VIN SINH HC THC PHM

---------BO CO THC HNH PHT TRIN SN PHM

ti: CT LN VIN TR XANH

GVHD: Th.S Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

Lp: DHTP5 N2
TNG QUC HUY

09069521

T TN QU

09081961

TN THT THNG

09076751

L TH TIN

09081621

T TH XUN

09074941

Thnh ph H Ch Minh, thng 1 nm 2013

MC LC
1.

Gii thiu v sn phm ....................................................................................................................... 3

2.

Cc thuc tnh v cc yu t nh hng n sn phm................................................................... 4

3.

Quy trnh sn xut .............................................................................................................................. 6

4.

Phng php nghin cu ................................................................................................................. 11

5.

6.

4.1.

Phng php nh gi sn phm v s l s liu .................................................................. 11

4.2.

B tr th nghim. ...................................................................................................................... 11

4.2.1.

Mc ch v nhim v th nghim ................................................................................... 11

4.2.2.

Dng c v thit b ............................................................................................................ 12

4.2.3.

B tr th nghim ............................................................................................................... 12

Kt qu th nghim............................................................................................................................ 17
5.1.

Th nghim 1: Kho st t l nc xay tr xanh .................................................................... 17

5.2.

Th nghim 2: Kho st t l phi trn dch tr xanh vi bt ............................................... 19

5.3.

Th nghim 3: Kho st hm lng bt n b sung ............................................................... 22

5.4.

Th nghim 4: Kho st hm lng gia v ............................................................................... 22

5.5.

Th nghim 5: Kho st loi nc st ...................................................................................... 23

5.6.

Th nghim 6: Ti u ha mt vi thng s ca nc st c chn ................................... 24

5.7.

Kt qu nh gi th hiu ......................................................................................................... 27

xut quy trnh sn xut ti u. ................................................................................................... 33

6.1.

Quy trnh sn xut sn phm ................................................................................................... 33

6.2.

Cng thc ch bin.................................................................................................................... 35

7.

Tnh gi thnh sn phm .................................................................................................................. 35

8.

Thit k bao b cho sn phm .......................................................................................................... 38

1. Gii thiu v sn phm

Trong cuc sng hin i, thc phm ch bin, thc phm ng lnh l nhng sn
phm i lin vi i sng hng ngy ca mi gia nh. Gip ngi ni tr tit kim thi
gian v tin bc v ch cn hm nng hoc cho vo ni nu lun m khng cn s ch bt
dn p lc v vt v cho ngi ph n trong cng vic bp nc nhng vn m bo an
ton thc phm v dinh dng cho cc thnh vin. Chnh l nhng yu t u tin
ngi tiu dng la chn thc phm ch bin sn cho thc n ba n gia nh. Th
trng thc phm ch bin, s ch ca Vit Nam vi nm gn y ang c tc rt
pht trin t mi nm to nhu cu tiu th ln
Vi gi c phi chng nhng c bit tin dng bi ch bin rt n gin , cc loi
sn phm ng lnh khng ch l v cu tinh ca nhng ngi bn rn m xut hin
ngy cng nhiu trong ba cm cc gia nh.
Th trng sn phm ng lnh hin nay rt a dng nu k n tn sn phm c
th c hng tram loi khc nhau c ng gi thnh thc phm ch bin sn ng lanh
nh: ch gi, tm cua vin, cho tm, h co, bnh xp, si co, tm ln bt, cng cua
bch hoa, c vin chin, b vin.
Ngi tiu dng thng minh nhn ra rng thc phm ch bin sn trong cc
siu th u kh l tng v v sinh, gi c va vi ti tin, li tit kim c thi gian
nu nng.
Mt vi sn phm ng lnh hin nay
Trng ct ln tm bt tr xanh ng lnh c nhm la chn pht trin l sn
phm hon ton mi cha c mt trn th trng. Vi tng mi v sn phm ny hi
vng s gp phn lm a dng ha dng sn phm ng lnh, p ng nhu cu tiu dng
ngy cng cao cho khch hng.
Ngi tiu dng c l khng l lm vi l tr xanh, nhc n l tr xanh ngi ta
thng ngh n li ch v sc khe, ngi ta thng trch ly v lm nc gii khc.. th
nhng t ai bit rng l tr xanh cn ti khi xay ra s cho ra mu xanh rt hp dn, p
Vi trng ct ln ngun nguyn liu di do, c sn xut quanh nm, quen thuc,
gi c hp l, cng nh cht dinh dng nhiu, mt mn ngon v l v thuc b. Mt

khc khi n trng ct ln ngi tiu dng thng ch luc n km vi mui tiu v t rau
rm, khng nhng th c mt s ngi khng n c v cm thy gh s phi bn trong.
em li s mi l cng nh gip cho nhng ngi tiu dng c th s dng n
mt cch ngon lnh m khng phi cm thy gh s nn nhm bt ngun t nguyn
liu l trng ct ln kt hp vi mu xanh hp dn t l tr xanh, bt mt ca lp bt
chin x bn ngoi tng vin trng ct tr xanh c to nn. Hn na nhm kt hp
sn phm n km vi st me chua cay. Mu xanh ca l tr lm nn kt hp lp l trng
trng ca lp bt x to nn mt hnh thc ht sc bt mt v hp dn
Tht vy trng ct ln bnh thng vn ngt, mm, nh nh va ming, rt d
n, nay li c bc trong bt pha dch tr xanh cng vi lp bt x gin gin quyn
trong loi nc st me chua cay, ngn ngt, mn mn, cng tr nn m , ngon ming
sau khi ch bin.
D n, hng v l l, m , hay hay, cng c kh nng lm ba lt d th v. S
kt hp hon ho ca trng ct ln v mu xanh ca l tr o lp bt chin x s em
n cho ngi tiu dng s hi lng, tin cy v mt sn phm cht lng tt, c rt
nhiu li ch cho sc khe.
2. Cc thuc tnh v cc yu t nh hng n sn phm
-

Cc thuc tnh c bn ca sn phm:

o Sn phm ng lnh ( trc khi chin)
Sn phm c mu xanh non nh cm v c nhng m trng ca bt
x bao quanh.
Cu trc sn phm: nh lp bt x nn hnh dng sn phm kh n
nh, khng b rt bt khi ln v khi bp hi mm.

