.,overtheirentirerangeofcontrol. Cleaning Thoroughcleaningofthesurfacesoftheoscilloscopeshouldbe performedatleastmonthly.Makesuretheoscilloscopeis unpluggedfromthepowersourcebeforecleaning.Thefollowing procedureisused: oUseaclothandbrushtoremoveloosedirtanddustfrom cabinetsurfaces.Usethebrushtoremovedirtonandaroundthe frontpanelcontrols.Removecakeddirtwithaclothdampenedina milddetergentandwater.Wipeafterwardwithaclothdampenedin cleanwater. oCleantheCRTplasticlightfilter,faceplateprotector,and theCRTfacewithasoft,lintfreeclothdampenedinalcohol.

NOTE Donotusechemicalcleaningagentscontainingsolventsthatmight damagetheplasticpartsintheoscilloscope.Avoidcleaning agentsthatcontainbenzene,toluene,xylene,acetone,orsimilar solvents. oCleandustfromthemeshfilterthatcoverstheblowerfanby holdingthefilterverticallyandbrushingwithasoftbristled brush.Cleangreasyresidueorcakeddirtfromthemeshfilterby gentlyscrubbingwithasoftbrushandamilddetergentandwater solution.Rinsethefilterincleanwaterandallowittoairdry.

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OD1402 - Lesson 1/Learning Event 1 InteriorCleaning If,duringweeklypreventivemaintenanceinspection,youobserve thattheinterioroftheoscilloscopeisbecomingdustyanddirty, thescopeshouldbereferredtoyoursupervisorandsentto intermediatedirectsupportmaintenanceforcleaning. SAFETY TheTankTurretRepairershouldbeextremelycarefulwhileworking aroundelectronicinstrumentswiththeoscilloscope.Thefollowing safetyprecautionsshouldbefollowed: oAlwayshaveatleasttwopersonspresentwhenworkingonhigh voltageunits,onetogivefirstaid,orsummonhelpincaseofan accident. oWhenworkingonequipmentininclementweather,protect yourselfandtheequipmentwithatarpaulin.Drytheequipment withahotairdryerbeforemakingmeasurementsoradjustments. oOnlyqualifiedpersonnelarepermittedtomakeadjustmentsor modificationstoelectricalcomponents. oUndercertainconditions,suchaswetsurfaces,evenlow voltagescanbedangeroustoyourlife.Makesureyoualways followthesamesafetyrulesusedforhighvoltages. oBeforeattachinganygrounds,alwaysmakethegroundendof theconnectionfirst.Whenremovinggrounds,disconnecttheground endoftheconnectionlast. oTreateverywireasifitwereenergized. oUseonlythepropertoolsforthejob.Makesureallpliers andotherelectricalhandtoolsareproperlyinsulated. oKeepC02oradrychemical(ClassCorD)typefire extinguisherhandy.Regularlycheckittoensurethatthe extinguisherispressurized. oDonotusegasolineorotherexplosivesolventsnear electricalequipmentthatmayproduceaspark. oMakeallconnectionstodeenergizedconductors.Donot applypowertothecircuituntilafterthelastconnectionismade.

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OD1402 - Lesson 1/Learning Event 1 oWhenevertheoperationpermits,keeponehandinyourpocket, orawayfromtheequipment.Thiswillreducethechanceofcurrent flowingthroughyourbody. CONCLUSION Thissubcoursehasprovidedyouwiththebasicinformation necessaryfortheoperationoftheAN/USM281Coscilloscope.These sameguidelinescanbeusedtooperatealmostanyoscilloscope, withonlyminorchangestotheprocedures. Wehavediscussedthecontrolsontheoscilloscopeandtheir variousfunctions.Wehavealsolearnedhowtoproperlypreset thesecontrolspriortoturningonthescope.Youhavelearnedhow toturnonandadjustthescopeforeithersingletraceordual traceoperation.Youshouldbefamiliarwiththeformulasfor voltageamplitudemeasurementsandfrequency. Youshouldnowbereadytotakethepracticeexerciseonthenext page.Ifyouhaveproblemswithanyoftheanswers,reviewthe textandrepeattheexercise.

