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The Majority Text & Textus Receptus vs. The Critical Text Editions and The Modern Bible Versions, NET Third Edition (Revised)
The Majority Text & Textus Receptus vs. The Critical Text Editions and The Modern Bible Versions, NET Third Edition (Revised)
uring the last several years of the life of the apostle Paul (Hebrew Saul Paulus, ca. 2-68 AD), heresy already was developing a
stronghold in an attempt to thwart the sacred teachings and doctrines as the very books of the New Testament of the Holy Scriptures
were being penned through the verbal inspiration of God. Wrote Paul about six to seven years before his martyrdom, O Timothy,
keep that which is committed to thy trust, avoiding profane and vain babblings, and oppositions of science falsely so called (1
Timothy 6:20). Paul also spoke against several heretics, among them Hymenaeus and Philetus (2 Timothy 2:17), and Alexander the coppersmith
(2 Timothy 4:14). In Titus 3:10 Paul wrote, A man that is an heretick after the first and second admonition reject. And also the apostle Peter (c.
1 BC to 68 AD), who wrote in 2 Peter 2:1, But there were false prophets also among the people, even as there shall be false teachers among
you, who privily shall bring in damnable heresies, even denying the Lord that bought them, and bring upon themselves swift destruction.
Some of these heretics represented the early yield of Gnosticism, a movement comprising an amalgamation of various sects whose
chief belief was that special secret knowledge was apportioned to some elect persons, who thereby were allocated special spiritual status and
glory.a The word gnosis means knowledgeb (or science), hence Pauls early reference to a science falsely so called. Thriving during the second
and third centuries, Gnosticism was designated by second century Church Fathers Irenaeus (c. 130-202), Tertullian (c. 160-220), and Hippolytus
(c. 170-236) as an aberrant Christian teaching resulting from the syncretism of unsound Christian doctrine with pagan philosophy, or even
astrology and Greek mystery religions. These three Church Fathers attributed Gnosticism to the magician Simon Magus, who is mentioned in
Acts 8.c
By the fourth century, however, 37 Fathers written contributions outweighed those represented in the misguidedly celebrated Greek ma
nuscripts Aleph (Sinaiticus) and B (Vaticanus), dated 325-360 AD, by 65.7 percent to 34.3 percent. d Nevertheless, heretical teachings based on
this tiny sampling of tainted documents (about 43 all told, eventually) evolved into not only the accepted Christian teachings of the day, but also
the official establishment of the fledgling Roman Catholic Church (fourth century). However, this false doctrine embedded within this minuscule
collection of manuscripts was abandoned almost entirely by the Church Universal by about the end of the seventh century. Hence, the
manuscripts and critical text editions underlying nearly every contemporary Bible version published today were abandoned from the seventh
century until a text critic named Friedrich Constantine von Tischendorf (1815-1874) first discovered the NT manuscript Aleph in a waste heap in
the St. Catherines Monastery, on Mt. Sinai in Egypt, in 1844. e Vaticanus B was the first entry appearing in the Vatican Library, back in 1475.f
Now these 43 or so minority manuscripts, represented foremostly by Aleph and B, remain the foundation of critically edited Greek
versions used by modern translators to produce contemporary Bibles. This has been the case since the release of the first new-age pseudo-Bible
in 1881, the English Revised Version (or RV) New Testament. g Most modern biblical text critics remain entangled in the fourth century web
perpetuated by some heretics and scribes of that time, but the inspired real truth of Gods Word has incontrovertibly been proved. Never has any
opponent triumphed over Gods wisdom having appeared in the unanswered and unanswerable arguments of the few stalwart orthodox
Christian scholars of the nineteenth and twentieth centuriesJohn W. Burgon (1813-1888), Edward Miller (1825-1901), Frederick Henry
Ambrose Scrivener (1813-1891), Herman C. Hoskier (1864-1938), Edward F. Hills (1912-1981), Floyd Nolen Jones, Donald A.Waite, and
others.
a
J. N. D. Kelly, Early Christian Doctrines (Peabody, Mass.: Prince Press, Hendrickson Publishers, 2004), p. 22.
Kelly, Early Christian Doctrines, 22.
c
Kelly, Early Christian Doctrines, 22.
b
d
J. A. Moorman, Early Manuscripts, Church Fathers and the Authorized Version (Collingswood, N.J.: The Bible for Today Press, 2005), p. 116.
James Bentley, Secrets of Mount Sinai: The Story of Finding the Worlds Oldest Bible Codex Sinaiticus (London: Orbis Publishing, 1985), p. 86.
f
William Henry Paine Hatch, The Principal Uncial Manuscripts of the New Testament (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1933), Plate XIV.
g
Wilbur N. Pickering, The Identity of the New Testament Text in Floyd Nolen Jones, Which Version is the Bible?, 19th ed., rev. and enlarged (Goodyear, Ariz.:
KingsWord Press, 2006), p. 163.
e
I.
II.
III.
Introduction ............................................................................................................. 4
IV.
V.
Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 39
VI.
X.
XI.
Endnotes ................................................................................................................ 70
XV.
6The Majority Text & Textus Receptus Vs. the Critical Text 6
Editions and the Modern Bible Versions: NET Version (3rd Edition)
By EDWARD E. SCOTT
This notated comparison document serves to clearly identify and clarify some of the documented differenceshere in 105 selected verses/passagesexisting
between the King James Versionand its legacy precursorsand virtually every other New Testament version commercially available since the controversial
1881 release of the English Revised Version (ERV). Many of these alterations have been noted previously by both liberal and conservative theological scholars of
the past and present. The author of this document has invested portions of more than two years in conducting research, inputting data, and proofing, editing, and
augmenting this document. This comparison assemblage has been produced to the glory of God and for the edification of redeemed believers through Jesus Christ,
that the latter may be enlightened about the long-standing, well-disguised and -hidden activities transpiring beneath the massive, deceptive and misguided
overarching mechanisms of modern Bible translation and the Bible societies. Since largely the eighteenth century, liberal, naturalistic and spiritually remiss biblical
and theological scholars have attempted to undermine and even overturn the NT Byzantine text underlying classical Biblesthe KJV and those preceding it in
the sixteenth century. Many of these modern theological naturalists simply have perpetuated the twisted theories and the deplorable manuscripts and texts which
led to the alarming production of the new-age pseudo-Bible, the ERV. From this unholy spring has flowed the multitudinous new tradition of false Bibles. For this
comparison the NET, NASB and NIV were selected for contrast to the KJV (and its underlying Greek texts) because of their popularity, contemporary
representativeness and identical NT textual base.(Other editions of this document have been produced to include modern alternatives to the NET version.)
(The columns below illustrate the textualand often doctrinaldifferences among numerous selected verses of the New Testament. Analysis is in blue and red.)
KJV
Matthew 1:25 And [Joseph]
knew her not till she had brought
forth her firstborn son: and he
called his name Jesus.
NET
NASB
NET: But I say to you that any NASB: But, I say to you that
one who is angry with a brother everyone who is angry with his
will be subjected to judgment . . . brother shall be guilty before the
court . . .
(The NET footnote refers to
without cause [Gk. eik ] as an (The NA27 states that eik, with
insertion, explaining that the
(Underscored, italicized and/or red ms evidence favors its exclusion. out cause, is an 2insertion accord
ing to Codices [Aleph-2/7th
text has been so presented for em This depite included conclusive
cent.], D [Bezae], L, W, Theta [],
phasis and/or comparative argu
evidence otherwise! Two of mo
Families 1 and 13 [1 . 13], 0233,
ment. [Some italicized text was so dernists favorite manuscripts,
and many more. Modern biblical
emphasized in its source.])
Codices Aleph [ ] and B, are the
text critics often cite these MSS to
primary reason for this rationale.) support their preferred readings!)
,
NIV
PROBLEM
KJV
Matthew 5:44 But I say
unto you, Love your enemies,
bless them that curse you, do
good to them that hate you, and
pray for them which despitefully
use you, and persecute you.
(Also see Luke 6:27, 28.)
NET
Reads: But I say to you, love
your enemy and pray for those
who persecute you, . . .
(The NA27 critical apparatus and
an NET footnote categorize bless
those . . . who hate you as both a
parallelization [to Luke 6:27-28]
and an alternative reading. This
is based on the modern TC theory
that very similar or identical verses
appearing in Matthew and Luke
indicate that the Matthean scribe
harmonized the text to match
that in Luke. Proof does not exist.)
NASB
NIV
PROBLEM
The Majority (85+%at least
4,856 mss) Greek says: But I
say to you, love your enemies,
bless those cursing you, do well
to the ones hating you, and pray
for the ones mistreating you
and persecuting you . . . Most
manuscripts are later;
some is inaccurate. But other
Majority support exists in
uncials D (5th), W (5th), L (9th),
and Theta (9th), plus 33 (9th), 13
(11th -15th/13 mss), some OL
and all the Latin Vulgate, and
the Peshitta and Harclean.
KJV
NET
NASB
NIV
PROBLEM
Greek text, word form, and
translation issues exist. But the
evidential testimony resolves
the problems. . . . Having
been exalted to heaven is sup
ported by the text (at least
85%), 13, 33, most of the Sy
riac, and three OL. Opposing
are , B, D, W, , most of the
Latin, the Syriac Curetonian,
and the Coptic. Supporting . . .
will be thrown down are the
text, , C, L, , 1 . 13, 33,
the Peshitta and Harclean, and
the Bohairic. Against are B, D,
W, all Latin, the Sinaitic and
Curetonian, and the Sahidic.
KJV
Matthew 17:20 And Jesus
said unto them, Because of your
unbelief: for verily I say unto
you, If ye have faith as a grain of
mustard seed, ye shall say unto
this mountain, Remove thee
hence to yonder place; and it
shall remove; and nothing shall
be impossible unto you.
NET
NET reads: He told them, It
was because of your little faith. I
tell you the truth, if you have faith
the size of a mustard seed, you
will say to this mountain, Move
from here to there, and it will
move; nothing will be. . . .
Matthew 18:11 For the Son Omits the entire verse, then
footnotes with 1 tc The most
of Man is come to save that
important
MSS ( B L* * 1 . 13
which was lost.
s
1
(Also see Luke 19:10.)
NASB
NIV
PROBLEM
KJV
Matthew 19:16 And behold,
one came and said unto him,
Good Master, what good thing
shall I do, that I may have eternal
life?
NET
NET reads: Now someone came
up to him and said, Teacher,
what good thing must I do to
gain eternal life?
NASB
NASB reads: And someone
came to Him and said, Teacher,
what good thing shall I do that I
may obtain eternal life?
NIV
PROBLEM
]
has
(Kai . . . has been translated as
(As always, no footnote exists for been omitted from all three mo
Underlying the NU reading are
now to indicate the transition to a the Majority reading. Because
the substantially doctrinally cor
dern
translationsabsent
from
(Also see Luke 18:18. Note that
new topic, according to the foot
Aleph [], B, D, and L, plus
modernists
hold
that
the
best
their Greek. See their unconvinc rupt
1
thing does not appear in either note. Next, the committee again
,
892
(850 AD), a few By
manuscripts are the earliest or
ing evidence at right. [Also note
Greek source text, but, rather, has wrongfully states that no English early, these translators withhold
zantines, three Old Latin, and
that 10 Old Latin50-55 extant
pt
been insertedunnecessarilyby equivalent for idou exists! Lastly, mention of the vast majority of
support the Byz. cursives, plus part of the Bohairic (bo ). If
they chose a different auxiliary
good is omitted, then v. 17a, b
translators for clarity.)
verb for shall, using must. The Greek MSS outnumbering them. C, W, , 13, 33, most Latin, all
as in the NUmust be omit
pt
Greek differs in the NU, vs. Byz.) Inferior doctrine defies best!)
Syriac, the Sahidic, and the bo .]) ted.
Reads: So the last shall be first, Reads: So the last will be first,
and the first last.
and the first will be last.
KJV
NET
NASB
NET reads: But you are not to be NASB reads: But do not be
called Rabbi, for you have one
called Rabbi; for One is your
Teacher and you are all brothers. Teacher, and you are all broth
ers.
(Omission of even Christ is
supported by no MSS listed in the
27
NA27. Yet the NET committee, with
(The Greek kathgts [koth-ay- this reading still based on , B, D, (The NA labels kaqhghth,
teacher,
or master, as an
gate-ace] means teacher, or
and L, opposes the correct one. This alternative reading, based on ,
mastermost appropriately the also is supported by Johann Jakob
2, D, L, Theta [], zero uncials
latter in this context. The opposing Griesbach [1805], Karl Lachmann
0102 and 0107, f 1 . 13, and the
[1842], Tischendorf [1872],
text reads didaskalos, teacher
text! Why? Mostly because 1, B
only. O in Greek means the, Westcott-Hort [1870], and others, [Vaticanus], and 33 support
and the NA editions 17, 26, and 27,
not even.)
didaskalos, teacher.)
plus the UBS4.)
NIV
NIV reads: But you are not to be The words the Christ (o
called Rabbi, for you have one Cristo) appear in the Maj
Teacher and you are all brothers. ority Greekat least 85% of
cursives. These words also are
(The NIV committee has been
included in manuscripts K (9th),
imprudent in translating kath
Gamma (/10th), Delta (/9th),
gts as teacher, and this ver
0102 (650 AD), 579 (1200), 700
sion still is largely based on the
c
rd
substantially corrupt minority text. (1050), 892 (3 copyist/ 850),
Hence, precisely as the other mo and 1241 (1150), as wellthas in
dern versions here, it omits even the Syriac Curetonian (5 ) and
th
Christ. In previous NIV editions, the Harclean (7 ). Again, no
witnesses are listed against it.
Master was used rather than
Why?
Teacher. Why the change?)
PROBLEM
Includes nor the Son, but pro Adds nor the Son. Removed
vides no footnote evidence for its note: Some manuscripts do not
appearance as an alternate variant have nor the Son.
to the Majority reading.
(Some manuscripts? No! Clearly
(The NET states that Matthew
the vast majority of Greek and
generally softened Marks harsh
27
(Testimony for the NA reading
otherwise!
Look at the paltry
statements, and corrected his own
2
13
error by removing nor the Son! are and , B, D, Theta [], , support for inclusion of oude o
uio, at immediate left.)
a few Byz., and the Itala.)
This defies inerrant inspiration!)
KJV
NET
NASB
PROBLEM
Omits new.
NIV
KJV
NET
NASB
NIV
PROBLEM
At least 4,400 of the extant
5,700-plus (76%) total NT
Greek manuscripts (incl. lec
tionaries) contain Son of
God! Also containing these
words are 1, Codex Vaticanus
(B), Codex Bezae (D), L, W,
2427, a few By., and all the
Latin, Syriac, and Coptic.
Opposing are no more than a
dozen or so manuscripts
(NASB note). Evidence for
[h]uiou Theou thus is thor
oughly overwhelming.
NET: Now after John was im NASB: Now after John had been
prisoned, Jesus went into Galilee 27 taken into custody, Jesus came
into Galilee, 28 preaching the
and proclaimed the gospel of
gospel of God, . . . Removed
God.
notes: 27Lit delivered up 28Or
proclaiming.
(Despite the overwhelming
(What is missing in these modern numerical testimony against this
(. . . Taken into custody is literal
translations is the clarifier king reading, the NET translators have from the Greek paradothnai [pardom of God, which is specifically the gall to insist that the external a-doth-ay-nahee]. However,
imprisoned or put into prison
the type of good news or gos manuscript evidence [mss] is
significantly stronger. No! See more-accurately, -effectively, and
pel being preached!)
the evidence at far right. Also, the illustratively describes the event.
committee here uses more modern As for gospel of God, this
text-critical gymnastics created to phrase less fully describes the type
support their favored manuscripts.) of good news being preached.)
KJV
NET
NASB
NASB reads: . . . and to have
authority to cast out demons.
(The NASB translators are being
selective about their footnoting.
Have they attempted to denigrate
the divinity of Christ by failing to
footnote, herepower to heal
sicknesses? Are only our physi
cians, with modern technology,
able to heal sicknesses? Have
Gods chosen vessels no power to
do sothose given the gift of
healing by the Holy Spirit?)
NIV
PROBLEM
KJV
Mark 9:29 And he said unto
them, This kind can come forth
by nothing, but by prayer and
fasting.
NET
NASB
NIV
Omits and fasting. Removed
note: Some manuscripts prayer
and fasting.
PROBLEM
KJV
NET
NASB
NIV
PROBLEM
The independent clause take up The independent clause take up Despite the vast majority of
manuscripts (85%+) supporting
thy cross . . . is omitted.
thy cross . . . is omitted.
the inclusion of taking up thy
(The minority Greek omits the key (The minority texts opposition is cross after and follow me,
phrase apas ton stauron [or apas substantial, according to the NA27: modern versions have omitted
the former. Omission reduces
ton stauron sou ], taking up thy
Aleph; B; C; D; Delta [D];
cross. The cross here is the daily [Theta]; [Psi]; three Greek un the burden of discipleship.
burden of obedience to Gods
cials; two cursives; a few Byzan How convenient for the mo
worda command most unwel
tines; some Old Latin and all the dernistic critical translators and
come to todays lukewarm be
their readers. Supporting the
Vulgate; the Egyptian Bohairic;
lievers!)
Byz. text are A, W, f 13, some
others.)
cursives (+ sou [thy]), and all
the Syriac.
KJV
NET
NASB
NIV
PROBLEM
The text under girds the
KJV, as do seven significant
uncials (incl. L &W), f 1 . 13,
some Old Latin and all Vulgate,
plus , A, C, , , and all the
Syriac and Coptic! Thus,
some is outright deception!
(Most would be correct.) Do
these committees and their
corporate owners not want
people to pray? Minority de
fense exists only in uncials B
and D, 2427, a few Byz. mss,
and three Old Latin.
The NET includes the entire pas The NASB includes the passage
sage, but inside double brackets, but, but in brackets. Removed
to designate it as almost certainly note: Later mss add vv 9-20.
false.
(Add refers to moderns belief
(A portion of the footnote reads,
All of this evidence strongly sug that some scribe[s] inserted the
gests that as time went on scribes words into manuscripts normally
added the longer ending . . . . An dating back no further than about
earlier portion highlights that two the tenth or eleventh centuries. In
(Without this longer ending, the of the most respected MSS [ B] his A Students Guide to New Test
ament Textual Variants [1998],
Gospel of Mark would end with, ended the gospel at v. 8. But it is
Bruce Terryin APPENDIX:
. . . [they] fled from the sepul
mentioned that the majority of
The Style of the Long Ending of
MSS
include
the
longer
ending.
chre; for they trembled and were
Markdebunks common mo
Further,
the
footnote
also
provides
amazed; neither said they any
three explanations for other shorter dernistic theories most frequently
thing to any man; for they were
readings. In summary, modernistic used to discredit vv. 9-20. He
afraid!)
TC methods and theories abound to successfully refutes the focal four
rationalize the validity of B.)
arguments, and more.)
KJV
Luke 1:28 And the angel
came in unto her, and said, Hail,
thou that art highly favoured, the
Lord is with thee: blessed art
thou among women.
NET
NASB
NIV
NIV reads: . . . Greetings, you
who are highly favored! The
Lord is with you.
(The minority texts only recourse
for omission of eulogmen sou
en gunaizin, blessed art thou
among women, are Aleph, B, L
[9th], W [5th], Psi [8th or 9th], Family
1 [five mss], uncial 579 [ca. 1250],
three numerical majuscules, a few
Byzantine mss, and all the Coptic.
Meanwhile, supporting the text
are: uncials A, C, D, and Theta; f 13;
Alexandrian cursive 33; all Latin;
all Syriac.)
PROBLEM
The Majority text reads: . . .
Rejoice, favored woman, the
Lord is with you, blessed are
you among women. The
angel even is omitted by the
NA text. But 16 other uncials
not mentioned in the NA appa
ratus because of their alleged
unimportancealso support
the former clause. Uncials B,
L, W, Theta, X, Y, plus 565,
1241, a few cursives, all Sahi
dic, and part of the Bohairic
support omission of the an
gel. When including the Ma
jority text, the evidence for
inclusion of both aforemen
tioned is conclusive.
KJV
NET
NASB
NIV
PROBLEM
KJV
Luke 11:2a And he said
unto them, When ye pray, say,
Our Father which art in heaven,
Hallowed be thy name. . . .
(Also see Matthew 6:9.)
NET
NIV
Luke 18:28 And Peter said, NET reads: And Peter said,
Lo, and we have left all, and fol Look, we have left everything
we own to follow you!
lowed thee.
(Also see Matthew 19:27.)