Hnh 2.1: Sn phm trc khi chin

o Sn phm khi s dng ( sau khi chin)

Mu sc bin i t xanh non nh cmxanh sm, bt x chuyn t
trngvng nu
Sn phm tr nn gin xp hn sau khi chin so vi lc ban u
Lp bt ngoi sn phm c v mn ca mui, v ngt ca ng v
bt nm. Tuy nhin v ch va v hi nht cm nhn c v ngt
ca trng bn trong sn phm.

Hnh 2.2: Sn phm sau khi chin

-

Cc yu t nh hng n thuc tnh ca sn phm:

o Mu xanh ca sn phm ng lnh ph thuc vo ch xay tr v qu
trnh phi trn dch tr xanh vo bt mKho st ch trch ly tr xanh
v kho st t l phi trn dch tr xanh vi bt m
o V sn phm s ph thuc nhiu vo gia v nh ng, mui, bt
nmKho st thnh phn gia v
o gin xp ca sn phm c th ph thuc vo chiu dy ca lp bt bm
trn sn phm, hm lng bt n, ch chin sn phm. V lm th cng
nn rt kh c nh chiu dy ca lp bt, bn cnh kch thc ca
qu trng cng nh hng n kh nng bm bt, nn y l thng s bin
ng, tuy nhin n s c ci thin da trn kinh nghim qua cc bui lm
nn khng kho st. Ch chin th s bao gm c nhit v thi gian
chin, khi tin hnh th s mu s ln v kh thc hin, bn cnh khi

thay i ch chin c kh nng lp b mt sn phm chn bn ngoi

nhng bn trong cha chn. Hm lng bt n s d kho st hn v n
quyt nh ln n xp ca sn phmkho st hm lng bt n b
sung vo sn phm.
o Sn phm s ngon hn khi dng chung vi nc stKho st loi nc
st
3. Quy trnh sn xut
L tr xanh

Trng ct ln

La chn
Phn loi, la chn
Ra
Ra
Xay

Luc
Lc
Phi trn gia v

Bc v, ro

Phi trn bt m, ph gia

Nhng bt t

Tm bt x

Nc st

ng gi

ng lnh

Sn phm

Thuyt minh quy trnh:

a. Phn loi, la chn
Mc ch: Loi b nhng qu trng ct ln khng qui cch, phm cht a
vo ch bin v gip thnh phm c phm cht ng u.
Tin hnh:
-

Tin hnh la chn nhng qu trng ct cn nguyn vn, khng b b, khng b

thi hng, khng b ung v khng nn chn nhng qu trng ct qu gi hoc qu non.
-

Thng thng th trng ct c kch thc kh u do vic phn loi theo kch

thc cng khng cn thit.

b. Ra
Mc ch: loi tr tp cht, bi, t ct bm xung quanh nguyn liu, ng thi
lm gim 1 lng ln vi sinh vt trn b mt nguyn liu.
Tin hnh: trng ct ln c ngm v ra trong bn nc sch vi lng nc
ra thng dng l 0,7-1l/kg nguyn liu.
-

Nc ra cng ging nh nc ch bin phi l nc s dng cho thc phm,

m bo cc ch tiu theo qui nh. Nc phi trong, khng mu, khng mi v.

Yu cu: trng ct ln sau khi ra phi sch, khng b nt b.
c. Luc
Mc ch:
-

Lm chn nguyn liu, n nh cu trc ca trng ct ln

nh ch cc qu trnh sinh ha xy ra trong nguyn liu

Lm gim lng vi sinh vt km chu nhit bm trn b mt nguyn liu

Tin hnh: Trng ct ln c luc trong ni nc c un si 1000C khong

10-15 pht.
d. Bc v, ro
Mc ch: loi b phn v trng khng n c v phn dch trong trng, lm
cho nguyn liu ro hn thun li cho cc cng on sau.
Tin hnh:

Trng sau khi luc c em cho vo nc lnh ri tin hnh bc v. Trong qu

trnh bc v, cn ch nh tay, trnh lm v cu trc ca trng cng nh l lm cho

trng b nt.
-

Sau khi bc v, trng ct ln c ct gi trong r cho ro nc.

Yu cu: trng sau khi bc v vn gi nguyn c cu trc, khng b nt v tch

b phn. Ngoi ra khng cn st v trng ln trn nguyn liu.

Hnh 3.1: Ct ln sau khi bc v

e. Nhng bt t
Mc ch:
-

To v bc v gi vng cu trc ca qu trng ct ln, trnh b tch v nt trng.

Gp phn to hnh cho sn phm, thun li cho cc cng on tip theo.

Tin hnh:
-

Trc khi tin hnh nhng bt t, cc qu trng c ln qua mt bt kh

tng bm dnh ca dch bt tr xanh trn nguyn liu.

-

Sau tin hnh nhng dch bt tr xanh. Dch bt tr xanh c chun b nh

sau:
La chn l tr xanh non, ti, khng b dp nt. Khng nn la chn nhng l
tr xanh qu gi v nc tr sau khi trch ly s rt sm mu, khng p.

 L tr xanh sau khi ra sch c xay nhuyn vi nc theo mt t l thch

hp. Sau , tin hnh lc hn hp c xay nhuyn thu dch tr xan,
loi b xc tr xanh.

Hnh 3.2 : Dch tr xanh sau khi lc

Dch tr sau khi lc c phi trn vi gia v (ng, mui, bt nm) theo mt
t l ph hp.
-

Tip theo, phi trn dch tr xanh vi bt m, ph gia ( bt n, Vitamin C) theo

mt t l thch hp.

