K thut bao b thc phm

Bao b thc phm lnh ng

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K thut bao b thc phm

Bao b thc phm lnh ng

I.
1.

Qu trnh lnh ng thc phm

Gii thiu qu trnh lnh ng thc phm
a) Lnh ng thc phm l g:

ng lnh l 1 trong nhng phng php thun li nht bo ton cht lng thc phm, bao gm c nhng thc phm ti sng hay qua ch bin, thng p dng i vi mt hng xut khu. Bo qun lnh ng l phng php bo qun nhit di nhit ng c ca nc trong thc phm, c km theo s to thnh tinh th nc . Nc trong thc phm c dng cht ha tan v dng keo. b) Mt s thc phm lnh ng ch yu: nhn Nc tri cy. Bnh m, pasta, pizza Sa, kem, bnh pudding, mousse c) im ng c ca thc phm: im ng c ca thc phm lun nh hn im ng c ca nc tinh khit (0 oC) do trong thc phm lun c cha nhng cht ha tan. im ng c ph thuc vo nng cht ha tan v khi lng phn t cht ha tan. Ngay c nhit - 25 oC, ch c 90 95 % nc trong thc phm thc s ng bng. Lng nc ny khng bao gm nc lin kt (ngha l nc lin kt ha hc vi nhng phn t c bit nh carbonyl, nhm amino ca protein v lin kt hydro). V vy khng bao gi c im lnh ng c nh. Tuy nhin, phn ln nc trong thc phm (khong 75 80 %) c ng kt nhit -5 oC n -1 oC. Khong nhit ny c gi l im ti hn hay vng lnh ng. Trong sut qu trnh lnh ng, nc dn dn chuyn i thnh nc , nng mui hu c v v c ha tan tng ln, im lnh ng tip tc h thp. d) Mc ch ca qu trnh lnh ng: Tht gia sc: tht b, tht heo, tht cu Tht v trng gia cm: g, vt, ngng Thy hi sn: c, tm, s, mc, nghu, hn Rau qu: rau dip, spinach, ci bp, du, kh qua, vi,

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K thut bao b thc phm

Bao b thc phm lnh ng

Mc ch ca qu trnh lnh ng l ngn nga s tng trng v hot ng ca nhng vi sinh vt v cn trng trong thc phm, ngn nga s hot ng ca nhng enzyme, lm chm cc phn ng ha hc v sinh ha. e) C ch tc dng ca s lnh ng: Vi sinh vt v cn trng s dn b kh nguyn sinh cht do s tng p sut thm thu ca mi trng, do nng cht ha tan tng dn trong qu trnh lnh ng v nc trong c th vi sinh vt v cn trng ng c chm hn nn nc t trong c th chng b ko ra ngoi. S to trong c th vi sinh vt v cn trng c th ph v t bo ca chng. S thay i trng thi phospholipid trong mng t bo lm thay i kh nng vn chuyn qua mng t bo. S suy gim qu trnh h hp nhng m nhy cm ca cn trng, nh l m thn kinh v c bp lm c ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt v cn trng. S thay i pH v h thp nhit cng nh s gim hm lng cc kh t do trong thc phm lm c ch hot ng ca vi sinh vt v cc enzyme, lm gim tc cc phn ng ha hc v sinh ha. f) S thay i ca thc phm trong qu trnh lnh ng: Nhit thay i theo chiu hng gim dn n di im ng c ca nc. Trong sut giai on u ca qu trnh lm lnh, nhit gim nhanh xung di im lnh ng ca nc (0 oC). Khi lng nhit yu cu tch ra ln trong giai on 2 chuyn lng ln nc lin kt thnh nc , s thay i nhit rt t v giai on ny c gi l giai on ngng nhit. C khong 3/4 nc c chuyn i to thnh nc , nhit mt ln na bt u gim v trong sut giai on th 3 ny hu nh lng nc cn li ng bng. Mt lng nh nhit c tch ra trong sut giai on 3 ny. S kt tinh lm ph v t bo, m thc phm. Lm lnh vi tc nhanh th tinh th to ra b s t nh hng n cu trc thc phm. Hot nc a w ca thc phm gim do nc b ng v nng cht ha tan tng ln. Hin tng mt nc nghim trng c gi l chy lnh. pH thay i t 0.3 2 n v do mt s ion H+ v OH- b tch ra khi nc khi nc b ng c. Ngoi ra hm lng cc kh t do trong thc phm cng gim.

