NHM CC H S CN BNG TRONG PHNG TRNH HO HC

Trong cc bi tp trc nghim ha hc c nhng bi tp cn phi bit cc h s cn bng gii, nu

cn bng y th mt nhiu thi gian, ti thy cng c th nhm nhanh cc h s cn bng m khng cn
phi tm ht cc h s v cch nhm ny khi cn thit cng gip ta cn bng nhanh phng trnh phn ng.
1. Nhm cc h s cn bng trong phn ng oxi ho kh bng cch vn dng bo ton electron v bo
ton nguyn t :
he so san pham kh so electron nhng so nguyen t tao san pham kh (neu co)

he so chat kh
so electron nhan
Ch so san pham kh
Tng t cho trng hp ngc li.
V d 1 : Cho m gam hn hp FeS v FeS2 c t l s mol 1:2 tc dng vi axit sunfuric m c d thu
c 6,552 lt SO2 (ktc). Gi tr ca m l A. 4,920
B. 6,025
C. 4,820
D. 3,615
Bm my tnh 1 ln :
6.552 22.4
(88 2 120)
(7 2 1) (11: 2 2) 2
Kt qu : 4,92
Ti sao lm th?
Vn dng bo ton electron v bo ton nguyn t c th gii thch cch nhm ny :
he so SO2
9
7 2 1 4,5
he so FeS
2
+3
+4
(FeS chuyn thnh Fe v S nhng 7e, cn S+6 chuyn thnh S+4 (SO2) , ng thi S trong FeS cng
chuyn thnh SO2)
Tng t :
he so SO2
15
11 2 2 7,5
he so FeS 2
2
V d 2 : ( thi i hc khi A 2009)
Cho phng trnh ho hc: Fe3O4 + HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NxOy + H2O
Sau khi cn bng phng trnh ho hc trn vi h s ca cc cht l nhng s nguyn, ti gin th
h s ca HNO3 l
A. 23x - 9y. B. 45x - 18y. C. 13x - 9y. D. 46x - 18y.
Gii :
he so N x Oy
1
1: (5 x 2 y )
he so Fe3O4
5x 2 y
H s trc HNO3 = x+(5x-2y)33=46x-18y
V d 3 : Tng h s cn bng (h s cn bng l nhng s nguyn dng nh nht ) ca phn ng :
Fe(NO3)2+HNO3Fe(NO3)3+NO+H2O
l :
A. 12
B. 14
C. 13
D. 15
Gii :
he so NO
1: 3
he so Fe( NO3 ) 2
H s HNO3=1+3332=4
3Fe(NO3)2+4HNO33Fe(NO3)3+NO+2H2O
Tng h s cn bng=13
V d 4 : Cho 12,125 gam MS (M c ha tr khng i) tc dng ht vi dd H2SO4 c nng d thot ra
11,2 lit SO2 (ktc). Xc inh M.
A . Zn
B .Cu
C.Mn
D.Mg
Gii :
12,125
32
11,2 22,4 (6 2 1)

Kt qu : 65 (Zn)

V d 5 : ( thi d b khi A 2009)

Cho phng trnh ho hc:
Al + HNO3 Al(NO3)3 + NO + N2O + H2O
(Bit t l th tch N2O: NO = 1 : 3). Sau khi cn bng phng trnh ho hc trn vi h s cc cht l nhng
s nguyn, ti gin th h s ca HNO3 l
A. 66
B. 60
C. 64
D. 62
Gii :
he so x ( N 2O 3 NO )
3
3

he so Al
8 3 3 17
H s ca HNO3 = 173+3(2+3)=66
V d 6 : ( thi d b khi A 2009)
Ha tan hon ton hn hp gm FeS2 0.24 mol v Cu2S vo dung dch HNO3 va thu c dung dch X
(ch cha hai mui sunfat) v V lt kh NO duy nht . Gi tr ca V l
A. 34.048
B. 35.84
C. 31.36
D. 25.088
Gii :
(0, 24