Hnh 3.3: Hn hp bt m v dch tr xanh

-

Sau , tin hnh nhng trng ct ln tm bt kh vo bt ng dch bt tr

xanh.
Yu cu: trng ct ln sau khi thc hin cng on ny s dnh u dch bt tr
xanh, ng thi trng ct cng khng b tch hoc b nt.

f. Tm bt x
Mc ch: c nh lp bt t bm trn qu trng, to hnh dng cho sn phm,
gp phn to mu sc cho sn phm lm tng gi tr cm quan, to gin cho sn phm
sau khi chin.
Tin hnh:
-

Cc qu trng sau khi nhng bt t, ta tin hnh tm bt x. Trong qu trnh tm

bt x, khng nn bp nn qu trng qu mnh v s lm cho lp bt x khng x ln

nh vy s lm gim gi tr cm quan ca sn phm.
-

C gng vo qu trng khi tm bt x sao cho qu trng c trn hn.

g. Chun b nc st

Mc ch: Ch bin nc st dng chung vi sn phm, gp phn lm tng gi

tr cm quan cho sn phm, to hng v cho sn phm.
Tin hnh:
-

C th tin hnh chun b t cc loi nguyn liu chnh nh me, tc, thm, chanh

dyKhi ch bin nc st t 1 trong cc loi nguyn liu ny th u tin ta u tin

hnh trch ly ly dch.
-

Sau phi trn cng vi cc loi gia v (ng, mui, bt nm, nc mm, ti,

t) v ph gia (tinh bt bin tinh).Tt c c nu to thnh hn hp nc st.

h. ng gi
Mc ch: to hnh dng bn ngoi ca sn phm, thu ht s ch ca ngi tiu
dng, bo qun sn phm khi cc tc nhn c hi cho sn phm (tc nhn vt l, ha
hc, sinh hc), ko di thi gian s dng ca sn phm.
Tin hnh:
-

i vi cc qu trng sau khi c tm bt x, ta tin hnh xp tng qu trng

vo da nha. S lng qu trng xp vo 1 hp nha trong l 15 trng. Trong qu trnh

xp c gng nh tay trnh lm mp mo qu trng v qu trng sau khi tm bt x cn
hi mm. Sau , da trng s c cho vo mt bao PE ln.
-

i vi nc st, ta tin hnh ng vo tng bao PE nh vi khi lng 50g s

dng cho 15 trng.

Lu : gi st s c cho vo chung vi hp nha ng trng. Sau mi tin

hnh ghp m sn phm.

i. ng lnh
Mc ch: bo qun sn phm, ko di thi gian s dng sn phm.
Tin hnh: Sn phm sau khi ng gi c tin hnh ng lnh trong t ng
00C.
4. Phng php nghin cu
4.1. Phng php nh gi sn phm v s l s liu
S dng phng php nh gi th hiu so hng nh gi sn phm trong cc
th nghim, hi ng l cc thnh vin trong nhm ( 5 ngi). Sau khi c c sn phm
hon thin s tin hnh nh gi th hiu v cm nhn ngi tiu dng cho sn phm
i vi php th th hiu so hng, s dng kim nh Friedman s l s liu.
Cng thc tnh F:

Vi N: l s ngi th, P : l s snphm v Rp l tng hng ca sn phm P

S dng bng tra 2 vi s bc t do l P-1. S khc bit c ngha khi F>F 2
4.2. B tr th nghim.
4.2.1. Mc ch v nhim v th nghim
Mc ch: Kho st quy trnh ch bin trng ct ln tm bt tr xanh ng lnh.
Nhim v thit k:
-

Kho st t l nc xanh tr xanh

Kho st t l phi trn dch tr xanh vi bt chin

Kho st t l bt n

Kho st gia v

Kho st loi nc st

Kho st ti u nc st chn

a im v nguyn liu

Phng th nghim thc hnh sc sn thy sn (F5.1 v F5.2) Vin Cng Ngh
Sinh Hc Thc Phm trng i hc Cng Nghip TP.HCM
Tr xanh, trng ct ln, bt n alsa, bt m, cc loi gia v u c mua ti ch
g vp
4.2.2. Dng c v thit b
-

My xay

My ghp m

Dao

Cn k thut

Bp gas

Tht

Ni, cho

T, chn

Tha, a

Thau, r

4.2.3. B tr th nghim
Th nghim 1: Kho st t l nc xay tr xanh
-

Mc ch: tm c t l nc xay tr thch hp

Thng s c nh:

Thng s c nh

Ch xay Khi lng l tr xanh

Mc 3

T l phi trn bt vi

50g

dch tr xanh
1:1,5

Thng s kho st: Tng ng vi cc t l 1:21:5

Thng s kho st

Cn di

Cn trn

Bc nhy

Lng nc xay (g)

100

250

50

M t th nghim: l tr xanh s c ct nh v sau cho vo my xay, xay

mc th 3, sau khi xay ta lc ly dch o brix v phi trn cc t l dch tr

xanh vi cng mt khi lng bt, so snh mu sc ca cc vin sn phm

chn t l thch hp.
-

C s : qua lm th th nghim s b, nhm thy rng, vi t l xay 1:1 thao tc

xay s rt kh v lng nc t, mu tr xm. Khi thc hin vi t l 1:2 th thao
tc xay d hn. T nhm bt u vi t l 1:2 lm mc. Qu trnh nng trch ly
s tng khi tng lng th tch nc, tuy nhin s lm long dch v c th lm
mu tr gim v nh hng n sn phm. Nn nhm chn t t l 1:21:5

Ch tiu nh gi: brix dch tr v mu sc sn phm sau khi chin

Bng b tr th nghim
Lng nc xay(g)

Thng s
kho st
S mu

100

150

200

250

A1

A4

A7

A10

A2

A5

A8

A11

A3

A6

A9

A12

S th nghim:
L tr xanh

100g
Xay nhuyn
150g
Nc

Thu dch

o brix

200g
Phi trn vi bt
250g

Chin
Cm quan:mu sc sn phm

Th nghim 2: Kho st t l phi trn dch tr xanh vi bt chin

-

Mc ch: tm c t l phi trn thch hp

Thng s c nh:

Mu ti
u

Thng s c nh
-

T l nc xay

Khi lng bt

Thu c t th nghim trn

50g

Thng s kho st: Tng ng vi cc t l 1:1, 1:1.5, 1:2 v 1:2,5

Thng s kho st

Cn di

Cn trn

Bc nhy

Lng dch tr phi ch (g)

50

125

50

M t th nghim: sau khi ly dch tr xanh vi thng s ti u t th nghim trn,

ta s phi trn vi bt chin vi t l thch hp. Trng ct tm btCnNhng
dchCn. Sau ng lnh 1 tun v chin cm quan.

C s la chn thng s kho st: khi lm th vi t l 1:0,5 th hn hp rt c

v khng nhng c, do nhm tng t l ny ln 1:1 v c th nhng c,
nhng nu tng ln 1:3 th long qu v khng nhng c, nn nhm chn t l
kho st trn.

Ch tiu nh gi: bm dnh bt thng qua cn khi lng sn phm v mu

sc sn phm sau khi chin.