2.
a)

Cc phng php lnh ng thc phm

H thng lm lnh gin tip:

Sn phm c bao gi v khng tip xc trc tip vi cht lm lnh. Tuy nhin phng php ny c tc lm lnh chm, sn phm cht lng km. b) H thng lm lnh trc tip:

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K thut bao b thc phm

Bao b thc phm lnh ng

Sn phm khng b bao b ngn cch vi cht lm lnh, tc lm lnh nhanh hn. Phng php lnh ng nhanh (lnh ng ri) IQF: Tng phn nh ring bit ca sn phm c tip xc trc tip vi cht lm lnh.

3.
a)

Cc thit b lnh ng thc phm

Lnh ng dng kh thi (ng gi):

Khng kh lnh c thi qua lin tc trn sn phm, tc dng khng kh thi l 5 15 m/s. Lnh ng dng kh thi c tnh linh hot vi nhiu loi sn phm nhng khng hiu qu do dng kh thi khng ng u trn sn phm. b) Lnh ng dng a hay lnh ng tip xc: Qu trnh trao i nhit din ra ngang qua mt trn v mt di ca a, tc nhn nhit l cht lng lm lnh. Qu trnh lnh ng c hnh thnh nh s tip xc trc tip gia a kim loi v sn phm. Lnh ng dng a km linh hot hn lnh ng dng kh thi. c) Lnh ng dng phun hoc ngm vo dung dch: Cp ng dng ngm thm thu:

Mi trng lnh ng thng s dng l dung dch mui NaCl, nhit khong - 15 oC, c im eutectic l -21,2 oC. Cp ng bng chuyn (Lnh ng dng phun): Lnh ng dng phun cng ging nh lnh ng dng hn hp trong ng sinh hn, hi lnh c phun vo sn phm v nhit tch ra lm thay i trng thi mi trng lnh. Thng thng hay s dng tc nhn lnh l CO hay N 2 lng phun trn sn phm. Mt s h thng s dng CO rn (nc kh) t nm di sn phm, s thng hoa ca nc kh xy ra nhit -78 oC, c th lm lnh ng xung t nht -75 oC, qu trnh lnh ng xy ra trong trng hp ny rt nhanh v s mt dch s gim xung t hn 1%. CO v N2 cng c th s dng trong phng php lnh ng bng kh thi vi thit b lnh ng dng xon c.

II. ng

Chc nng ca bao b thc phm lnh

Bo qun lnh ng c th ko di ng k thi hn s dng thc phm, tuy nhin cht lng ca thc phm vn c th b gim dn theo thi gian. Hn s

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K thut bao b thc phm

Bao b thc phm lnh ng

dng ca sn phm thc phm c ng gi ph thuc vo bn cht thc phm, mi trng xung quanh v bao b. Vic chn cht liu bao b v loi bao b ng c th lm cho cht lng thc phm t b gim st nht. Mt trong nhng vn xy ra khi ng lnh thc phm l m ca thc phm gim. Bn cnh l vic xut hin nhng tinh th trong bao b. Khng ch vy mt lng nh nc cha b ng l mi trng xy ra cc phn ng oxy ha c hay khng c enzyme. Bao b l 1 hng ro chng li cc tc hai trn. l l do ti sao phi chn cht liu bao b v loi bao b dnh cho thc phm ng lnh. Bao b thc phm c 4 chc nng chnh: Cha ng: m bo s lng v cht lng, trnh nhng s h hi vt l gy ra do b nn khi xp chng hay va p trong thi gian lu kho v vn chuyn. Nhng gi thc phm ng lnh di y c th b h hi nhiu hn na nu cc cng ten n c th trn mt b mt cng. Bo v: Trnh mt mt hng v v s hp th hay thay i ca nhng mi v khc l c th xut hin khi thc phm cha ng gi m em lnh ng. trnh s kh nc gy ra bi s tht thot hi nc qua thnh bao b hay nhng np hn ghp m ca bao b. hao m ny loi nc khi b mt ca thc phm ng lnh. S hao m nghim trng c gi l chy lnh. S tht thot lp nc trn b mt c th rt mng, nhng c th nh hng n v ngoi v cht lng cui cng ca sn phm. Gii hn s oxy ha do khng kh thm nhp vo bao b. S oxy ha ny c y mnh bi nhng enzyme c trong thc phm. Ngn chn s oxi ha trong thc phm c hm lng cht bo cao. Tc oxy ha c th gia tng di tc dng ca nh sng cng nh nhit . Nhit v nh sng lm gia tng hot tnh enzym v nhn phn ng ha hc, cng nh gia tng s h hng thc phm bi vi khun. Thng tin: Gii thiu sn phm, thu ht ngi tiu dng. Tnh thun tin: Phn phi, lu kho, qun l, tiu dng.