15
3 2 2 10
0, 24
) 22, 4
3
2 2 2 3

Kt qu : 35,84
V d 7 : Phng trnh ho hc:
Al + HNO3 Al(NO3)3 + NO + N2O + H2O
c tng h s cn bng l 145, t l s mol NO:N2O l :
A. 2:3
B. 3:2
C. 1:3
D. 3:1
Gii :
he so x (aNO bN 2O )
3

he so Al
3a 8b
H s ca HNO3 l : (3a+8b)3+3a+6b=12a+30b
Tng h s cn bng : (3a+8b)+( 12a+30b)+ (3a+8b)+(3a+3b)+(6a+15b)=145
27a+64b=145
b<145:64=2,265....
b=1a=3
b=2a=0,629.... (loi)
V d 8 : t m gam hn hp X gm FeS v FeS2 bng oxi d n khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c
m10,88 gam cht rn Y. Nu oxi ha hon ton m gam hn hp X bng dung dch H2SO4 c nng d thu
c 56,448 lt kh SO2 (ktc). Gi tr ca m l :
A. 40,32
B. 42,88
C. 41,60
D. 43,20
Gii :
Gi x l s mol FeS v y l s mol FeS2 trong m gam hn hp
(321,516)x+(641,516)y=10,88
(72+1)x+(112+2)y=56,448+22,4=2,52
Gii ra ta c x=0,16 mol v y=0,24 mol
m=0,1688+0,24120=42,88
V d 9 : Ly cng 1s mol hn hp no sau y vi t l s mol km theo tc dng vi HCl c d thu
c lng kh clo nhiu nht ?
A. KMnO4 (40%)+KClO3 (60%)
B. KClO3 (70%)+K2MnO4 (30%)
C. KMnO4 (80%)+ K2MnO4 (20%)
D. KClO2 (16%)+KClO3 (84%)
Gii :
Gi s ban u mi hn hp u c 1 mol,ta tnh s mol Cl2 sinh ra :
5
5 1
A.0, 4 0,6 ( ) 2,8
2
2 2

5 1
4
B.0,7 ( ) 0,6 2,7
2 2
2
5
4
C.0,8 0,2 2,4
2
2
3 1
5 1
D.0,16 ( ) 0,84 ( ) 2,84
2 2
2 2
V d 10 : Cho cc phng trnh phn ng
(1) Al+HNO3Al(NO3)3+NxOy+H2O
(2) Mg+HNO3Mg(NO3)2+NxOy+H2O
(3) Fe(OH)2+HNO3Fe(NO3)3+NxOy+H2O
(4) Fe(NO3)2+HNO3Fe(NO3)3+NxOy+H2O
Tng h s cn bng v tri l 11x4y l ca phn ng :
A. (1)
B. (2)
C. (3)
D. (4)
Gii
he so N x Oy
3
(1)

he so Al
5x 2 y
Tng h s v tri : (5x-2y)+[3x+(5x2y)3]=23x8y
he so N x Oy
2
(2)

he so Mg
5x 2 y
Tng h s v tri : (5x-2y)+[2x+(5x2y)2]=17x6y
he so N x Oy
1
(3)

he so Fe(OH ) 2 5 x 2 y
Tng h s v tri : (5x-2y)+[x+(5x2y)3]=21x8y
he so N x Oy
1
(4)

he so Fe( NO3 ) 2 5 x 2 y
Tng h s v tri : (5x-2y)+ [x+(5x2y)3(5x2y)2]=11x4y
V d 11 : Nung nng hn hp X cha 15,8 gam KMnO4 v 24,5 gam KClO3 mt thi gian c 36,3 gam
hn hp Y gm 6 cht. cho Y tc dng vi dung dch HCl c d un nng, lng kh clo sinh ra hp th
hon ton vo 300 ml dung dch NaOH 5M un nng c dung dch Z. Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton.
Tnh khi lng cht rn khan thu c khi c cn Z.
A. 111 gam
B. 12 gam
C. 79,8 gam
D. 91,8 gam
Gii
15,8 5 24,5 5 1 15,8 24,5 36,3
S mol Cl2=

( )
2 : 2 =0,6 mol
158 2 122,5 2 2
16
t
3Cl2+6NaOH
5NaCl+NaClO3+3H2O
Khi lng cht rn khan = 0, 6 71 1,5 40 0, 6 18 =91,8 gam
2. Nhm cc h s cn bng trong phn ng da trn t l kt hp :
V d 1 : Tng h s cn bng ca phn ng :
FexOy+COFenOm+CO2 l :
A. m+y+2ny2mx
B. n+x+2nx2my
C. m+y+2nx2my
D. n+x+2ny2mx
Gii
Cn bng Fe : n FexOy+COxFenOm+CO2
Ban u v tri c ny nguyn t O trong oxit st v phi cn mx nguyn t O trong oxit st, m 1 phn t
CO chim 1 O thnh 1 phn t CO2 h s ca CO v CO2 l (nymx)
nFexOy+(nymx)COxFenOm+(nymx)CO2
Tng h s cn bng l n+x+2ny2mx
V d 2 : Tng h s cn bng ca phn ng :
0

