1. S khc bit gia th hin ti hon thnh v th qu kh n gin: A.

Chng ta dng th hin ti hon thnh khi ni v mt s vic xy ra trong mt khong thi gian ko di n tn hin ti. Chng ta dng th qu kh n gin ni v mt s vic xy ra ti mt thi im xc nh nhng kt thc trong qu kh. V d:

Science has made many major advances this century. v Scientists made some fundamental discoveries in the 18th century. He puts to good use things that other people have thrown away. v I threw away most of my old books when I moved house.

- Khi cng b ai va pht minh, sn xut, khm ph hoc sng tc ra ci g , ta dng th hin ti hon thnh. Khi ni v ci g c pht minh...trong qu kh, ta dng th qu kh n gin. V d:

Scientists have discovered that, all over the world , milions of frogs and toads are dying. It is often said that Hernan Cortes disvered Mexico in 1519. Two schoolchildren have invented a device for moving large objects up flights of stairs. Chinese craftsmen invented both paper and printing.

- i khi rt kh nhn bit s khc bit nh v ngha ca cu nu ta ngh v hnh ng din ra trong mt khong thi gian no qu kh v vn tip tc cho ti tn hin ti vi hnh ng xy ra ti mt thi im xc nh v chm dt trong qu kh. V d:

The research is now complete and the experiment was (or have been) a success. Does it concern you that you failed (or have failed) the test?

B. Chng ta dng th hin ti hon thnh v th qu kh n gin ni v s lp li ca hnh ng.

- Dng th hin ti hon thnh khi ta mun ni rng hnh ng c th cn c lp li. i khi ta nhn mnh cch din t ny bng cch s dng cc cm t nh: so far v up to now. - Dng th qu kh n gin, ta mun ni rng hnh ng kt thc v s khng lp li na. V d:

Timson has made 13 films and I think her latest is the best. v Timson made 13 films before she was tragically killed in a car accident. Lee has represented his coutry on many occasions , and hopes to go on to compete in the next Olypics. v Lee represented his country on many occasions, but was forced to retire after an injury.

C. Chng ta c th dng c th hin ti hon thnh v th qu kh n gin khi ni v cc trng thi (states). - Chng ta dng th hin ti hon thnh din t mt trng thi c trong qu kh v vn ang tip tc tn ti, cn qu kh n gin khi trng thi khng cn tn ti na. V d:

I have known him most of my working life. (I am still working) v I knew him when we were both working in Rome. We have belonged to the tennis club since we moved here. v We belonged to the tennis club in the village we used to live in.

D. Ch ngi ta thng dng th hin ti hon thnh thng bo tin tc hoc s kin ri sau thng i sang th qu kh n hay qu kh tip din m t chi tit. V d:

There has been a plane crash near Bristol. Witnesses say that there was an explosion as the aircraft was taking off...

The Prime Miniter has had talks with President Kumani. During a three hour meeting, they discussed the economic situation, and agreed on the need for closer trade links between the two countries.

2. S khc bit gia th hin ti hon thnh tip din v th hin ti hon thnh: A. Chng ta dng c th hin ti hon thnh tip din v th hin ti hon thnh din t mt hnh ng hay s vic xy ra trong qu kh nhngvn nh hng ti tnh hnh hin ti. S khc bit gia hai th ch th hin ti hon thnh tip din nhm nhn mnh hnh ng hay s vic c th kt thc hoc cha kt thc, cn thhin ti hon thnh nhm nhn mnh n nh hng ca hnh ng, s vic, hay kt qu m hnh ng hay s vic t c. i khi s khc bit gia hai th ch n gin l m ta mun nhn mnh. V d:

Ive been following their discussions with great interest. (nhn mnh vo hnh ng l vic ti theo di nhng cuc tranh lun ca h) Ive followed their discussions with great interest. (nhn mnh vo kt qu, ti by gi c th phn ng li vi nhng g uc ni hoc quyt nh)

B. Chng ta dng th hin ti hon thnh tip din v th hin ti hon thnh ni v hnh ng hay s vic c lp i lp li ti tn thi im hin ti. V d:

Joseph has been kicking a football against the wall afternoon. (or has kicked) The press has been calling for her resignation for several weeks.

- Tuy nhin khi nhc n s ln m hnh ng, s vic c lp i lp li, ta dng th hin ti hon thnh, khng dng th hin ti hon thnh tip din. V d:

Ive bumped into Susan 3 times this week. He has played for the national team in 65 matches so far.

C. Chng ta dng th hin ti hon thnh ch khng dng th hin ti hon thnh tip din khi ni v mt s vic ko di v c nh. Hoc khi nhn mnh rng chng ta mun ni v ton b khong thi gian xy ra hnh ng, s vic cho ti hin ti. V d:

I have always admired Chesters work. They are the most delicious oranges Ive ever eaten.

- Khi ni n tnh hung mang tnh tm thi hn, ta dng th hin ti hon thnh tip din hoc hin ti hon thnh. V d:

- Where's Dr. Owen's office? - Sorry, I dont know. I've only worked/ I've been working here for a couple of days.

D. Khi mun nhn mnh rng hnh ng, s vic hin gi thay i, v c th s tip tc thay i, ta thng dng th hin ti hon thnh tip dinhn l th hin ti hon thnh. V d:

The pollution problem has been getting worse over the last decade. Sales have been increasing for sometime.

- Tuy vy, khi ni n mt s thay i c th trong mt khong thi gian m hin chm dt, c bit l khi mun nhn mnh n kt qu ca s thay i ny, ta dng th hin ti hon thnh. V d:

Prices have been decreased by 7% (in a period up to now) The pollution has grown from 35 million in 1950 to 42 million today.