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K thut bao b thc phm

Bao b thc phm lnh ng

III.
-

Yu cu v vt liu bao b lnh ng

Chu c nhit thp. C th chu c c nhit cao (Nhng sn phm cho vo l vi ba v nhng sn phm s c un si ngay trong bao b). Khng c v khng lm cho thc phm c mi Ngn chn c s tht thot hay xm nhp ca C th c gii ha, t ng ha trong vic ch C th trang tr ln b mt vt liu. Khng bin i khi tan gi, vn chuyn, phn

Vt liu bao b lnh ng phi p ng c mt s yu cu sau:

v l. hi nc v khng kh. to v ng gi. phi.

IV. c im mt s vt liu bao b thc phm lnh ng

Nhng loi vt liu thng dng trong bao b lnh ng bao gm: Giy, plastic, nhm. Ngi ta cng c th ghp lp cc loi vt liu trn thnh mng ghp nhiu lp hoc kt hp cc loi vt liu khc nhau trong cng mt bao b.

1. Plastic

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K thut bao b thc phm

Bao b thc phm lnh ng

Hnh 1: CTHH mt s loi plastic thng dng a) Polyethylene (PE): T l s dng so vi tng lng plastic cao nht: 40 50 % / nm. PE trng hp t kh ethylene CH2=CH2. iu kin trng hp: P = 1000 3000 at (p sut cao hn ch s to mch nhnh qu ln gy s sp xp khng trt t ca cc mch v to nn nhiu vng cu trc v nh hnh lm gim tnh bn c v tnh chng thm) to = 100 300 oC (to > 300oC s gy thoi ha mch polymer) C th mang nhnh hoc khng. S pht sinh mch nhnh lm ngn cn s pht trin di mch chnh. Xc nh mch nhnh bng phng php quang ph hng ngoi. Mch chnh hay mch nhnh qu di u ngn cn s kt tinh hay ng rn hon ton khi PE, giai on lm ngui. Cc vng c cu trc khng nh hnh thng gia khi PE. Cc vng c kh nng to cu trc kt tinh l nhng vng cha mch polymer khng qu di. Mng PE khi b chiu x s c bin i: trong sut cao hn. Vng hn,

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K thut bao b thc phm -

Bao b thc phm lnh ng Tr nn cng v dn hn.

Chu nhit tt hn (chu c 105 oC trong thi gian di, 230 oC trong thi gian ngn) Tm: 25 100 m Hnh 2: Mng PE Mng ph bn ngoi: 10 20 m

dy: -

Kh nng in n trn b mt khng cao, d b nha nt in do mng PE c th b ko dn. Thm kh, hng => Thc phm hp thu mi v l, mt gi tr cm quan. C th pha thm ph gia vo PE: TiO2 (to c), C (to mu en ngn chn nh sng thy c), cc tc nhn trt, cht lm chm chy hoc cht mu. b) Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA): EVA l copolymer ng trng hp ca ethylene v vinyl acetate, t l phi trn c nh hng ln n tnh cht EVA. T l vinyl acetate : ethylene trong EVA lm cht to mng khong 1 20 %: hn => Dng lm mng co. So snh tnh cht vi LDPE: PVC. trc. Kh nng in tt. D b h hng nhit cao. Tnh mm do cao hn. Khng gy nhim mi trng khi h hng cu Nhit hn ghp m thp hn. bn c cao hn. Tnh chng thm hi nc v kh thp hn. Cc c tnh c n nh nhit thng. Tnh cht trt thp (h s ma st cao) => Phi tng thm cht ph gia ca tc nhn trt to lng bng b mt. C th hn nhit nhng vi nhit cao hn 7 8 % : Tnh cht ging LPDE. 15 20 % : Tnh cht ging PVC nhng do

