(..

..

..

. 2547 - 2555

..

. 2547-2555

1.
(
)
..2552
( )
(
)

2.

2.1

(sampling time)

2.1.1

(discretionary)

2.1.2

(prior to shift)
16 h ()

8.00 . 17.00 .
8.00 .
8 h/d ()

-1-

. 2547-2555
2.1.3

(prior to last shift of workweek)

2.1.1
8.00 .

2.1.4

(during shift)
2 h 2.1.1
10.00 . 17.00 .

2.1.5

(end of workweek)
4 d () 5 d

2.1.6

(end of shift)
( 30 min () ) 2.1.1
17.00 . 17.30 .

2.2

(alkaline phosphatase, ALP)

30 110

2.3

(chromium)
6+
(Hexavalent chromium)

2.4

(screening)

2.5

(health exposure monitoring biological exposure monitoring)

(thioether)

-2-

. 2547-2555
2.6

(liver damage)
(SGOT) (SGPT) (ALP)

2.7

(health effect monitoring)

(end organ effect)

2.8

(physical examination)

2.9

(postinjured or post
illness physical examination)

3

2.10 (preplacement physical

examination)
(baseline)

(discrimination)
2.11 (preemployment physical examination)



2.12 (preretirement physical examination)

-3-

. 2547-2555
2.13 (physical examination for occupational health risk
factors)

2.14 (periodic physical examination)

2.15 (posteroanterior chest x-ray)

36 cm () 43 cm (14 17 ) 43 cm 43 cm (17
17 )

2.16 (audiometry)

2.17 (vision test)

2.18 (spirometry)
(spirometer)
2.19 (Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase, SGPT)
(Alanine aminotransferase)

5
35
2.20 (Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase, SGOT)
(aspartate
aminotransferase)

12 h 5 d

8 40
-4-

. 2547-2555
2.21 (risk factor)

2.22 (chemical risk factor)

2.23 (physical risk factor)

2.24 (employee)

2.25 (workplace)

2.26 (metabolite)
2.27 (carbamate)

(propoxur)
(bendiocarb)
2.28 (organophosphates)
(cholinesterase)

(chlopyrifos) (dichlovos) (DDVP)

2.29 (body temperature pressure saturated with water
vapor, BTPS) 37 c () 310 K ()
(saturated) 47 mmHg () 6.2 kPa (
)

-5-

. 2547-2555

3.
3.1

3.1.1

3.1.2

3.1.3

3.1.4

3.1.5

3.2

5 (cholera) (plague) (smallpox
variola) (yellow fever) (Severe
Acute Respiratory Syndrome) (diphtheria) (pertussis)
(tetanus) (chickenpox varicella)

3.3

30 d
30 d
-6-

. 2547-2555



3.3.1

3.3.1.1
(1) -
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(5.1)
(5.2)
(5.3)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
3.3.1.2
(1) ()
(2) ()
(3) ()
(4)
(5)
-7-

. 2547-2555
(6) ()
(7)
(8) ()
(9) ()
(10)
3.3.1.3
(
)
3.3.1.4

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7) (// //)
(8)

(9) ( )
(10)
3.3.2

3.3.2.1
3.3.2.2
-8-

. 2547-2555
3.3.2.3
3.3.2.4
1.


2.
3.3.3

3.4

30 d
4. 5.

1 ()

4. 5.

3.5

3 d


-9-

. 2547-2555


3.6

4. 5.



6

4.

3
-

4.1

4.1.1

(glycol)

4.1.1.1
(1) (upper respiratory tract irritation)
-10-

. 2547-2555
(2) (eye irritation)
(3) (skin notation)
(4) (headache)
4.1.1.2
()
4.1.1.3
(1) (acute effects)
(1.1) (anesthesia) () (dizziness)
(nausea) (vomiting) (sleepiness)
(fatigue) (drunkenness) (slurred speech)
(disequilibrium) (disorientation) (depression)
(loss of conscious)
(2) (chronic effects)
(2.1) (dermatitis) (dry) (cracked)
(erythematous)
4.1.2

(glutaraldehyde)

4.1.2.1
(1)
(2) (skin irritation)
(3)
(4) (central nervous system impairment)
(5) (sensitization)
4.1.2.2
()
4.1.2.3
()
4.1.3

(chloroform)
-11-

. 2547-2555
4.1.3.1
(1)
(2)
1.
/ (embryo/fetal damage)
2.

