Wave Equations: Seismic Waves in Stratified Media

1
week 6 Oct. 1 Seismic wave in Stratified Media 1

Seismic Waves in Stratified Media
+ = + = f u
j ij i i
f u
,
) (
2
1
) (
2
1
, ,
+ = + = u u e
i j j i ij
u u e
e c : = =
kl ijkl ij
e C
) (
jl ik jk il kl ij ijkl
C + + =
) ( 2 + + = + = u u uI
ij ij kk ij
e e
u u f u
2
, ,
) ( ) (
) (
+ + + =
+ + + =

i jj i ij j i
f e u u
Wave Equations
2
2 1
1 2
1
2
2 2
2 2
2
2
2 3
3 2
3
1 2 3
1 2 3
( ) ,
( ) ,
( ) ,
( 2 ) ( ) ( )
u
u
t x
u
u
t x
u
u
t x
u u u
x x x

= + +

= + +

= + +

= + +

= + u u u
2
, 0
1
) 2 (
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
1
1
+
= =

+ =

= =
t
x
u
x
u
x
u

u
1. Wave equation for
dilatational disturbance (P wave)
2. Wave equation for
rotational disturbance (S wave)

= =

, 0
) ( 1
) (
) (
) (
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
t
t
u
u
u
u
.
Scalar and Vector Potentials
= =
+
= =
= + +
=
+ =
where
where
, 0
1
2
, 0
1
0 ] [ ] ) 2 [(
) 0 (
2
2
2
2
2 2

u

Plane wave
))} ( ( exp{ )} exp{ ) , ( z k y k x k t i A t i A t x u u
z y x
+ + = = = x k
wave
front
The exponential term in these
equations are usually known as phase.
All the points in a surface with a
constant phase have the same
displacement or movement.
Such an iso-phase surface is called
wavefront.
Wavenumber vector k are the normal
vector of the wavefront.
For a plane wave, wavefronts are
planes that perpendicular to the
propagation direction.
An Example of Plane Wave
Scalar Potentials for Plane wave
1 2
( ) = +
y y
e e
) ( ) (
2 1 y y
e e u + + =
|
|
.
|
\
|
(
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
0 ,
) , , ( ) , , (
, 0 ) ( (SH)
) , , (
, 0 ,
) , , (
) ( (SV)
) , , (
, 0 ,
) , , (
) , , ( (P)
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1 1
1
z
t z x
x
t z x
x
t z x
z
t z x
z
t z x
x
t z x
t z x

y
y
e
e
2
P-SV and SH systems
) , , (
) , , ( ) , , (
) , , ( u
) , , ( ) , , (
) , , ( u
) , , ( ) , , (
) , , ( u
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
y
1
z
1
x
t z x
z
t z x
x
t z x
t z x
x
t z x
z
t z x
t z x
z
t z x
x
t z x
t z x

=
(
=
Summary
2
2
2
2
) , . (
1
) , , (
t
t z x u
t z x u
y
y
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
y
) , . ( 1
) , , (
) , . ( 1
) , , (
) , . ( 1
) , , (
) , , ( u
) , , ( ) , , ( ) , , ( ) , , (
t) z, (x,
t
t z x u
t z x u
t
t z x
t z x
t
t z x
t z x
t z x
x
t z x
z
t z x
z
t z x
x
t z x
y
y
y
z
=
+
|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|

e
e e u
x
Piecewise homogeneous medium (layered medium)
z
u
f u
y
yz
z yz x yx y y
=
+ + =

, ,

) (
2
) (
1
) , , (
) , , ( ) , , (
t px i
yz
t px i
y
e z p l
e z p l t z x u
=
=

Equations
For a plane wave
dz
dl
l
l p
dz
dl
l
1
2
1
2 2 2
1
2

=
=
displacement-stress vector
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
1
l
l
f
Af
f
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
1
2
2 2 2
0
/ 1
) 1 (
0
l
l
p dz
d

|
|
.
|
\
|
=
0
/ 1
) 1 (
0
2
2 2 2

p
A
0 ) det( = I A
i p i = =
2
2
2 , 1
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2 2 , 1
1
i
w
eigenvalues and eigenvectors of A
3
Af
f
=
dz
d
)} ( exp{
0
z z
k k k
= b f
W z z c c
n
k
k k k
n
k
k k
F b f f = = =

= = 1
0
1
)} ( exp{
Math Note 1
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

) ( 2 ) ( 2
) ( ) (
0 0
0 0
z z i z z i
z z i z z i
e i e i
e e

F
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
S
S
G
H
F f
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
2
2
) (
) (
1 1 1
) (
) (
2 2
2 / 2 / 1
2 / 2 / 1
0
0
0
0 1 1
0
0
0
0
i
i
e
e
e
e
i i
z z i
z z i
z z i
z z i
E F
E F
Af
f
=
dz
d
1 ) , ( ) , (
) ( ) , ( ) ( ) , ( ) (
1 ) , (
), ( ) , ( ) (
0 0
0 0
1
0
0 0
0 0
=
= =
=
=
z z z z
z z z z z z z
z z
z z z z
P P
f P f P f
P
f P f
)} ( exp{ ) , (
0 0
z z z z = A P