Bng b tr th nghim:
Lng dch tr phi ch (g)

50

75

100

125

Mu

B1

B2

B3

B4

S th nghim:
Dch tr
xanh

50g

75g

Bt

100g
gg

nh
trn
150g

Nhng
dch

Cn

Bo n
Chin
Cm quan: So
mu

Mu
ti u

Th nghim 3: Kho st t l bt n
-

Mc ch: xc nh t l bt n thch hp cho sn phm

Thng s c nh:
Thng s c nh

T l nc xay

Thu c t th nghim trn

Thng s kho st:

Thng s kho st
Phn trm bt n so vi hn
hp(bt+dch tr)

T l dch tr xanh vi bt chin

Cn di

Cn trn

Bc nhy

0,5%

1,5%

0,5%

M t th nghim: bt n s c trn vi bt m trc, sau phi vi dch tr

xanh. Sau nhng trng ct ln v bo qun lnh trong 1 tunr ngchin
sn phmcm quan.

C s la chn thng s kho st: khi lm sn phm bnh biscuit th s dng bt

n l 3% so vi lng bt, nhm th ly t l 2,5% so vi hn hp (bt+dch
tr) lm th th nhn thy l lp bt bn ngoi sn phm rt xp, tuy nhin lp
bt ny phng ln lm cho hnh dng sn phm xu hn. Do nhm gim t
l ny xung kho st.

Ch tiu nh gi: xp ca sn phm thng qua cm quan theo phng php

so hng v so snh vi mu khng b sung bt n

Bng b tr th nghim:
Phn trm bt n

Thng s kho
st
S mu

S b tr th nghim:

0.5%

1%

1.5%

A1

A4

A7

A2

A5

A8

A3

A6

A9

0,5%

Bt n

Dch tr
xanh

Bt

1%
Phi trn
1,5%
Nhng trng

ng lnh

Chin

Cm quan

Mu ti
u

Th nghim 4: Kho st t l gia v (ng, mui)

-

Mc ch: tm c t l gia v thch hp cho sn phm.

Thng s c nh: cc thng s trn v mt s thng s khc nh

Thng s c nh

n v

Bt n

Thu c t th nghim trn

Bt nm

0,5%

Vitamin C

0,5%

Thng s kho st: mui v ng. T l phn trm theo hn hp bt +dch

tr
Thng s kho
st

Cn di

Cn trn

Khong bin thin

ng (%)

1%

2%

0,5%

Mui (%)

1,5%

3%

0,5%

M t th nghim: ng, mui, vitamin C v bt nm s c phi trn chung

vi dch tr xanh, khuy tan. Bt n s c trn chung vi bt m v sau trn
chung vi dch tr xanh c thm gia v. Bo qun lnh trong 1 tunchin
v nh gi cm quan sn phm.

C s th nghim: khi lm th sn phm vi t l mui 2,7% (2g/75g hn hp),

th khi chin sn phm kh mn, do nhm ly t l ny lm mc v gim
xung kho st. Theo gi ca gio vin hng dn th ng dng trong
khong t l 1,52%, mui l 11,5%, bt nm l 0,3%.

Ch tiu nh gi: v ca sn phm thng qua cm quan theo php th th hiu so

hng.

Bng b tr th nghim:
Thng s kho

Phn trm gia v

st
Mui

1%

1,5%

2%

2,5%

ng

1,5%

2%

2,5%

3%

Th nghim 5: Kho st loi nc st

-

Mc ch: tm c loi nc st ph hp vi sn phm

Thng s kho st: la chn 3 loi nc st l st me, st tc, st thm.

M t th nghim: sn phm s c chin v sau chm vi cc loi nc st

Ch tiu nh gi: cm quan theo php th th hiu so hng

Th nghim 6: Kho st ti u ha mt s thng s ca loi nc st c chn
Sau khi c c kt qu kho st loi nc st, nhm s tin hnh kho st mt

vi thng s ca loi nc st chn lm tng thm gi tr cm quan cng nh gi tr

kinh t ca loi nc st .
5. Kt qu th nghim
5.1. Th nghim 1: Kho st t l nc xay tr xanh
-

brix ca dch tr sau xay

T l (tr/nc)
brix
1:2
1,8
1:3
1,2
1:4
1
1:5
0,8
Trong cc t l trn th t l 1:2 c brix cao nht, t l 1:3 c brix cao th 2
v brix t l 1:4 v 1:5 l thp nht. T l nc xay cng nhiu th qu trnh xay s
tin hnh d hn, tuy nhin, hm lng cht kh thu c cng s gim do lng dung
mi tng dn. Bn cnh lng cht kh gim th mu sc ca dch thu c cng s nht
dn. Tuy nhin, s thay i ny tng i kh thy do cha trong 1 ly ln, v khi chp
hnh th khng nhn r s khc bit. Nhng trong cc t l trn th kh nng t l 1:2 v
1:3 c kh nng c la chn do c brix cao. Xt v tnh kinh t th t l 1:3 s c
u tin chn la hn, tuy nhin ta phi xt thm mu sc ca sn phm sau khi chin
la chn sn phm.
-

Mu sc ca sn phm sau chin

Do c s nhm ln nn nhm ghi nhm th t ca cc t l. Hnh pha trn nhn

t tri qua phi th t t l 1:1 s l 1:2 v cc t l khc tng thm 1 n v. Hnh pha
di c xp theo th t t 1:21:5
Sau khi chin th c s thay i r rt v mu sc. Vi 2 t l u th s thay i l
tng i t, vi cng mt ch chin th t l 1:2 v 1:3 th mu sc kh p v s
chnh lch l kh thp, vi t l 1:4 v 1:5 th s thay i mu kh r, mu t t l 1:4
n 1:5 gim mnh. iu ny c th do s chnh lch v hm lng cht chit c, c
kh nng rng hm lng cht kh cao s c hm lng cc cht chng oxy ha cao hn
nn mu sc s p hn. Da vo mu sc th r rng l t l 1:2 v 1:3 cho mu kh p.
Nh phn tch trn, th t l 1:3 s cho tnh kinh t hn, mu sc gia 2 t l ny li
khng c s khc bit.
Nhm chn t l 1:3 lm t l thch hp cho ch xay tr.
5.2. Th nghim 2: Kho st t l phi trn dch tr xanh vi bt
-