4.1.3.2
()
4.1.3.3
(1) (essentials of diagnosis)
(1.1)

(1.2) (liver toxin)
4.1.4

(ketone and methyl ethyl ketone)

4.1.4.1
(1)
(2)
(3) (peripheral nervous system impairment)
(4)
4.1.4.2
(
2 mg/l ())
4.1.4.3
(1)
(1.1) (respiratory tract irritation)
(sore nose and throat)
-12-

. 2547-2555
(1.2)

(2)
4.1.5

(2.1)
(naphtha)

4.1.5.1
(1)
(2)
(3) ()
4.1.5.2
()
4.1.5.3
()
4.1.6

(benzidine and benzidine salt)

4.1.6.1
(1) (bladder cancer)
(2)
4.1.6.2

()

4.1.6.3

()

4.1.7

(benzene and benzene derivatives)

4.1.7.1
(1) (leukemia)
(2)
4.1.7.2
-13-

. 2547-2555
(1)
(1.1) - (s-phenylmercapturic acid)
( 25 g/g creatinine (
))
(1.2) , - (t, t-muconic acid)
( 500 g/g creatinine)
(2) (xylene) (methylhippuric acid)
( 1.5 g/g creatinine ())
(3) (toluene)
(3.1) - (o-cresol)* (
0.3 mg/g creatinine ())
(3.2) ( 0.03 mg/l (
))
(3.3) (blood)
( 0.02 mg/l)
* (with hydrolysis)
(4) (styrene)
(4.1) (mandelic acid)
(phenylglyoxylic acid) ( 400 mg/g
creatinine)
(4.2) (venous blood)
( 0.2 mg/l)
4.1.7.3
()
4.1.8

(benzoquinone)

4.1.8.1
(1)
-14-

. 2547-2555
(2)
4.1.8.2
()
4.1.8.3
()
4.1.9

() (bis (chloromethyl) Ether)

4.1.9.1
(1) (lung cancer)
4.1.9.2
()
4.1.9.3
()
4.1.10 (beta - naphthylamine)
4.1.10.1
(1)
4.1.10.2
()
4.1.10.3
()
4.1.11 (propane)
4.1.11.1
(1) (cardiac sensitization)
(2)
4.1.11.2
()
4.1.11.3
()
-15-

. 2547-2555
4.1.12 (formaldehyde)
4.1.12.1
(1)
(2)
(3)
4.1.12.2
()
4.1.12.3
(1)
(1.1) (chest tightness) (shortness of breath)
(1.2) (lacrimation) (redness)
(pain)
(1.3) (contact dermatitis)
(2)
(2.1) (bronchitis) (exacerbation of asthma)
4.1.13 (phenol)
4.1.13.1
(1)
(2) (lung damage)
(3)
(4)
4.1.13.2
(1) ( 250 mg/g creatinine)
4.1.13.3
(1)
-16-

. 2547-2555
(1.1)

(1.2)

(tissue destruction)
(hepatic necrosis with abdominal pain) (jaundice)
(abnormal liver function tests)
(kidney necrosis with acute renal failure)
(skin necrosis with blisters and burns)

(1.3)

(2)
(2.1)

4.1.14 (methanol)
4.1.14.1
(1)
(2) (eye damage)
(3)
4.1.14.2
(1) ( 15 mg/l)
4.1.14.3
()
4.1.15 (methylene chloride)
4.1.15.1
(1) (carboxyhemoglobinemia)
(2)
4.1.15.2
(1) (methylene chloride)
( 0.3 mg/l)
-17-

. 2547-2555
4.1.15.3
(1)
(1.1)
4.1.16 (methyl isocyanate)
4.1.16.1
(1)
(2)
4.1.16.2
()
4.1.16.3
()
4.1.17 (trichloroethylene)
4.1.17.1
(1)
(2) (cognitive decrements)
(3) (renal toxicity)
4.1.17.2
()
4.1.17.3
()
4.1.18 (acrylonitrile)
4.1.18.1
(1)
(2) (lower respiratory tract irritation)
(3)

