TM5650

TECHNICAL MANUAL

CENTRAL BOILER PWNTS

11

Approved
for public release; distribution is unlimited.
--

1
1

HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

OCTOBER 1989

TM 5-650

HEADQUARTERS
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

TECHNICAL MANUAL
No. 5-650

CENTRAL BOILER PLANTS

Approved for public release; distrib_ution is unlimited.
Paragraph

CHAPTER 1.
Section I.

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Introduction
Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l-l
Central Boiler Plants ........................................ . l-2
Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..l- 3

Section II.

Elementary Combustion Principles

Fossil Fuels ................................................ .1-4
Combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..l- 5
Combustion of Coal .......................................... .1-6
Combustion of Oil ........................................... . l-7
Combustion of Natural Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8
Soot and Smoke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9
Flue Gas Analysis and Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10
Combustion Efficiency ........................................ l-l 1
Boiler Efficiency. ............................................. l- 12
Central Boiler Plant Efficiency ................................. . l-13
Principles of Steam and Hot Water Generation
Basic Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l- 14
Heat Transfer ............................................... . l-15

Section III.

CHAPTER 2.

DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT

Section I.

Boilers and Heat Exchangers

Boiler Clasifications .......................................... .2-1
2-1
Boiler Design Requirements 2-2
Fabrica~on..................................................2- 3
Fire Tube Boilers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
Water Tube Boilers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
Hot Water Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
Economizers.................................................2- 7
AirHeaters..................................................2- 8
Boiler Accessories and Fittings
ASME Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-9
Gage Glass, GAge Cocks ...................................... .2-10
Water Columns .............................................. .2-11
Pressure Gage, Temperature Gage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12
Safety Valves ................................................ .2-13
Boiler Outlet Valves .......................................... .2-14
Blowoff Valves and Piping. .................................... .2-15
Fusible Plugs ............................................... .2-16
Sootblowers ................................................ .2-17
Fuel- Handling and Combustion Equipment

Section II.

Section III.

% Manual Supersedes TM 5-650, dated August 1962 and rescinds TM 5-651, dated December 1946.

l-l
l-l
1-5
.
1-6
1-6
1-8
1-13
1-13
1-15
1-15
1-17
1-17
1-23
1-23

2-1
2-1
2-2
2-2
2-13
2-13
2-13
2-19
2-19
2-19
2-19
2-24
2-27
2-27
2-27
2-31

Figure No.
14
I-5

1-6
I-7
I-8
1-9
2-1
2-2
2-3
2-4
2-5
2-6
2-7
2-8
2-9
2-10
2-11
2-12
2-13
2-14
2-15
2-16
2-17
2-18
2-19
2-20
2-21
2-22
2-23
2-24
2-25
2-26
2-27
2-28
2-29
2-30
2-31
2-32
2-33
2-34
2-35
2-36
2-37
2-38
2-39
240
2-41
2-42
2-43
2-44
245
2-46
ii

Title

Page

Combustion of Oil ...........................................

Combustion of Coal ..........................................
Combustion Efficiency Motor ..................................
Elementary Boiler ............................................
Water Circulation ............................................
Effects of Soot and Scale on Heat Transfer ........................
Tube Expander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Flared and Beaded Tubes ......................................
Scotch Boiler ................................................
Two, Three, and Four Pass Scotch Boiler Designs ..................
Horizontal Return Tubular Boiler ...............................
Four Drum Water Tube Boiler ..................................
Refractory Expansion Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Water Wall Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Steam Drum Internals ........................................
Superheater in Two Drum Boiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Package Boiler Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D Package Boiler ............................................
Hot Water Generator ..........................................
Hot Water End Uses ...........................................
Hot Water Distribution ........................................
Bare Tube Economizer ........................................
Extended Surface Economizer ..................................
Cold End Corrosion - Minimum Metal Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tubular Air Heater ...........................................
Regenerative Air Heater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Water Gage Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Water Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Safety Valve Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Huddling Chamber Safety Valve ................................
Outside Screw and Yoke Gate Valve .............................
Non-ReturnValve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Slow-Opening Blowdown Valve Set ..............................
Fire Tube Cleaning System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fixed Position Mechanical Sootblower ...........................
Underfeed Stoker ............... ..............................
Power Dump Grate Spreader Stoker ..............................
Underfeed Spreader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Traveling Chain Grate Stoker ...................................
Vibrating Grate Stoker ........................................
Fluidized Bed Fire Tube Boiler .................................
Coal Handling System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Types of Bucket Elevators ......................................
Weigh Larry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pneumatic Ash Handling System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hydraulic Ash Handling System ................................
Steam Atomizer ......................................... T ...
Rotary Atomizer .............................................
Register Burner ..............................................
Low Excess Air Burner .......................................
Arrangement of Above-Ground Fuel Oil Tank .....................
Underground Fuel Oil Storage Tank .............................