NASB
PROBLEM
KJV
NET
NASB
NIV
PROBLEM
KJV
Luke 22:64 And when they
had blindfolded him, they struck
him on the face, and asked him,
saying, Prophesy, who is it that
smote thee?
NET
Reads: They blindfolded him
and asked him repeatedly,
Prophesy! Who hit you?
NASB
Reads: . . . And they blindfolded
Him and were asking Him, say
ing, Prophesy, who is the one
who hit You?
(The Zondervan Greek and Eng
lish Interlinear New Testament
[NASB/NIV], which is based on
the UBS Greek, does not renounce
the Majority or TR readings dir
ectly, by including this footnote:
a autou to prosopon, kai
included by TR after eparoton
[on the face, and . . . after were
asking . . .]. Hence, the translators
did not deny the reading out
rightly. However, they footnoted it
using Greek, making it both cryp
tic and almost unnoticeable to
nearly anyone not fluent in Greek.)
NIV
Reads: They blindfolded him and The NET, NASB, and NIV
demanded, Prophesy! Who hit
omit any reference to the actual
you?
contact point [the face] of the
beating. The Majority text
(In the interlinear referred to at
reads, And blindfolding him,
immediate left, underneath the
they were striking him on the
Greekprohteuson (pro
face and were asking Him,
phteuson prof-ay-too-sun),
saying . . . Only eight speci
meaning prophesy, the trans
lators chose the word tellhow fied Greek uncials of the 5,700pedestrian and inappropriate.
plus extant Greek mss support
Within this context the English
the modern reading, plus some
word prophesy is clearly the cor cursives differing from the
rect translation. Furthermore, the
NA27 reads that they were strik Byz. Uncials A, W, Theta (),
ing him on the face and is a para Psi (Y), Ferrar Group 13
(13/Caesarean), most OL and
llelism to Matt. 26:67, 68 and
Mark 14:65. Harmonization is
all the Vulgate, and the Syriac
implied. It also reads that were
Harclean, support the . The
asking him saying is an alterna
central support are 75
tive reading. But both are support NAs
rd
(3 ), Aleph, and B, plus K, L,
ed by overwhelming manuscript
testimony.)
T, and 1241. Also the Bohairic.
PROBLEM
KJV
Luke 24:12 Then arose
Peter, and ran unto the sepulchre;
and stooping down he beheld the
linen clothes laid by themselves,
and departed, wondering in him
self at that which was come to
pass.
NET
NET reads: But Peter got up
and ran to the tomb. He bent
down and saw only the strips of
linen cloth; then he went home,
wondering what had happened.
NASB
NASB reads: But Peter got up
and ran to the tomb; stooping
and looking in, he saw the linen
wrappings only; and he went
away to his home, marveling at
what had happened.
NIV
PROBLEM
Reads: And when He had said Reads: When he had said this,
this, He showed them His hands he showed them his hands and
feet.
and His feet.
(The NASB translators source
texts, the NU [NA27 and UBS4],
include verse 40, with overwhelm
ing support. Yet the Zondervan
Greek and English Interlinear
New Testament [NASB/NIV] fol
lows several individual critical
texts by completely omitting the
verse from the Greek [and without
note]: Westcott-Hort [1870]
highly doubtful; Tischendorf
[1872]omitted; Tregelles [1857]
doubtful. Why would they do
this? B includes the verse. Were
they perhaps going by W-H?)
KJV
Luke 24:47 And that repent
ance and remission of sins
should be preached in his name
among all nations, beginning at
Jerusalem.
NASB
NET
NIV
PROBLEM
NET reads: No one has ever seen NASB reads: No one has seen
God. The only one, himself God, God at any time; the only begot
who is in closest fellowship with
the Father, has made God known. ten God who is in the bosom of
the Father, He has explained
(Two footnotes use 564 words to
Him.
justify alteration of only begotten
[monogens ] to the inaccurate
( . . . God is incorrect here. As for
(The Greek monogenes means
only one. The note reads that
only-born or only, specifically monogens [H]uios [only begotton the Byz. reading, most editions of
in the sense referring to the unique Son] is incorrect, despite the vast the Majority text err here by using
majority of evidence for it. What
the term explained rather than
identity of Gods Sonp. 2116,
opposes? Moderns 75, [* ?]
revealed. The KJVs declared
Strongs Complete Word Study
(original), 1, [B ?], [C ?], [D* ?], is closer to precisely correct. How
Concordance.)
[L ?], 33, and a few cursives only.
ever, in this unique context, accord
Himself God is not explained.
ing to the Theological Dictionary
The note reads, Internally, al
of the New Testament [one volume,
though uo fits the immediate
abridged], only here is the correct
context more readily, Qeo is
usage revealed [no object].)
much more difficult. [?])
33
Reads: No one has ascended into Reads: No one has ascended into
heaven except the one who de
heaven, but He who descended
scended from heaventhe Son of
from heaven: the Son of Man.
Man.
KJV
NET
NASB
NIV
PROBLEM
Reads: Truly, truly, I say to you, Reads: Very truly I tell you, the
he who believes has eternal life. one who believes has everlasting
life.
KJV
NET
NASB
14
NIV
PROBLEM
KJV
NET
NASB
NIV
Reads: There is therefore now no Reads: Therefore there is now no Reads: Therefore, there is now
condemnation for those who are condemnation for those who are in no condemnation for those who
Christ Jesus.
in Christ Jesus.
are in Christ Jesus. Removed
a
(Footnote: The earliest and best
(The minority text has substantial note: 1 Some later manuscripts
Jesus, who do not live according
witnessesprimarily , B, Dof support in nine specific Greek
to the sinful nature but according
the Alexandrian [Egypt. Gk.] and mss, two Old Latin, all Coptic,
to the Spirit.
Western
[known
for
additions/
plus a few Byz. cursivesthe
(Thomas Holland explains that Al
transpositions]
and
some
others
latter
just
two,
evidently,
according
exandrians believe[d] that ditto
27
truncate the verse after Christ.)
to the NA26. The specified Greek (The NA also lists the Greek mss
graphythe repetition of text
The scribes were evidently mot are: ;B; D; F; G; 6 [13th]; 1506; 6, 1506, 1739, 1881, and a few
accounts for the final 10 words: a
ivated to add such qualifica
others, plus the Egyptian and
duplication of the words from verse tions . . . to insulate Pauls gospel 1739 [ca. 950]; 1881 [ca. 1350].
4. But why move backward from v. from charges that it was charac
Note that the NA27 uses two late Ethiopic, and Origen [d. 254], as
supporting the minority.)
MSS to support its case!)
4 to v. 1major slip by moderns?) terized too much by grace.)
Romans 10:15b . . . As it is
written, How beautiful are the
feet of them that preach the gos
pel of peace, and bring glad tid
ings of good things.
(The Greek agatha at the end of
this verse literally means good,
but things is implied. The final
independent clause is redundant,
but, again, Greek is a language of
redundancy and repetition!)
PROBLEM
KJV
NET
Romans 14:10c For we shall NET reads: For we will all stand
all stand before the judgment seat before the judgment seat of God.
of Christ.
(. . . bmati tou Qeou# [bay(Note that John 5:22 reads, For
mah-tee too | theh-oo], judg
the Father judgeth no man, but
ment seat of God, is in the mino
hath committed all judgment unto
rity text, but it simply is textually
the Son. Modern translations in
and theologically incorrect! [See
clude this verse, unchanged, yet
note at left.] It should read Cris
they omit the above reference to
tou# [kris-too] instead of Qeou.)
Christ!)
NASB
NIV
Reads: This is my body, which Reads: This is my body, which is Reads: This is my body, which is
for you; . . .
for you; . . .
is for you; . . .
(NU evidence for This is . . . is (In both Greek source texts, the
(Take, eat also appears in Matt. substantial, yet outnumbered: 46; word [h]upr [hoop-ayr] appears,
but a clearly poor contextual tran
26:26. The NA27 marks Take, eat ; A; B; C; D; F; G; 33; 81; 12
other numeric Greek; six Old Latin; slation is made by moderns: for
as an insertion here according to
Coptic; the Palestinian. NU test is used, rather than on the part of
the majority of evidence! Myster the
imony for for you is less convin or for the sake of. Is this an
27
iously, the NA evidently has
cing still: 46; ; A; B; C; 33; 424; effort to conserve words? To sim
1739; the Palestinian [6th?].)
dropped 17 mss from the NA26.)
plify?)
PROBLEM
The vast majority of extant mss
read Christ. Modern transla
tors adopt the minority reading
because it is upheld by all of
their beloved old uncials,
plus F, G, 630, 1506, 1739, a
few Byz., most Latin, and Cop
tic. (This may originate from
lower Christologys genesis in
first-century Gnosticism.) Also
for the are 048, 0209, 33,
1881, and all Syriac.
KJV
1 Corinthians 11:29 For he
that eateth and drinketh unwor
thily, eateth and drinketh damna
tion to himself, not discerning the
Lords body.
(Unworthily: without forgiving
ones appropriate brother[s] and/or
sister[s] first; approaching this
sacrament without a pure heart and
due reverence for our Lord.)
NET
NASB
NIV
PROBLEM
KJV
NET
NASB
NIV
PROBLEM
KJV
Galatians 6:15 For in Christ
Jesus neither circumcision availeth any thing, nor uncircum
cision, but a new creature.
NET
NET reads: For neither circum NASB reads: For neither is cir
cision nor uncircumcision counts cumcision anything, nor uncir
for anything; the only thing that cumcision, but a new creation.
matters is a new creation.
(Again, translators justify using
largely on the
(The NET calls the inclusion of in this reading based
authority of 46 [3rd cent., Paul
Christ Jesus a harmonization.
Deplorable. [Aside from His role ines] and Codex B. Because of
the verse has no significant mean sparse Greek ms testimony, they
ing.] It comments about its addi use the UBSs six early Patristic
Fathers: Gregory of Nissa; Chry
tion of the only thing that mat
ters. The vast majority of mss
sostom; Theodorelat; Ambrosiaster;
support the Byz. reading, including Jerome; Augustine. Again, even
, A, C, D, F, G, 81, 1241, 1881, 17 four of the five old uncials op
other specified Greek, the Vulgate, pose B here. And remember that
six OL, and the Bohairic, but the many moderns willingly embrace
committee mainly uses 46, B, , the lower Christology promulgated
and 33 to defend its position.)
by their admired predecessors.)
Ephesians 5:9 (For the fruit Reads: . . . for the fruit of the
light consists in all goodness,
of the Spirit is in all goodness
righteousness, and truth
and righteousness and truth);
(All Greek source texts compared
herein, the Byz. Majority, the Tex
tus Receptus, and the NU, do not
include a verb after Spirit or
light, so the respective translation
committees have selected their
own preferences. However, the
most appropriate form probably is
the simple being form is.)
NASB
PROBLEM
Reads: (for the fruit of the Light Reads: . . . for the fruit of the
[consists] in all goodness and
light consists in all goodness,
righteousness and truth), . . .
righteousness and truth) . . .
(The NU text is consistent in
wrongfully using light, utilizing (Note that herein the NET and
some form of phs [abstract light] NIV remove kai, and, from
in several locations of the New
between goodness and right
Testamentrather than the correct eousness. The NIV is noted for its
pneuma [spirit, wind, life, breath]. frequent omission of conjunctions
Also, because the Holy Spirit is
the agent of activity in the be [and, but, or, etc.] to improve
readability. Again, this commit
liever, Spirit must be correct!
Christ is the light of godliness in tee thinks it is rightful in altering
us, but the Spirit directs and enab- Gods Wordin this case, for
les our righteousness.)
stylistic purposes!)
NIV
KJV
NET
NASB
NASB reads: . . . who, although
He existed in the form of God,
did not regard equality with God
a thing to be grasped, 7 but
emptied himself . . .
NIV
PROBLEM
KJV
1 Timothy 3:16 And
without controversy great is the
mystery of godliness: God was
manifest in the flesh, justified in
the Spirit, seen of angels, preach
ed unto the Gentiles, believed on
in the world, received up into
glory.
(Some Greek mss read He who,
but these are very few. In both
Greek source texts, the wording is
identical, except for the relative
pronoun [h]os appearing for The
os. But oj would mean who in
this context. No he precedes it!)
NET
NASB
NIV
PROBLEM
KJV
NASB
NET
24
NIV
PROBLEM
Omits after the order of Melchi Omits after the order of Melchi The Majority text [] includes
after the order of Melchizesedec.
sedec.
dek, as do codices 2, A, D,
(Melchisedec was Abrams and the (Vaticanus, C, and 46, cursives
, 075, 1241, 1739, 1881, and
Hebrews first high priest, and he 33, 81, 436, 629, and 2464, uncial 15 other specified Greek.
represented all peoplejust as
Other support is in all Syriac
0150, a few Byz. Greek slightly
(The first half of the minority text Christ has replaced him to repres differing from the majority, three and part of the Bohairic. It
reads as the Majority, but it has
ent all believers now! Jesus ante- Old Latin and all the Vulgate, the seems clear, here, that some
been removed here. Because the
type, Melchisedec, here is simply Sahidic [Coptic], part of the Bo
scribe committed the error of
(Remember Gods warning, in
NU source does not contain You left out of the priestly line that
hairic [Coptic], and the Syriac Pal haplography: accidentally
Revelation, against adding to or
are a priest . . . , this portion is
estinian [6th?], testify to the NU
omitting words he thought
taking away from Gods words. omitted. The NU marks the last as ends with Christ.)
text.)
absent from the exemplar
The Scriptures are Gods words
an insertion, but fails to address
(source)or with which he
breathed out to elected men
the first at all. [??] And why does
disagreed.
being His chosen instruments.)
the verse end with a long dash?)
Hebrews 7:21 (For those
priests were made without an
oath; but this with an oath by
him that said unto him, The Lord
sware and will not repent, Thou
art a priest for ever after the or
der of Melchisedec . . .)
KJV
NET
NASB
NIV
PROBLEM
,
D
,
one
OL,
NA-UBS
Greekalbeit
a
bit
loose
(* Or, bore a child. [eteken] Abraham is mentioned as he.
linear inserts into the running in
lythis time, replacing emphasis and all the Syriac. Omission of
[Authors note.] Eteken literally Nearly this entire translation has no terlinear English Abraham was
eteken does have substantial
on Abraham with it on Sarah.
means gave birth, so the KJV is basis in either Greek source text!
enabled to become a father . . . ,
13 . 46
;
Notice how eteken, bore a
Why? External pressure? But like and diverse testimony:
not entirely literal here. There is
despite the NA Greeks reference
is absent without comment only to Sarah by name! Then, in the the KJV, it transposes clauses
;A; D; ; 6; 33; 81; 1739;
no reason it should not be! The child,
[13 . 46 A D Psi 33 81 most Latin, English column, only Sarah is
second and third, varying in each. 1881; most Latin; all Coptic.
Greek reads and when past the
all Coptic, more]. There is no foot mentioned! This translation is a
The Greek also does not explicitly But the based on 5,700suitable age gave birth, or and
note anywhere about anything.)
plus Greekstill dominates.
hybrid of the and the NU.)
past the [fit] time of life. . .)
refer to childbearing age.)
KJV
NET
NASB
NIV
PROBLEM
KJV
NET
NASB
NIV
PROBLEM
As of evildoers, as in the
and TR, accentuates the signifi
cance of the righteous believer
being falsely accused. The NU
only notates omission of its
opening clause, morphological
differences in to speak
(The
NASB
includes
with
gentle
(The NET transposes word order:
(The NA27 actually reads, But with against, and eis instead of
so . . . slander and your . . . you. ness and reverenceas in NIV
en before Christ. Majority
(Behavior inserted by author for Neither the NA27 nor the UBS4
noteas part of Verse 15. Minor gentleness and reverence, having a testimony for as of evildoers
clarification of antiquated meaning addresses the omission of o
ity witnesses for exclusion of as good conscience, regarding he who is massive: the ; ;A; C; K;
for conversation.)
kakapoin, as of evildoers. of evildoers comprise just 72, , is spoken against, those may be
P; 049; 056; 0142; part of the
some Byz. cursives, the Sahidic,
ashamed who accuse falsely your
But the evidential testimony is
Vulgate; 3 OL; the Peshitta; the
26
available from the NA . See right.) and possibly others.)
good behavior in Christ.)
Coptic Bohairic.
KJV
1 Peter 4:1 Forasmuch then
as Christ hath suffered for us in
the flesh, arm yourselves like
wise with the same mind: for he
that hath suffered in the flesh
hath ceased from sin. . . .
NET
Reads: So, since Christ suffered
in the flesh, you also arm your
selves with the same attitude, be
cause the one who has suffered in
the flesh has finished with sin . . .
NASB
Reads: Therefore, since Christ
has 16 suffered in the flesh, arm
yourselves also with the same
purpose, because he who has
suffered in the flesh has ceased
from sin. Removed note: 16 i.e.
suffered death.
NIV
PROBLEM
KJV
1 John 1:7 But if we walk in
the light, as he is in the light, we
have fellowship one with anoth
er, and the blood of Jesus Christ
his Son cleanseth us from all
sin.
NET
Reads: But if we walk in the
light, as he himself is in the light,
we have fellowship with one
another and the blood of Jesus
his Son cleanses us from all sin.
NASB
NIV
PROBLEM
1 John 2:20 But ye have an NET: Nevertheless you have an NASB: But you have an anoint NIV: But you have an anointing
unction from the Holy One, and anointing from the Holy One, and ing from the Holy One, and you from the Holy One, and all of
you all know.
ye know all (things).
all know.
you know the truth. Removed
note: Some manuscripts and
(The UBS4 and NA27 read oidate
(As in both the Majority text and
(The NASB translators showed
you know all things.
pante, you know all, but the sound judgment and wisdom in
the Textus Receptus [Stephens
latter designates this as an alter
1550, etc.], translators have added native reading. The NET bases this this case, not altering unction, or (The translators deviated from the
the English word things to
NU Greek, which reads kai oidate
on , P, , a few Byz., and Egypt anointingfrom the Greek
clarify meaning, but the word
chris-ma,
meaning
precisely
pantes,
and you all know. In a re
ian bishop Hesychius. [They
obviously is not required for a
anointing or unction: Strongs Ref cent Zondervan interlinear, they
assign tremendous weight to
complete understanding of the
erence Number [SRN] 5545.
simply added the English the
and Hesychiusthe latter being
verse.)
The NASB has no footnote. You truth into both the interlinear and
the alleged architect of the Al
exandrian text ca. 300. He gener all know what? Part of the NET the NIV English column. In the
ally is credited as co-reviser of the note reads: The statement you all preface, Greek scholar and teacher
(About you know all Matthew
Septuagint and the Greek New
Bill Mounce writes, May our
Henry [1685] wrote, all these
know probably constitutes an
Testament.] This despite the oppo indirect allusion to the provisions work help all of you using this new
things concerning Christ and his
site truththat panta reads in
religion. . . . Matthew Henrys
of the new covenant mentioned in interlinear to understand the won
the overwhelming evidence: ; A;
Whole Bible Commentary
Jer 31. The classic biblicists and derful truths of Gods Word, every
C; K; L; 33; 1739; 18 other cur
word proceeding from Gods
[MHWBC] [See JFB agreement
sives; all Latin [latt]; all Syriac; theologians of yesteryear differ.
mouth. . . . Modifying Scripture,
4
at far right.])
[See
far
right.])
the Bohairic. The UBS lists B,
then proclaiming verbal inerrancy,
1852, and the Sahidic as additional
is wretched duplicity!)
minority witnesses.)
KJV
1 John 4:3 And every spirit
that confesseth not that Jesus
Christ is come in the flesh is not
of God: and this is that spirit of
antichrist, whereof ye have heard
that it should come; and even
now already is it in the world.
NET
NIV
PROBLEM
,
,
,
33,
and
all
Syriac
sup
from the exemplar [copying
ting testimony listed in another
port. Opposing are A, B, seven
Christon
and
en
sarki
elluthota
source] with the thought that this specified Greek, a few Byz.
digest: six specific Byz.; one Alex
[el-ay-loo-thuh-tah], has come in clause accidentally was inserted
andrian [L]; much more. [See
mss, all the Vulgate (vg), and all
the flesh.)
into v. 3 by an earlier hand.)
other evidence at far right].)
the Coptic.
NASB
KJV
NET
NASB
Promoted as a literal-but-idiomatic
translation known for its gaining
academic acceptance among a
variety of Protestant denomina
tions, The NET Bible (2006) does
represent a unique modern version.
It is brimming with 60,932 mostly
scholarly study notes (sn) and
text-critical notes (tc). But like
nearly all modern versions, the
NET not only is based upon mo
dernistic, naturalistic prin
ciples, but its notes reflect the
scholarly bias inherent to the
Nestle-Aland text and apparatus,
and to todays liberal theological
and critical beliefs and methodo
logies.