-18-

. 2547-2555
4.1.18.2
()
4.1.18.3
(1)
(1.1)
(irritability)
(1.2) (convulsions) (coma)
(2)
(2.1) (apprehension)
4.1.19 (acetone)
4.1.19.1
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4) (hematologic effects)

4.1.19.2
(1) ( 50 mg/l)
4.1.19.3
()
4.1.20 (acetonitrile)
4.1.20.1
(1)
(2)
4.1.20.2
()
-19-

. 2547-2555
4.1.20.3
()
4.1.21 (ether)
4.1.21.1
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4) (pulmonary function)
(5)
4.1.21.2
()
4.1.21.3
(1)
(1.1)

(1.2)
(2)
(2.1)
4.1.22 (ethyl acetate)
4.1.22.1
(1)
(2)
4.1.22.2
()
4.1.22.3
()
-20-

. 2547-2555
4.1.23 (ethylene dichloride)
4.1.23.1
(1)
(2)
4.1.23.2
()
4.1.23.3
()
4.1.24 (isopropyl alcohol) 2- (2-propanol)
4.1.24.1
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6) (kidney damage)
4.1.24.2
(1) (
40 mg/l)
4.1.24.3
()
4.1.25 (hexane and hexane derivatives)
(cyclohexanone)
4.1.25.1
(1)
(2)
-21-

. 2547-2555
(3)
(4)
4.1.25.2
(1) (n-hexane) 2,5-* (2,5-hexanedion)
( 0.4 mg/l)
* (without hydrolysis)
4.1.25.3
()
4.1.26 (hydroquinone)
4.1.26.1
(1)
(2)
(3)
4.1.26.2
()
4.1.26.3
()
4.2

4.2.1

(chlorine or chlorine compound)

4.2.1.1
(1)
(2)
4.2.1.2
()
4.2.1.3
()
-22-

. 2547-2555
4.2.2

(carbon monoxide)

4.2.2.1
(1)
4.2.2.2
(1) (carboxyhemoglobin) (
3.5 % )
(2) (end-exhaled air)
( 22.91 mg/m3 () (20 ))
4.2.2.3
(1)
(1.1)
(1.2)
(1.3) (confusion)
(1.4) (cardiac ischemia)
(1.5)
(1.6) (anoxic brain injury)
(2)
(2.1) (residual anoxic injury)
4.2.3

(sulfur dioxide)

4.2.3.1
(1)
(2)
4.2.3.2
()
4.2.3.3
()
-23-

. 2547-2555
4.2.4

(phosgene)

4.2.4.1
(1)
(2) (pulmonary edema)
(3) (pulmonary emphysema)
4.2.4.2
(1)
4.2.4.3
()
4.2.5

(fluorine or fluorine compounds)

4.2.5.1
(1)
(2)
(3)
4.2.5.2
(1) (fluoride) ( 3 mg/g creatinine)
(2) ( 10 mg/g creatinine)
4.2.5.3
()
4.2.6

(vinyl chloride)

4.2.6.1
(1)
(2)
(3)

-24-

. 2547-2555
4.2.6.2
()
4.2.6.3
()
4.2.7

(oxides of nitrogen)

4.2.7.1
(1)
(2)
4.2.7.2
()
4.2.7.3
(1)
(1.1)
(1.2)
(1.3)
(1.4)
(1.5) (cardiac arrest)
(2)
(2.1)
4.2.8

(ethylene oxide)

4.2.8.1
(1) (cancer)
(2)
4.2.8.2
()

-25-

. 2547-2555
4.2.8.3
()
4.2.9

(ammonia)

4.2.9.1
(1)
(2)
4.2.9.2
()
4.2.9.3
()
4.2.10 (hydrogen sulfide)
4.2.10.1
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
4.2.10.2
()
4.2.10.3
(1)
(1.1) (mucous membrane and respiratory
irritation)
(1.2)
(1.3)
(2)
-26-