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K thut bao b thc phm c) Polypropylene (PP):

Bao b thc phm lnh ng

Phng php trng hp PP t cao su rn hoc t du lng p sut cao hiu qu khng cao: Xy ra s ni kt khng trt t cho ra 1 loi cao su hoc 1 cht nh du nhn. Phng php trng hp ca Natta vi xc tc lp th c hiu Ziegler trn monomer propylene CH2=CH-CH3 di p sut khong 100 at v nhit thp: Trng hp c PP c trng lng phn t cao vi cu trc lp th khng nhnh. Xc tc c tch khi PP bng dd HCl nng thp trong methyl alcohol. Sau PP c ra sch bng nc tch acid, chng ct hi nc tch tp cht d bay hi, lm kh, n p v to vin. Cu trc khng gian ca PP gm 4 loi: Atactic Isotactic Syndiotactic Stereoblock Hnh 4: Mt s cu trc khng gian khc ca PP

Mch PP c cu trc dng xon nh l xo (cu to cis-trans), khng c mch nhnh. Trong qu trnh ch to mch PP c ko gin theo chiu di => C xu hng to vng kt tinh cao => Tnh chng thm kh, hi rt cao, cng vng, tnh chu nhit cao. Mng PP c th gin theo chiu ngang, tuy h s gin khng cao. Mng trong sut, bng b mt cao, khi b v cho ting thanh hn PE. T trng thp 0.885 0.905 g/cm3 Tnh chu nhit: Tonc = 132 149 oC => C th thanh trng. Tomin = - 18 oC => Khng dng lm bao b thy sn lnh ng (Nhit trung tm cc sn phm thy sn lnh ng phi t ti - 18 oC) Tohn = 140 oC => Kh hn kn hn PE

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K thut bao b thc phm

Bao b thc phm lnh ng

Tnh chng thm kh, hi tt, chng thm cht bo tt. Tnh bn c cao, kh cng vng, khng mm do nh PE, khng b ko gin di => c ch to thnh si, dt thnh bao b ng lng thc. Kh nng in n cao, r nt.

Hnh 5: Bao b PP ng rau tri d) Polyvinyl Chloride: Trng hp t cc monomer vinyl chloride CHCl-CH 2 (VCM), p sut thp. C th trng hp c 2 v tr u ca ni i. Mng PVC c sn xut theo phng php n p v thi thnh mng qua khe. T trng 1.4 g/cm3, cao hn PE v PP => Tn 1 lng ln PVC c 1 din tch mng cng dy so vi PE v PP. VCM nh hng thn kinh, gy ung th => Lng VCM trong sn phm PVC c khng ch < 1 ppm (mc an ton). Gi thnh thp PVC hn cc polymer trng hp khc. Loi PVC c do ha bi ph gia s b bin tnh cng dn sau 1 thi gian => Trong thc phm ch dng loi PVC khng do ha: Sn phm PVC khng do ha thng b gim mu v mt mu khi gia nhit n gn nhit ch to => phi cho thm cht n nh. Chng thm hi, nc km hn PE, PP. Tnh chng thm kh, chng du m kh cao => Bao b cha thc phm c hm lng bo cao. Khng b h hng bi acid v kim.