NIV
PROBLEM
Since the first century, heretics
have attacked Gods Word,
modifying it, adding to it and
subtracting from it. Successive
infidels established the Roman
Catholic Church based on noncanonical doctrine, human
constructs and self-serving ma
nipulation of Scripture. One
result was a minority of older
manuscripts evolving into a
corrupt, false Bible based on
a critically edited NT Greek
text forced upon the public by
naturalistic scholars and lin
guistic stylists. Bible societ
ies have become a collective
corporate, rich CEO.
Note that, according to the
Biblica web site, now repres
enting the merged IBS and
Send the Light organizations,
more than 100 scholars repres
enting 20 denominations trans
lated the NIV Bible. The
same source states that for 30
years the Committee on Bible
Translation (CBT) has labored
to bring the Word of God to
people in contemporary Eng
lish. (That is, pedantic, sim
plistic, diluted and mistrans
lated.)
Now nearly every modern
translation states it is based on
the most ancient and best ma
nuscripts, and according to
accepted principles of New
Testament textual criticism.
These modernistic methods yet
have an opponent in the spir
itual form of textual criticism:
one well-supported since the
sixteenth century!
Codex Vaticanus
As for Codex Vaticanus B (03) Gk. 1209, its known history is meager, with only its approximate date of origin (c. 325-360 AD), its texttype (Alexandrian) and its fifteenth-century discovery, to present, being known. The Vaticanus came into the possession of the Vatican in 1444
hence its nameand the Vatican Librarys first registry entry was for Codex B, the entry dated 1475. 11 Now naturalistic text critics boast
interminably about the pristine conditionactually a detriment to manuscript character by indicating a lack of scribal useof their ancient
treasures of alleged superior integrity. Just simply contemplate the futile concept of essentially a mere two documents being leveraged to
outweigh the vast majority of 5,773 Koine NT Greek manuscriptsthe total text-type evidence being between 85-15 percent and 95-5
percent in favor of the Byzantine text. Nevertheless, most modern Bible versions New Testaments are based on the Koine Greek of only the
following: 1) Vaticanus B (90%); 2) Sinaiticus Aleph (7%); 3) Alexandrinus A (approx. 2.5%); 4) codices Bezae (D), L, M, and a few others
(one-half of one percent among them all).12
But the disproportionate manuscript numbers represent just one component of this multifaceted issue, some others being doctrinal errors, scribal blunders, text-type
considerations and nonsensical readings, scriptoral region of origin, area schools of thought, and more. The fact is, naturalistic text critics supporting this paucity of ancient
manuscript evidence still have no actual proof to back their suspicious critical claims, many of them based adroitly on phantom theories such as those generated by
Westcott and Hortincluding the Antiochian rescension (or Lucianic rescension) the latter standing on absolutely no documented proof. (The Antiochian rescension
is the W-H premise theorizing that the Majority [Byzantine, Traditional, Antiochian, Constantinopolitan, Ecclesiastical] text is a fabricated, mixed text most probably made
by Lucian [d. 312] in Antioch during the third or fourth centuries, combining the Alexandrian/Western texts. But, again, this theory is entirely unsubstantiated.)13
Authors sources
Information about verse attestation/testimony is derived from The Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece, 27th Edition (Stuttgart, Ger.: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft,
2006), pp. 48-57 and 65-69 (Intro.), and 3-680, and J. A. Moormans title Early Manuscripts, Church Fathers, and the Authorized Version (Collingswood, NJ: The Bible
for Today Press, 2005), pp. 124-311. Comparison verses cited from the KJV, NASB and NIV are taken from The Contemporary Parallel New Testament (New York:
Oxford University Press, 1997), pp. 30-1785, by John R. Kohlenberger III, ed. The NET Bible, New English Translation (2006) text was taken
from theWord Bible software (Greece: Costas Stergiou, 2003-2012). Verse material cited from the Majority text was used from The Majority
Text Greek New Testament Interlinear (Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 2007), by Zane C. Hodges and Arthur L. Farstad, eds., and The
Analytical-Literal Translation of the New Testament of the Holy Bible, Second Edition (Bloomington, Ind.: AuthorHouse, 2005), by Gary F.
Zeolla. (The Majority text in this latter title was derived from The New Testament in the Original Greek According to the Byzantine Majority
Textform [Atlanta: Original Word Publications, 1991], by Maurice A. Robinson and William G. Pierpont, 1991.) Other Byzantine text (Greek) was
taken from Robinsons and Pierponts 2000 edition, from theWord Bible software. Scripture portions cited from the Textus Receptus were taken
from The Interlinear Hebrew-Greek-English Bible, Vol. 4 (Lafayette, Ind.: Sovereign Grace Publishers, 1985), by Jay P. Green, Sr., from the 1550
version of the Robert Stephens (Estienne/Stephanus1503-1559) TR, Copyright 1976 by the Trinitarian Bible Society, London, England. In
addition, Matthew Pooles Commentary on the Holy Bible, Vol. 3 (Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson Publishers, 1982), was used to look up parallel
verses among the gospels. Other factual information has been gleaned from numerous scholarly and authoritative resources, and some, such as the
number of existing Greek NT manuscripts (5,700-plus), is common knowledge in the biblical textual-criticism realm.
Interlinear Bibles
The Interlinear Hebrew-Greek-English Bible, Vol. 4 (New Testament only) is the culmination of exhaustive research and translation work by a single individual, Jay P.
Green, Sr. (1918-2008). More than 350,000 of its copies having been sold, the complete OT-NT interlinear (four volumes or one large single
volume) provides something invaluable to all interested in the Greek NT: the venerated 1550 Greek New Testament of Robert Estienne
(Stephanus), accompanied by an English translation (below) and Strongs Reference Numbers (SRNabove) for nearly every Greek word.
Flanking the long, central Greek-English column are, at left, Greens own Literal Translation of the Bible, and to the right, the King James
Version translation (1769 version, including replacement of highly antiquated terms). Stephanus (Stephens) was one of the most-learned biblical
scholars of the sixteenth century, and a French printer. He produced four Greek editions of the NT, based on Erasmus workin 1546, 1549, 1550
and 1551. Stephens 1550 Greek New Testament followed Erasmus 1527 and 1535 editions, and added marginal readings from the
Complutensian Polyglot (completed in 1514/1517 and printed in 1522).17 The Old Testament of the IHGEB also is translated into English,
from the Hebrew Masoretic Text (Aleppo Codex/tenth century), and includes the accompanying Strongs Reference Numbers (SRN). No other
interlinear Bible contains a truly unadulterated, pure version of the NT Textus Receptus, and the truly pure OT Masoretic Textthe latter
founded upon the Aleppo Codex and its familial group of manuscripts. (This writer has no relationship with the publisherexcept as a patron.)
All other existing interlinears are based on critical editions (essentially Aleph and B), compare the KJV text to that of a modern Bible , or have been found to have
some corruptionse.g., G. R. Berrys (1897) and Thomas Newberrys (1877). Furthermore, Alfred Marshalls popular NT interlinear (1958), for example, is based on
Eberhard Nestles (1851-1913) Novum Testamentum Graecethe Nestle-Aland apparatusand compares this corrupt minority Greek to the NIV. The same is true of
William D. and Robert H. Mounces The Zondervan Greek and English Interlinear New Testament (NASB/NIV). Beware of the new breed of interlinears which have been
produced during the past few decades: Nearly all are based mostly on the ancient Aleph and B manuscripts, via the NU text.
By way of such a comparison purchase, the author has learned (from the preface) thatto his surpriseevidently many modern Bible scholars are largely ignorant not
only of the intricacies of the Majority text, TR and NU critical editions, but also have little or no knowledge of the study of textual criticism. For much of the past century,
seminaries and Bible colleges almost exclusively have been presenting students with a single Greek source text: the NU. It seems that many of the professors,
themselves, have not been aware of the chicanery that has been foisted upon them. They simply have been accepting the
Read the preface of
outrageously flawed conclusions of their predecessors, and their teachings and conclusions, then passing them on to their students!
Conversely, here is an excerpt from the Preface to the Third Edition of the Interlinear Greek-English New Testament (Vol. 4 of 4 of this
virtually any modern
complete interlinear Bible): So it may be clearly seen that our aim is exact correspondence between the English word and the original
Bible version and youll
word, as far as God will bless us with the right choice. This is in contrast with those who claim they have the license to discern the
thoughts of the original writers and then to make up their own expressions of what they would have written if they were alive today.18
glean significant
(Emphasis mine.) The second sentence from this excerpt is a quite accurate description of the current trend in Bible translation: dynamic
understanding of how
equivalence, or functional equivalence, which is a thought-for-thought translation methodology based on Eugene Nidas new-age
these large intercommunication model (SMRSource [encoded]-Message-[decoded] Receptor). Read the preface of virtually any modern Bible
version and youll glean significant understanding of how these large interdenominational, ecumenical translation committees
denominational,
operate. Said operational models in the prefaces of these new-age Bibles describe how interdenominational translation committees,
ecumenical translation
with an excessive emphasis on unification among worldwide Christendom, work to eliminate discord (with the price of compromising
the bold truth of Gods Word), bridge cultural gaps, and provide Bible versions in todays languageones that sacrifice scriptural
committees operate.
fidelity for alleged easier reading.
John W. Burgon
Fortunately, thanks to among the most erudite biblical, theological, and linguistic scholars of the past 200 years, such knowledgeable, studious, resourceful, wise, and
conservative orthodox Christian figures of the faith as John William Burgon (pictured on previous page) , Edward Miller, F. H. A. Scrivener, Herman Charles Hoskier (d.
1938), and Edward F. Hills (d. 1981), most of the nineteenth century, peoples of today and tomorrow still have and will have access to the expositional evidence
overwhelmingly supporting the case for Gods true Word: His words breathed out through His appointed human vesselswhose canonical writings evolved into the
Majority text, their subsequent refinement in the Textus Receptus, and, ultimately, into the production of the KJV. (Unless God has a plan for a superior English translation,
which seems unlikely given the KJV was produced at the pinnacle of the languages development.)
365 passages
from Codex B . . .
he excluded the
manuscript from
translation
consideration
because of its
Alexandrian
[Egyptian]
characteristics.
In a 1987 television commercial promoting The Book, a condensed version of The Living Bible, Billy Graham said that The Book reads
like a novelan intended compliment.27
CONCLUSION: In the final analysis of these issues, it is important to ask ones self a single practical question, because, for
most of todays biblical scholars, manuscript evidential age is tantamount to legitimacy: Should a paltry minority of older, betterpreserved documents take adoptional precedence over a numerically overwhelming, highly consistent but slightly eclectic
(variable) majority of manuscripts? (And should the editorial judgment of naturalistic scholars be accepted and commended
above God and His Word?)
Romanisms structure, doctrine and practices are consistent with the fact that revered objects, especially sacred manuscripts,
traditionally were protected from public access of any kind. Hence the pristine condition of the ancient corrup ted manuscripts,
such as Sinaiticus (Aleph) and Vaticanus (B). (Remember that the Roman Catholic Church officially took form in the fifth century;
but its essential framework was begun by Constantine I [272-337] in 312. His reign marked the official adjoining of the church
and state, a transaction that resulted in all manner of ills among the Church.)
A
AdoptionistOne who believes that Christ was a mere man until Gods Spirit had descended on him at baptismhence, that God adopted Jesus
Christ, thus helping to explain how God is one. The doctrine of Adoptionism originated in the third century.
Aeons (ayh-ons)Spirit beings of differing importance residing within various levels of the supernatural realm. Belief in this phenomenon originates
in Gnostic heresy beginning in the first century AD. It was believed that persons could ascend to higher levels of status in this spiritual realm.
Aleph (ayh-leff)1: A codification designation for the fourth century Codex Sinaiticus, discovered by Friedrich Constantine von Tischendorf in 1844 in
St. Catherines Monastery/Convent on Mount Sinai. It is dated to approximately 325-360 AD. Aleph (seven percent) and Vaticanus B (ninety percent)
under gird approximately 97 percent of the Greek source text for nearly every modern Bible version; 2: The first letter of the Hebrew alphabet ().
AlexandrianA classification term used to categorize biblical source manuscripts having specific characteristics identifying them with the general area
of Alexandria, Egypt. (Alexandria was the epicenter of early heresy.) Some examples of Alexandrian text-type members are codices Aleph, Alexandrinus
and Vaticanus, the three most-revered extant Christian codices by most contemporary biblical text critics.
AlexandrinusThe highly significant fifth century codex (also codified as Codex A) to which naturalistic biblical scholars often refer, often as an un
derlying support manuscript for the modern critical editions under girding most modern Bibles. It is dated to approximately 400-440 AD.
(Alexandrinus is Alexandrian in the gospels and Byzantine in the Pauline Epistles.)
Alford, HenryAn English (London) churchman, theologian, biblical text critic, and scholar, as well as a hymnodist, poet, and writer, Alford (18101871) was a graduate of Trinity College (College of the Holy, Undivided Trinity), Cambridge, and in the employ of the Anglican Church. A modernistleaning biblical text critic, he is best-known for his monumental edition of the eight-volume New Testament in Greek, on which he worked from 1841 to
1861. This work was more philological (linguistically oriented) than theological in character, however. It involved a careful collation of readings of
the chief manuscripts and the researches of the ripest continental scholarship of his day (theological modernism). Subsequently, Alford published the
four-volume New Testament for English Readers (1868).
American Standard Version (ASV)A modernism-based Bible version publicly introduced in 1901. The ASV was an Americanized version of the
notorious English Revised Version (ERV) of 1881 (NT only). The ASV translation was partially presided over by Unitarians.
Antiochian (ant-ee-ock-ee-uhn)1: A term referring to things associated with the city of Antioch in Syria. The Holy Spirit first indwelt believers on a
large scale (3,000) in Syria, as recorded in Acts 2; 2: a term sometimes used to refer to the Majority (Byzantine) text.
Argos (ahr-gs)A Greek word meaning unprofitable or inactive.
ArmenianA fifth century Scripture version produced from a new alphabet, by Mesrob and some assistants, based on Bibles of Rome and Syria.
AsceticismFrom the Greek asksis (ass-kay-sis), a strict system of spiritual discipline whose chief preoccupation is the renunciation of the world and
the flesh as part of the great struggle against the devil: primarily poverty, chastity, and godly obedience. Although this rigorous ritualistic system
flourished in early Christian times, it rightfully became recognizedbased on Scriptureas excessive in its motives and implementation.
AssimilationA modern textual-criticism term used to described the process that critics believed biblical writers and scribes used to ensure consistent
reading between or among two or more portions of Scripture. (e.g., changing wording to assure parallelism between two verses.)
Asthenes (ass-then-ace)A Greek word meaning without strength, weak, sick, impotent, or more feeble.
Autos (ow-tos)The Greek reflexive pronoun self, used of the first and third personstheir, it, one, the other, my own, these things, this, together, very,
which.
AV (Authorized Version)The British (UK) nomenclature for the King James Version (KJV) of the Bible. (See KJV definition on Page 48.)
B
Beza (bayz-uh)1: Codex Bezae (D) of the fifth century, a Greek-Latin diglot, is representative of the Western text group. Codex D is recognized
by many scholars as among the most-corrupt Koine Greek New Testament uncial manuscripts extant. Some modern, liberal scholars embrace D, because
of its age, as supportive of their critical text; 2: Swiss scholar Theodore Beza (1519-1604) of the sixteenth century, generally regarded by orthodox
scholars as among the most-learned biblical scholars and theologians, and God-fearing persons, of his day. (Codex Bezae [D] was named after Beza
because this book once was in his possession; but he did not use it significantly in producing any of his ten Greek text editions, from 1562 to 1604.)
Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (1967/1977/1983)An Old Testament Hebrew version succeeding the Biblia Hebraica (1906, 1912, 1937). David W.
Cloud reports that conservative biblical scholar D. A. Waite estimates that 20,000 to 30,000 changes were made between the versions of 1912 and 1937.
Both the 1937 BH and the BHS (Stuttgartensia) are based upon the Codex B19a (Leningradensis), one of the oldest extant Hebrew biblical
manuscripts, dated to 1008 or 1009 ADthe complete OT text. The Biblia Hebraica (not Stuttgartensia) was originated by Eberhard Nestle (1851-1913)
in 1898, and he presided over its development, along with Rudolf Kittel (1853-1929), until Nestles death in 1913. Eberhards son, Erwin (1883-1972),
succeeded his father with the BH, and his successors gradually diverged from the original BH text to the BHS through the years, eventually switching to
the Leningradensis (BHL) as its sole OT base.
Bohairic (bow-hayr-ick)A Northern (Lowergeographic south) Egypt dialect of the Coptic language dating to the third or fourth century
characterized by a number of reasonably full manuscripts. Bohairic tends to support the Byzantine-text tradition, and it is the only Coptic dialect that
remains active in liturgical use within the Coptic Orthodox Church. The Bohairic was the the language of the common people during its time.
Bomberg EditionsDaniel Bombergs (d. 1549) 1516-1517 First Rabbinic Bible and in his 1524-1525 Second Rabbinic Bible, both of whose text long
was copied and presided over by the ben Asher Levite Jewish order, from the sixth through eleventh centuries, after which the ben Chayyim order
succeeded it. A descendant of this order, Rabbi Jacob ben Chayyim, served as editor for the second Bible, preceded by Rabbi Felix Pratensis, who
compiled this second Bible. Although the Bomberg Biblesand their underlying textgenerally are regarded as the OT basis for both modern and KJVlegacy Bibles, it has been proven that this claim is not applicable to the OT texts of the modern versions. ( See Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia,
immediately above.) The traditional Masoretic Text is based upon an older (tenth century) family of the Aleppo Codex, the OT basis for Reformation
Bibles.
Byzantine (biz-uhn-teen)1: A term used to refer to the Majority text group of manuscripts, comprising at least eight-five percent of extant (existing
and usable) Greek NT manuscripts; 2: a period of Greek dominancethe Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire during the Middle Ages)
ranging approximately from 476 AD to 1453 AD and peaking in 550 AD under Emperor Justinian. The Byzantine Empire, with its capital in
Constantinople (previously Byzantium and now Istanbul), ruled the known civilized world under the first governmental Christian influence. Emperor
Flavius Constantinus I (the Great) drastically altered the legacy of powerful Greco-Roman authority by becoming the first such champion of
Christianity. Constantine I succeeded the abominable persecution of Christians under Diocletians ruthless rule. (Constantine Is mother, Helena, became
an eminent Christian champion following his death in 337.) Constantine, however, was not entirely orthodox in his Christian views and conduct, and he
originated the union of church and state.
C
Caesarean (sayz-air-ee-uhn)A text-type being a hybrid of the Byzantine and Alexandrian typesa midway point between the two. (e.g., cursive Lake
Family 1 and minuscule Ferrar Group 13).
Campianus (kam-pee-ann-us)Codex M (Gk. 48) is an elegantly copied, well-preserved manuscript of the late ninth century. M also contains some
lectionary content in the marginalia, and it contains the debated pericope de adultera (the parable of the adulteress) which modernists maintain is a late
interpolation (false addition), yet appears in the vast majority of extant Greek NT manuscripts. Campianus is largely of the Byzantine text-type.
ChristologyThe study of the divinity, humanity, significance and mission of Jesus Christall things pertaining to Him.
Church FatherStrictly speaking, an early ecclesiastical authority of the second through fifth centuries, some of whose writings are extant, and whose
opinions and authorship helped develop and further influence early Christian church doctrine. Examples: Justin Martyr, 2ndGreek; Irenaeus, 2nd
Greek; Origen Adamantius (Origen), 2 nd/3rdGreek/Latin; Tertullian, 2nd/3rd Greek/Latin; Clement of Alexandria, 2 nd/3rd Greek; Chrysostom, 3rd/4th
Greek; Augustine, 4th/5thLatin. (The Apostolic Fathers were those who lived within two generations of Jesus Twelve Apostles.)
CodexA collection of biblical manuscripts which is bound, on one edge, to form a book. The codex was the successor to the papyrus scrolls whose
sheets first were made from the aquatic plant most dense in the Nile River. (Singular sheets were glued together horizontally to form the scroll.) During
the Reformation, codices were produced in three different formats: folio10 in. by 13.5 in. to 11 in. by 15.5 in. per page; quarto6.5 in. by 8.5 in. to
9 in. by 12.5 in.; octavo5 in. by 8 in. to 6 in. by 9 in.
Complutensian PolyglotThe first printed polyglot (adjacent languages appearing on the same page) of the Bible, this title was initiated, financed, and
at least partially translated and edited by Cardinal Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros and finished in 1517. The New Testament, which has parallel Greek and
Latin Vulgate columns per page and comprises Volume Five of a six-volume set, was finished in 1514. The Old Testament, which was completed in 1517,
consists of four volumes, with each page displaying three columns of textHebrew (outside), Latin Vulgate (middle), and the Greek Septuagint (inside).