I-12
I-14
1-16
I-24
I-28
1-29
2-3
2-3
2-3
2-4
2-5
2-6
2-8
2-9
2-10
2-11
2-12
2-12
2-14
2-15
2-16
2-17
2-17
2-18
2-20
2-21
2-22
2-23
2-25
2-26
2-28
2-29
2-30
2-32
2-33
2-355
2-37
2-38
2-33
2-34
2-42
2-44
2-46
2-47
2-48
249
2-51
2-52
2-54
2-55
2-56
2-57

TM 5-650

Paragraph

Section IV

Section V

Section VI.

CHAPTER 3.
Section I.

Section II.

Coal Combustion Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-18

Coal-Handling Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-19
Ash-Handling Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-20
Oil-Firing Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-21
Oil Storage and Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-22
Gas-Firing Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-23
Liquified Petroleum Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-24
Controls and Instrumentation
Feedwater-Drum Level Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-25
Combustion Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-26
Boiler Safety Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-27
Additional Controls and Instrumentation ........................ .2-28
Water Treatment Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-29
Pollution Control Equipment
Pollution Regulations .......................................... 2-30
Types of Pollutants and Control Methods ........................ .2-31
Mechanical Collectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-32
Fabric Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-33
Electrostatic Precipitators ..................................... 2-34
Wet Scrubbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-35
Auxiliary Equipment ..........................................
Feedwater Heaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-36
Pumps and Injectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-37
Forced Draft Fans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-38
Induced Draft Fans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-39
Stacks, Flues, and Ducts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Steam Turbines. .............................................. 2-41
Electric Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Electrical Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-43
Variable Speed Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Air Compressors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-45
Steam Traps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Piping Systems. .............................................. 247
OPERATION
Preliminary Operating Procedures
Plant Operation Considerations ................................. 3-1
Standing Operating Procedures ................................. 3-2
Daily and Monthly Boiler Plant Operating Logs. .................. .3-3
Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
Applicable Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5
Basis for Comments ........................................... 3-6
Preparation for Startup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..3- 7
Starting Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8
Warm-up Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9
Placing a High Pressue Steam Boiler in Service .................. .3-10
Placing a Hot Water Boiler in Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11
Operating Adjustments and Procedures
Boiler Operation. ............................................. 3-12
Maintaining Pressure or Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13
Feedwater and Boiler Water Treatment .......................... .3-14

pw
2-34
2-43
2-45
2-50
2-53
2-53
2-62
2-62
2-65
2-76
2-89
2-110
2-110
2-110
2-112
2-120
2-123
2- 125
2- 125
2-125 .
2-135
2-137 .
2-137
2- 140
2-140
2- 140
.2- 140
2- 142
2- 142
2-145

3-1
3-1
3-1
3-1
3-1
3-1
3-4
3-4
3-5
3-6
3-7
3-8
3-8
3-8

TM 5-6!iO

Paragraph

Section II.

APPENDIX A.
APPENDIX B.

vi

Page

Responsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3
Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
Housekeeping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5
Utilities Inspection and Service Records .......................... 5-6
Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... .................. 5-7
Spare Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8
Special Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-9
Scheduled Preventive Maintenance ..............................
Scheduling and Use of The Information ......................... .5-IO
Boilers .................................................... .5-11
Economizers ............. ................ ................... 5-12
Air Heaters ................................................ .5-13
Water Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i.. ..... .5-14
Safety Valves ............................................... .5-15
Fusible Plugs ............................................... .5-16
Sootblowers ............. ................................... .5-17
Stokers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..5-18
Pulverized Coal Equipment ................................... .5-19
Coal Handling Equrpment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-20
Ash Handling Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..5-2 1
Oil Burners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...5-22
Oil Handling Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-23
Gas Burners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..5-24
Feedwater Drum Level Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..5-25
Combustion Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-26
Boiler Safety Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-27
Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..5-2 8
Mechanical Collectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-29
Stacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..5-30
Zeolite Water Softeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-31
Hot Lime-Soda Softeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..5-32
Deaerating Heaters and Dearators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-33
Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..5- 34
Centrifugal Pumps .......................................... .5-35
Reciprocating Pumps ........................................ .5-36
Steam Injectors ............................................. .5-37
Steam Turbine (Non-Condensing) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-38
Air Compressors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..5-39
Steam Traps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..5 -40
Electric Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..5-4 1
Forced-Draft and Induced-Draft Fans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-42
Command Inspections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-43
Twhnical Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544
Major Army Command Inspections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-45