T l bt bm vo sn phm

T l bt/dch tr

1:01

1:1,5

Khi lng trng

trc nhng bt
7.6
8.2
6.8
6.6
8
8.4
7.8
7
9
9
7.2
7.4
7
7.8

Khi lng
trng sau
nhng bt
12.8
13
11
13
13
14.6
13.6
13
13.6
13
11.8
12.2
11.2
12.8

Kh nng bm bt
(%), tnh theo gi tr
trung bnh

51,9%

62,6%

8.2
13.6
7.6
12.6
7.2
9.2
7
10.6
7.4
11.4
7.6
10
1:2
61,4%
7
10.2
8
11.8
8
11.8
6.8
10.4
6.8
11
7.2
11
7.4
12.4
8.2
13.2
52,7%
1:2,5
7.2
12.6
6.8
12.6
8.2
15.2
9
15.4
Da vo bng kt qu, ta c th a ra cc nhn xt nh sau: vi t l 1:1,5 c kh
nng bm bt vo sn phm ln nht l 62,6%, t l 1:2 cao th 2 l 61,4%, th 3 l t l
1:2,5 l 52,7% v thp nht l t l 1:1 (51,9%). i vi t l 1:1, nhn thy l c ca
dch rt ln hay nht cng rt cao do kh nng di chuyn ca trng trong dch
khkh nng bm dch kh v khng u nn t l bm bt t. Vi t l 1:2,5, nhm
nhn thy l c gim i rt nhiu, tuy nhin khi nhng th thao tc rt kh do nht
ca dch thp nn bm ln b mt sn phm t. Gia t l 1:1,5 v 1:2 th ta thy rng, kh
nng bm ca t l 1:1,5 nhiu hn 1:2. Nu tnh v mt kinh t, th t l 1:2 s kinh t
hn v s chnh lch gia 2 t l ny l rt thp. Tuy nhin y cng c th l sai s, v
thc t khi nhng bt, vi t l 1:2 th thao tc nhng d nhng kh nng bm vn t, dch
long, dy nhiu c th c thao tc nn ca ngi thc hin khng tt lm cho lp bt
x bm ln b mt nhiu hn.
Do nhm cn xt n gi tr cm quan v kh nng t l 1:1,5 s cho vin sn
phm p hn v mu p hn t l 1:2. Do kh nng t l 1:1,5 s c la chn.
-

Xt v mt cm quan

V mu sc ca sn phm: cng 1 t l xay tr, th khi phi bt, lng dch tr nhiu
th c kh nng mu sc sn phm s tt hn. Sau y l bng kt qu nh gi cm quan
ca cc thnh vin trong nhm

Ngi th
1:1
1:1,5
Qu
2
4
Tin
4
3
Xun
1
4
Thng
2
4
Huy
3
4
Tng im
12
19
2
Vi bc t do l 3, =5% ta c =7,81

1:2
3
1
2
3
1
10

1:2.5
1
2
3
1
2
9

Kt qu tnh F=12,48 >7,81 nn cc sn phm khc nhau c ngha. Hay ni cch khc
l s thay i t l bt c nh hng n mu sc ca sn phm.
So snh gia cc sn phm:
Ta tnh gi tr LSD=8,001. So cp gia t l 1:1,5 v 1:2 ta c 19-10=9>8,001 nn
ta kt lun c s khc nhau c ngha gia 2 t l ny hay ni rng t l 1:1,5 c mu sc
tt hn mu 1:2. T l 1:1,5 v 1:2,5 cng c s khc bit c ngha.
Nhng khi kt hp c 2 yu t v bm dnh bt v mu sc, nhm chn t l
1:1,5 l t l thch hp cho th nghim sau.

Hnh nh sn phm sau khi chin cng cho ta thy rng, vi t l 1:1,5 hnh thc
v mu sc kh p hn t l 1:2. Vi t l 1:2,5 th hnh thc ln mu sc sn phm u
khng p.

5.3. Th nghim 3: Kho st hm lng bt n b sung

-

Kt qu cm quan v gin xp ca sn phm nh sau:

Ngi th
0,5%
1%
Qu
1
3
Tin
2
3
Xun
1
2
Thng
1
3
Huy
1
2
Tng im
6
13
2
Vi bc t do l 2, =5% ta c =5,99

1,5%
2
1
3
2
3
11

Kt qu ta tnh c F=6,6>5,99. C s khc bit c ngha gia cc t l bt n.

Hay ta c th kt lun l t l bt n nh hng n gin xp ca sn phm.
So snh gia cc sn phm. Ta tnh c gi tr LSD=6,2. Nh vy th ch c s
khc bit c ngha gia t l 0,5% v 1% v c hiu l 13-6=7>6,2. Gia t l 1% v
1,5% khng c s khc bit v hiu ny nh hn 6,2. Khi c so snh vi sn phm
khng b sung bt n th cc thnh vin trong nhm cng cm nhn c s khc bit
c gia sn phm c b sung bt n v sn phm khng b sung.
Ngoi lp bt x lm gin sn phm, th bt n ng vai tr to xp cho sn
phm do kh nng sinh kh CO2 lm phng lp bt bn ngoi sn phm, to xp gip
tng thm gi tr cm quan cho sn phm.
Trong 3 t l th ch c t l 1% l c nhn c s khc bit, do nhm chn t
l 1% lm thng s cho th nghim sau.
5.4. Th nghim 4: Kho st hm lng gia v
-

Kt qu cm quan v v ca sn phm
Ngi
th

Mui
ng

Qu
Tin
Xun
Thng

Thnh phn gia v

1%
1,5%
2%
1,5%
2%
2,5%
3
4
2
1
4
3
4
3
2
3
4
1

2,5%
3%
1
2
1
2

Huy
3
4
Tng im
14
19
2
Vi bc t do l 3, =5% ta c =7,81

2
10

1
7

Kt qu tnh F=9,72> 2=7,81 c s khc bit c ngha gia cc ngi th.