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K thut bao b thc phm bit l clorofom v ketone. -

Bao b thc phm lnh ng B ph hy bi 1 s dung mi hu c, c

Mng PVC c khuynh hng ng thnh khi do tng tc tnh in gia chng. e) Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC):

PVDC l copolymer trng hp t monomer vinylidene chloride C(Cl) 2 CH2 (VDC) v 1 loi monomer khc nh vinyl chloride (VCM), methyl acrylate (MA), acrylonitrile (AN). c dng ph bin lm bao b thc phm (khong 81 ngn tn/nm trn th gii) PVDC/VCM trong sut, mm do, bn c hc, bm dnh tt, tnh chng thm kh cao. Tnh chu nhit: Tonc = 135 oC => C th thanh trng. Tomin = - 18 oC Tohn = 121 148 oC

ng dng: PVDC/MA hoc PVDC/AN c tnh chng thm kh cao => Lm lp che ph bn ngoi nhiu loi vt liu khc, PVDC lm mng bc rau qu, cc thc phm ti sng bo qun lnh hoc mt s thc phm n lin nh ph mt, tht ngui do tnh bm dnh tt, mm do.

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K thut bao b thc phm

Bao b thc phm lnh ng

mang pvdc

Hnh 7: Mng PVDC bc rau qu f) Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, Mylar, Milinex, Hoslaphane, Terphane): PET thuc nhm polyester l loi copolymer t trng ngng gia ethylene glycol v dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) hoc acid terephthalic (TPA) di p sut thp, vi ethylene glycol l cht nn khi u cho qu trnh trng hp. - 12 -

K thut bao b thc phm

Bao b thc phm lnh ng

Mng PET nh hng 2 chiu: tnh trong sut, tnh bn c v mm do tng. T trng; 1,4 Bn c: chu c lc x, lc va chm, chu mi mn, cng vng cao. Tr vi mi trng thc phm. Trong sut. Khng b h hng bi dung mi hu c. Chng thm kh CO2 v O2 tt hn polyelefin, chng thm du m tt. Tnh chu nhit: To gy h hng cu trc PET l 225 oC. 200oC, cu trc ha hc mch PET khng i, 66 100 oC tnh chng thm kh hi khng i nhng t mm do 70 o C c th lm bin dng co rt mng PET. Tomin = - 70 oC.

ng dng: Chai l nc gii kht c gas, mng lm bao b cha thc phm cn chng oxy ha.

Hnh 8: Hp ng bng PET PETG (PET v 6% cyclohexane dimethanol): chu nhit 115 121 oC => bao b thc phm cn gia nhit trc khi n, chai bia cn thanh trng. CPET (PET kt tinh nhanh): chu nhit > 100oC => bao b thc phm cn gia nhit trc khi n. - 13 -

K thut bao b thc phm

Bao b thc phm lnh ng

PET v nh hnh: Tng t PET nh hng. g) Polystyrene (PS):

Trng hp t styrene C6H5-CH=CH2 vi xc tc khi u ca 1 peroxide p sut thp trong khong nhit 105 190 oC. PS l polymer v nh hnh, phn t lng t 40000 220000. Tnh cht: sut. vng cao, dn. Tnh bn c v va chm, mi mn, x rch km PC. Tnc = 88oC. Tnh chng thm Hnh nc tt. 10: Khay PS Tnh chng thm kh, hi km Tnh cng Trong

ng dng: PS nh hng 2 chiu tng tnh chng thm, tnh bn c nhng dn v cng nn khng dng lm bao b 1 lp. PS c thi, dp thnh cc khay cha ng trng, bnh, cc loi tht ti sng by bn trong vng 12h nhit 2 4 oC, thc n n lin, lm lp lt ca s cho cc bao b ngoi dng c th nhn thy vt phm bn trong. HIPS: copolymer gia styrene v cao su c ci thin tnh bn c, gim trong sut, gi thnh tng cao, c th n p vi cc polymer khc to vt liu ghp nhiu lp dng mng hay tm tng tnh cng vng. EPS: trn hexane hoc kh N2 vo PS trng thi nh tng, ri gia nhit, n p thnh bao b. PS foam c tnh xp, ko cng gin, c th c ph gia TiO 2 cn quang, t trng rt thp => bao b thc phm s dng trong 24h hoc n lin, vt liu chm l h) Polyamide (PA, Nylon): Trng ngng t 1 loi acid hu c v 1 amine. T trng: 1.13 Tnh chu nhit: Tomax = 220 oC Tomin = -70 oC

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K thut bao b thc phm -

Bao b thc phm lnh ng

To > 100 oC : b bin dng do gin n nhit => Chu c To thanh trng 100oC trong thi gian ngn. Tohn khng cao => Kh nng hn dn nhit tt, c th hn ghp m nylon bng phng php hn cao tn.