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OD1402 - Lesson 1/Practice Exercise 1 PRACTICEEXERCISE1 INSTRUCTIONS Thispracticeexercisewillshowyouhowmuchyouhavelearnedin thislesson.Answereachquestion.Whenyouaredone,turnthe pagetocheckyouranswers. SITUATION:Youareatankturretrepairerassignedthetaskof troubleshootinganelectronicmalfunctionintheturret.Your supervisoradvisesyoutouseanAN/USM281Coscilloscopetocheck thevoltagesandelectricalfrequenciesofthecircuits. 1.TheAN/USM281Cisadualtraceoscilloscopethatconsistsof two_______________________________________________andtwo horizontalsweepgenerators,connectedtoacathoderaytube(CRT). 2.Matchthefollowingcontrolstotheirfunction: A._____Intensity B._____Focus 2. Controlsthebrightness ofthedisplay C._____Power 3. Finetuningofthe deflectionfactor D._____Gain 4. Controlsthedefinition ofthedisplay E._____Position(Vertical Amplifier) F._____Fine G._____Position(Dual TimeBase) 6. Coarseadjustmentofthe horizontalpositionof thedisplay 7. Controlsthevertical positionofthetrace 5. Controlspowertothe oscilloscope 1. Fineadjustmentofthe horizontalpositionof thetrace

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OD1402 - Lesson 1/Practice Exercise 1 3.WhatpositionshouldtheMainFrameFrontPanelcontrolsbeset topriortoturningontheoscilloscope? CONTROL A.Intensity B.Focus C.GratIllum D.VertMode E.TrigSource POSITION ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

4.TheTIME/DIVORDLYTIMEswitchishowmanycontrolsinone? A.2 B.3 C.4 D.5 5.Youhaveturnedontheoscilloscopeandhaveatraceacrossthe screen.Ifnecessary,youmustadjustthe______________control onthedualtimebaseforastabledisplay. A.Level B.Slope C.Position D.DlydTrg 6.TheoutputoftheCALIBRATORconnectoris_________volt(s) peaktopeakand_____________hertz.

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OD1402 - Lesson 1/Practice Exercise 1

FIGURE17.OSCILLOSCOPEWAVEFORMS. QUESTIONS7THROUGH10REFERTOTHEWAVEFORMSINFIGURE17. 7.TheVOLTS/DIVswitchissetat2(CAL).Thepeaktopeak voltageofSignalAis____________________. 8.TheTIME/DIVswitchissetat2ms(CAL).Thefrequencyofthe waveforminSignalAis____________________. 9.TheVOLTS/DIVswitchissetat.5(CAL).Theamplitudeof SignalBis____________________. 10.TheTIME/DIVswitchissetat10us(CAL).Thefrequencyof thewaveforminSignalBis____________________. 11.TheVOLTS/DIVswitchissetat5(CAL).WhentheAC/GND/DC switchischangedfromACtoDC,thewaveformmovesupthree centimeters.WhatistheDClevelofthewaveform? 12.TheVOLTS/DIVswitchissetat2(CAL).WhentheAC/GND/DC switchischangedfromACtoDC,thetracemovesdownfour centimeters.WhatistheDClevelofthewaveform?

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OD1402 - Lesson 1/Practice Exercise Answers LESSON1.PRACTICEEXERCISEANSWERS 1. Verticalamplifiers(page2,para1) 2. A B C D E F G 2 4 5 3 7 1 6 (page4,para3) (page4,para4) (page6,para2) (page6,para8) (page6,para5) (page9,para7) (page9,para6) fullycounterclockwise midrange midrange Left VertMode(page13,paras1through9)

3. Intensity Focus GratIllum VertMode TrigSource 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. C A

(page14,para10) (page16,para3)

1voltpeaktopeakand1000hertz(page24,para1) 6volts 62.5Hz 2volts (page22,para2) (page27,para3) (page22,para2)

10. 20kHz(20,000Hz)(page27,para1) 11. +15volts 12. 8volts (page23,para1) (page23,para1)

Ifyouhadahardtimegettingtherightanswers,gobackand reviewthelesson.Ifyoudidwellonthispracticeexercise,you shouldbereadytotaketheexam.

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