However, on each page of the Pentateuch (first five books of the Old Testament), the Aramaic text (Targum Onkelos) and its own translation of the Latin
Vulgate, were added at the bottom. The sixth and final volume of the set comprises various Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek dictionaries and study aids.
Critical textTypically any version of a modernistically produced and edited New Testament based most-frequently on a minority of the most-ancient
extant manuscriptse.g., codices Aleph, A, B, C, D and papyrus manuscripts P 45, P46, P66, P67, P72, P75and founded upon naturalistic text-critical
theories. (e.g., numerous biblical scholars of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries assembled and/or edited such texts, such as Johann Jakob Wettstein
[18th], Johann Jakob Griesbach [18th], Samuel Prideaux Tregelles [19 th], Friedrich Constantine von Tischendorf [19th], and B. F. Westcott and F. J. A. Hort
[19th].) Uncial, cursive, versional, lectionary, and Church Father support also often is used adroitly to argue against Byzantine text evidence.
CuretonianA version of the Syriacin a bundle of manuscriptsdating back to the fifth century that is much-characterized by Sinaitic (4 th)
readings such as those also appearing in Codex Aleph. The Curetonian was discovered in the Nitrian Desert (Egypt), in a monastery dedicated to St. Mary
Deipara, by William Cureton, and still is considered by some moderns to be the Old Syriaca title that belies the later date of its origin.
CursiveA term synonymous with minuscule: A lowercase, cursive-type form of writing used in later biblical manuscripts, predominantly
beginning in the ninth century. Letters were strung together, as in common handwriting, using capitals for proper nouns and at the start of sentences.
D
Diglot (dig-lott)A biblical text having a translation of two languagese.g., Greek and Latin: parallel per page, or matching on contiguous pages. (i.e.,
Greek on one page, then matching Latin translation on the succeeding one, or vice versa.)
DittographyThe scribal process of error by which a letter, word or phrase was replicated in succeeding text during copying, caused by distraction,
fatigue, or incompetence. It has been historically proven that some scribes (Egyptian) even were unable to read Greek, thus copied letter by letter.
Docetism (dos-eh-tyz-um)Characteristic of Gnosticism and some other early heretical belief systems (e.g., Adoptionism, Marcionism), the belief that
Christ appeared as a phantom form on the earth, exhibiting the appearance of flesh. Hence, holders of this doctrine believed Christs death was not
suffered by a bodily Christ, thus had no real significance for mankind. Docetism originated in the first century AD, along with many other major heresies.
E
Ecumenical1: An interdenominational approach to Bible translation and other unification-based, Christian-specific activities. Essentially, unity is
embraced, if necessary, to the exclusion of pure scriptural truth; 2: General, non-specific; 3: Church-related.
Ellicott, CharlesA prominent, modernistic English Christian theologian, academician, and churchman (1819-1905) who served as a cleric at three
Christian institutions during the nineteenth century. Ellicott embraced conflicting views on the Greek New Testament text, first admitting that the
Byzantine text-type dated back to at least the fourth century, then serving as the chairman for the English Revised Version (ERV) of the Bible. This
version was finished in 1885 and, practically, was designed to replace the King James Version (KJV), despite the officially stated purpose of the
translation committee.
Elzevir (Elsevier/Elzevier)1: A celebrated Dutch family (House of Elzevir) of printers of the seventeen and eighteen centuries; 2: Dutch cousins
Abraham (1592-1652) and Bonaventura (1583-1652), of the seventeenth-century publishing firm Bonaventure and Abraham, who edited and published
two Greek editions of the New Testament; 3: Elzevir Greek New Testament versions of 1624 and 1633, the latter originating the term Textus Receptus
by including it on the title page as a reference to the actual production.
English Revised VersionThe first printed Bible version based on a new breed of recently discovered manuscripts largely of Alexandrian (Egyptian)
origin. The ERV (or RV) New Testament publicly was released in 1881, and the Old Testament in 1885, the former after 11 years of highly secretive
deliberations by a Unitarian-led chair and functional heretical subversives (all recorded historical fact).
Ephraemi (eff-reh-mee) RescriptusThe designation given to the fifth-century Codex C, a manuscript upon which modernistic biblical scholars and
text critics sometimes rely, because it occasionally supports some textual variants (words, phrases, verses, and/or passages) of the critical apparatus
assembled and edited by liberal scholarsan assemblage under girding nearly every New Testament version produced since 1881. Ephraemi has been
codified as being diversely representative of the Alexandrian (gospels), Byzantine (Pauline epistles) and Caesarean (hybrid) text-types. (The designation
rescriptusor palimpsestrefers to a manuscript whose original text was erased and replaced by scribal copying at a later time. This usually was
done because of the rare availabilityat timesof parchment [animal skins] used for manuscript production in the post-papyrus period.)
Episkenoo (ep-ee-skay-n-)The Greek word meaning to tent upon, abide with, rest upon, or enter or take up residence in (2 Corinthians
12:9).
Estienne, Robert (French: et-yen)The French printer, master typographer, classical scholar, and New Testament translator (1503-1559)also known as
Stephens (English) or Stephanus (Latin)who produced the first printed edition of the Greek New Testament, published in 1516. Estienne was bestknown for his four Greek editions of the New Testament, in 1546, 1549, 1550 (editio regiaRoyal Edition), and 1551 (Greek/Latin polyglot). The
third version currently is the standard version of the Textus Receptus (received text) used for most such TR-based NT translations today. The last
version contains verse numberingthe first Greek New Testament ever to contain such divisions. Estienne was given the title Printer in Greek to the
king (King Henry II) in 1539. A notoriously prolific and ingenious printer who produced several highly elegant works, Estienne also was renowned for
printing numerous classic French and Latin titles, and grammatical and other school works. He started out as a Roman Catholic, but became a Protestant
later in life. Estiennes father, Henri, and all three of his sons, also were celebrated printers.
EthiopicA fourth-century (?) or sixth-century (?) Bible produced by two missionaries from Alexandria, Egypt.
Exemplar (eggs-em-plr)The manuscript used by a scribe, as a source, in producing a new copy.
Extant (eggs-tont)1: A text-criticism term referring to a manuscript which is existing, documented, and usable; 2: existing.
F
FragmentA small or even tiny portion of an ancient biblical manuscript. Major extant Greek fragments have been dated to the third century AD.
Several Hebrew fragments, however, have been dated to before the birth of Christ.
Friderico-AugustanusThe Greek Old Testament codex of the fourth century discovered by Friedrich Constantine von Tischendorfin 1844in the
St. Catherines Monastery/Convent, at the foot of Mt. Sinai (Egypt), in a bundle of waste papers destined to be used as fire fodder by monks there. This
collection of 43 leavesa subset of the Codex Vaticanus (B)chiefly comprises the OT books 1 Chronicles and Jeremiah, plus Nehemiah and Esther.
The codex was named after the king of Saxony, Frederick Augustus II, Tischendorfs governmental sovereign, to whom he gave the manuscript.
G
Gennao (ghen-nah-oh)A Greek word meaning to bear, beget, bring forth, conceive, regenerate, be born, make, or father. (Used to
describe God the Fathers generation of Christ in the flesh: For unto which of the angels said he at any time, Thou art my Son, this day have I
begotten thee?Hebrews 1:5a)
Gnosticism (noss-ty-syz-um)From the Greek root word gnosis, meaning knowledge or science. Gnosticism was an early heretical movement
proclaiming that only privileged individuals could attain eternal life through a special, secret knowledge of spiritual things which ordinary persons did
not have. This movement originated in the first century AD, but reached its peak in the second and third centuries. Gnosticism was the product of
syncretism among Jewish, pagan and Oriental beliefs. (The apostle Paul warned against such empty words in Ephesians 5:6.)
GothicA fourth-century Scripture version translated using manuscripts largely of the Byzantine text-type, created by Ulfilas, a missionary to the Goths,
using a new alphabet he generated from Greek and Latin characters. The Goths were a warrior-class people who eventually conquered Rome in 410 AD,
having originally migrated from Scandinavia. The source Greek texts he used witness to the early antiquity of the Byzantine text.
Griesbach, Johann Jakob (Grihz-bock)A German, rationalistic biblical text critic whose first critical edition of the Greek New Testament was
published, in three volumes, in 1774-75. Griesbach (1745-1812), an astute disciple of the father of German rationalism, J. S. Semler, originated the
term and theory of the Synoptic Gospels, Matthew, Mark, and Luke, as being highly parallel in content, aside from John. He also formulated what
formerly was called the Griesbach hypothesis, which now is referred to as the two-gospel hypothesis: that Matthew was written before Luke, and that
both were authored before Mark. (Historically, conservative biblical scholars have believed that Mark was written first, followed by Matthew and Luke.)
Griesbach, who served much of his life as a professor at the University of Jena (Germany), rejected the divinity of Christ and the supernatural infallibility
of Holy Scripture. He also was the first to declare Mark 16:9-20 as spurious, and he omitted it from his 1796 Greek NT critical edition.
H
Haidou (hay-doo)From the Greek word haides (hah-dace), meaning Hades, hell, the grave, or the unseen place (state) of departed souls.
(OT Hebrews believed in a single place for the dead, beneath the earthSheol (sheh-ol), or Hades. The abode or world of the dead, hades, orcus. . . .
According to the notions of the Hebrews, Hades was a vast subterranean receptacle where the souls of the dead existed in a separate state until the resur
rection of their bodies (Strongs Complete Word Study Concordance). The early Greeks believed in the upper part, for the souls of the good, as
specifically named Elysium, with Tartarus being the lying place for the evil. (See Ephesians 4:9Christ going down into the lower parts of the
earth before His ascension into heaven, to release all souls of the OT dispensation, to heaven or hell, accordingly.)
HaplographyThe scribal process of error by which a letter, word or phrase was omitted in the text of a copied manuscript, due to the copyist skipping
accidentally or advertentlythe appertaining content from the exemplar. (Modernistic scholars assert that this process was mostly or always
attributable to inadvertent scribal error rather than deliberate omission. But a twentieth-century scientific test proved that scribes were much more likely
to omit content rather than to add it [interpolation], verifying that the Majority/Byzantine and Textus Receptus, which are 2,135 and 2,577 words longer,
respectively [than the Nestle-Aland27], were not intentionally lengthened through faulty interpolation.)
Harclean (hark-lee-uhn)A seventh-century Syriac Bible version being a revision of its immediate predecessor, the Syriac Philoxenian (508 AD)the
Philoxenian representing a late successor to the Syriac Peshitta. The Harclean (or Harclean) is purported to have been a seventh-century (616 AD) vari
ation of the Philoxenian, by Thomas of Harkel (Heraclea), in Mesopotamia. Other Syriac versions are the Sinaitic (fourth century) the Curetonian (fifth
century), and the Palestinian (sixth century??). The Harclean quite closely resembles the Peshitta and is extant in only about 60 manuscripts.
HarmonizationA modernistic theory among biblical text critics postulating that some scribesusually ones who addressed earlier manuscripts
adapted phrases or verses to match those elsewhere in New Testament Scripture. (Also called parallelization.) This has been used particularly to apply
to gospel phrases and verses.
Hodges-Farstad (text)A modern edition of the Majority text edited by Zane C. Hodges (d. 2008) and Arthur L. Farstad (d. 1998), both of Dallas
Theological Seminary, The Greek New Testament According to the Majority Text, first was published in 1982, then revised and released in 1985. This text
still remains the most popular edition of the Majority text, and required seven years of labor to produce. Both men later served as two of the five editors
of the 2007 release The Majority Text Greek New Testament Interlinear. Earlier, Farstad was executive editor of The New King James Version, published
in 1982. This text differs from its chief contemporary competitor, The New Testament in the Original Greek According to the Byzantine Majority
Textform (Robinson-Pierpont), largely based on different interpretations of the same textual data, as well as on orthography (language writing
methodology), vocabulary, and word division.
Hort, F. J. A.Fenton John Anthony Hort was the lead force behind the infamous 1857-1870 New Testamentco-edited by B. F. Westcottthat under
girded the final 1881 English Revised Version (ERV or RV) New Testament. The ERV spearheaded a new, modern influx of Bible New Testaments
based largely on older but doctrinally inferior fourth- and fifth-century uncial manuscripts. A confirmed heretic Hort held such beliefs as salvation
through the vicarious life of Christ, rather than His death, that Christ, Himself, was not deity (but a created being), a spiritualized resurrection, scriptural
error, and much more.
I
Ide (id-ayh)A Greek word meaning lo, behold, see, or surprise.
InterpolationA scribal addition (insertion) to a manuscript. This is a deliberate individual effort to alter the content exhibited in the exemplar
(immediate copyist source) manuscript. Scribes did this either to incorporate their own interpretation of existing manuscript content, or simply to append
their manuscript with doctrinal or phraseological falsities elsewhere proclaimedrepresentations of their own beliefs.
J
Jacobean1: The era in English and Scottish history that coincides with the reign of King James VI of Scottland (1567-1625)also known as King
James I of England. The Jacobean succeeds the Elizabethan era and precedes the Carolinean era; 2: a style very close to the biblical English used in the
King James Version (KJV), or Authorized Version, of the Holy Bible; 3: derived from the Latin Jacobus, meaning James.
Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible CommentaryA conservative-orthodox, classic, authoritative, devotional and thorough Bible commentary originally
published in 1871with a revision published in 1901by authors Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset, and David Brown. This complete commentary is
available in a three-volume set (two Old Testament and one New Testament), and includes incisive explanatory remarks on most Bible verses.
K
Kai (ka-hee)A Greek primary participle (kai) meaning and, also, even, indeed, or but.
Kenoo (kenn-ah-oh)A Greek word meaning to make empty, abase, neutralize, falsify, or be in vain.
KJV (King James Version)Also referred to as the Authorized Version (in the UK), this is the landmark Bible petitioned for by thousands of
ecclesiastical leaders in England, and sanctionednot officially authorizedby King James I of England. Unofficial work on the translation began in
1604, by just a few persons, but highly organized sub-committeestotaling 50-54 scholars in allcommenced work in 1607. The final first version was
presented to the King in 1611. The KJV was produced by among the most-qualified linguists and biblical scholars in Europe and England. Its content is
derived from Textus Receptus-based manuscripts and Biblesthose generated by leading Reformation theologians.
Koine (coin-ayh)A term for the common Greek vernacular, the language of nearly the entire New Testament, designed for practical spiritual
enlightenment for the laitynon-clerical persons. (Also called vulgate, which means common.) The Koine Greek originated during the postClassical antiquity period, between 300 BC and 300 AD.
L
Lachmann, Karl (Konrad Friedrich Wilhelm)A German philologist (specialist in the study of language in written historical sources) and text critic
who was the first major editor to deviate from using the Textus Receptus in producing his own edition of the Greek New Testament. Lachmann (17931851) used the Alexandrian text-type in generating his first critical Greek New Testament in 1831, followed by his second edition, in two volumes (18421845?), and his third, in 1846. He also focused on using Western manuscripts and those of the Old Latin. Lachmann also was the founder of a critical and
philological society, in 1811, in conjunction with three others, in Lower Saxony, Germany.
LacunoseAn adjective describing a manuscript, some portion of whose original contents are absent. (e.g., lacunose, or highly lacunose.) See
Appendix III, Page 1, bottom, for application.
Lake Group, TheAlso known as Family 1abbreviated 1originally a group of five (5) Greek Gospel manuscripts dating from the twelfth to
fifteen centuries. These manuscripts have a distinctive and independent character and have been codified by NT Greek text critic Kirsopp Lake as
Category III, or mixed (electic). More-recent text critics have referred to these manuscripts as Caesareansomething of a cross-breed between
Byzantine and Alexandrian. (For purposes of pure definition, a Family 1 manuscriptaccording to A Survey of Manuscripts Used in Editions of the
Greek New Testament, by James Keith Elliottmay be assigned to this group for only part of the NT. However, technically speaking, in this
document,only the original five assigned to this group are noted as such.) Family 1 strictly comprises cursives 1, 118, 131, 209, and 1582. (However,
minuscule 205 and its copy, 205abs, very closely resemble 1, and have been paired with 209 by Frederick Wisse.)
Latin Vulgate1: A frequently-corrupt Latin Bible version, finished about 405 AD, which was translated by Jeromeallegedly reluctantlyfrom the
Old Latin by commission of Pope Damasus. Ten Thousand manuscripts of the Latin Vulgate are extant. (The Vulgates genesis is in the works of the
pseudo-Christian Church Father Origen.); 2: Biblical manuscripts whose content is in the common Latin.
LectionaryAn assemblage of Scripture designated for the lection (liturgy) during OT synagogue and NT church worship services. Extant NT lectionar
ies date back to the seventh century. (Also called Synaxaria. Gospel-specific lectionaries are referred to as Evangelistaria, while the Pauline-specific
ones are referred to as Apostolos, or Praxapostolos. Synaxaria also were daily lectionaries prepared for the entire calendar year.)
LowringAn antiquated English word meaning to be gloomy and overcast with clouds. (Used in the King James Version.)
M
Majority textA general term assigned to an overwhelming majority of extant Koine Greek NT manuscripts whose readings are nearly identical and
represent the Byzantine text-type. The Majority text also is referred towith greater specificity to its text-typeas the Byzantine, Traditional, Antio
chian, Constantinopolitan, or Ecclesiastical text. The Majority text accounts for at least 85 percent of extant Greek NT manuscripts among: 2,882 cursives
(lowercase script); 2,453 lectionaries; 311 uncials; and 127 papyri (total of 5,773). With the addition of the commonly known and codified early Church
fathers quotations (239), a conservative estimate of the Majority represents at least 5,411 of the extant 6,012 Greek NT manuscripts (90 percent)5,172
(86 percent) without the contemporarily accepted quotations. (See chart and accompanying notes below it.)
MajusculeAn ancient NT Greek manuscriptin biblical terms also called an uncialcomprising all capital letters, and usually containing no
punctuation (especially the earlier manuscripts) or spaces between words. Majuscules were the prominent NT Greek letter form until the ninth century.
Manuscript (MS/MSS and ms/mss)The term applied to a partial or complete series of leaves (four pages/one fold) comprising a book or
books of the Bible. All extant manuscripts have been codified via specific formulas, for identification: e.g., ancient uncial (all capital letters)
codices dated as late as the ninth century were designated alphabetically, alpha-numerically, or by the 0 system. See the following table for various
classification examples:
CLASS. TYPE
MANUSCRIPT TYPE
TIME SPAN
EXAMPLES
# EXTANT LANGUAGE
Alphabetical
Uncial (uppercase)
45
Greek
0 (beg. 20 cent.)
3 through 14 centuries
266
(311 total)
Library: numerical
Minuscules (cursives)
2882
Greek
th
rd
nd
th
45
75
P (papyrus)
Uncial fragment
2 through 7 centuries
127
Greek
None
239
Greek
L (e.g., L1)
Lectionaries
2453@
Greek
Language/dialect
Version (uncial/cursive)
19,030
(approx.)
Various
John W. Burgon assembled a massive collection of quotations by early Patristic Fathers. Associate Edward Miller subsequently tallied and logged the assemblage of 86,489 quota
tions by seventy-six Patristic Fathers in a sixteen-volume, folio-sized (12 in. by 16 in.) set, by author. This mammoth Byzantine testimony currently resides in the British Museum.
Obviously, this vast total is excluded from the conventionally accepted sum of 239 fathers quotations, as cited above. Evidently, no one has researched and matched the logged
references to the appertaining documents, and/or the vast majority of the original documents referred to are not extant, for reference. Furthermore, modernistic text critics do not
recognize the validity of these additional referenced quotations. (In the second case, why would Burgon and Miller have lied? Both were highly respected conservative-orthodox
scholars of their time.)
Marginalia (mar-jinn-ayh-lee-ah)User notes inserted into the margins of biblical manuscripts. These notes generally consisted of scribbles and
editorial comments made in the margin of a booknot to be confused with scholia (singular: scholum), which are grammatical, critical, or
explanatory comments, either being original or extracted from a preexisting commentary. (Scholia are marginal remarks which were made to manuscripts
by ancient writers.)
Melchisedek (mel-kiz-uh-dek)The first biblical high priest, who presided over Abram (Abraham) and his people in OT Salem (later Jerusalem).
Melchisedek was a type (shadow or forerunner) of Jesus Christ, the latter being the Christians sole high priest, forever making intercession between
God the Father and every believer, for his or her sins.