Hay ta c th kt lun rng s thay i gia v c nh hng n v ca sn phm.
So snh gia cc sn phm. Ta c:
Gi tr LSD=8,001. Nh vy ch c 2 cp t l c s khc bit, 1,5% vi 2% v
1,5% vi 2,5% do c hiu tng ln lt l 9 v 12 u ln hn 8,001. Khi ta tng hm
lng mui ln th cng ko theo mn ca sn phm tng theo, hm lng ng tng
s to v ngt cho sn phm, tuy nhin n s nh hng n s cm nhn v v ngt ca
trng ct trong sn phm. Bn cnh , sn phm cn c dng chung vi nc st, nu
v sn phm mn s kh dng hn, v va v hi nht s ph hp. Gia t l mui 1% v
1,5% khng c s khc bit c ngha, tuy nhin v mc a thch th t l 1,5% mui
c mc nh gi cao hn. V cm nhn ca cc thnh vin trong nhm u cho rng,
vi t l mui 1,5% th v va n, vn cm nhn c v ngt ca trng ct bn trong sn
phm. Vi t l mui 2% v 2,5% th v sn phm mn hn, t i cm nhn v v ngt
bn trong sn phm.
Do nhm chn t l 1,5% mui v 2% ng l t l thch hp cho sn phm.
5.5. Th nghim 5: Kho st loi nc st
-

Kt qu cm quan v s ph hp ca nc st vi sn phm: ch yu v v
Ngi th
St tc
St me
Huy
1
3
Qu
1
3
Tin
2
3
Thng
1
2
Xun
1
3
Tng
6
14
2
Vi bc t do l 2, =5% ta c =5,99

St thm
2
2
1
3
2
10

Kt qu tnh F=6,4> 2=5,99 nn ta c th kt lun l c s khc nhau c ngha

gia cc loi nc st. Hay c s ph hp ca mt loi nc st i vi sn phm.
So snh gia cc cp sn phm, ta c kt qu nh sau:

Ta tnh c gi tr LSD=6,2. Nh vy trong 3 loi st, th ch c st me v st tc

l c s khc bit c ngha v s ph hp vi sn phm. V mc a thch th st me
c chn l loi st thch hp nht. Tuy nhin v nhn xt ca nhm, c th do ngi
lm st cha thc s lm ngon cc loi nc st tc v thm nn cc thnh vin trong
nhm khng thch 2 loi nc st ny. Nhng bn cnh , st me cng l loi st cha
c mt trn th trng v cm nhn ca cc thnh vin th st me kh ph hp vi sn
phm v s hi ha v v ca st vi trng ct ln.
Do nhm chn nc st me l loi nc st ph hp lm st chm cng vi
sn phm.
5.6. Th nghim 6: Ti u ha mt vi thng s ca nc st c chn
Sau khi chn c nc st me lm nc chm cho sn phm. Nhm tin
hnh kho st thm t l trch ly nc me.
-

Thng s c nh: tham kho cng thc ch bin hp c basa st me

Thng s c nh

n v

Khi lng me

100g

Mui

3%

ng

40%

Bt nm

1,5%

Nc mm

6%

Ti

3,5%

1,5%

Tinh bt bin tnh

2,5%

Thng s kho st: tng ng vi t l 1:21:5

Thng s kho st

Cn di

Cn trn

Khong bin thin

Lng nc trch ly(g/g)

200

500

100

Kt qu:
Theo nh phn b tr th nghim th nhm s tin hnh trch ly nc me v nu

theo 4 t l l 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5. Tuy nhin khi tin hnh trch ly th nhm nhn thy nc

me trch ly theo t l 1:2 th qu c v mu sc qu m do nc me rt chua, dn

n khi nu tn rt nhiu ng v lm cho mu sc s sm thm. Do m nhm khng
tin hnh nu nc st theo t l ny.
i vi nc me trch ly theo t l 1:5 th nhm nhn thy vi t l ny lng
nc me thu c nhiu, do m nc me long, v chua cng thp nht trong 4 t l
trch ly. Do m khi nu st th cn nhiu ng to v, tuy nhin khi cho nhiu
ng vo th s ln t v chua ca nc me. Hn na khi trch ly vi t l ny, mu sc
ca nc me cng kh nht do m nhm cng khng tin hnh nu nc st me t l
ny. V vy, nhm tin hnh nu nc st theo 2 t l cn li tm ra t l trch ly nc
st ph hp vi cng thc phi trn gia v c sn ( tin hnh nu theo cng thc ny
trong ch bin hp c ba sa st me trong thc hnh cng ngh ch bin sc sn thy
sn).

Kt qu nh

Ngi th

T l 1:3

T l 1:4

Ngi th

Mu 1:3

Mu 1:4

gi cm quan v

mu sc v v chua

ca nc st me :

(Mu no c a

thch hn th c

chm im cao hn)

Huy

Qu

Thng

Tin

Xun

Tng

10

Vi bc t do l 1, =5% ta c 2=3,84
Kt qu tnh c F = 5>3,84. Do m c th nhn nh rng 2 mu th nghim
khc nhau c ngha. T y, ta c th kt lun l t l nc dng trch ly nc me c
nh hng n mu sc cng nh v chua ca sn phm (khi dng chung mt cng thc
phi trn gia v, ph gia)

Khi tin hnh nu nc st theo 2 t l trn m khng s dng chung mt cng

thc phi trn gia v th nhn thy rng t l 1:3 lng nc me t hn, chua cao hn
v mu sc sm hn so vi t l 1:4 do khi nu st th cn 1 lng ng nhiu hn

 trung ha bt v chua ca st, tuy nhin s dng nhiu ng th s lm cho nc st

sm mu hn do phn ng caramel khi nu nhit cao. Hn na lng nc st thu
c th c th t hn so vi khi nu vi t l 1:4. Trong khi , khi nu st vi t l 1:4
th cn t ng hn, mu sc cng trong p hn, khng b sm nh t l 1:3 v lng
nc st thu c cng nhiu hn. Do , nu nc st me theo t l trch ly nc me
1:4 kinh t hn. V vy, nhm quyt nh trch ly nc me theo t l 1:4 tin hnh nu
nc st dng chung vi sn phm trng ct ln tm bt tr xanh.
5.7. Kt qu nh gi th hiu

Hnh thc sn phm trc chin

20

S cu tr li

20

18

15

kh bt mt
10
5

kin khc
3

Nhn xt: Da vo biu trn th c th thy rng hu ht ngi tiu dng u

nh gi cao hnh thc ca sn phm trc khi chin vi 20 ngi nh gi hnh thc
sn phm p v 18 ngi nh gi hnh thc sn phm kh bt mt trn tng s 41
ngi thc hin nh gi cm quan. Khng c ngi th no nh gi sn phm
khng p m ch c 3 ngi th a ra kin khc vi cu tr li la chn l
hnh thc sn phm tm chp nhn v bnh thng. C th thy rng mc chnh
lch kh ln do m c th ni rng hnh thc ca sn phm trc khi chin trng
kh bt mt v c nhiu ngi thch.