. 2547-2555
(2.1)
4.2.11 (hydrogen cyanide or hydrogen cyanide
compound)
4.2.11.1
(1)
(2)
(3) (nausea)
(4) (thyroid effect)
(5)
4.2.11.2
()
4.2.11.3
()
4.3

4.3.1

(cadmium or cadmium compound)

4.3.1.1
(1) (kidney damage)
4.3.1.2
(1) ( 5 g/g creatinine)
(2) ( 5 g/l ())
4.3.1.3
(1)
(1.1) (renal failure)
(1.2) (chemical pneumonitis)
(2)
-27-

. 2547-2555
(2.1) (proteinuria)
(2.2) (osteomalacia)
(2.3) (emphysema)
(2.4) (anemia)
(2.5) (anosmia)
(2.6)
4.3.2

(cobalt or cobalt compounds)

4.3.2.1
(1)
(2)
(3) (myocardial effects)
4.3.2.2
(1) (
15 g/l)
(2) (
1 g/l)
4.3.2.3
()
4.3.3

(chromium or chromium compound)

4.3.3.1
(1)
(2)
(3)
4.3.3.2
(1) (total chromium)
( 25 g/l)
-28-

. 2547-2555
(2) ( 10 g/l)
4.3.3.3
(1)
(1.1) (sinusitis nasal septum perforation)
(1.2) (allergic and irritant dermatitis)
(skin ulcers)
(1.3) (respiratory irritation)
(2)
4.3.4

(2.1)
(silver)

4.3.4.1
(1)
4.3.4.2
()
4.3.4.3
()
4.3.5

(selenium or selenium compound)

4.3.5.1
(1)
(2)
4.3.5.2
()
4.3.5.3
(1)
(1.1) (respiratory, mucous membrane,
and skin irritation)
-29-

. 2547-2555
(1.2) (skin burns)
(2)
(2.1) (asstitude)
(2.2) (gastrointestinal complaints)
(2.3) (garlic odor of breath and sweat)
(2.4) (paronychia) (alopecia)
4.3.6

(tin or tin compound)

4.3.6.1
(1)
(2) (pneumoconiosis)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
4.3.6.2
()
4.3.6.3
(1) (inorganic tin)
(1.1) (respiratory and mucous membrane
irritation)
(1.2) () (benign pneumoconiosis
stannosis)
(2) (organic tin)
(2.1) (mild to severe skin irritation)
(2.2) (visual disturbances)
-30-

. 2547-2555
(2.3) (seizures)
4.3.7

(lead or lead compounds)

4.3.7.1
(1)
(2)
(3)
4.3.7.2
(1) ( 0.3 g/ml)
( 0.1g/ml)

4.3.7.3
(1)
(1.1)
(1.1.1) () (abdominal pain (colic))
(1.1.2) (encephalopathy)
(1.1.3) (hemolysis)
(1.1.4) (acute renal failure)
(2)
(2.1)
(2.1.1) (asthenia)
(2.1.2) (arthralgias and myalgias)
(2.1.3) (hypertension)
(2.1.4)
(2.1.5) () (peripheral neuropathy
(motor))
-31-

. 2547-2555
(2.1.6)
(neurobehavioral disturbances and chronic encephalopathy)
(2.1.7) (impaired fertility)
(2.1.8) (gout and gouty nephropathy)
(2.1.9) (chronic renal failure)
(3) (alkyl lead compound)
(3.1)
(3.2)
(3.3)
(3.4) (neuropsychiatric complaints)
(memory loss) (difficulty in concentrating)
(3.5) (delirium)
4.3.8

(copper or copper compound)

4.3.8.1
(1) (irritation)
(2) (gastrointestinal)
(3) (metal fume fever)
4.3.8.2
()
4.3.8.3
()
4.3.9

(thallium or thallium compound)

4.3.9.1
(1)
(2)

-32-

. 2547-2555
4.3.9.2
()
4.3.9.3
(1)
(1.1)
(1.2) (gastrointestinal distress)
(1.3)
(ascending paralysis)
(2)
(2.1)
(2.2) (weakness)
(2.3)
4.3.10 (nickel or nickel compound)
4.3.10.1
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5) (nasal cancer)
4.3.10.2
()
4.3.10.3
(1) (nickel compound (except nickel carbonyl))
(1.1) (allergic contact dermatitis eczema)
(1.2) (sinusitis)
-33-