Trong, hi m c nh LDPE. Tnh bn c l cao: chu va chm, chng try xc, mi mn, x rch, thng bao b. Tnh chng thm kh, hi tt, c th gim 3 ln khi nylon ht m ti a => Lm bao b ht chn khng hoc ngn cn s thm kh, hay thot hng. Tnh chng thm nc km, nh hng n tnh bn c l => Sy kh nylon. Khng b tc ng ca acid yu, kim yu nhng b h hng vi acid v kim nng cao. Khng b h hng bi cht bo, tnh chng thm bo cao. Khng c tnh cng vng => Ch lm bao b dng mng, ti. Kh nng in n tt, khng cn x l b mt trc khi in. Nylon 6 v nylon 6,6: PA bn kt tinh.

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K thut bao b thc phm Hnh 13: Mng nylon bc tht lnh ng

Bao b thc phm lnh ng

Nylon 6: Trng ngng t caprolactam 225 oC. Bn nhit, vn gi tnh mm do khi gia nhit > 100 oC, d hn dn nhit v to mng c bng phng php n p vi cc loi nha nhit do khc => s dng ph bin nht. d tnh quang hc v c hc km so vi nylon 6,6. Nylon 6,6: Trng ngng t hexamethylene diamine v acid adipic 260 C.
o

BON (Nylon 6 nh hng 2 chiu): Tng trong sut, bng lng b mt, tng kh nng chng thm kh, hi, tng tnh bn c v kh nng chng x rch, m thng, mi mn.

2. Giy v ba
a) Gii thiu: Giy v ba thng c s dng lm bao b thc phm lnh ng. Giy cng c th s dng nh mt b mt in n. Ba hay ba cng c s dng sn xut ba carton gn sng v cng chc, thng khng tip xc trc tip vi sn phm. Ba cng gn sng thng c s dng lm bao b ngoi, phc v chuyn ch. Nhng tm ba gn sng c cu trc t 2-3 lp c cng vng thng dc s dng trong cng nghip thc phm lnh ng n nh cc v tr trn pallet hoc c kh nng chu ti trng cao. Giy v ba c th kt hp vi mt s vt liu khc (sp, PE) lm bao b c th chu c nhit trong l viba.

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K thut bao b thc phm

Bao b thc phm lnh ng

Hnh 14: Cu trc 1, 2 v 3 lp ca ba gn sng b) Tnh cht: Tnh cht lp bao b chn: Kh c th thot ra qua lp bao b giy hoc ba cng. khc phc tnh trng ny, ngi ta c th kt hp bao b giy vi cht do (v d: polyethylen) hay ph ln mt loi vt liu khc (v d: sp hay t st). Giy c ph mt lp vt liu khc c kh nng chng thot kh v hi m tt hn. Kh nng ht m ln b mt: Giy l mt loi vt liu d dng ht m. S ht m ph thuc vo m ban u ca thc phm v m tng i ca mi trng trong kho. Tnh cht cch in: - 17 -

K thut bao b thc phm

Bao b thc phm lnh ng

S truyn nhit c th xy ra bi s truyn dn, s i lu, v s bc x v nh hng bi b dy, nhng c tnh v nhit, tnh xp v tnh phn x ca vt cht. Nhng thuc tnh ny c tp hp xem xt xc nh tnh cht cch in cho mt h thng ng gi. hc, d xp np. Tnh cht c hc: Tnh cu trc tt, chng li cc lc c

Hnh 15: bao b giy c) Tiu ch la chn: c im ca thc phm iu kin ng gi bn c hc c php s dng C kh nng ti ch Chi ph. cng vng B mt (in n, trang tr .) Hnh 16: Hp giy ng pizza lnh ng