Hnh thc sn phm sau chin

s cu tr li

30

26

25

20

d nhn

15
10
5
0

khng p
9

kin khc
4

Nhn xt: i vi sn phm sau khi tri qua qu trnh chin th sn phm c nhng
bin i nht nh v hnh thc bn ngoi m quan trng nht l mu sc ca sn
phm. Khi chin, lp bt x c mu trng thnh mu vng nu, cn lp bt tr xanh
bn sau khi chin tr nn sm hn. Vi s thay i v mu sc theo chiu hng
khng tch cc sau khi chin th chc chn s yu thch v hnh thc ca sn phm s
c nhng thay i c th l c 4 ngi th nh gi sn phm khng p, 2 ngi th
nh gi kin khc l bnh thng v sn phm b nt. Tuy nhin, vi thi gian
chin khng di (khong 90s) th nhng bin i v mu sc khng qu su sc do
m 26 ngi nh gi hnh thc sn phm sau chin l d nhn v vn c 9 ngi
nh gi hnh thc sn phm sau chin l p. T , c th nhn thy rng hnh thc
ca sn phm kh n sau khi tri qua qu trnh chin v vn c s nh gi kh cao
t ngi th.

V sn phm
2%

2%

42%

Mn
54%

Nht
Va n
kin khc

Nhn xt: Theo nh kt qu th hin biu trn th ta c th thy v ca sn phm

trng ct ln tm bt chin c ngi th nh gi l nht vi 54% tng s ngi
th. Tuy nhin 42% tng s ngi th khc li cho rng v ca sn phm va n, 2%
tng s ngi cho l mn v cn c 2% tng s ngi khc a ra kin khc. Vic
nh gi v v ca sn phm l ty theo khu v hng ngy ca mi ngi, c l l
nguyn nhn dn n s khc bit kh r rng v v ca sn phm. Tuy nhin, sn

phm trng ct ln tm bt tr xanh sau khi chin c dng chung vi nc st do

m v ca sn phm nht hn mt cht th s vn tt hn nu nh ban u sn
phm khng dng vi nc st m c v m.

Cm nhn v ngt ca trng ct

31

9
1
C

Khng

kin khc

Nhn xt: Theo nh kt qu ca biu trn ta thy trong s 41 ngi tin hnh nh
gi cm quan th c 31 ngi th cm nhn c v ngt ca trng ct ln bn trong (
v ngt sn c ca trng ct ln sau khi luc), tuy nhin vn c 9 ngi th khc li
khng cm nhn c v ngt ca trng ct ln v 1 ngi th c kin khc l h
cha nhn thy r v ngt. Vi kt qu nh vy th c th ni rng sn phm vn gi
c nt c trng ca trng ct ln sau khi luc m chng ta vn n thng ngy

Cu trc sn phm
3%
7%

7%

7%
Cng
Gin
Gin v xp
76%

Xp
kin khc

Nhn xt: Sn phm sau khi tri qua qu trnh chin th cu trc ca sn phm c
nhng thay i rt r rng so vi trc khi chin. Lp v bt x bn ngoi khi c
chin lm cho sn phm tr nn vng gin, lp bt tr xanh bn trong khi chin th n
xp ln so vi ban u. Tuy nhin khi tin hnh nh gi v cu trc ca sn phm th
76% tng s ngi th cho rng sn phm gin, 7% tng s ngi th cho rng sn
phm gin v xp, nhng 7% tng s ngi khc li cho rng sn phm b cng. a
s ngi th cho rng sn phm gin l hon ton hp l v mc ch ca vic ln qua
mt lp bt x to nn tnh cht gin cho sn phm, tuy nhin kt qu mong mun
sn phm sau khi chin l gin v xp nhng ngi th cha cm nhn c r v
xp ca sn phm.

S ph hp ca sn phm vi st me
C

Khng

15%

85%

Nhn xt: Sn phm trng ct ln tm bt tr xanh chin gin l mt loi sn

phm nn c dng chung vi nc st v nu ch n m khng c nc st th d ngn.
Nc st me l mt loi nc st chua ngt c v hi cay do khi kt hp vi sn phm
trng ct ln th s rt d n. iu ny th ta c th r cc mn trng ct ln, vt ln rang
me l nhng mn n vt rt c yu thch ca nhiu ngi. Do vy khi tin hnh kho
st v s ph hp ca nc st me vi sn phm th c ti 85% tng s ngi tham gia
nh gi cho rng st me ph hp khi cng chung vi sn phm v 15% tng s ngi

cn li th cho rng cha tng thch. H cng xut ra nhng loi st v nc chm
khc m h ngh l ph hp l tng t, st x mui. Tuy nhin 2 loi nc chm ny
c mt trn th trng, cn nc st me mc d khng xa l vi mi ngi trong ba
n hng ngy tuy nhin n vn cha c mt trn th trng thc phm do khi ch bin
sn phm mi nhm quyt nh a nc st me vo ch bin chung.

S yu thch sn phm
2%
5%
c
khng
kin khc

93%

Nhn xt: Qua qu trnh kho st ngi th v hnh thc, cu trc, v ca sn phm
cng nh l s tng tch vi loi nc st m nhm cho ngi th dng chung th c
n 93% ngi th thch sn phm trng ct ln tm bt tr xanh, 5% tng s ngi
th khc th khng thch sn phm. y l mt s chnh lch ln v mang hng tch
cc. iu ny ni ln rng sn phm c s ng h ca ngi th v n c th c
sn xut cng nghip.

Kh nng mua sn phm

s cu tr li

40

36

30

c
khng

20
10
0

kin khc
2

Nhn xt: Vi s yu thch ca ngi th v sn phm trng ct ln tm bt tr xanh

kh ln nh trn v vy m khi tin hnh kho st kh nng mua sn phm ca ngi
th th hu ht ngi th s mua sn phm ny nu sn phm c mt trn th trng
vi 36 ngi trong tng s 41 ngi th. Ch c 2 ngi s khng mua v 3 ngi
khc a ra kin khc. y cng l mt s chnh lch kh ln mang hng tch cc.
Vi s yu thch, ng h v chp nhn sn phm trng ct ln tm bt tr xanh th sn
phm ny c th xem xt, sn xut theo quy m cng nghip bn ra th trng.