. 2547-2555
(1.3)
(1.4)
(2) (nickel carbonyl)
(2.1) (gastrointestinal
symptoms)
(2.2) (dyspnea)
(2.3) (interstitial pneumonitis)
(2.4) (delirium)
4.3.11 (beryllium or beryllium compound)
4.3.11.1
(1) (beryllium sensitization)
(2)
(3)
(4)
4.3.11.2
()
4.3.11.3
(1)
(1.1) (tracheobronchitis)
(1.2) (granulomatous pulmonary disease)
(1.3) () (dermatitis (ulceration and granulomas))
(1.4)
(1.5)
4.3.12 (mercury or mercury compound)
4.3.12.1
-34-

. 2547-2555
(1)
(2)
(3)
4.3.12.2
(1) (total inorganic mercury) (
35 g/g creatinine)
(2) (
15 g/l)
4.3.12.3
(1) (inorganic mercury) :
(1.1) (acute respiratory distress)
(1.2) (tremor)
(1.3) ( (shyness)
(emotional lability)
(1.4) (renal failure)
(2) (organic mercury) :
(2.1) (mental disturbances)
(2.2) (ataxia)
(spasticity)
(2.3) (paresthesia)
(2.4) (visual and auditory disturbances)
4.3.13 (antimony or antimony compound)
4.3.13.1
(1)
(2)

-35-

. 2547-2555
4.3.13.2
()
4.3.13.3
()
4.3.14 (manganese or manganese compound)
4.3.14.1
(1)
4.3.14.2
()
4.3.14.3
(1)
(1.1) (parkinsonism)
(1.2) (behavioral changes) (psychosis)
(1.3) (respiratory symptoms and disease)
4.3.15 (vanadium or vanadium compound)
4.3.15.1
(1)
(2)
4.3.15.2
()
4.3.15.3
(1)
(1.1)
(1.2)
(1.3) (green discoloration of the tongue)
4.3.16 (zinc or zinc compound)
-36-

. 2547-2555
4.3.16.1
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
4.3.16.2
()
4.3.16.3
(1)
(1.1) (metallic taste)
(1.2) (fever) (chills) (myalgia)
(1.3) (chest pain)
(2)
(2.1) (severe skin and eye burns)
(2.2)
(2.3)
4.3.17 (arsenic or arsenic compound)
4.3.17.1
(1)
4.3.17.2
(1) (inorganic arsenic) (methylated
metabolites) ( 35 g As/l)
4.3.17.3
(1)
(1.1) (diarrhea)
-37-

. 2547-2555
(1.2) (intravascular hemolysis)

(1.3) (cardiovascular collapse)

(1.4) () (delay, ascending peripheral
neuropathy)
(2)
(2.1) (hyperkeratosis) (hyperpigmentation melanosis)
(2.2)
(2.3)
(2.4) (cardiac and peripheral vascular
disease)
(2.5) (skin and lung cancer)
(hepatic angiosarcoma)
4.3.18 (iron)
4.3.18.1
(1)
(2)
4.3.18.2
()
4.3.18.3
()
4.3.19 (aluminium or aluminium compound)
4.3.19.1
(1)
(2)
(3) (neurotoxicity)
-38-

. 2547-2555
4.3.19.2
()
4.3.19.3
(1)
(1.1)
(1.2) (chronic bronchitis)
(pulmonary fibrosis)
(1.3)
(1.4) (neurologic dysfunction)
4.3.20 (osmium or osmium compound)
4.3.20.1
(1)
(2)
(3)
4.3.20.2
()
4.3.20.3
()
4.4

4.4.1

(sulfuric acid)

4.4.1.1
(1)
4.4.1.2
(1)
4.4.1.3
()
-39-

. 2547-2555
4.4.2

(mineral acid)

4.4.2.1
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
4.4.2.2
(1)
4.4.2.3
()
4.4.3

(nitric acid)