3. Nhm
Nhm nh, thun li cho vn chuyn, phn phi. Nhm c c tnh mm do, t to s cng vng cho bao gi, m to s p st b mt thc phm nhiu hn. Nhm c bit cng vng khi cha ng cht lng c p lc kh, nh lon thc ung c gas. Nhm s dng cho thc phm c tinh khit 99 99.8 %. t thm hi nc (0.05 G/ m2 /ngy) hn cht do, ngn cn O 2 tt, chng thot hng, chng c tia cc tm nn mng nhm thch hp bo qun cc sn phm giu protein, giu cht bo, chng s oxy ha v ngn nga s tng m, khin vi sinh vt khng th pht trin. - 18 -

K thut bao b thc phm

Bao b thc phm lnh ng

Nhm c nhit nng chy rt cao nn c kh nng bo qun thc phm -70oC n 600oC, c th trang tr bng in n ln b mt nhm.

Hnh 17: Mt loi khay nhm

4. Mng ghp nhiu lp

Thc t khng c loi vt liu no c th p ng y mi tnh cht yu cu cn thit nh: kn, thm kh, bn ko, bn c, trong sut, sng bng, chng thm du, chng tnh in, d in n, c th thanh trng, tit trng V th, mng ghp nhiu lp c ch to v nhanh chng chim u th. Mng nhiu lp c ghp bng thit b n p, v c ch to theo 2 phng php: p dn nhit: Nhiu mng c ch to trn nhng thit b ring, ghp li vi nhau bng phng php p dn nhit khi cc mng l cc polymer c cu trc c bn (monomer) tng t nhau, ph bin l plastic olefin nh PP v PE. Ghp cc lp PE vi nhau: LLDPE lm lp ngoi, LLPE lm lp trong => Mng tng tnh bn c, d hn kn, d in bao b. Dng cht kt dnh:

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Bao b thc phm lnh ng

Cht kt dnh l cc PE ng trng hp: EVA, EPA, ionomer, tng lng cht kt dnh ca cc lp rt nh, khong 15 20 % khi lng cc mng chnh, c th c chiu dy rt nh khong 3 m.\

a s cc mng ghp dng cht kt dnh u c ghp l nhm ngn nh sang thy c hoc tia t ngoi, hoc ghp lp giy kraft c tnh d xp np, tng dy, tnh cng vng ca bao b

Hnh 19: Mng plastic ghp vi nhm v giy kraft Ghp lp PE trong cng to kh nng hn dn nhit tt. Mng LDPE hay LLDPE cng c th c ph ngoi nhm mc ch chng thm hi nc, chng t bao b. PE ghp vi nylon lm bao b thc phm lnh ng IQF ht chn khng, mng co bc thc phm hm nng trong l viba. LLDPE ghp vi EVA lm mng co bc thc phm.

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Bao b thc phm lnh ng

Hnh 22: bc mng co ht chn khng ng tri cy lnh ng kh. Mng OPP ghp ngoi cng cc bao b dng ti nhm x, m d dng, in n tt, to bng ca Ph PVC bn ngoi cc lp mng khc lm tng tnh chng thm

V.
1.

Cc loi hnh bao b thc phm lnh ng

Thng / hp

Chng thng c lm bng LDPE c ph ba cng. Ba cng th chng li cc tn thng c hc, LDPE th chng li vic sn phm b m t, bo v sn phm khi mt hi nc. Ngi ta s to nn thng hay hp giy t cc tm ba carton phng, cha ng sn phm v ng li.

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Hnh 24: Thit b to hp giy bn t ng theo chiu ngang

Hnh 25: Thit b to hp giy t ng theo chiu di

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Hnh 26: Thit b ng gi vo thng carton

Hnh 27: Thit b ng hp c mng co bao bc

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2.

Ti / bao

Ti hay bao l hnh thc c in nht ca bao b. Chng c th h mt u hay hai u, v c dy ko ng m hoc khng. Ti bnh thng c lm bng LDPE hay HDPE. Tuy n khng gip bo v sn phm khi nhng tc ng c hc nhng n gip sn phm khi b mt nc tt. Ngi ta thng s dng thm ph gia hoc ghp vi nhm c th bo v sn phm khi nh sng. Ngoi ra cng c th ph PET hoc PVDC/PVC bn ngoi LDPE, HDPE chng li tc ng ca oxy.