5-1
5-1
S-I
5-1
5-3
5-3
5-3
5-5
5-5
5-5
5-8
5-9
5-9
5-9
5-10
5-10
5-10
5-10
5-10
5-11
5-11
5-11
.5-11
5-11
5-12
5-12
5-12
5-12
5-12
5-13
5-13
5-13
5-14
5-14
5-14
5-15
5-15
5-15
5-16
5-16
5-16
5-17
5-17
5-17

REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..A- 1
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURES
External Treatment Plants ..................................... B-l
Boiler Water ................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..B-2
Miscellaneous Tizsts ............................. .............. B-3

A-l
A-3
A-4
A-10

TM 5450

miag$raQh

APPENDIX C.

APPENDIX D.

HEAT BALANCE CALCULATIONS

100 PSIG Steam Heat Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-l
15 PSIG Steam Heat Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ci2
High Temperature Water Heat Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c-3
BOILER WATER CALCULATIONS
Boiler Blowdown Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-I
Determining Feedwater Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-2
Determining Makeup Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-3
Determining ChemicaI Treatment Requirements ................... D4

A-11
A-13
A- I5
A-17
A-17
A-17
A- 19

LIST OF TABLES
Table No.

Title

l-l
1-2
1-3
I-4
I-5
I-6
I-7
1-8
1-9
1-10
J-l
2-2
2-3
24
2-5
2-6

Classification of Coals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Standard Specification for Fuel Oils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fuel Oil Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Combustion Efficiency for Natural Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Combustion Efficiency for Number 2 OiI .........................
Combustion Efficiency for Number 6 Oil .........................
Combustion Efficiency fa Coal, 3.5 Moisture, Bituminous . . . . . . . . . .
Combustion Efficiency for Coal, 9.0% Moisture, Bituminous .........
Water/ Steam Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Water/ Steam .Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Typical Point Source Emission Levels for Various Pollutants ..........
Comparison of NOx Reduction Tshniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Performance Characteristics of Flue-Gas &sulfurization Systems ....
Performance Characteristics of Particulate ControI Devices ...........
Characteristics of Mechanical Dust Collectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Removal Efficiencies of Uncontrolled Particulate Emissions from
Combustion Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Permissible Maximum Suction Lits and Minimum Suction Heads in
Feet for Various Temperatures and Altitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Piping Codes and Standards for Boiler Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Typical Piping Material Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Flue Gas Analysis at 25%, 50%$, and 100% Load for Natural Gas, No.
2 Oil, No. 6 Oil, and Stoker Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ... . ... .
Common Cations and Anions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Water pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Guide for Selection of External Treatment Equipment . y ..............
Common Sodium Phosphates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Deaerator Temperature Versus Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lubricating Oils, Greases, and Preservatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lubricating Oil and Grease Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2-7
2-8
2-9
3-1
4-1
4-2
4-3
4-4
4-5
5-1
5-2

fige
1-7
1-9
1-10
1-18
I-19
1-20
I-21
1-22
I-25
1-27
2-110
2-llf
2-113
2-114
2-lll3
2- 120
2-128
2- 148
2- 149
3-23
4-1
4-5
4-11
4-30
4-48
5-6
5-7

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No.

Tide

l-l
1-2
I-3

100 psig Steam Heat Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15 psig Steam Heat Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
High Temperature Water Heat Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Page
1-2
1-3
14
vii

Figure No.
2-98
2-99
2-100
2-101
2-102
2-103
.2-104

2-105a
2-105b
2-106
2-107
2-108
2-109a
2-109b
2-110
2-111
2-112
2-113
2-114
2-115
2-116
2-117
2-119
2-119
2-120
2-l21
2-122
2-123
2-124
2-12Sa
2-i2Sb
3-1
3-2
3-3
3-4
3-5
3-6
4-1
4-2
4-3
4-4
4-5
4-6
4-?
4-8
4-9
4-10
4-11
4-12
4-13
4-14
4-15
...

