VIII-13

A.3. Ky1ou-Paqcouon ue1op

a ce norcernme exa namara nena e a najeme xopenn na aena ]ynxnnja ( ) f x ,
onocno pemenne na panenxara ( ) 0 f x = , r.e. na najeme rouxa x = , raxna mro
( ) 0 f = .
Hpernocrannme exa ]ynxnnjara ( ) f x e n]epennnjannna n ( ) 0 f x ' = no [ , ] a b n
exa x = e enncrnenoro pemennnne na panenxara ( ) 0 f x = no [ , ] a b .
3ememe
1
x a = .
Cneejxn ja cnnxara na ecnoro, ja najeme
panenxara na ranrenrara na ]ynxnnjara no
rouxara
1 1
( , ( )) x f x (nnn In.VI.A):
1 1 1
( ) ( )( ) y f x f x x x ' = (npnenara nnnnja A)
Horoa ro apame npecexor na onaa npana co
x-ocxara, r.e. 0 y = . Hpecexor ro osnauyname
co
2
x . onname:
1
2 1
1
( )
( )
f x
x x
f x
=
'
.
3aenexnme exa
2
x e nonncxa o .
Cera ja najeme panenxara na ranrenrara na
]ynxnnjara no nonara rouxa
1 1
( , ( )) x f x (posena nnnnja B).
Hpecexor na onaa npana co x-ocxara e:
1
2 1
1
( )
( )
f x
x x
f x
=
'
.
Ha onoj naunn ce onna nnsa ( )
n
x xae mro:
1
( )
( )
n
n n
n
f x
x x
f x
+
=
'
.
Onuno, onoj nponec ro npoonxnme ce oexa na nocneonarennn unenonn na
nnsara ( )
n
x ne ce pasnnxyna sa nonexe o nexoja onanpe onpeenena npenocr
0 o > , r.e. xora
1 n n
x x
+
< o.
3aenemxn:
- Moxno e a ne xonneprnpa nnsara ( )
n
x , r.e. lim 0
n
n
x

= .
Ona moxe a ce cnyuyna xora:
(a) ( ) 0
n
f x ' = sa nexoj
n
x .
() Axo lim
n
n
x

ne nocron.
1
x

2
x
3
x
4
x
A
B
VIII-14
- Haxo ce rnea exa meroor ana psn pesynrarn (nnn npnmep 1 noony), sa
pasnnxa o npnnre na meron, orpannuynane na anconyrnara rpemxa
n
x
one ne e ncxyrnpano. Toa e nejxn anconyrnara rpemxa sanncn o
uernprnor nsno o ]ynxnnjara
( ) IV
y , r.e. ne e mnory npaxrnuno sa
npecmerynane.
Hpnuep 1: Co rpn nrepannn na Byron-Pa]conon mero npnnxno a ce npecmera
xopen na
2
( ) 2 f x x = . a ce seme
1
1 x = .
Pemenne:
3aenexyname exa xopennre na ]ynxnnjara
2
2 y x = ce 2 . 3naun, co
pemanane na npnmepor, ncymnocr apame npnnnxna npecmerxa na 2.
a. Fnejxn xe rpea, ro npecmeryname nsnoor ( ) 2 f x x ' = .
. Hpna nrepannja:
1
2 1
1
( )
( )
f x
x x
f x
=
'
.
In npecmeryname unenonnre:
2
1
( ) (1) 1 2 1 2 1 f x f = = = = .
1
( ) (1) 2 1 2 f x f ' ' = = =
Cneyna
1
1 1 3
1 1 1,5
2 2 2
x

= = + = = .
n. Bropa nrepannja:
2
2
( ) (1,5) 1,5 2 2,25 2 0,25 f x f = = = =
2
( ) (1,5) 2 1,5 3 f x f ' ' = = = .
Cneyna
3
0,25 0,25
1,5 1,5 1,5 0,0833 1,41667
3 3
x