MinusculeThe term synonymous with a Bible cursive manuscriptwritten in lowercase script characters. Minuscules began replacing the all-caps
uncials, as the primary biblical letter form, in the ninth century. This typographical form does include capital letters, as well, and punctuation eventually
appeared much more frequently with the passage of time.
ModernismA comprehensive cultural movement affecting all aspects of American life, chiefly beginning here in the nineteenth century, which
challenged traditional manners and methods of thought, behavior and morality while emphasizing mankinds ability to improve his own character and
conditions apart from God. Modernism essentially is a secularized, humanistic alteration of mans perspective toward God, shifting from mans reliance
on God to his reliance on himself. (Essentially, the same movement now is referred to as postmodernism, and is characterized more by materialism.)
Monogenes (mon-ah-jenn-ace) A Greek word meaning only-born or only, specifically in the sense referring to the unique identity of Gods Son,
Jesus Christ: Gods only begotten Son. (e.g., John 1:18.)
Moorman, J. A.A long-time English, Baptist evangelist who has operated in the United Kingdom and third-world countries, who also is a conservative
Christian theologian and author, having distributed thousands of Bibles and gospel tracts in London, Europe, South Africa, and elsewhere. Moorman also
has been involved in church planting and Bible institute teaching. Moorman, of the Bible for Today Baptist Church (New Jersey), is author of Early
Manuscripts, Church Fathers, and the Authorized Version, a comprehensive work that . . . places before the reader an entire range of evidence, and
demonstrates how the early manuscripts, versions, and fathers bear witness to the doctrinal heart of the Authorized Version, according to Paragraph 3 of
the Preface, Acknowledgment, Dedication in the text. This title explores modern textual criticism and ecumenism, ancient NT manuscript evidence,
and provides a thoroughthough now somewhat outdatedmanuscript digest providing support for the KJV versus the NIV (1984) and NASB (pre1995), and the manuscript sources for the latter two, in addressing 356 doctrinal passages in the Bible. He also has authored When the King James Bible
Departs from the Majority Text, 8,000 Differences between the Textus Receptus and the Critical Text, and several other books. Bible for Today Director
Dr. D. A. Waite has referred to Moorman as . . . the worlds greatest living scholar who is defending the King James Bible and its underlying Hebrew,
Aramaic, and Greek Words.
N
Nekros (nek-rce)A Greek adjective meaning dead, or a noun meaning dead body or dead person.
Nestle-Aland (NA)Also called Novum Testamentum Graece (Latin), this is a Koine Greek critical text (edition) of the New Testament, having
been assembled first by Eberhard Nestle in 1898. (His son, Erwin [d. 1972], succeeded his father [d. 1913] in perpetuating this apparatus.) Now in its 28 th
edition (late 2012), the NA is more recently based upon earlier critical editions penned by modernistic biblical scholars of the nineteenth centuryB. F.
Westcott and F. J. A. Hort (1870), Friedrich Constantine von Tischendorf (last/eighth in 1872) and Bernhard Weiss (1901, third edition). Numerous other
theologically modernistic biblical scholars and theologians also created their own critical texts, officially dating back to the eighteenth century.
Previously, the most-ancient extant Greek NT manuscripts, codices Aleph and B (both fourth century), largely were used as the foundation for all of the
critical editions. (Aleph and B continue as the keystone sources for nearly every New Testament published since 1881, via the NU apparatus.) The
nearly identical UBSthe latter now in its fifth edition (2014)also originally was founded by Eberhard Nestle [1898] upon the critical apparatuses of
Westcott and Hort, Tischendorf and Richard Weymouth (first and second editions). The NA 3 version subsequently was switched from Weymouth to Weiss
as a portion of its foundation.) The NA and UBS texts essentially differ in paragraphing, capitalization, punctuation and spelling. These apparatuses also
differ in their target market: NAinstitutional teaching, more marginal material; UBStranslation. Hence, the NA is marketed for more-general use,
while the UBS is more-specifically designated for a smaller audiencemainly the missionary field.
New Analytical Greek Lexicon, The (tagged NAGL)A revision of George V. Wigrams Analytical Greek Lexicon of the New Testament (1852), this
resource (eleventh printing2010)subsequently replaced by the current Analytical Lexicon of New Testament Greek, Revised and Updated (first
printingApril 2012)contains every word and inflection of the Greek New Testament arranged alphabetically and with grammatical analyses: a
complete series of Greek paradigms, with grammatical remarks and explanations, edited by Wesley J. Perschbacher.
O
Old LatinA mixed text extant in only fifty-five to sixty partially corrupt manuscripts and fragments, with origins in Syrian Antioch (Byzantine type
purer) and North Africa (Western typeless pure). The Byzantine form of the Old Latin text, called the Itala, is a purer text having been used by the
Waldenses, a people of Southern France and Northern Italy who were brutally persecuted by the Roman Catholic Church during the twelfth through
seventeenth centuries. According to the early Church Father Tertullian (160-220 AD), the Old Latin dates back to the second century (157 AD). Old Latin
was the primary Latin form until Jerome, under charge of the Roman Catholic Church, first translated the much-corrupted Latin Vulgate (common) in
the late fourth century, finishing around 405 AD. (Jerome purportedly was disinclined to produce this version because of his confidence in the fidelity of
the Old Latin.) The Waldenses/Albigenses, who were nearly entirely destroyedas well as their recordsby barbaric Roman Catholic conquests, used
the Byzantine Old Latin throughout their history, despite Romes adherence to the Latin Vulgatethe Vulgate still largely serving as the textual
foundation for Catholic Bibles to date (also manifested in the English Rheims-Duoay version of 1582 [NT] and 1609 [OT] and its underlying
manuscripts). The records of the Waldenses today only exist in just a few bound volumes because of the Roman Catholic near-genocide of these people.
Old uncialsA term of honor conferred by naturalistic, modernistic biblical text critics on five (5) early codices believed to be of paramount value and
credibility to the Greek New Testament text. Comprising this quintet are codices: Aleph (Sinaiticus/ ), ca. 325-360 AD; Alexandrinus (A), ca. 400;
Vaticanus (B), ca. 325-360; Ephraemi Rescriptus (C), ca. late fifth century; and Bezae (D), ca. 440.
OrigenOrigen Adamantius (185-254) of Alexandria, Egypt, was an abominably heretical but highly scholarly, contemporarily well-esteemed Early
Church Father who, despite his martyrdom for the Christian faith in Caesarea, was among the most egregiously non-biblical, pseudo-Christian figures
of the early centuries AD. Origen was an early editor of the Septuagint (Greek New Testament) and the compiler of the Hexapla (sixfold)six parallel
translations (two Hebrew and four Greek) of the Old Testament in one volume. Although certainly among the most-learned theological scholars and such
fertile writers throughout history, Origen held numerous non-canonical beliefs: 1) allegorical interpretation of Scripture; 2) denial of literal bodily
resurrection; 3) textual criticism (first unofficial, prolific practitionerediting several NT manuscripts); 4) Arianism (Jesus being a created entity); 5)
infant baptism; 6) Universalism (all are saved, including Satan); 7) salvation partially by works; 8) baptismal regeneration; 9) prayers to the deceased
Saints; 10) purgatory; 11) prayers to the dead in purgatory; and others.
P
PalestinianA Syriac version of the Scriptures purportedly dating back to the sixth century, according to Syriac biblical manuscript and Syrian language
authority Arthur Voobus, of the Republic of Estonia (near Finland). The Syriac Palestinian comes from an Aramaic dialect used in Palestine during the
earlier centuries of the Christian era, and exists in only a bare manuscript witness. This versions character most closely resembles the Greek Byzantine
type, yet also displays disparate leanings.
Papyrus (puh-pie-russ)1: Properly, the pulp from an aquatic plant, most notably having grown in the Nile River, but in stagnant river areas throughout
Egypt and in southern Europe; 2: an aquatic plant growing to as high as fifteen feet; 3: strips of dried aquatic pulp glued criss-cross to form sheets of
papyrus, which were used as paper for document production, used with a reed pen; 4: papyrus-plant biblical manuscript sheets dating from the third
century BC through about the fourth century AD. (All but about eight of the 118 extant biblical papyri are small-to-tiny fragments. After single-sheet
papyrus manuscripts were used in the late pre-Christ era and the earliest NT times, separate sheets were glued side-by-side to form scrolls.)
PeshittaThe earliest extant Syriac version of the Scriptures, dating back to the second century (some modernistic scholars saying fourth) and siding
largely with the Byzantine (Majority) text-type. According to C. R. Gregorys list dated to 1902, 300 Peshitta manuscripts then were extant. However,
according to J. A. Moorman, in Early Manuscripts, Church Fathers, and the Authorized Version, Their number is now known to be much higher.
PhiloxenianThe sixth-century Syriac-version translation of the Gospels apparently was commissioned by Mar Philoxenus, bishop of Mabbug
(southwestern Asia Minor), and was translated from Greek and finished in 508 AD. (Thomas of Harkel, more than a century later, collated two or three
Greek manuscripts and produced a more-reliable and complete NT translation called the Harclean.)
Phos (fce)A Greek word meaning light, luminousness, fire, the heavenly sphere, or moral or spiritual light and knowledge which illumines
the mind, soul or conscience. (For the latter example, see 1 John 1:7.)
Pneuma (noo-muh)A Greek word meaning wind, breath, life, soul, or Spirit (of God).
Poole, MatthewAn English, Presbyterian nonconformist theologian and author (1624-1679) during and beyond the Protestant Reformation (15171648). Poole edited and produced a condensation of the Critica Sacri (1660, London)a nine-volume collection of disjointed, verbose Latin
commentaries by various writerscalled (in Latin) the Synopsis Criticorum (five volumes), his version originally published in 1669. (Three other authors
also produced editions of the Critica Sacri.) He also authored the two-volume English Annotations on the Holy Bible (1683)the second edition
published in 1685 by some of his nonconformist brethren, with the final edition having been completed by others in 1840. Subsequently, this work has
been published under the title A Commentary on the Holy Bible (three volumes). (The Studylight.org website writes of the latter, Perhaps the only true
rival to Matthew Henry! A standard for more than 400 years, Pooles insightful commentary continues to be a trusted resource for pastors and laypeople.
Offering verse-by-verse exposition, he also includes summaries for each chapter and book, questions and answers, information on cultural context,
historical impact, and cross-references. Practical, readable, and applicable.) Poole also published a tract against noted nontrinitarian and Unitarian John
Biddle (1658), but he was best known for his Synopsis Criticorum Biblicorum (five volumes fol., 1669-1676), in which he summarizes the views of 150
biblical critics. Poole authored other titles, as well.
Proto-BohairicAlso known as Codex Bodmer III, or Papyrus Bodmer III (after founder John Martin Bodmer of Geneva, Switzerland), a single uncial
manuscript dating to the early fourth centurythe earliest of the Bohairic type. This manuscript most-closely represents the Alexandrian text-type,
according to Bruce M. Metzger. (Many of the Bohairic more-closely represented the Byzantine type.) Originally containing the entire Gospel of John and
numbering some 239 pages, the first 22 pages are damaged, and only fragments remain, including those of the Book of Genesis and a one of the Epistle
to the Philippiansthe latter in the Sahidic (southern) Egypt dialect.
Q
No entries.
R
RationalismThe doctrine that human reason, unaided by divine revelation, is an adequate or the sole guide to all attainable religious truth.
Regius (L)Codex L (Gk. 62) is a poorly preserved uncial manuscript of the eighth century containing only the four Gospels, less five such passages
and sections. It also includes lectionaries, scriptural assemblages for use during worship services, produced herein as marginalia. Codex L was used,
minimally, in the development of the modernistic critical editions (NA-UBS, or NU)accounting for less than one-half of one percent of this
apparatus. Writes F. H. A. Scrivener, a premier biblical and conservative orthodox critical scholar of the nineteenth century, It is but carelessly written,
and abounds with errors of the ignorant scribe, who was more probably an Egyptian than a native Greek. Also according to Scrivener, L has a strong
resemblance to Cod. B. (Codex M represents the Alexandrian [Egyptian] text-type.)
RescriptusA biblical manuscript whose original penned words have been erased and replaced with later writing. (e.g., Codex Ephraemi [Codex C]
of the fifth century.) The erasure process was achieved by scraping the writing off the medium used for penning. (Reedsand later quillswere
used for transferring ancient black or brown inks onto papyrus or animal skin.)
Robinson-Pierpont (text)Properly titled The New Testament in the Original Greek According to the Byzantine Majority Textform, this modern edition
of the Majority text first was produced in 1991 by co-editors Maurice A. Robinson and William G. Pierpont (d. 2003), followed by the second edition in
2005. Although it is based upon the same NT Greek textual apparatusHermann Freiherr Von Soden (414 manuscripts) and Herman C. Hoskier (about
200 manuscripts of Revelation)as that of the The Greek New Testament According to the Majority Text, its chief contemporary competitor, it differs
from this alternative edition much in data interpretation and not using the stemmatic approach (or stemmatics). (Stemmatics refers to the use of a
lineagemanuscript descendentsto compare manuscripts in establishing similarity or disparity of readings [textual variation].)
S
Seirais zophou (sih-rahee-iss | dzoff-ooh)A Greek phrase literally meaning chains of darkness. Zophos means gloom, blackness, darkness,
or mist.
Septuagint (sept-oo-a-jint)The Greek version of the Old Testament, whose origin has been dated by some scholars to be as early as 250 BC. Others
date this version to as late as 250 AD. Those who believe in its validity according to commonly predicated theory hold that the Septuagint was the result
of the copying of the Hebrew Old Testament by Hellenistic (Greek-speaking) Jews, to Greek, during the Babylonian Captivity of the kingdom of Judah,
which began in 586 BC. (It is popularly believed that during their long-term bondage under Babylonian authority, their original Hebrew language was
abandoned by necessity; thus these Jews learned Greek, and, subsequently, adopted Greek as their own language during the five decades of their
captivity. Following Cyrus the Great of Persias overthrow of Babylonia in 537 BC, the Jews were released, and some forty thousand are said to have
dispersed. (It also is noteworthy that some twentieth-century biblical scholars have rejected the Septuagints traditional validity, instead asserting that this
Greek OT translation simply is a fabricated text first penned sometime during the first three centuries AD, then used as the framework for a corrupt text
underlying or resulting from Origens Hexapla, and, in turn, serving as the foundation for the skewed New Testament versions of modern Bible
translations.
Simon, RichardA French Roman Catholic priest, long-time Oratorian (self-governing communal society of priests), orientalist, and controversialist
who questioned the Bibles authority and was the forerunner of modern biblical criticism (Catholic Encylopedia, Vol. 4, p. 492). Simon (1638-1712)
was ordained a priest in 1670, and taught philosophy and rhetoric at the College of Juilly (commune of Juilly), in Seine-et-Marne, France. An adherent to
the non-canonical views of Isaac Le Peyrreimminent Messianic earthly reign in liberating the Holy Land, rebuilding the Temple, and ruling via the
king of France (Prince of Cond) as regentSimon later became renowned as a father of higher (biblical) criticism (calligraphy, dating, and authorship
of ancient biblical manuscripts). He denied Moses authorship of the Pentateuch, his Histoire critique du Vieux Testament (Historical Critique of the Old
Testament, 1685) was seized and destroyed via a decree by the Royal Council, the charge of Jesuitism was brought against him, and he was expelled from
the Oratory in 1678.
Sinaitic1: A fourth-century form of the Syriac languageas pertains to the New Testamentcharacterized by numerous biblically doctrinally unsound
readings (approx. 15 percent), ones much-representing those of Codex Sinaiticus (Aleph). (Codex B, or Vaticanus, is another representative of this texttype of NT manuscripts.) 2: An informal title for the famous/infamous Codex Aleph, or Sinaiticus, a complete Bible manuscript dating to
approximately 325-340 ADthe Sinaitic manuscript. Many of the readings of this class of NT manuscripts reduce Christs divinity, contain inferior
Greek variants, and have translation errors and omissions, among other flaws.
SyriacAn ancient language spoken by Arab natives residing in what is now the Syrian Arab Republic, in Southwest Asia. Syrian Antioch was a city
in Turkey, near the northern border of Syria, located near the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. This city now is called Antakya. In the early
Christian era, Antioch had the third-largest population in the civilized world (400,000), behind Rome and Alexandria, but now only has approximately
145,000 residents.
T
Text-typeOne of arguably two to four designations applied by biblical text critics to a manuscript(s) based on specific criteria, such as phraseology,
calligraphy, place of origin, scribe style and manuscript markings: Byzantine (region near what is now Istanbul, down to Syrian Antioch [modern
Antakya]); Alexandrian (Egyptian); Western (west of Alexandria); Caesarean (hybrid Byzantine-Alexandrian). (Many biblical text critics now recognize
only the Byzantine and Alexandrian as legitimate text-types. Some traditional biblical scholars of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries rejected this
categorization theory entirely, insisting that, rather than being characteristic of specific text-types, some manuscripts simply had similar kinds of readings
not remarkably divergent types en mass. Many contemporary biblical scholars agree with the latter theory.)
Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament, A (tagged TCGNT)A companion volume to the fourth edition of the United Bible Societies
Greek New Testament (UBS 4), published by the German Bible Society and authored by notorious naturalistic text critic Bruce M. Metzger (d. 2012).
One of the chief purposes of the commentary is to set forth the reasons that led the committee, or a majority of the members of the committee, to adopt
certain variant readings for inclusion in the text and to relegate certain other readings to the apparatus.
Textual criticism (naturalistic)The science of applying modern analytical theories to the discovery and analysis of biblical manuscripts. Textual criti
cisms tenets includebut are not limited tocreating and editing (altering) modern critical editions (texts), critiquing ancient manuscripts/books (co
dices), and proposing theories about ancient manuscript/book creation and alteration, all of which ultimately culminate in insistence that, essentially, the
oldest manuscripts are purer and more reliable. Naturalistic textual criticism is applied without regard for Gods verbal (plenary) inspiration of the human
instruments chosen by Him to pen the canonical books of the Bible, hence rejecting the Majority (Antiochian, Ecclesiastical, Traditional, Byzantine) text
and the Textus Receptus. The Byzantine and the TR essentially were the universally accepted Greek basis for the New Testament until the mid-to-late
1800shence of all published Bibles until the ERV of 1881 (NT). Spiritual textual criticism, contrarily, recognizes Gods verbal inspiration and fully ac
cepts the Majority text and/or the Textus Receptus as the God-ordained basis for the New Testament. It sanctions no critical apparatus (e.g., NA or
UBS), nor any other NT version succeeding the 1678 TR of the Elzevir cousins, Abraham and Bonaventure. (The standard TR versions used today are the
Robert Estienne 1550/1551 and the Theodore Beza 1598. It is commonly believed that the 1598 of Beza was much-consulted by the KJV translators for
production of the original AV of 1611.)
Textus ReceptusThe Latin term meaning received text. The TR became the evolving Koine (common) Greek NT source text underlying all
printed English Bible versions produced until the ERV of 1881 (NT). Numerous variations of the Textus Receptusall differing slightly from one
anotherwere penned by conservative orthodox biblical scholars during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, beginning with Desiderius Erasmus
landmark Greek text in 1516the very first printed Greek New Testament. Erasmus followed with subsequent published versions in 1519, 1522, 1527,
and 1535. The eminent Robert Stephens (Estienne/Stephanus) produced TR versions in 1546, 1549, 1550 and 1551, and the renowned Theodore Beza
followed with 10 of his own, from 1562 through 1604 (all based on Estienne versions of 1550 and 1551). Subsequently, the Elzevir cousinsAbraham
and Bonaventurepublished seven Greek versions from 1624 to 1678 (all primarily based on the 1565 Beza). The 1633 (second) Elzevir text was the
first such version ever to officially claim and use the term Textus Receptus. Stephanus 1550 version is said to be the most-popular Textus Receptus in
use today, closely trailed by Bezas 1598 folio (large) edition.
Theological Dictionary of the New Testament (tagged TDNT)The most comprehensive Greek lexicon available, contained in a ten-volume
hardcover set, or published Abridged in One Volume (1356 pages), originally compiled and edited by Gerhard Kittel and Gerhard Friedrich. Current
editor Geoffrey W. Bromiley translated the work from German. Following the preface are the Table of Greek Keywords (transliterated letter by letter
directly from Greek) and the Table of English Keywords, allowing the user to search by Greek or English. Included terms contain explanatory
references to usage inside and outside the New Testament, as well as in the Septuaguint, the Old Testament, and other contexts, as applicable.
Tischendorf, (Lobegott) Friedrich Constantine vonThe discoverer of the worlds oldest extant complete Bible, Codex Aleph Sinaiticus (325-360
AD), in 1844 in St. Catherines Monastery, Tischendorf (1815-1874) was a leading Greek New Testament text critic and theologian of his time. He
published 21 editions (including reprints and minor editions) of his own Greek New Testament critical edition, the first in the winter of 1849.