4.4.3.1
(1)
(2)
(3) (dental erosion)
4.4.3.2
()
4.4.3.3
()
4.5

4.5.1

4.5.1.1
(1)
(2)
(3)
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. 2547-2555
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
4.5.1.2
(1) (total p-nitrophenol) (
0.5 mg/g creatinine)
(2) (cholinesterase activity) (red blood cell)
( 70%
(individual baseline))
4.5.1.3
()
4.5.2

4.5.2.1
(1)
(2)
(3)
4.5.2.2
()
4.5.2.3
()
4.6

4.6.1

(carbon disulfide)

4.6.1.1
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. 2547-2555
(1)
(2)
4.6.1.2
(1) 2--4-;
(2-thioxothiazolidine-4-Carboxylic acid; TTCA) (
0.5 mg/g creatinine)
4.6.1.3
()
4.6.2

(silica)

4.6.2.1
(1)
(2)
4.6.2.2
(1)
(2)
4.6.2.3
()
4.6.3

(coal)

4.6.3.1
(1)
(2)
4.6.3.2
(1)
(2)
4.6.3.3
()
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. 2547-2555
4.6.4

(mineral oil)

4.6.4.1
(1)
4.6.4.2
(1)
4.6.4.3
()
4.6.5

(coal-tar pitch)

4.6.5.1
(1)
4.6.5.2
()
4.6.5.3
()
4.6.6

(shale oil)

4.6.6.1
(1)
4.6.6.2
()
4.6.6.3
()
4.6.7

(cotton dust) (flaz dust) (hemp dust)

4.6.7.1
(1)
4.6.7.2
(1)
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. 2547-2555
(2)
4.6.7.3
()
4.6.8

(wood dust)

4.6.8.1
(1)
(2)
(3)
4.6.8.2
()
4.6.8.3
()
4.6.9

(phosphorus or phosphorus compound)

4.6.9.1
(1)
(2)
(3) (gastrointestinal irritation)
(4)
(5)
(6)
4.6.9.2
()
4.6.9.3
()
4.6.10 (glass fiber)
4.6.10.1
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. 2547-2555
(1)
4.6.10.2
(1)
(2)
4.6.10.3
()
4.6.11 (dioxin)
4.6.11.1
(1)
(2)
(3)
4.6.11.2
)
4.6.11.3
()
4.6.12 (asbestos)
4.6.12.1
(1)
(2)
(3)
4.6.12.2
(1)
(2)
4.6.13

.
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. 2547-2555

5.
5.1

8 h 85 dB(A) ( ())
.

5.2

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. 2547-2555

( 4.6.13 )
.1 (spirometry)

(clinical symptom) (functional reserved)
(pathology)
.2

.3
.3.1 (spirometer)
.3.1.1

(1) American Thoracic

Tociety (ATS) ( .1) European Tespiratory Society (ERS)
(2) (predicted normal values)

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. 2547-2555
.1
( .3.1.1 (1))

(resistance
(test signal)
back pressure)

(3-L Cal syringe)

(l/s)

(s)

0.5 8 +3%
0.5 8 +0.05

0 14

30

(forced 0.5 8 +3%

vital capacity, FVC)
0.5 8 +0.05

0 14

15

1.5 ./
/

24
-
(24 volume-time
standard waveforms)

0.5 8 +3%
(forced
0.5 8 +0.05
expiratory volume, FEVt)

0 14

1.5 ./
/

24
-

(back extrapolation)

+10%
(peak +0.4 l/s
expiratory flow, PEF)
+5%
+0.2 l/s

0 14

FEV1

26
-
(26 flow-time
standard waveforms)

7. l/s +5%

7. l/s +0.2 l/s

25 75
(FEF25-75%)

+14

15

FEV1

24
-

15

FEV1

(vital capacity, VC)

(Time zero)

/ ( BTPS)

FEVt

(volume, V)

+14. l/s +5%

+14. l/s + 0.2 l/s

0 14

1
(maximum voluntary
ventilation (MVV)

250 l/min (Tidal

Volume : TV) 2 l +10%
250 l/min +15% l/min

+14
+3%

-48-

12 15 +10
. (sine wave pump)
2 l 2 Hz

. 2547-2555
.3.1.2

(1) 1
(2) 4 h
(3)

