Chapter 11 Angular Momentum

Dani Smith

Background/Summary A key part of the study of rotational dynamics is the concept of angular momentum. This unit discusses torque and its relationship to angular momentum, as well as the principle of the conservation of angular momentum.
Important Vocabulary/Facts

The Right-Hand Rule

1. Torque plays the same role in rotational motion that force plays in translational motion. 2. The right-hand rule helps determine the direction of a cross product vector. 3. In angular momentum problems, the system will either be isolated or nonisolated. In isolated systems, there is n o net torque so Li = L f . However, in a nonisolated system, net torque must be taken into consideration. 4. Torque is measured in Newtonsmeter. 5. Angular momentum is measured in kg m2/s.

Important Formulae =rF

Angular Momentum of a Rotating Rigid Object

= rF sin L=r p L = mvr sin = I dLtot ext = dt

Which is the rotational analog o f dp F = dt

ext = I Li = L f Where: = Torque L = Angular Momentum p = Linear Momentum I = Rotational Inertia = Angular Speed = Angular Acceleration

 m and F N , calculate the torque vector +2 4 j 3k = i j + 2k 1. Given r = 5i and the angle between r and F . Solutions: =rF

i j k + ( 3*1) (5 * 2) = 5 2 - 3 = (2 * 2) ( 3* 4)i j + (5 * 4) (2 *1) k 1 - 4 2 ) N m 13 = ( 8i j 22 k

) (

) (

= rF sin = sin1 rF
2 = ( 8) 2 + ( 13) 2 + ( 22) 2 = 26.8 N m 2 + = i j2 + k r = 5 2 + 2 2 + ( 3) 2 = 6.16 m F = 12 + ( 4) 2 + 2 2 = 4.58 N 26.8 N m = sin1 = 71.4 (6.16 m)(4.58 N)

2. A conical pendulum consists of a bob of mass m in motion in a circular path in a horizontal plane as shown in Figure P11.16. During the motion, the supporting wire of length maintains a constant angle with the vertical. Show that the magnitude of the angular momentum of the bob about the vertical dashed line is m 2 g 3 sin 4 1/ 2 L = . (Serway Problem 11.16) cos r Tx Solutions: F = ma x x T Ty

mv 2 Tx = T sin = r 2 mv T = r sin Since does not change, Fy = may = 0 there is no net force in T F = 0 y g the y direction. T cos = mg mv 2 r sin cos = mg cos v 2 = mg r sin rmg sin v = cos

L = rmv sin = rmv sin(90) = rmv L L = rm rmg sin m2 gr 3 sin = cos cos r sin = r = sin m2 g( sin )3 sin cos m2 g 3 sin 4 cos

Fg

L= L=

3. A projectile of mass m moves to the right with a speed vi. The projectile strikes and sticks to the end of a stationary rod of mass M, length d, pivoted about a frictionless axle perpendicular to the page through O. We wish to find the fractional change of kinetic energy in the system due to the collision. (a) What is the appropriate analysis model to describe the projectile and the rod? (b) What is the angular momentum of the system before the collision about an axis through O? (c) What is the moment of inertia of the system about an axis through O after the projectile sticks to the rod? (d) If the angular speed of the system after the collision is , what is the angular momentum of the system after the collision? (e) Find the angular speed after the collision in terms of the given quantities. (f) What is the kinetic energy of the system before the collision? (g) What is the kinetic energy of the system after the collision? (h) Determine the fractional change of kinetic energy due to the collision. (Serway P11.51) Solution: 2 ( a) isolated system 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6mvi ( g) K f = I 2 = M + md 2 2 = M + m d 2 (b) L = rmv sin 2 2 12 4 2 12 4 ( M + 3m)d L = rmv sin(90) = rmv 1 1 d M + m 2 2 mv i d 1 1 36 m v 24 8 2 2 i L = mv i = K f = M + md 2 = 36m vi 2 2 24 8 ( M + 3m)2 d 2 ( M + 3m)2 (c ) Inew = Icm + mD2 1 1 1 M + m d 2 1 1 1 ( M + 3m) 3m2 vi 2 9 2 2 3 8 3 Inew = Md 2 + m = Md 2 + md 2 2 2 K f = 36m vi = m vi = 2 12 4 12 2 2 ( M + 3m) 2 ( M + 3m) 2( M + 3m) 1 1 new = I M + m d 2 ( h ) Let f equal the fractional loss of kinetic energy due to the collision. 12 4 3m2 vi 2 1 1 ( d ) L = I = M + md 2 K 3m M + 3m 3m 2( M + 3m) 12 4 f =1 i =1 =1 = mv i d 1 1 Kf M + 3m M + 3m M + 3m 2 1 2 mv (e) L = M + m d 2 i 12 2 = 4 M mv i d mv i 6 mv i = f = and since this represents the fractional LOSS of kinetic energy, = = 1 1 1 2 1 ( M + 3m) d M + 3m M + md 2 M + md 12 6 4 2 the fractional change in kinetic energy will equal 2 ( f ) K = mv
i i

M M + 3m