= = = = .
r. Tpera nrepannja:
2
3
( ) (1,41667) 1,41667 2 0,006945 f x f = = = .
3
( ) (1,41667) 2 1,41667 2,833334 f x f ' ' = = =
Cneyna
4
0,006945
1,41667 1,414216
2,833334
x = = .
Onne noaronn uecro narn rn oprannsnpame raynapno:
n
n
x ( )
n
f x ( )
n
f x '
( )
( )
n
n
f x
f x '
( )
( )
n
n
n
f x
x
f x

'
1 1 -1 2 -0,5 1,5
2 1,5 0,25 3 0,08333 1,41667
3 1,41667 0,006945 2,833334 0.002454 1,414216
4 1,414216
VIII-15
Oronop na saauara e:
3
1,414216 x =
3aoe.eura: Co nrnrpon nmame nmame: 2 1,414214 = .
3naun, co camo rpn nrepannn na onaa meroa, rpemxara e 0,000002.
- Co meroor na npenononynane xonxy nrepannn rpea sa a ce crnrne o onaa
rpemxa?
Hajnpno rpea a ce opear rouxn a n b, raxnn mro ( ) ( ) 0 f a f b < . Ineame
exa:
2
(1) 1 2 1 f = = , a
2
(2) 2 2 2 f = = . Co raena nmame:
n nena ecna
cpena=
n
x f(nena) f(ecna) f(cpena)
1 1 2
2 1 2 1,5 -1 2 0,25
3 1 1,5 1,25 -1 0,25 -0,4375
4 1,25 1,5 1,375 -0,4375 0,25 -0,109375
5 1,375 1,5 1,4375 -0,109375 0,25 0,066406
6 1,375 1,4375 1,425
Hocne 6 nrepannn (snaun ynno) nmame
6
1,425 x = , r.e. rpemxara e >0,01 nnn
5000 narn noronema o co Byron-Pa]conon mero!
3a
1
( )
0,000002
2
n n
b a
x

< < norpeno e

1
1
1 1
500000 2
2 500000
n
n

< <
onocno 1 19 20 n n = = , r.e. 20 uexopn.
Hpnuep 2: Kopncrejxn ro Byron-Pa]conon mero, a ce naje npnnnxno pemenne
na Hpnmep 7 o In.6.
3aauara rnaceme:
Een uonex e no uamen 3 [km] o
najnncxara rouxa na peror P, a rpea a
on no rouxara Q xoja e 5 [km] onx
peror n 2 [km] no nnarpemnocra na
peror. Axo uonexor necna co psnna o
3 [km/h], a nemaun co psnna o 6 [km/h],
no xoja rouxa rpea a nsnese na peror
sa najpso a crnrne o rouxara Q?
Hexa
v
t e npemero na necnene, a
p
t e
npemero na nemauane. Toram: ( )
v p
t x t t = + e nxynnoro npeme.
a ce norcernme exa pemennero na onaa saaua ce cneyname na naorane na
mnnnmym na onaa ]ynxnnja, onocno mnnnmym na ]ynxnnjara:
Q
3
5
2
S
R x
V
W
5-x
VIII-16
2 2
9 10 29
( )
3 6
v p
x x x
t x t t
+ +
= + = + .
3a a ro najeme mnnnmymor, rpea a ro najeme nsnoor n a ro nsenaunme co 0
(nnn norouxara 6 no pemennero na onaa saaua),
2 2
5
( )
3 9 6 10 29
x x
t x
x x x

' = +
+ +
2 2
( ) 0 2 10 29 ( 5) 9 0 t x x x x x x ' = + + + = onocno
4 3 2
3 30 82 90 225 0 x x x x + + = , t.e.
4 3 2
( ) 3 30 82 90 225 f x x x x x = + + ,
3 2
( ) 12 90 164 90 f x x x x ' = +
3ememe
1
2 x =
n
n
x ( )
n
f x ( )
n
f x '
( )
( )
n
n
f x
f x '
( )
( )
n
n
n
f x
x
f x