(4)

1

.3.1.3

5
(1) (forced vital capacity, FVC)
BTPS
(2) (forced expiratory volume in one second, FEV1)

FEV1 BTPS FEV1

(3) (FEV1/FVC) FEV1

FVC 100 % %
(percent FEV1, %FEV1)
(4) 25% 75% (forced expiratory
flow at 25% 75% of FVC, FEF25 75 %)
FVC l/min BTPS
2 mm (reproduce)
FEV1 FEV1 FVC
(5) (peak expiratory flow, PEF)

l/min l/s BTPS PEF
(Wright peak
flow meter) peak flow meter (mini Wright)
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. 2547-2555
BTPS
BTPS
.3.1.4

(spirogram)
2
(1) (volume time curve) .1
(l)

maximum breath out

forced expiratory volume, 1st second, FEV1

25% 75%
forced expiratory flow at 25-75%, FEF 26-75%

()

forced vital capacity, FVC

(s)

.1
( .3.1.4 (1))
(2) (flow volume curve) .2

(l/min)

(vital capacity)
FEV
FEV 50%
FEV 75%
(l)

.2
( .3.1.4 (2))
.2 2 flow-volume curve
()
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. 2547-2555
.3.1.5

(1) (spiro-thai program (version 2.0)) (1)
(2) (Knudson)
(Quanjer)
10% 15%
(3) . (Lam)
(1) FVC FEV1 84% (
) 90% ()
( .)

.3.2 .

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

(5)

.3.3
(1) 30 min
(2) 2 h
(3) 4 h
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. 2547-2555
(4) 2 h
(5)
(6)
.3.4
(1)
(2)
(3) (recent myocardial infraction pulmonary
embolism)
(4) (aneurysm)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8) ()
(9)
.3.5
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)

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. 2547-2555

( 5.1)
.1 2
(audiometer) (hearing threshold)
(pure-tone air-conduction) 500 Hz () 1 000 Hz 2 000 Hz 3 000 Hz 4 000
Hz 6 000 Hz 8 000 Hz (audiologist)

.2
.2.1
8 h 85 dB(A)
.2.2

.2.3
.2.4
.3
.3.1

(Occupational Safety and Health Administration;
OSHA) .1
.1
(background sound pressure level)
( .3.1)
(Hz)
(dB)

500
40

1 000
40

2 000
47

4 000
57

8 000
62

(sound pressure level) 0 dB (sound pressure)

0.0002 (dyne)
-53-

. 2547-2555

(background noise)



(sound level meter)

.1

.3.2 (audiometer)
- (pulsed-tone audiometer)
ANSI/ASA S3.6

.3.2.1

(listening check function check)

.3.2.2

(subject test biological test)

25 dB

10 dB

1

.3.2.3

(basic calibration)
(coupler)

500 Hz 8 000 Hz
70 dB 10 dB
10 dB
10 dB
15 dB (exhaustive calibration)

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. 2547-2555
2

.3.3 .

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

(5)

(6)

.3.4
.3.4.1

.3.4.2

12 h

.3.4.3

( )
85 dB(A) 4 h

.3.4.4

15 min 5 min

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. 2547-2555

( 5.3)
.1




.1.1 (near and distance visual acuity)
.1.2 (color vision)
.1.3 (depth perception) 3
.1.4 (lateral phorias for near and distance)
.1.5 (vertical phorias for near and distance)
.1.6 (vision field)
.2
.2.1
.2.2

.2.3
.3
.3.1
.3.1.1

400 lx ()

.3.1.2

.3.2
.3.2.1
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. 2547-2555
.3.2.2
.3.2.3
.3.2.4
.3.3 .

.3.3.1

.3.3.2

.3.3.3

.3.3.4

.3.3.5

.3.4
.3.4.1

.3.4.2

.3.4.3

.3.4.4

8 h 12 h

.3.4.5

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. 2547-2555

( .3.2 .3.3 .3.3)

.1
.1.1

.1.2



.2
.2.1



.2.2

.3
.3.1

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. 2547-2555
.3.2


.4
.4.1

.4.2

.5
_______________________________________

-59-