VU1

Title

Page

Multicyclone Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......

Cyclone Fractional Efficiency Curve . . . ..; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Beverse Flow Baghouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pulse Jet Baghouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Weighted Wire Type Electrostatic Precipitator .....................
Mkt Approach Venturi Scrubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tube and Shell Heat Exchanger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maintain Proper Slope to Suction Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Suction Line Installation ........................................
Centrifugal Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Beciprocating Piston Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Two Methods of Providing Lost Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rotary Screw Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Botary Gear Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Steam Injector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Forced Draft Fan with Inlet Damper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Typical Outlet Fan Dampers .......................... .:. .........
Fan Curves for Different Inlet Vane Positions .....................
Fan Curve for Fan with Outlet Damper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Single-Stage Impulse Non-Condensing Turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermostatic Steam Zap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Float and Thermostatic Steam Trap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dii/ Thermodynamic Steam Trap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Inverted Bucket Steam Trap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Standard Hanger Tws for Piping Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sdid Wbdge Disc Gate Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ingle Port Globe Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Non-Lubricated Plug Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Butterfly Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Swing Check &lve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Y-Tm Spring Lift Check Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..d . .
Daily Boiler Plant Operating Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Monthly Boiler Plant Operating Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gil viscosity versus Temperature . . . . . . . ..<...a.........? . . . . . . . .
Smoke Density versus Percent Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fuel/Air Ratio Biasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Boiler Efficiency versus Load . . . . ..- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Condensate Pipe Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Boiler Tube Failure Caused by Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Superheater Tube Showing Carryover Deposits .....................
Effats of Treatment on Raw Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sodium Zedite Softener . . ..Z......................! . . . . . . . . . . .
Hot Process Lime Soda Softener . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hot-Lime Hot-Sodium Zedite Softener . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hydrogen and Sodium Zeolite Softeners Operating in Parallel ........
Hydrogen Zeolite with Alkaline Neutralization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Degasifier/ Decarbonating Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sodium Zedite-Chloride Ion Exchanger System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dcmineralizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tray Deaerator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Spray Deaerator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
qpe I Deaerator Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2-117
2-119
2- I21
2-122
2-124
2-126
2-127
2-129
2-129
2- 130
2-132
2-133
2-134
2- 134
2-136
2-138
2-138
2-139
2- 139
2-141
2- 143
2-144
2-146
2-147
2-151
2-152
2- 152
2-154
2-154
2- 155
2-155
3-2
3-3
3-14
3-17
3-17
3-25
4-2
4-2
4-3
4-12
4-13
4-15
4-16
4-17
4-17
4-18
4-20
4-21
4-23
4-24
4-25

TM 5-650

Figure No.
4-16
4-17
4-18
4-19
4-20
4-21
4-22
4-23
4-24
4-25
4-26
4-27
4-28
4-29
4-30
4-31
4-32
4-33
4-34
5-1
C-l
c-2
c-3
D-l
D-2

Title
Type II Deaerator Installation

.................................. .
Type III Deaerator Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Blowdown System with Flash Tank and Heat Exchanger . . . . . . . . . . . .
Automatic Continuous Blowdown Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Conductivity Meter ...........................................
Boiler Water Treatment Operating Log ...........................
Water Cooled Sample Cooler ...................................
Condensate Corrosion Ester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Zeolite Softener Water Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Effect of Excessive Water Flow Bates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Zeolite Bed Inspection Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Solubility of Oxygen in Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pressure Pot Feeder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Automatic Proportioning Feeder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chemical Mixing Tank with Chemical Feed Pump .................
Chemical Feed Pump Plunger/ Diaphragm Type ...................
Eyewash Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Safety Shower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wbt Storage Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Becord Card Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100 psig Steam Heat Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15 psig Steam Heat Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
High Temperature Water Heat Balance ...........................
Example of Boiler Feedwater, Steam Generation and Blowdown
Belationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example of Boiler Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Page

4-27
4-28
4-32
4-34
4-35
4-36
4-39
4-42
4-43
4-44
446
4-49
4-52
4-53
4-54
4-55
4-57
4-58
5-4

2-90