Tischendorfs magnum opus was his Critical Edition of the New Testament, which he referred to as editio viii (Eighth Edition), published in 1869-1872.
Of the leading modernistic camp which believed that this Alexandrian NT text-type represented a purer biblical text than the traditional Byzantine
manuscripts, he borrowed 43 OT leaves (four-page [two bound sheets of paperfour sides] section inserts) of the Septuagintby mutual agreement
with the monks of St. Catherines, from his initial finding of 129 or 130 (depending upon his conflicting accounts) leaves. During his third visit to the
Monastery, in 1859, he borrowed (on loan) 303 leavesthe bulk of the NT contentfor Russian publication, but never returned them to the monks at
Mt. Sinai, Egypt. Tischendorf presented them to Russian Czar Alexander II for publication and eventual archiving in the Imperial Library in St.
Petersburg (four-volume luxury edition, 1862). (The Czar awarded Tischendorf the style of von, signifying nobility.) Tischendorf gained his academic
degree and international acclaim by deciphering Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (C), the famed fifth-century manuscript, in the 1840s.
TransliterationThe process or the result of converting language characters (e.g., Greek) into those of another language (e.g., English) for the purpose
of practical reader usage. Transliteration allows the end user to, for example, look up the target word (here break) in a Greek dictionary (lexicon) to
find the Greek-language equivalent. A transliteration example: the Greek word sunqlasqsetai (break) converted to sunthlasthesetai. (This is
opposed to the process of translation, which involves direct conversion into the target language word meaning: here break. For the above example in
this document, see Page 8, Matthew 21:44, within the NET notes.)
Tregelles, Samuel P.Largely a modernistic and naturalistic English textual critic (1813-1875) who also was a Bible scholar and theologian. Although
he was reared as a Quaker, then associated with the Plymouth Brethren, and later in life became a Presbyterian, Tregelles adopted the text-critical mindset
of the day, deciding that the Textus Receptus did not rely on ancient authority. He ventured forth by publishing an edition of the Greek New Testament
that relied largely on the still-coveted ancient biblical codices Vaticanus and Sinaiticus and many citations of Early Church Fathers. This work18571872thus paralleled that of German philologist Karl Lachmann, who produced his own such text in 1831. Rather a theological conundrum, Tregelles
was loyal to the highly corrupt manuscripts B and Aleph, but many of the readings that he inserted in his Greek New Testament mirrored those produced
by conservative biblical scholars and such text critics of the day. He was evangelical in heart and mission, and he wrote many Christian hymns, yet he
embraced the faulty text-critical theories of the day. (As a ninteenth-century biblical text critic, Tregelles, however, was fairly conservative.)
U
UncialA biblical manuscript penned entirely in uppercase letters. New Testament uncials (also called majuscules), varying in number of columns per
page from one (later) to four (earlier), are extant from the fourth through tenth centuries. Beginning in the ninth century, uncials largely were replaced by
minuscules (also called cursives), the latter being in uppercase and lowercase script characters. Today, extant cursives outnumber uncials 2,882 to
311. (See chart under Manuscript definition, p. 48.) Most uncials contain little or no punctuation.
UnitarianismA theology based on the core belief in God as having one person, excluding Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit as the second and third per
sons. This belief system also holds that Jesus was an exceptional teacher and human being, and a prophetthe earthly exemplar of Christianity.
Unitarians believe in Jesus moral authority, but not in his divinity.
United Bible Societies (UBS)An (allegedly) non-profit, ecumenical conglomerationa fellowship, according to the UBS websiteof 145 separate
Bible societies in 200 countries worldwide that publishes and distributes Bibles and New Testaments. The major component organizations in the
UBS are the British and Foreign Bible Society (BFBS1804) and the American Bible Society (ABS1816). The historical fact is, the BFBS was
founded in a pub in London, and it included members who were Unitariansbelieving that Jesus is not deity. Twelve years later, in 1816, some BFBS
members branched out to form the ABS. This organization also included some Unitarians. Hence, because some conservative orthodox members of the
ABS were exasperated with the Unitarian folly, they, in turn, established an orthodox, Bible-based organization called the Trinitarian Bible Society
(TBS), which was formed in 1831. The TBS ardently labored to support and promulgate Trinitarian doctrine (the Triune God), in opposition to the
Unitarianism that had become so prevalent in the nineteenth century. (Today the TBS is the copyright ownersince 1976of the 1550 Robert Estienne
version of the Textus Receptus.)
V
VaticanusThe fourth-century codex (also called Codex B) whose earliest known reference goes back to 1444, when it was donated to the Vatican
Library. In 1475, Codex B is listed as having been the first registry entry of the Vatican Library. Codex B (Gk. 03 1209) is the single most-coveted
ancient biblical manuscript used by modernists as largely the basis (about ninety percent) for nearly every NT translation having been produced since
before 1881. Vaticanus is of the Alexandrian text-type. It is a pristine manuscript dated to approximately 325-360 AD, written in uncials (all caps)
three columns per page.
Verbal (plenary) inspirationThe belief that the Bible consists of precisely Gods words directly given to and operating divinely through His chosen
instruments, the writers of the various canonical books of the Protestant Bible. This belief also is consistent with investment in Gods preservation of His
Word in the form of the Majority text, then in the more-refined Textus Receptus (personal belief). Some scholars believe in general divine inspiration of
the Bible, others in verbal inspiration, and still others hold that if the Bible has been plenarily inspired, then, consequently, by necessity, it also must be
precisely divinely preserved.
Vulgate (vull-gate)1: From the Latin word meaning common; 2: The term typically applied to the voluminously extant common-language Latin
biblical manuscripts (about ten thousand); 3: Any common-language version of the Bible or its underlying texts, regardless of language or dialecte.g.,
the Latin Vulgate. The common Greek is called Koine, but also is the vulgate [lowercase] Greekthe Greek of the common people, as opposed
to Classical Greek.
W
WesternA relatively scarcely supported classification for NT biblical manuscripts having specific characteristics. Most manuscripts of the Old Latin
textwhich were translated from Greekpurportedly (for those who accept the Western text-type) are of the Western type, as well as are the quotations
of several early Church Fathers of the second and third centuries. The Western text-form displays a tendency toward paraphrase and marked replacement
of words, clauses and entire sentencesthe latter sometimes with an inclination toward harmonization. Many such Western-codified works as Codex D
(Bezae) clearly display the aforementioned characteristics, yet others (European) do not.
X
No entries.
Y
No entries.
Z
Zondervan Greek and English Interlinear New Testament (NASB/NIV)Now in its second edition, this NT interlinear was edited and arranged by
William D. and Robert H. Mounce, and published by Zondervan. It uses the contemporary critically acclaimed UBS4 Greek text, and deliberately has
been arranged to comply as closely as possible to the NET Bible. (This is a profit-driven, strategically arranged association by a company widely known
for its promotional emphasis.) This Greek interlinear has the English equivalents of the Greek words arranged immediately below them, with the Strongs
Reference Numbers (SRN) below the English, and the terms basic linguistic morphology at the bottom of each line of Scripture. William Mounce is a
popular author and NT professor who has a long-running relationship with Zondervan, the company that also publishes the NIV. This title occasionally
strays from its own Greek source text and displays inserted English words or both inserted English and Greek words that do not appear in its own
Greek. [See pages 5, 33, and 37.] Its preface promotes one of William Mounces Zondervan titles, and the Technical Comments section plugs
modernistic text critics Bruce Metzger (d. 2008), Gordon Fee, and Daniel B. Wallace, as well as mentions another Zondervan Bible, the TNIV. This
Bible also implements the typical modernistic trick of referring to a majority of NT Greek manuscripts as some manuscripts, and other, similar
methods of deception used by nearly every modern Bible. In terms of learning tools, this NT interlinear is quite helpful to the user. (The user just needs to
be aware that he is the target of marketing hype and is being baited into the trap of modern textual criticism!)
List of New Testament lectionaries, latest figure calculated by the Institute for New Testament Textual Research (Mnich)
Appendix I
The Greek Alphabet
(Basic sounds excluding diphthongsdouble-vowel soundsand special sounds)
CHARACTER
TRANSLITERATION
PHONETIC SOUND
UPPERCASE
LOWERCASE
NAME
A
B
G
D
E
Z
H
a
b
g
d
Alpha
A, a
Beta
B, b
Buh
Gamma
G, g
Guh
Delta
D, d
Duh
Epsilon
E, e
Zeta
Z, z
Zuh
ta
Theta
Th, th
Thuh
Ita
I, i
Kappa
K, k
Kuh
Lambda
L, l
Luh
Mu
M, m
Muh
Nu
N, n
Nuh
Xi
X, x
Xss
Omicron
O, o
Aah
Pi
P, p
Puh
Rho
R, r
Rhr
s |j
Sigma
S, s
Sss
t
u
f
Tau
T, t
Tuh
Upsilon
U, u
Uh
Phi
Ph, ph
Fuh
Chi
Ch, ch
Khh (soft)
y
w
Psi
Ps, ps
Pss
mega
Oh
Q
I
K
L
M
N
X
O
P
R
S
T
U
F
C
Y
W
e
z
h
q
i
k
l
m
n
x
o
p
r
Appendix II
The Nestle-Aland27 (NA27) Critical Apparatus
Standard Referenced Signs & Witnesses (in this document)
CRITICAL SIGNS
SIGN
MEANING
MEANING
vid
123
abc
pc
al
vg
latt
lat(t)
lat
it
syp
sys
syc
sypal
syphi
syh
sa
bo
bopt
REFERENCED WITNESSES
GREEK
PAPYRI
13
36
37
45
46
49
63
64
66
72
75
UNCIALS
Aleph (01)
A (02), B (03)
C (04), D (05)
CURSIVES
1
(5 manu.)
13 (13 manu.)
1
E (07), F (010)
6
G (011), H (013)
28
I (016), K (018)
33
L (019), M (021)
69
N (022), P (024)
81
R (027), S (028)
323
T (029), U (030)
365
V (031), W (032)
565
X (033), Y (034), Z (035)
579
G (036), D (037)
614
Q (038), L (039)
629, 630
X (040), P (041)
700
S (042), F (043)
892
Y (044), 046
945
048, 049, 050, 056
1071, 1175
070, 075, 078
1241
083, 085, 086
1424
0102, 0104, 0107
1505, 1506
0130, 0142
1582
0150, 0151
1739
0171, 0178
1852, 1881
0209, 0233
2127, 2211
0243, 0245, 0250
2412, 2426
0274, 0278, 0281
2427 (forgery)
0285, 0298
2464, 2542
LATIN
SYRIAC
COPTIC
LECTIONARIES
( ) 844
( ) 2211
Old Latin
Latin Vulgate
Harclean (7th)
<< Traditional date for Peshitta, not modern. ^^ Arthur Voobus projection.
Appendix III
Referenced Manuscript Data
Witnesses mentioned in this document
TYPE
Papyrus
Papyrus
Papyrus
MATERIAL
NOMENCLATURE
13
Papyrus
Papyrus
ORIGIN
SCRIPTURE
NOTES
225-250 AD
Egypt
Hebrews 2-5; 12
36
ca. 550 AD
Egypt
John 3
Caesarean type
37
ca. 250-260
Egypt (?)
Matthew 26:19-52
Oxyrhynchus 657
Papyrus
DATE
45
nd
Papyrus
Papyrus
ca. 250 AD
Egypt
Papyrus
Papyrus
46 (Chester Beatty)
175-225 AD
Egypt
Papyrus
Papyrus
49
ca. 250 AD
Egypt
Ephesians 4, 5
Papyrus
63
ca. 500 AD
Egypt
John 3, 4
ca. 200 AD
Egypt
Matthew 3, 5, 26
John
Papyrus
Papyrus
64
Papyrus
Papyrus
Papyrus
66
ca. 200 AD
Egypt
Papyrus
Papyrus
72 (Bodmer VIII)
ca. 300 AD
Papyrus
Papyrus
75
175-225 AD
Egypt
Uncial
Vellum
330-360 AD
Egypt (?)
OT; Gos; Acts; Paul; Cath; 7% of modern NT; Tischenforf find at St.
Catherines in 1844; never returned (sold)
Rev
Uncial
Vellum
400-440 AD
Egypt
Uncial
Vellum
325-350 AD
Egypt (?)
Uncial
Vellum
Egypt (?)
ca. 400 AD
Italy (?)
Gospels; Acts
Uncial
Vellum
(Magdalen [College])
(Bodmer XIV-XV)
ea
ca. 550 AD
France (?)
Pauline epistles
VIII
Italy
Pauline epistles
VI
Sardinia, Italy
Acts
Uncial
Vellum
Uncial
Parchment
Uncial
Parchment
Uncial
Parchment
Uncial
Parchment
Uncial
Parchment
IX
Uncial
Vellum
ca. 850-900
Uncial
Parchment
IX
IX
Uncial
Parchment
Pauline epistles
Switzerland
Pauline epistles
Uncial
Parchment
Uncial
Vellum
Uncial
Uncial
Uncial
Parchment
Parchment
Parchment
VI
Caesarea
Pauline epistles
ca. 450
Egypt (?)
IX
Greece (?)
Gospels
IX
Greece (?)
Acts; Paulines
VIII
Egypt
Gospels
Uncial
Parchment
VIII
Uncial
Parchment
IX
Uncial
Vellum
VI
Constantinople Gospels
VI
Uncial
Parchment
IX
Uncial
Parchment
Uncial
Parchment
Uncial
Parchment
Uncial
Parchment
Egypt
Uncial
Parchment
IX
Uncial
Parchment
Uncial
Vellum
Uncial
Parchment
Uncial
Parchment
Uncial
Luke; John
Gospels
IX
Greece
Gospels
ca. 400 AD
Caesarea
Gospels
IX/X
Gospels
IX
Greece (?)
Gospels
Parchment
VI
Egypt
Uncial
Parchment
IX/X
Uncial
Parchment
IX
Uncial
Parchment
IX
Caesarea
Uncial
Vellum
ca. 550 AD
Greece
Uncial
Parchment
IX
Asia Minor
Uncial
Parchment
VI
Italy
Uncial
Parchment
VI
Uncial
Parchment
Uncial
Vellum
IX/X
Uncial
Parchment
Uncial
Parchment
049
IX
Greece (?)
Uncial
Parchment
050
IX
Greece
Uncial
Parchment
056
Greece (?)
Uncial
Parchment
063
IX
VIII/IX
Gospels
Luke
Gospels
Matthew; Mark
Greece (?)
John
Acts; Paulines
Luke; John
Uncial
Parchment
070
VI
Egypt
Uncial
Parchment
075
Uncial
Parchment
078
VI
Uncial
Parchment
083
V/VI
Uncial
Parchment
085
VI
Egypt
Uncial
Parchment
086
VI
Egypt (?)
Uncial
Parchment
0102
VII
Uncial
Parchment
0104
VI
Uncial
Parchment
0107
VII
Sinai (?)
Uncial
Parchment
0130Sangallensis 18
IX
Uncial
Parchment
0142
Uncial
Parchment
0150
IX
Paulines
Uncial
Parchment
0151
IX
Paulines
Uncial
Vellum
0171
III/IV
Uncial
Parchment
VI
Egypt
Uncial
Parchment
0209
VII
Uncial
Parchment
0233
Uncial
Parchment
Uncial
Luke; John
Paulines
Matthew 20, 22
John 1, 3, 4
Luke 3, 4
Constantinople (?) Matthew 23; Mark 13, 14 Byzantine palimpsest used for liturgy
Mark 1, 2; Luke 1, 2
Luke 16:4-12
VIII
Gospels
0243
Egypt (?)
1 Cor 13 2 Cor. 13
Parchment
0245
VI
Egypt (?)
1 John 3, 4
Uncial
Parchment
0250Climaci Rescriptus
VI-VIII
Gospels/Aramaic OT
Uncial
Parchment
0274
Egypt
Mark 6-10
Uncial
Parchment
0278
IX
Sinai (?)
Paulines
Uncial
Parchment
0281
VII/VIII
Sinai
Matthew 6-27
Uncial
Parchment
0285
VI
Sinai
Paulines
Uncial
Parchment
0298
VIII/IX
Matthew 26
Uncial
Parchment
0298
VIII/IX
Matthew 26
Minuscule
Parchment
XII
Caesarea
Minuscule
Parchment
XIII
Minuscule
Vellum
28
XI
Gospels
Minuscule
Parchment
33
IX
Egypt (?)
XV
Caesarea
13
Minuscule
Parchment
Minuscule
Parchment
81
Minuscule
Parchment
ca. 1044 AD Alexandria (Eg.) Acts; Paulines; Catholic ep. Sign. modern support for critical editions
XII
Egypt (?)
Minuscule
Parchment
365
XII
Minuscule
Parchment
565
IX
Minuscule
Parchment
579
Minuscule
Parchment
Minuscule
Caesarea
Gospels
XIII
Gospels
629
XIV
Caesarea
Paper
630
XIV
Caesarea
Minuscule
Parchment
700
XI
Caesarea
Gospels
Minuscule
Parchment
892
IX
Egypt (?)
Gospels
Minuscule
Parchment
945
XI
Minuscule
Parchment
1071
XII
Minuscule
Parchment
1175
ca. 1050 AD
Alexandria (?)
Minuscule
Parchment
1241
XII
Minuscule
Parchment
1505
XII
Caesarea
Minuscule
Parchment
1506
ca. 1320 AD
Caesarea
Gospels; Paulines
Minuscule
Parchment
1582
ca. 949 AD
Gospels
Minuscule
Parchment
1739
Alexandria
Minuscule
Parchment
1881
XIV
Alexandria
Minuscule
Parchment
2127
XII
Alexandria
Minuscule
Parchment
2412
XII
Caesarea
Minuscule
Parchment
2427 (forgery)
XII
Alexandria
Mark
Minuscule
Parchment
2464
IX/X
Alexandria (?)
?
Gospels
Minuscule
Vellum
ff Codex Corbeiensis I
ca. 750 AD
Uncial
Parchment
Lectionary ( ) 844
Byzantine text-type
Uncial
Parchment
Lectionary ( ) 2211
Matthew
Appendix IV
Textual Criticism Text-Types
TYPE NAME
REGION OF ORIGIN
Alexandrian
Alexandria/Egypt
77
UNCIALS
74
CURSIVES
38
LECTIONARIES
0
CHARACTERISTICS
TOTAL
189
(3.6%)
Byzantine
Caesarean
Western
75
30
2594
2208
4958
(94.9%)
41
(0.78%)
23
38
(0.72%)
TOTAL
5226a
a Excludes eclectic (mixed), unknown/unclassified manuscripts, lectionaries (liturgies), and Greek writings of the early Church Fatherstotal of 5,773 Gk. mss.
Data collected from several Wikipedia.org pages.
Appendix V
Sinaiticus () , Vaticanus (B), and Alexandrinus (A) Alterations to the KJV Text
DIVINITY OF CHRIST^
REVISED TRANSLATIONS~
64
185
TOTAL
TRANSLATION ERRORS=
17
1,043
* Variants tabulated from the book The New Testament: The Authorized Version; With Introduction, And Various Readings From The Three Most Celebrated
Manuscripts Of The Original Greek Text (Leipzig, Ger.: Bernhard Tauchnitz, 1869. Reprint by The Bible Readers Museum, 2007.)
+ Sinaiticus, Vaticanus, and Alexandrinus corrections to and omissions from the Authorized Version (AV edition undisclosed and undiscovered).
~ Phrases or verses in the KJV revised by Sinaiticus, Vaticanus, and/or Alexandrinus.
^ Words, phrases, or verses revised by Sinaiticus, Vaticanus, or Alexandrinus that affect the divinity of Christ.
= Translation errors in Sinaiticus, Vaticanus, or Alexandrinus that were identified by Tischendorf as such.
Totals for corrections, omissions, and deletions differ vastly from those cataloged by orthodox critic Herman C. Hoskier (d. 1938). For example, to illustrate the
inconsistencies between Codices Sinaiticus (Aleph) and Vaticanus B, the two essentially foundational NT Greek manuscripts for contemporary New Testaments,
Hoskier counted and documented 3,036 textual variations in the gospels alone: 656 in Matthew; 567 in Mark; 791 in Luke; 1022 in John. The traditional
consensus on Greek variants between the Nestle-Aland 27 critical text underlying modern New Testaments and the Greek of the 1611 King James Bible is about
5,600. But J. A. Moorman, in his book 8,000 Differences between the NT Greek Words of the King James Bible and the Modern Versions , asserts that this
total actually is 8,032 variation units. (The Aleph-Vaticanus differences have been used by conservative orthodox scholars to show the unreliability of the NA
textual foundation.)