Hnh 28: Thit b lm ti / bao Nhng bao hay ti c th chu c nhit c lm bng HDPE hay PP. Bao b c th chu nhit v vy c th cho sn phm vo l vi ba. Nhng sn phm ny thng l nc st, c cho vo sn phm lm tng gi tr ca sn phm v tng qu trnh truyn nhit.

3.

Khay / a c np

Thng s dng cho sn phm tri cy ng lnh hoc nhng ming tht. im thun tin ca nhng sn phm ny l c th gia nhit trc tip hay cho vo l vi sng.

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4.

Chai / lon

Bao b ny thng c lm bng LDPE ph ba cng v cui cng l kim loi. Mt vi loi bao b c lm bng HDPE. im thun li ca n l c th cho vo l vi sng hoc ti ch. Mt s v hp c th c nim phong kn khng c nhng vi sinh vt gy hi cho sc khe, thc phm c th tit trng hay thanh trng trc hay sau khi nim phong. Nhng thao tc ng hp hay ng chai: (1) ch to v hp rng, (2) v sinh v hp, (3) chun b sn phm, (4) hp, (5) ng, (6) x l, (7) lm ngui, (8) lu kho hay s dng sn phm hp.

VI.

Thit b ng gi bao b lnh ng

a) Thit b rt cht lng:

1. Thit b rt
Thit b rt chn khng: Rt bng chn khng l cch sch v kinh t nht, trnh khi s sai st khi gp nhng bao b b rn, v, thng l. Hn na, rt chn khng gip trnh c s nh git v nhng mt mt khc. Ngoi ra khng cn thit phi lm sch bao b sau khi rt.

Hnh 29: Thit b rt chn khng bao b Thit b rt ng p: S dng bm a cht lng vo

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Hnh 30: Thit b rt p sut Thit b rt nh lng: Mt th tch cht lng khng i c o trc khi rt, sau chuyn qua mt bm piston rt vo bao b. Phng php ny chm v khng chnh xc.

Hnh 31: Thit b rt nh lng Thit b rt th nng: Da vo s chnh lch cao m dung dch c rt.

Hnh 32: Thit b rt th nng Thit b rt ng p chn khng: S dng kt hp p sut v chn khng rt cht lng vo bao b.

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Hnh 33: Thit b rt p sut chn khng b) Thit b rt cht rn: bao b dng cc. Thit b rt nh lng: S dng phu rt nh lng vo

Hnh 34: Thit b rt nh lng Thit b rt chn khng: Mt s vt liu bao b c th khng chu c p sut chn khng, do cn c ming vi m cng khi rt.

Hnh 35: Thit b rt chn khng rt vo bao b. Thit b rt trng lng: Sn phm rn c cn trc khi

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K thut bao b thc phm

Bao b thc phm lnh ng

Hnh 36: Thit b rt trng lng s dng cn

Hnh 37: Thit b rt trng lng s dng mch vi x l

2. Thit b ng gi chn khng

ng gi chn khng gip loi b hm lng O 2 trong thc phm lm ko di thi gian bo qun. V vy ng gi chn khng cng yu cu nhng vt liu bao b c kh nng cn tr khng kh rt cao, c tnh cng vng mm do chu c p lc chn khng. Thit b ng gi chn khng kiu vi:

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Bao b thc phm lnh ng

Hnh 38: Thit b ng gi chn khng kiu vi Thit b ng gi chn khng kiu phng kn:

Hnh 39: Thit b ng gi chn khng kiu phng kn Thit b ng gi chn khng mng co:

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Hnh 40: Thit b ng gi chn khng mng co

VII.Ti liu tham kho

[1] ng Th Anh o, K thut bao b thc phm, NXB i hc quc gia TP.HCM, TP. HCM, 2005, 269 trang. [2] Da Wen Sun, Handbook of frozen food processing and packaging , CRC Press, Taylor & Francis group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, 2006, 725 trang. [3] Y. H. Hui, Handbook of frozen food, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, 2004, 719 trang. [4] Cc website: http://vocw.edu.vn/content/m10614/latest/ http://thanglongpack.com.vn/printContent.aspx?ID=359

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