=
n
k r k
k r
r
k r
k
F
1
) (
) (
) (

A
F(A)
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
= =
0
/ 1
) 1 (
0
;
2
2 2 2
2 1

p
A
i i
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

=

|
|
.
|
\
|

+

|
|
.
|
\
|
= =

) ( cos
) ( sin
) ( sin
) ( cos
) (
/ 1
) 1 (
) (
/ 1
) 1 (
)} ( exp{ ) , (
0
2
0
0
2
0
2
2 2 2
) (
2
2 2 2
) (
0 0
0
0
z z
z z
z z
z z
i i
i p
i
e
i i
i p
i
e z z z z
z z i
z z i
A P
1
0
1
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
) ( ) ( ) , (
) ( ) ( ) , (
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
) ( ) , ( ) (

=
=
=
=
=
E E P
E E P
E f
E f
f P f
z z z z
W z W z z z
W z z
W z z
z z z z
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
) ( cos
) ( sin
) ( sin
) ( cos
2 / 2 / 1
2 / 2 / 1
0
0 1 1
) , (
0
2
0
0
2
0
2
2
) (
) (
2 2 0
0
0
z z
z z
z z
z z
i
i
e
e
i i
z z
z z i
z z i
P
Application 1: Synthesize Seismogram
4
+
+
+
+
+
=
+
+
+
=
=
=
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
dt e k l t k l
dt e t s k S
B k S k l
l B S
l l
z z P
S
S
l
z z P
z z z P
S
S
t i
x x
t i
x n
x n x
n
i i i
n
i
n
n
i i i
n
i
i i i
n
i
n
n
n
n

) , (
2
1
) , (
) ( ) , (
/ ) , ( ) , (
0 0
) , (
0
) , (
) ( ) , (
10 10
1
21 1 10
10 21 1
10 10
1
1
1
1
1
10
1
1
0 0 1
1
1
1
1
1
B F
f F
Application 2: Reflection Coefficient of a thick Discontinuity
...
) ( ) , ( ) (
) ( ) (
) ( ) , ( ) (
) ( ) (
1 2
0 1
0
2 1 2 2 2
1 1 1 2
1 0 1 1 1
0 0 1
+
+
+
+
=
=
=
=
z z z P z
z z
z z z P z
z z
f f
f f
f f
f f
) ( ) , (
) ( ) , ( )... , ( ) , (
...
) ( ) , ( ) , (
) ( ) , (
) ( ) , (
) ( ) (
0 0 1
1
0 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 1
1 2 1 1 1
1
1
1
2
1
1
+
+
=
=
=
=
=
=
z z z P
z z z P z z P z z P
z z z P z z P
z z z P
z z z P
z z
i i i
n
i
n n n n n n
n n n n n n n
n n n n
n n n n
n n
n
n
n
n n
f
f
f
f
f
f f
1 1 1 1 1 1
0
0
0
+ + + + + +
= =
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
= =
n n n n n n
S
S
W E W F f
W
W E W F f
0
0 0 0 0 0
0 22 0 21 1
0 12 0 11 1
0
0
22 21
12 11
1
1
0
0
0
0
0 1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0 1
1
1
1
1
) , (
) , (
1
S J S J S
S J S J S
S
S
J J
J J
S
S
S
S
S
S
z z P
S
S
S
S
z z P
S
S
n
n
n
n
i i i
n
i
n
n
i i i
n
i
n
n
n
n

+ =
+ =
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
+
+
+
+
=
+
+
+
+
J F F
F F
22
21 12
11
0
1
22
21
0
0
0 22 0 21
0 12 0 11 1
1
0
) 0 ( incidence downward of case In
J
J J
J
S
S
T
J
J
S
S
R
S J S J
S J S J S
S
n
n
n
= =
= =
+ =
+ =
=
+
+
+

\
1 1
2 / 2 / 1
2 / 2 / 1
0
0 1 1
2 / 2 / 1
2 / 2 / 1
0
0
) ( ) (
) , (
) 0 ( interface a of case In
2
0 0
2
0 0
2
1 1 1
2
1 1 1
) (
) (
2
0 0
2
0 0
2
1 1 1
2
1 1 1
) (
) (
0 0 0
1
0
1
0
1
0 1
1
1
0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0
0 0 1
0 0 1
1 1 1
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
= =
=
=

i i i
i
e
e
i i
i
i
e
e
z E E z
z z P
n
z z i
z z i
z z i
z z i
i i i
n
i
n
F F
F F J
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
2
1 1 1
2
0 0
2
1 1 1
2
0 0
2
1 1 1
2
0 0
2
1 1 1
2
0 0
0 0
0 0
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1

J
0 0 1 1
0 0 1 1
2
0 0
2
1 1 1
2
0 0
2
1 1 1
2
1 1 1
2
0 0
2
1 1 1
2
0 0
22
21
0
0
0
0
1
1

+
=
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
J
J
R

Wave Equations: Seismic Waves in Stratified Media

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Wave Equations: Seismic Waves in Stratified Media

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Wave Equations: Seismic Waves in Stratified Media

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1

week 6 Oct. 1 Seismic wave in Stratified Media 1

week 6 Oct. 1 Seismic wave in Stratified Media 24

You might also like