Gi sn phm
20

18

17
20000

s cu tr li

15

25000
30000

10
4
5

kin khc

Nhn xt: Theo nh kt qu tnh ton gi thnh sn phm th gi ca 1 n v sn

phm gm c 15 trng ct ln thnh phm v 1 gi st 50g c gi tin khong
20000VN. Theo kt qu trn th c 18 ngi th cho rng sn phm bn vi gi l
20000VN, 17 ngi th khc th cho rng sn phm c bn vi gi ph hp l
25000VN, c 2 ngi th ngh gi ph hp cho sn phm l 30000VN. Nh vy
nu sn phm c bn trn th trng th gi ph hp c th l 25000VN v y l
gi thnh m cng nhiu ngi th ng tnh v cho l ph hp, vi gi ny th nh
sn xut mi c li nhun.
6. xut quy trnh sn xut ti u.
6.1. Quy trnh sn xut sn phm

L tr xanh

Trng ct ln

Me

La chn
Phn loi, la chn

Trch ly

Ra
Ra
Lc

Xay

Luc
Lc

Phi trn gia v

Phi trn bt m, ph
gia

Gia nhit
Bc v, ro

Nhng bt t

Tm bt x

ng gi

ng lnh

Sn phm

Phi trn gia v,

ph gia

Lm ngui

6.2. Cng thc ch bin

6.2.1. Cng thc ch bin trng ct ln tm bt tr xanh
Thng s v t l gia v, ph gia
Mc ti u
T l nc xay tr xanh

1:3
Mui: 1,5%

T l phi trn gia v cho dch tr

ng: 2%

xanh

Bt nm: 0,5%
Vitamin C: 0,5%

T l phi trn bt m vi dch tr

1:1,5

xanh
T l phi trn bt n

1%

6.2.2. Cng thc ch bin nc st me

Thng s v t l gia v, ph gia

Mc ti u

T l trch ly nc me

1:4

ng (so vi lng nc me)

40%

Mui

3%

Nc mm

6%

Bt nm

1,5%

Ti

3,5%

1,5%

Tinh bt bin tnh

2,5%

7. Tnh gi thnh sn phm

i vi trng ct ln tm bt tr xanh
-

Ta c : 50g tr xanh vi t l xanh 1/3 th cn 150g nc. Thu c 172g dch tr

xanh

Vi 172g dch tr xanh pha vi t l 1/1,5 th cn 115g bt m. Tng khi lng bt

tr xanh l 287g
-

Khi lng gia v v ph gia cn dng cho 287g bt tr xanh:

+ Mui: 4,3g
+ ng: 5,74g
+ Bt nm: 1,4g
+ Vit C: 1,4g
+ Bt n: 2,87g

Tng khi lng bt tr xanh l 302,7g

Vi tng khi lng bt tr xanh l 302,7g th lm c 39 trng

Vi s lng 39 trng nhng bt tr xanh th khi lng bt x cn dng l 78g

Khi lng
Nguyn liu

Gi nguyn liu

nguyn liu cn
dng

Thnh tin
(VN)

8000VN/10 trng

39 qu trng

31200

Tr xanh

3000VN/100g

50g

1500

Bt m

20000VN/1kg

115g

2300

Bt x

9000VN/100g

78g

7020

Bt n

9000VN/11g

2,87g

2400

135000VN/1kg

1,4g

190

6000VN/1kg

4,3g

26

Bt nm

10000VN/250g

1,4g

56

ng

18000VN/1kg

5,74g

104

Chi ph in nc,

10% tng chi ph

Trng ct ln

Vitamin C
Mui

nhn cng

cc thnh phn trn

Tng gi tin

4480
49276

T bng kt qu trn th ta thy 39 qu trng thnh phm c gi 49276VN

1 qu trng thnh phm c gi 1264VN
i vi nc st me

Ta c 100g me pha vi nc theo t l th s dng ht 400g nc, thu c

375g nc me ( loi b 125g xt me).

Khi lng cc loi gia v, ph gia cn dng nu chung vi 375g nc me l:

+ ng: 150g
+ Mui: 11,25g
+ Nc mm: 21,75g
+ Bt nm: 5,625g
+ Ti: 13,125g
+ t: 6g
+ Tinh bt bin tnh: 7,5g

Tng khi lng nc st me thu c l 520,2g

Nguyn liu

n gi

Khi lng nguyn

liu cn dng

Gi tin

Me

12000VN/500g

100g

2400

ng

18000VN/1kg

150g

2700

Mui

6000VN/1kg

11,25g

68

Nc mm

12000VN/1kg

21,75g

261

Bt nm

10000VN/250g

5,625g

225

Ti

4000VN/100g

13,125g

525

4000VN/100g

6g

240

Tinh bt bin tnh

16000VN/1kg

7,5g

120

Chi ph in nc, nhn 10% tng chi ph

cng v nguyn ph liu cc thnh phn
khc

653.9

trn
Tng gi tin

7192.9

Ngoi ra, mt n v sn phm c cha ng trong 1 hp nha trong vi gi

900VN/1 ci v mt ci dn dn trn bao b c in vi gi 2500VN. Do , 1
ci bao b hon chnh c gi 3400VN.
Nh vy, 1 n v sn phm gm c 15 trng ct ln thnh phm v 1 gi st me

50g s c gi tin l: 15x1264 + (50x7192,9)/520,2 + 3400 = 23051,36 (VN).

V hu ht cc nguyn vt liu s dng ch bin sn phm u c mua l do
m gi c vn cn kh cao so vi gi s ca tng loi nguyn liu. Dn n gi thnh
sn phm tnh ra cng kh cao, tuy nhin nu bn vi gi 25000VN theo kho st ca
nhiu ngi th th vn c li nhun.
8. Thit k bao b cho sn phm
Nh trnh by phn trn th bao b s dng cha ng sn phm l hp nha
trong hnh ch nht vi kch thc 12x18 c np m. Khi tin hnh ng gi th bao b
c ghp m bng thit b ghp m hoc s dng kp bm.
Dn bao b c thit k nh sau: