Colonialism exploited colonies but advocated Democracy, Equality and Justice.

Muslims, Christians have this concept of Brotherhood, while Hindus dont. Some Reformers: o Upper Caste: Sati and the customs of caste inequalities Ram Mohan Roy Widow remarriage Ishwar Chandra o Lower Caste: Womens education Jyotiba Phule, Dadabhai Naoroji Was difficult to maintain two struggles-Social and Political. o Example: Age of consent Bill which created an uproar in the 1890s saw that the progressive voices were opposed quite powerfully by sections which were not in favor of a legislation which was primarily a legislation in raising the marriageable age for women. There was no unity in the Demands in terms of Questions raised by women. National movement created the largest possible platform for women to come out and express themselves in politics. In 1927 All India Womens Association was formed as the national body giving voice to some of the issues. Voting Rights and Electorate. 1955-56-Hindu Marriages Act was passed with Hindu Code of Conduct Stiff opposition to implement it for other communities (Muslim, Christian or Parsees) resulted in a failure of its implementation. o 10.8 EXERCISES 1) Write a note on the issues of women in the pre-independence period. 2) Explain with some examples the mobilisation of women by the leftist forces. 3) Explain the role of state regarding womens issues. 3 Major Problems of Women: o Landless Wage earners o Alcoholism o Wife Beating 1975 World womens year by the United Nations EQUALITY OR DIFFERENCE Which should be the prime focus. Similarly, the dowry deaths primarily among the affluent middle class households too was a shattering blow to some of the earlier held assumptions, i.e., the development process by raising the status of the women would help her practice her democratic rights fully. The same development was now seen to be capable of making life unsafe for her. Feminism blogs is 21st century version of Consciousness raising. Not only about Male hating Sugar (Women) & Spice (Men) Behavioural Overlap Across Gender.