Appendix VI
S/V/A Alterations Affecting the Divinity of Christ
As Recorded in Tischendorfs AV New Testament with Variants*
(Meticulously tabulated and recounted by the author of this document)
S/V/A ALTERATION BREAKDOWN
INSTANCES
Reduced divinity
Partial divinity
Contextual omission/alteration
(SVA) Heir through God for heir of God through Christ Gal. 4:17
(S) Jesus and himself omitted flanking Christ Eph. 2:20
(SVA) Of our Lord Jesus Christ omitted after the Father Eph. 3:14
(S) Of Christ omitted after gospel Phil. 1:27
(A) And the Father of the Lord for and in the Lord Jesus Christ 1 Thess. 1:1
(V) From God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ omitted 1 Thess. 1:1
(SVA) Day of the Lord for day of Christ 1 Thess. 2:2
(A) In Christ omitted after the truth 1 Tim. 2:7
(SV) For ever after the order of Melchizedec omitted Heb. 7:21
(V) Of Christ omitted after the Spirit 1 Peter 1:11
(A) Before the Lord omitted after accusation against them 2 Peter 2:11
(SVA) In heaven, the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost: and these three are one . . . witness in
earth omitted 1 John 5:7, 8
(A) Jesus Christ omitted after in his Son 1 John 5:20
(SVA) In Christ omitted after doctrine 2 John 9
Divine self-judgment
(SV) Without a cause omission subjects Jesus to his own judgment Matt. 5:22
Person replacement
(God for Jesus, or Christ)
(S) The body of God for the body of Jesus John 19:40
(S) Love of God for love of Christ Romans 8:35
(SVA) Judgment seat of God for judgment seat of Christ
Romans 14:10
(S) Word of the Lord for Word of Christ Col. 3:16
(A) Word of God for Word of Christ Col. 3:16
(V) Mystery of God for mystery of Christ Col. 4:3
(S) Witness of God for witness of Jesus Rev. 20:4
(A) Entered into the synagogue for entered into the castle Acts 23:16 (a mere error)
(V) In the ship about for in the ship two hundred Acts 27:37 (a mere error)
(A) To whom pertaineth the adoption . . . and the promises omitted Romans 9:4 (a mere error)
(A) Righteousness of the faith for righteousness of the law Romans 10:5 (a mere error)
(A) Romans 11:12 omitted (a mere error)
(A) Ye have reigned as kings without us omitted 1 Cor. 4:8 (a mere error)
(A) 1 Cor. 9:2 omitted (a mere error)
(A) For from you sounded out the word of the Lord not only in Macedonia and achaia omitted
1 Thess. 1:8 (a mere error)
(VA) He called us for he called you 2 Thess. 2:14 (a mere error)
(A) And if we know that he hear us omitted 1 John 5:15 (a mere error)
(A) I would that thou were cold or hot omitted Rev. 3:15 (a mere error)
(A) Rev. 5:4 omitted a mere error
(A) Was called the Immortal in Rev. 6:8 an error
(A) And it was given unto him . . . to overcome them omitted Rev. 13:7
(A) And an angel took up a mighty stone like a great stone Rev. 18:21 (a mere error)
(S) But the rest of the dead . . . years were finished omitted Rev. 20:5 (a mere error)
* Variants tabulated from the book The New Testament: The Authorized Version; With Introduction, And Various Readings From The Three Most Celebrated
Manuscripts Of The Original Greek Text (Leipzig, Ger.: Bernhard Tauchnitz, 1869. Reprint by The Bible Readers Museum, 2007.)
+ S denotes the Sinaiticus (Aleph []) manuscript, V the Vaticanus (B), and A the Alexandrinus. These have been categorized by Casper Ren Gregorys
(1846-1917) system as Koine Greek NT manuscripts 01, 03, and 02, respectively. Aleph and Alexandrinus are located in the British Library (London), while
Vaticanus is housed in the Vatican Library (Vatican City, Rome). Codices Sinaiticus and Vaticanus have been dated to about 350 AD, while Alexandrinus has
been dated to about 400 AD.
^
S2 denotes the second-corrected (hand of the second corrector) copy of the Sinaiticus manuscript, circa seventh century.
David Otis Fuller, Which Bible? in Floyd Nolen Jones, Which Version is the Bible?,19th ed., rev. and enlarged (The Woodlands, Tex.: KingsWord Press, 1999), p. 120.
John W. Burgon, The Traditional Text in Floyd Nolen Jones, Which Version is the Bible?, 19th ed., rev. and enlarged (The Woodlands, Tex.: KingsWord Press, 2006),
p. 105.
The Catholic Encyclopedia in David W. Cloud, Faith Vs. the Modern Bible Versions (Port Huron, Mich.: Way of Life Literature, 2005), p. 257.
Marvin Vincent, A History of Textual Criticism of the New Testament in David W. Cloud, The Modern Bible Version Hall of Shame (Port Huron, Mich.: Way of Life
Literature, 2005), p. 87.
Bruce Metzger, The Text of the New Testament in David W. Cloud, The Modern Bible Version Hall of Shame (Port Huron, Mich.: Way of Life Literature, 2005), p. 78.
John W. Burgon, The Revision Revised, Centennial Edition [1883-1983] (Fort Worth, Tex.: A.G. Hobbs Publications, 1991), p. 364.
James Bentley, Secrets of Mount Sinai: The Story of Finding the Worlds Oldest Bible Codex Sinaiticus (London: Orbis Publishing, 1985), p. 86.
Frederick H. A. Scrivener, A Plain Introduction to New Testament Textual Criticism, 4th ed. (Collingswood,, N.J.: The Bible for Today, 1985), p. 88.
James Bentley, Secrets of Mount Sinai: The Story of Finding the Worlds Oldest Bible Codex Sinaiticus (London: Orbis Publishing, 1985), p. 98.
10
James Bentley, Secrets of Mount Sinai: The Story of Finding the Worlds Oldest Bible Codex Sinaiticus (London: Orbis Publishing, 1985), pp. 84-85.
11
William Henry Paine Hatch, The Principal Uncial Manuscripts of the New Testament (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1933), Plate XIV.
12
Wilbur N. Pickering, The Identity of the New Testament Text in Floyd Nolen Jones, Which Version is the Bible?, 19th ed., rev. and enlarged (Goodyear, Ariz.: KingsWord
Press, 2006), p. 163.
13
Floyd Nolen Jones, Which Version is the Bible?, 19th ed., rev. and enlarged (Goodyear, Ariz.: KingsWord Press, 2006), p. 178.
14
Ira M. Price, The Ancestry of Our English Bible in David W. Cloud, Faith Vs. the Modern Bible Versions (Port Huron, Mich.: Way of Life Literature, 2005), p. 577.
15
David Daniell, The Bible in English (London: Yale University Press, 2003), p. 289.
16
J. A. Moorman, 8,000 Differences between the N.T. Greek Words of the King James Bible and the Modern Versions (Collingswood, N.J.: The Bible for Today, and Dean
Burgon Society, 2006), p. vi.
17
18
Jay P. Green Sr., Interlinear Hebrew-Greek-English Bible, Vol. 4, 2nd ed. (Lafayette, Ind.: Sovereign Grace Publishers, 1985), p. xii.
19
J. A. Moorman, Early Manuscripts, Church Fathers and the Authorized Version (Collingswood, N.J.: The Bible for Today Press, 2005), p. 170.
20
21
22
David W. Cloud, The Bible Version Question/Answer Database (Port Huron, Mich.: Way of Life Literature, 2005), p. 161.
23
Preserved Smith, Erasmus: A Study of His Life, Ideals, and Place in History in David W. Cloud, The Bible Version Question/Answer Database (Port Huron, Mich.: Way
of Life Literature, 2005), p. 183.
24
Frederic Kenyon, Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts in David W. Cloud, The Bible Version Question/Answer Database (Port Huron, Mich.: Way of Life Literature,
2005), p. 184.
25
Adam Nicholson, Gods Secretaries in David W. Cloud, Faith Vs. the Modern Bible Versions (Port Huron, Mich.: Way of Life Literature, 2005), p. 540.
26
27
Bentley, James. Secrets of Mount Sinai: The Story of Finding the Worlds Oldest Bible Codex Sinaiticus. London: Orbis Publishing, 1985.
Burgon, John W. The Revision Revised, Centennial Edition [1883-1983]. Fort Worth, Tex.: A.G. Hobbs Publications, 1991.
Cloud, David W. The Modern Bible Version Hall of Shame. Port Huron, Mich.: Way of Life Literature, 2005.
Cloud, David W. The Bible Version Question/Answer Database. Port Huron, Mich.: Way of Life Literature, 2005.
Cloud, David W. Faith Vs. the Modern Bible Versions. Port Huron, Mich.: Way of Life Literature, 2005.
Comfort, Phillip W. Essential Guide to Bible Versions. Wheaton, Ill.: Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., 2000.+
Dewey, David. A Users Guide to Bible Translations: Making the Most of Different Versions. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press, 2004.#
Fuller, David Otis, ed. Which Bible? Grand Rapids, Mich.: Institute for Biblical Textual Studies, 1990.
Green, Jay P. Sr. Interlinear Hebrew-Greek-English Bible, 2nd ed., rev. Lafayette, Ind.: Sovereign Grace Publishers, 1985.
Green, Jay P. Sr. Unholy Hands on the Bible, Vol. II: A Comparison between Six Major Bible Versions. Lafayette, Ind.: Sovereign Grace Trust Fund, 1992.
Hatch, William Henry Paine. The Principal Uncial Manuscripts of the New Testament. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1933.
Hills, Edward F. The King James Version Defended, 4th ed. Des Moines, Ill.: The Christian Research Press, 1984.
Jones, Floyd Nolen. The Septuagint: A Critical Analysis, 2nd ed., rev. and enlarged. The Woodlands, Tex.: KingsWord Press, 2000.
Jones, Floyd Nolen. Which Version is the Bible?, 19th ed., rev. and enlarged. Goodyear, Ariz.: KingsWord Press, 2006.
Miller, Edward. A Guide to the Textual Criticism of the New Testament. Collingswood, N.J.: Dean Burgon Society Press, 1979.
Moorman, J. A. Early Manuscripts, Church Fathers, and the Authorized Version. Collingswood, N.J.: The Bible for Today, and The Dean Burgon Society, 2006.
Moorman, J. A. When the KJV Departs from the Majority Text. Collingswood, N.J.: The Bible for Today, 1988.
Price, Ira M., William A. Irwin and Allen P. Wikgren, eds. The Ancestry of Our English Bible, 2nd rev. edition. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1953.
Scrivener, Frederick H. A. A Plain Introduction to New Testament Textual Criticism, 4th ed. Collingswood,, N.J.: The Bible for Today, 1894 (reprint).
Waite, D. A. Theological Heresies of Westcott & Hort: Mans Liberal Attack upon Gods Word. (Item #595) Collingswood, N.J.: The Bible for Today, 2001.
+ Warning: The author of this title is a modernist, and his contemporary, new evangelistic views are highly evident in this text. Please do not read this book until you have
read at least some of the others listed above. (Tyndale House, Inc. also is known for producing NU-based Bibles and New Testaments, and this publisher is located in
Wheaton, Ill., the home of the modernistic Wheaton College. Even some contemporary Bibles include marketing material in them, for other products made by the same
publisher (Zondervan, for example). A Bible should not contain such salesmanship! (The Bible is Gods Word!) Comforts book, on the copyright page, reads (at the top),
Visit Tyndales exciting Web site at www.tyndale.com. (Why not simply list the URL at the top of the page?) This book should serve as an opposing view exemplifying
modernistic viewpoints and operationversus an orthodox view.
# Warning: The author of this title also is a modernist, and his contemporary, new evangelistic views also are very evident in this text. Please do not read this book until
you have read at least some of the others listed above. This book also should serve as an opposing view exemplifying modernistic viewpoints and operation
unorthodox.
he assembler, writer, and editor of this document is Edward E. Scott, age 49, a native of Jamestown, N.Y., and a current resident of Jefferson City, Mo.
Mr. Scott is a humble, biblically based believer in the Lord Jesus Christ who has exhausted much of the past several years in extensively and intensively
researching, reading, and studying the following urgent, complementary issues:
Bomberg, 45
Book, The, 43
British and Foreign Bible Society (BFBS), 56
British Museum, 50
Burgon, John W., 2, 43, 50, 70-71
Byzantine (Byz.), 4-12, 14-41, 44-50, 52-55, 59-64
C (Codex), 5-10, 13-20, 22-28, 32, 34-38, 46, 50, 61
C2, 12-13, 23-24, 26, 31, 34
C3, 5, 7, 22-23, 26-28
Caesarea (Caes., -n), 5, 8-10, 13-14, 20, 22, 28, 45, 47, 49, 52, 54,
60-64
Campianus (Codex M), 45, 61
Capernaum, 6
Catholic (Roman, -ism), 2, 29, 32, 39-40, 43, 47, 52, 54, 61-63, 70
Chayyim, Jacob ben, 45
Children, 14, 19, 30, 33
Chosen, 8, 12, 17, 28, 32, 67
Chrema (Gk.), 14
Chrisma (Gk.), 37
Christ (s), 4-5, 8-14, 16-17, 19, 22-33, 35-38, 44-48, 49, 50-52,
54, 56, 65-68
Christian (s), 2, 4, 35, 37, 43-46, 49-52, 54, 56, 62
Christology, 5, 24, 26, 29, 37, 45
Church, 2, 4, 11, 13, 23-24, 30-32, 34, 39, 43-46, 49-52, 56-57, 64
Cleanse (s), 37
Cleopas, 15
Cloud, 6, 17
David, 43-44, 70-71
Codex (codice[s]), 4-5, 7-8, 11, 16-17, 21, 24-25, 29, 32, 34, 36,
39-47, 42, 44, 46, 50-57, 59-61, 63, 65, 69
Colophon, 3, 63
Commandments, 38
Conceive, 32-33, 47
Conclusion, 3, 8, 40, 42
Constantine, 43, 45
Constantinople, 45, 60-63
Contemporary, 2, 4, 6, 8, 13, 17-18, 20-21, 23, 30, 34, 37, 39-41,
44, 48, 53-54, 57, 65, 71-72
Constantinopolitan, 16, 41, 50
Convent, 40, 44, 47
Coptic (Egyptian), 4, 6, 8-9, 11, 13-19, 21-23, 25-36, 38, 45, 50,
59, 62
D
D (Codex), 4-26, 29-31, 33, 39-40, 45-46, 48, 50, 57, 59-60
D1, 25-26, 30, 32, 34
D2, 4, 20, 25-27, 29, 31-33
Daimonion (Gk.), 12
Damnable, 2, 12
Danger, 4, 12
Darkness, 24, 36, 54
Delta (D), 5, 9, 11-14, 17, 23, 58
Didaskale (Gk.), 8
Diglot, 45-46, 60-63
Dittography, 25, 46
Docetist (-ism), 28, 46
Doctrine (-ally), 2, 8, 12, 16, 28, 31-32, 39, 43-46, 48, 53, 56, 68
Document (s, -ed), 2-4, 12, 40-41, 43, 47, 49-50, 52, 55, 65
Document Glossary, 3, 44
Diocletian, 45
Doxes (Gk.), 10
Drink, 10, 27
E
E (Codex), 17, 21, 50
Ecclesiastical, 16, 41, 45, 49-50, 55
Ecumenical, 42, 46, 56
Egeneto (Gk. ginomai), 19
Egyptian (Egypt., Eg.) , 2, 4-5, 13-14, 17, 20, 25, 33-34, 37, 43-47,
50, 52-55, 59-64
Ekenose (Gk. ken), 30
Elzevir (s), 17, 22, 46, 55
Empire, 45
Emperor, 45
English Revised Version (ERV), 2, 4, 15-16, 36, 39-40, 44, 46-48,
55, 72
Ennoian (Gk.), 36
Eparoton (Gk.), 20
L
L (Codex), 5-17, 15-18, 20, 22-24, 27, 30, 33, 35, 39-40, 53, 59, 61
Lachmann, Karl, 9, 40
Lamb, 38
Lamentations, 10
Language (s), 9, 13, 25, 31, 35, 40, 42-43, 48, 55
Latin, 6-7, 9-10, 12-13, 19, 22-24, 26, 31, 33-35, 40, 47, 53, 60-63
Latin, Old (OL), 4-9, 11, 13-15, 17-18, 20-21, 23-27, 30, 3334, 36, 50, 63
Latin Vulgate (common), 4-8, 11, 13-15, 17-18, 20-21, 23-24,
26, 31-36, 38, 50, 62-63
Vulgate (common), 5-8, 11, 13-15, 17, 20-21, 23-24, 26, 3336, 63
Law (s, -less), 15, 26-28
Lection, 26
Lectionary ( ), 11, 50, 53, 64
Leningradensis (Codex), 39
Liberal, 4, 8-9, 39-40
Light (s), 24, 29, 37
Lord, 2, 5, 16-17, 19, 23, 26-27, 30-32, 35-36, 42, 66-69, 72
Love, 5, 16, 35, 68
Lowring, 6, 49
Lucian, 41
Luke
The apostle, 5, 42
The Gospel (Book) of, 5, 7-10, 13-22, 24, 31, 48, 61-62
Luminous (-ness), 29, 52
Luther, Martin, 43
M
M (Codex), 21, 40, 53, 59, 61