'
1 2 -91 -154 0,590909 1,4091
2 1,4091 7,4748 -175,96619 -0,04248 1,4516
3 1,4516 0,01738 -175,12496 0,000099 1,4516
4 1,4516 0,000000
3naun, 1,45 x = onocno rouxara e 1,45 [km] onx peror. Ona e ncrnor oronop
xon ro onnme co xomnjyrepcxo npecmerynane na mnnnmymor!
Hpnuep 3: Co Byron-Pa]conon mero npnnxno a ce npecmera xopen na
3
( ) f x x = . a ce seme
1
0,1 x = .
Pemenne: Hpno, a saenexnme exa ]ynxnnjara
3
( ) f x x = nma enncrnen xopen
no 0 = .
n
n
x ( )
n
f x ( )
n
f x '
( )
( )
n
n
f x
f x '
( )
( )
n
n
n
f x
x
f x

'
1 0,1 0,46416 1,54720 0,3 -0,2
2 -0,2 -0,58480 0,97467 0,6 0,4
3 0,4 0,73681 0,61401 1,2 -0,8
4 -0,8
VIII-17
Ineame exa rouxnre
n
x ce nonexe ce oaneuynaar o 0 = . Bro ce cnyuyna?
Vmre ena npoa o pyrara crpana o xopenor, nmeno
1
0,01 x =
n
n
x ( )
n
f x ( )
n
f x '
( )
( )
n
n
f x
f x '
( )
( )
n
n
n
f x
x
f x

'
1 -0,01 -0,21544 7,1814 -0,03 0,02
2 0,02 0,27144 4,52403 0,06 -0,04
3 -0,04 -0,34200 2,8500 -0,12 0,08
4 0,08 0,43089 1,79536 0,24 -0,16
5 -0,16
3naun, ncroro ce cnyuyna, r.e. nnsara ( )
n
x ne xonneprnpa xon 0 = .
Ieomerpncxn, nmame:
3naun, ranrenrnre ne nocar noanexy n noanexy. Hponemor no onaa saaua e exa
3 2
1
( )
3
f x
x
' = ne nocron no rouxara 0 x = , r.e. am no xopenor! Toa e noueren
ycnon, a pesynraror na ona e exa lim
n
n
x

ne nocron (ocnnnnpa).
Hpnuep 4: Hpexy Byron-Pa]conon mero
npnnnxno o 3 ennmann a ce npecmera
xopen na ]ynxnnjara ( ) 3 1 f x x x = , a
npnara nrepannja a ce nnecn no aennor
rpa]nx.
Pemenne: O rpa]nxor ce rnea exa xopenor
e nomery 1 x = n 2 x = .

1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
3
( ) f x x =
VIII-18
Hsnoor e:
3
( ) 1
2 1
f x
x
' =

Hpon:
(a) a sememe
1
1 x = . (1) 3 0 1 1 f = = .
3 3
(1) 1 1
0 2 0
f ' = = ne nocron.
() a sememe
1
2 x = . (2) 3 2 1 f = 1 = .
3
(2) 1 0,5
2 1
f ' = = .
1
1
2 0
0,5
x = = .
(0) 3 0 1 0 3 1 f = = ne nocron.
Ieomerpncxn, jacno eme exa onne ne npon nema a paorar, onocno
(a) ranrenrara no rouxara
1
1 x = e neprnxanna nnnnja (npnenara), a
() ranrenrara no rouxara
1
2 x = (senenara) nma npecex co x-ocxara nanop
o rpa]nxor, onocno nanop o e]nnnnnonara onacr na ]ynxnnjara.
ann moxeme a najeme coonerna nouerna rouxa
1
x ? a nponme nexoja rouxa
nomery 1 x = n xopenor, na npnmep
1
1,1 x = .
n
n
x ( )
n
f x ( )
n
f x '
( )
( )
n
n
f x
f x '
( )
( )
n
n
n
f x
x
f x

'
1 1,1 -0,15132 3,74342 -0,04042 1,14040
2 1,14040 -0,01623 3,00289 -0,00541 1,14583
3 1,14583 -0,00020 2,92799 -0,00007 1,14590
4 1,145
Oronop na saauara e: 1,145 0,0005 = .
1
1 x =
1
2 x =