Magus, Simon, 2
Majority (text, [ ]), 4-6, 8-12, 14-39, 41-45, 48, 50-53, 55-56, 59,
71-72
Majuscules (uncials), 10, 16, 20, 35, 50, 56
Man, Son of, 7, 10, 17, 19, 22, 67
Manuscript (s), 2-26, 29-57, 59-60, 62-65, 69-72
MS/MSS, 4-31, 33-38, 43, 48
Marcionism, 46
Marginalia, 45, 50, 53, 61-62
Mark, the Gospel (Book of), 5, 7, 9, 11-15, 17, 20, 42, 48, 61-63,
65, 67
Mary
Mother of Jesus, 4, 16
Magdalene, 15
N
N (Codex), 5, 19, 59, 61
NA (Nestle-Aland), 3-9, 11-27, 30, 33-40, 51, 53, 55, 59, 65
Name, 4, 18, 22, 33, 40, 67
Nation (s), 9, 22, 31
Naturalistic (-ally), 4, 6, 20, 39-44, 46, 52, 54-56
Never, 2, 12, 36, 40, 43, 55, 60
New Testament, 2, 4-5, 8, 13, 15, 20-22, 25, 27, 29, 34, 36-37, 3942, 44-49, 51-57, 65-66, 69, 70-71
Nile River, 46, 52
Nineteenth, 2, 37, 40, 43, 46, 51, 53-54, 56, 72
NT, 2, 4, 6, 9, 11-12, 14, 17-19, 21, 24, 27-28, 31, 35, 38-45, 4757, 60, 65, 69
NU (NA/UBS text), 5-13, 15-18, 20-33, 35-39, 42, 51, 53, 71
Number (s, -ed, -ing) 6-7, 14-15, 24, 37-38, 41, 45, 47, 52-53, 5657, 64
Numerous, 4-5, 17, 21, 40-41, 46-47, 51-52, 54-55, 72
O
Obedience, 14, 30, 35, 44
Oinon (Gk.), 10
Oldest, 15, 17, 19, 31, 35, 45, 55, 60, 70-71
Old Testament, 10, 40-41, 45-49, 52, 54-55, 72
Omission (s), 4-5, 7, 9, 11-14, 16-17, 19-21, 23-24, 26-29, 31, 3336, 42, 48, 54, 64-65, 67-68
Omit (s, -ted, -ting), 5-10, 12-21, 23-28, 32-34-38, 48, 66-69
One (s), 5-6, 8-9, 13-15, 17, 20, 22-25, 27-28, 32-33, 35-37, 40,
44, 53, 56, 62, 67-68
Only, 4-9, 13-24, 26-31, 33-40, 42-43, 45, 47-49, 52-54, 69
Oppose (s, -d, -ing ), 6-7, 9, 11-13, 16-18, 21-22, 24, 26, 28-31, 33,
35-38, 55-56, 71
Osei (Gk.), 19
OT, 11, 15, 17, 29, 41, 45, 47, 49-50, 54-55, 62, 72
Oxos (Gk.), 10
P
P (Codex), 17, 24-25, 27-29, 32-38, 59
Pagan, 2, 47
Paleography, 72
Palestinian, Syriac, 26, 30, 32, 48, 52, 59
Panta (Gk., -es), 18, 27, 37
Papyrus (-ri)
Papyri, 15, 17, 23-24, 34, 50, 52, 64
Papyrus, 4, 19, 21-22, 35, 46-47, 50, 52-53, 59-60
Parable, 8, 45
Paradothenai (Gk.), 11
Parakupsas (Gk.), 21
Parallel (-ed, -ism, -ization), 5, 20, 40-41, 44, 46, 48, 52, 56
Parchment, 47, 60-63
Parents, 16
Partial (-ly), 13, 35-37, 44, 46, 50, 52, 72
Pass (-ed), 19, 21, 24, 27, 33, 36
Passage, 5, 11, 15, 18-19, 31, 33, 42-43, 47, 51, 53, 67
Patristic, 29, 50
Paul, the apostle, 2, 25-26, 28-31, 47
Pauline (s), 29, 44, 47, 49-50, 60-63
Peace, 16, 25, 30
Pen (-ned, -ning), 2, 30, 51-56
Penalty, 13
Penance, 22
Pentateuch, Samarian, 46, 54
People, 2, 16, 26, 28, 31, 34, 45, 47, 50, 52, 56
Percent (%), 2, 4-16, 18-19, 24, 26-28, 30, 38, 40-41, 43-45, 48,
50, 53-54, 56, 60, 64
Perfect (-ed, -ion), 12, 27, 33, 35
Pericope (Lat.), 45
Perish, 23
Perpetual, 4
Persecute (-d, -ion, -ing), 5, 19, 31, 34, 45, 52
Persia (s), 54
Person (s), 2, 28, 32, 42, 44-45, 47, 49, 51, 56
Peshitta, Syriac, 4-7, 9-18, 21-24, 26, 29-30, 34-37, 48, 50, 52, 59
Pestilence (s), 9
Peter
The apostle, 2, 18, 21, 35
1 Peter, 31, 35-36, 60, 68
2 Peter, 2, 36, 60, 62, 68
Phantom, 41, 46
Pharisees, 8-9
Philetus, 2
Philoxenian, Syriac, 36, 48, 59
Philological, 40, 49
Philosophy, 2, 54
Phos (Gk.), 29
Physician (s), 12, 42
Pieces, 8
Pisteuon (Gk.), 23
Pit (s), 36
Plenary (-ily), 43, 52
Pneuma (Gk.), 29
Polyglot, 47
Complutensian, 17, 41, 46
Poor (-ly), 14, 21, 26-27, 31, 35, 38, 53, 61-62
Popular (-ly, -ity, -ized), 4, 40-42, 48, 54, 57
Population, 51
Porneia (Gk.) 7
Portion (s), 4-5, 8, 12, 14-15, 17, 20, 22-25, 30, 32, 36, 39, 41, 44,
47, 49, 51, 63
Positivism, 39
Possession (s), 18, 33, 40, 45
Pour (-ed), 10
Power (-full, -less), 12-13, 19, 23-25, 27, 32, 40, 45
Powder, 8
Pratensis, Rabbi Felix, 45
Prepare (-ed), 11, 49
Preservation, 43, 56
Q
Quarto, 46
Quenched, 13
Quote (-ation, -ations), 11, 17, 23, 25, 35, 39, 50, 57
R
R (Codex), 17, 59, 61
Rabbi, 9, 45
Rabbinic,
First Bible, 45
Second Bible, 45
Radiance, 32
Raise, 24, 67
Rapture, 19
Ratified, 28
Rationalism, 40, 48
Reader (s, -ship), 5-12, 14, 17-18, 20-21, 24, 26, 28, 30, 36-37, 39,
51, 55
Reading (s), 3-5, 7-42, 44, 46, 50, 56, 60-61, 64-65, 69, 72
Real, 2, 16, 46
Realm, 41, 44
Rebuke (s), 31
Receive (-d), 9, 28, 31, 33
Receptacle, 48
Receptor (decoding), 42
Receptus, Textus, 4, 6, 10, 16, 23-24, 29, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 4649, 51, 55-56
Record (s, -ed), 16, 44, 47, 52, 65-66
Redeemed, 4, 19, 27
Reduce (s), 5, 14, 54
Refer (s, -red, -ring), 4, 7, 9-11, 13-18, 20-23, 25, 28-30, 33-34,
37-38, 40, 44-45, 47-51, 53, 55, 57
Reference (s, -d, -ing), 2-3, 13, 17, 19-20, 22, 24, 26-28, 33, 35,
37-38, 41-42, 46, 50, 55-57, 59-60
Regenerate (s, -ion), 26-27, 39, 52
Region, 41
Reign (s), 33, 43, 49, 54, 69
Reject (-ed, -ion, -ing), 2, 8, 12, 48, 54
Release, 2, 4, 39-40, 47-48, 54
Reliable (-ility), 12, 55
Reformation, 22, 39, 43, 45-46, 49, 53
Rejoice, 16
Remain (s, -ed, -ing, -der), 2, 12, 17-18, 22-23, 27, 33, 45, 48, 53
Remembrance, 26
Remiss, 4
Remission, 10, 22
Remove (s, -ed, -al), 5, 7-9, 11, 13, 16, 20-24, 26, 29, 31-32, 3738, 67
Repetition, 13, 25, 30-31
Repent (-ance), 5, 22, 32, 35
Replace (s, -ed, -ing, -ment), 4-5, 10-11, 17, 23, 28, 31-32, 34, 4041, 46-47, 51, 53, 56-57, 68
Represent (s, -ed, -ation, -ative, -ativeness), 2, 4, 10, 15, 21, 25, 28,
32-33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 45, 47-48, 50, 53-55, 72
Reproach (-ed), 31
Reputation, 30
Research (-ed), 31
Rescension, Antiochian (Lucianic), 41
Rescriptus, Ephraemi (Codex C), 47, 52, 55, 60
Reserved, 36
Residence, 27, 47
Resident (s), 54, 72
Respect (-ive, -ively), 15, 27, 29, 35, 43, 48, 50, 69
Rest (s), 6, 15-17, 27, 69
Resurrection, 15, 29, 48, 52
Revelation (Rev.), The Book of, 19, 26, 32, 38, 53, 60-62, 68-69
Reveal (-ed, -ing), 6, 21, 31, 39
Revere (-d), 13, 21
Reverence, 11, 27
Revile (-ing), 31, 35
Revise (-ion), 48-49, 51, 65
Revoke, 12
Rheims-Duoay (Bible), 52
Rhoizedon (Gk.), 36
Rich (-es), 14, 39
Righteous (-ness), 5, 29, 33, 35, 69
Rise, 9, 38
Roar (-ing), 36
Robbery, 30
Robes, 38
Rodgers, John, 39, 41
Roman Catholic (-ism), 2, 29, 39-40, 43, 47, 52, 54
Roman Empire, Eastern, 45
Romans, The Book of, 25-26, 28, 67-69
Rome (s), 44, 47, 52, 54, 69
S
S (Codex), 17, 21, 59
Sacred, 2, 11
Sacrifice, 5, 28, 32, 42
Saducees, 8
Sahidic, 5-17, 19-21, 23-24, 30, 32, 34-35, 37-38, 53, 59, 61
Saint (St.) Catherines Monastery/Convent, 2, 40, 44, 47, 55, 60
Salem, 50
Salvation, 8, 14, 22, 28, 32-33, 35, 42, 48, 52
Samuel, II, The Book of, 24
Sanctify (-ied), 19
Sara (Sarah), 33
Satan, 13, 24, 27, 31, 52
Save (-d), 7-8, 16-17, 19, 26, 35, 52
Savior (-iour), 19, 31, 35, 66-67
Sawn, 34
Say (s, -ing), 4-5, 7, 9-10, 12, 15-18, 20, 23, 25, 28, 32-33, 52
Saxony, 47-49
Scandinavia (Scan.), 47, 50
Science, 2, 47
Scholar (s, -ly, -ship), 2, 4, 8-9, 13, 15, 17-18, 23-25, 37, 39-56, 65,
72
Scribe (s, -al), 2, 4-9, 11-17, 23-32, 35, 37-38, 40-41, 44, 46-48,
53-54
Scripture (s, -al), 2, 9, 12, 14-15, 17, 20, 28, 32, 34-35, 37, 39, 4142, 44, 47-49, 52, 57
Scrivener, F. H. A., 2, 43, 53, 70-71
Seat, 24, 26, 68
Second Coming, 26
Secret (-ly, -ive), 2, 40, 47, 70-71
Sect (s), 2
Seed (s), 7, 16, 28, 33
Seirais (Gk., -ois, -os), 36
Selective, 12
Semler, J. S., 40, 48
Send The Light (STL), 39
Separate (-d, -ing, -ist), 5, 27, 31, 37, 48, 52, 56
Septuagint, 8, 10, 37, 40, 46, 52, 54-55, 60, 71
Sepulchre, 15, 21
Seplveda, Juan Gins de, 43
Servant, 28, 30
Seventeen (-th, 17th), 39-40, 46, 50, 52, 55
Seventh (7th), 2, 4-5, 7, 9-10, 13, 24-26, 30-32, 34, 36, 40, 48-49,
50, 59, 69
Sheepskins, 34
T
T (Codex), 19-20, 22-23, 61
Ta (Gk.), 27
Tabernacle, 33
Take (s, -n, -ing), 11, 14, 19, 26-27, 31, 47
Tanta (Gk.), 27
Tarried, 16
Tartarus, 36, 48
Tartarosas (Gk.), 36
Tas (Gk.), 12
Tatian, 24
Taverners, 39
Teacher (s), 2, 8-9, 31, 37, 56
Teaching (s), 2, 42, 51
Teleioteras (Gk.), 33
Tell, 4-5, 7, 23-24
Temple, 8, 24, 54
Tempted, 34
Tent, 33, 47
Tertullian, 2, 24, 45, 52
Testament (s)
New, 2, 4-5, 8, 13-15, 20-22, 25, 27, 29, 34, 36-37, 39-42, 4449, 51-57, 65-66, 69-72
Old, 10, 40-41, 45-47, 49, 52, 54-55, 72
Testamentum, Novum (Graece), 16, 41-42, 51, 72
Testimony, 18-20, 26-34, 36, 38, 50
Text (s, s), 2-57, 59-65, 69-72
Alexandrian, 5, 11, 13-17, 22-23, 25, 33-34, 37-38, 41, 43-45,
47, 49, 53-55, 60, 62-64
Byzantine (Byz.), 4-12, 14-41, 45-50, 52-55, 59-64
Caesarean, 8, 13-14, 28, 47, 51, 61, 63
Critical, 2-5, 7, 10-11, 13, 15, 18, 21-22, 25-27, 32-33, 39-40,
42, 48-49, 51, 55, 59, 62, 65
Majority ( ), 4-39, 41-45, 48, 50-53, 55-56, 59, 71-72
Masoretic, 41, 45
Received, 47, 55
Western, 8, 19, 21, 25, 28-29, 41, 45, 49, 52, 54, 57, 60, 62, 64
Text-type (s), 3, 17, 28, 41, 44-47, 49-50, 52-57, 60, 63-64
Textual (-ly), 4, 15, 23-24, 26, 29, 42, 47-48, 52-54, 56, 65
Textual criticism, 3, 23, 39-42, 44, 51-52, 55, 57, 64, 70-71
Textus Receptus (TR), 4, 6, 10, 12, 16-17, 20, 22-24, 29-31, 35-39,
41-43, 46-49, 51, 55-56
Thanks, 26, 43
Thelemate (Gk.), 36
Theologian (s), 23, 37, 40, 44-46, 49, 51, 53, 55-56
Theological (-ly), 4, 22-23, 26-28, 39-40, 43-44, 48, 51-52, 55-56,
71-72
Theopneustos (Gk.), 40
Theory (-ies, -etical, -izing), 4-5, 12, 15, 17-18, 20, 29, 40-41, 46,
48, 54-56
Therefore, 24-25, 27-28, 34, 36
Thessalonians
The Books of (1,2), 30
The church of, 30
Theta ([ ] Codex), 4-20, 22-24, 36
Thief, 36
Thing (s), 8-9, 11, 14-15, 19, 25-33, 35-37, 44, 47, 67
Third, 20, 26, 28, 38, 40, 42, 44, 47, 49, 51, 54-56
Century (3rd), 2, 17, 28, 34, 41, 44-45, 47, 52, 57
Throne, 10, 24, 29
Throne, Great White, 26
Throw, 6, 24
Thrown, 6, 13
Time (s, -ly), 2, 5-6, 8, 14-15, 19, 23, 25, 32-33, 35 (one-time), 36,
43-45, 47, 50-52, 54 (long-time), 55, 66
Timothy (Timotheus)
The apostle, 2, 30
The Books of (1,2), 2, 31, 39, 43
Tis (Gk.), 27
Tischendorf, (Lobegott) Friedrich Constantine von, 2, 9, 14, 16,
21-22, 38, 40, 44, 46-47, 51, 55, 65-66
Titus, the Book of, 2
Today, 2, 6, 10, 14, 23, 32, 39, 41-43, 47, 51-52, 55-56, 70-72
Toil (-ing), 31
Tomb (s), 21
Took, 24, 30, 33, 69
Torment (-ed), 5, 34
Total (-ing), 10-11, 19, 28, 40, 43, 49-50, 64-65
Touch, 31
Traditional (-ly), 16, 39, 41, 43, 45, 50-51, 54-55, 59, 65, 70
Translate (s, -d), 5-6, 8, 10, 20, 27-28, 30, 34-35, 38-39, 41, 46-47,
49, 52, 55, 57, 64
Translation (s), 4-8, 11, 13, 15-22, 27-27, 29-31, 33, 35-36, 38-44,
46-47, 49, 51-52, 54-56, 65, 67, 71-72
Translator (s), 2, 6-8, 10-16, 20-26, 28-30, 34-39, 43, 47, 55
Transpose (s, -d), 13-14, 28, 33, 35
Tree, 38
Tregelles, Samuel P., 21, 37-38, 40, 46, 56
Tribulation, the Great, 19
Trinitarian, 56
Trinitarian Bible Society, 41, 56
Triune, 56
Troubled, 23
Truly, 7-8, 23, 41
Truncate (-d), 17, 25, 38
Truth, 2, 7, 10-11, 13-14, 23, 27, 29, 31, 35, 37, 42-43, 46, 53, 68,
72
Turkey, 54
Twentieth (century), 2, 48, 54
Tyndale (s), 17, 30, 36, 39, 41, 43
U
U (Codex), 17, 21, 59, 61
Ulfilas, 47
Ultimate (-ly), 12, 39-40, 43, 55
Unadulterated, 41
Unanswered (-able), 2
Unbeliever (s, -ing), 23, 26, 30, 35, 39
Uncertain (-ty), 10, 12
Uncial (s), 2, 4-6, 8-9, 11, 13-24, 26-36, 40, 42, 45-46, 48, 50-53,
56, 59-64, 70-71
Uncircumcision, 29
Unclean, 31
Unction, 37
Underlying, 2, 4, 8, 18, 22, 30, 39, 41, 44-45, 51-52, 54-56, 65
Undermine, 4, 40
Underneath, 5, 20
Understand (-ing), 7-8, 15, 37, 39, 42
Understatement, 17-18
Undertaking, 72
Underwent, 39
Undignified, 29
Unfaithfulness, 7
Unfashionable, 13
Unfeigned, 35
Ungodly, 25
Unholy, 4, 71
Unification, 42, 46
Unique (-ly), 22, 27, 36, 39, 51
Unitarian (s, -ism), 44, 47, 53, 56
United Bible Societies (UBS), 5, 7, 9, 16, 20-24, 29-30, 35, 37, 3941, 53-57, 72
Unity, 46
Universal (-ly, -ism), 2, 52, 55
Unofficial, 49, 52
Unorthodox, 71
Unproven, 18
Unregenerate, 26
Unseen, 48
Unsound, 2, 54
Unsubstantiated, 38, 41
Unworthily, 27
Updated, 6, 39, 41
Uper (Gk., [h]uper), 5, 26
Upholding, 32
Upper, 48
Uppercase, 50, 56, 58
Urgent, 72
URL, 71
Usable, 15, 45, 47
Usage, 8, 22, 55
Useless, 34
V
V (Codex), 17, 21, 59, 61
Vacancy, 42
Vacillate (-ing), 33, 39
Vain, 2, 34, 49
Valid, 25
Validity, 14-15, 23, 30, 50, 54
Variant (s), 9, 11, 15-16, 21-25, 30, 32, 39, 47, 54, 65-66, 69
Variation (s), 12, 16-17, 20, 37, 48, 53, 55, 64-65
Various (-ly), 2, 9, 23, 28, 44, 46, 50, 53, 56, 65, 69
Vast (-ly), 5, 8-11, 13-15, 17-19, 22, 24, 26-30, 33, 35-38, 40, 42,
45, 48, 50, 64-65
Vatican, 2, 40, 56, 69
Vaticanus (Codex B), 2, 4, 9, 11, 16, 31-32, 34, 38, 40, 42-44, 47,
52, 54, 56, 60, 65, 69
Verbal (-ly), 2, 34, 37, 43, 55-56
Verily, 7, 12, 23
Verse (s), 3-26, 28-30, 32-34, 36-38, 41-44, 47-49, 53, 64-65, 67,
72
Version (s, s), 2, 4-5, 8-9, 12-15, 17, 19-28, 31-56, 65, 69-72
American Standard (ASV), 16, 39-40
English Revised (ERV), 2, 4, 15-16, 36, 39-40, 44, 46-48, 55,
72
King James (KJV), 3-4, 6-7, 12, 14-16, 19-23, 25, 29-31, 3336, 38-39, 41-43, 55
New American Standard (NASB), 4-9, 11-13, 15-21, 24, 27,
30-31, 33, 37-39, 41-42
New English Translation (NET), 4-13, 18-22, 24-32, 34-35,
37-41, 55
New International (NIV), 4-11, 13, 18-22, 25, 29, 32-33, 37,
39, 41-42
Versional, 35, 38
Vessel (s), 12, 43
Vicarious, 28
View (s), 23, 53
Vincent, Marvin, 70
Vinegar, 10
Virgin (-ity), 4, 16
Virtually, 4, 42
Vocabulary, 48
Voice, 17
Volume (s), 22, 41, 48, 50 (sixteen-volume), 53 (nine-volume, twovolume)
Vulgate (Latin), 4-8, 11, 13-15, 17-18, 20-21, 23-24, 26, 31-36, 38,
50, 62-63
X
W (Codex), 5-14, 16-18, 20, 22-24, 59
Waite, D. A., 2, 71-72
Walk (-ing), 25, 37
Wallace, Daniel B., 43
Wandered, 34
Weather, 6
Wealth, 14
Western (text-type), 8, 19, 21, 25, 28-29, 41, 45, 49, 52, 54, 57, 60,
62, 64
Wettstein, Johann Jakob, 46
Wanton, 39
Wash, 38
Watch (-ful, -fulness), 15, 19
Water (s), 23
Weak (-ness), 23, 25-27, 44
Weight (-y), 6, 18, 35, 37-38
Weiss, Bernhard, 16, 22, 51
Westcott (s), B. F., 36, 40-41, 46, 48, 51, 71
Weymouth, Richard, 51
Wheaton, 71
Whittingham (s), William, 41
Whole (-ly), 17, 23, 37
Whosoever, 4, 7-8, 13, 23, 34
Wicked, 36
Widows, 9
Wife, 7, 26
Wind, 29, 53
Wine, 10
Wisdom, 2, 13, 37
Witness (-es), 7, 9-13, 15-16, 20, 22-26, 28-29, 31, 34, 37-38, 47,
51-52, 59-60, 64, 68
Woe, 9
Woman (-en), 7, 16, 26
Word
of God, 2, 6, 17, 28-29, 32, 37, 42-43, 56, 68, 71
Jesus Christ (Word in the flesh), 68
Works, 6, 32, 34-36, 40, 42, 47, 49, 52, 57, 72
World, 19, 26, 31, 34, 38-39, 42, 44-45, 48, 51, 54-55, 67, 70-71
Worm, 13
Worthy, 19
Wrath, 19, 30, 38
Wretched, 37
Written, 2, 11, 17, 25, 27, 48-49, 51, 53, 56, 60-62, 72
Wrong (-ly, -ful, -fully), 8, 12, 20, 24-25, 27-30, 34-35, 38, 43
Y
Ye, 5-7, 9, 14-15, 18-19, 27, 31, 33-35, 37-38, 42, 69
Year (s), 2, 4, 15, 28, 39-40, 43, 45, 47-49, 53, 56, 69, 72
Yield, 2, 27
Yonder, 7
Z
Z (Codex), 4, 6-10, 61
Zoen (Gk.), 23
Zondervan (s), 5, 8, 20-21, 33, 37, 39, 42, 57, 71
Zophou (Gk.), 36, 54