Al+HNO3Al(NO3)3+NO+N2O+N2+H2O
trong t l s mol NO:N2O:N2=1:2:3 l :
A. 248
B. 386
C. 368
D. 284
Gii
Ch v tri ca phn ng t l s nguyn t N: s nguyn t O=1:3 do cn iu chnh t l s nguyn t N trong
cc sn phm kh v O trong H2O cho ng t l 1:3 (trong mui nitrat t l N v O ng 1:3).
Vi : 3NO+6N2O+9N2 ( trnh phn s ta nhn t l trn cho 3 l ch s gc nitrat rrong Al(NO3)3
S nguyn t N trong sn phm kh : 3+62+92=33
S nguyn t O trong sn phm kh :3+6=9
h s H2O l 3339=90h s HNO3=180h s Al=h s Al(NO3)3=(18033):3=49
Tng h s cn bng l : 49+180+49+3+6+9+90=386
V d 3 : Tng h s cn bng ca phn ng :
Mg+H2SO4MgSO4+SO2+S+ H2O
trong t l s mol SO2:S =x:y l :
A. 5x+10y
B. 6x+12y
C. 8x+16y
D. 7x+14y
Gii
Ch v tri ca phn ng t l s nguyn t S: s nguyn t O=1:4 do cn iu chnh t l s nguyn t S trong
cc sn phm kh v O trong H2O cho ng t l 1:4 (trong mui sunfat t l S v O ng 1:4).
Vi : xSO2+yS
S nguyn t S trong sn phm kh : x+y
S nguyn t O trong sn phm kh :2x
h s H2O l 4(x+y)2x=2x+4yh s H2SO4=2x+4yh s Mg=h s MgSO4=2x+4y(x+y)=x+3y
Tng h s cn bng l : (x+3y)+(2x+4y)+(x+3y)+x+y+(2x+4y)=7x+14y
V d 4 : Cho phng trnh: FeSO4 + KMnO4 + KHSO4 Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + MnSO4 + H2O. Tng h s
ca cc cht c trong phng trnh trn khi cn bng l (h s l cc s nguyn ti gin)
A. 36
B. 52
C. 48
D. 54
Gii
Sau khi nhm h s cn bng theo s thay i s oxi ho ta c :
10FeSO4 + 2KMnO4 + KHSO4 5Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + H2O
Nu v phi c H2O sinh ra d dng suy ra h s ca KHSO4 l 9 (s nguyn t H bng 2 ln s nguyn t O, do
2KMnO4 c 8 nguyn t O), t suy ra h s ca K2SO4 l 6 v ca H2O l 8.
10FeSO4 + 2KMnO4 + 16KHSO4 5Fe2(SO4)3 + 9K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O
Tng h s =52
V d 5 : Trong phng trnh phn ng: a K2SO3 + bKMnO4 + cKHSO4 dK2SO4 + eMnSO4 + gH2O
( cc h s a,b, c... l nhng s nguyn ti gin). Tng h s cc cht tham gia phn ng ( a + b + c ) l:
A. 13.
B. 10.
C. 15.
D. 18.
Gii
Sau khi nhm h s cn bng theo s thay i s oxi ho ta c :
5 K2SO3 + 2KMnO4 + KHSO4 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + H2O
T 5 gc SO3 thnh 5 gc SO4 cn 5 nguyn t O, tng t nh v d 4 suy ra s nguyn t O trong 2KMnO4 pht
sinh H2O l 85=3 suy ra h s ca KHSO4 l 6 t suy ra h s ca K2SO4 l 9 v ca H2O l 3.
5 K2SO3 + 2KMnO4 + 6KHSO4 9K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O
a + b + c=5+2+6=13
3. Nhm h s O2 trong phn ng chy :
i vi hp cht hu c c th tnh h s cn bng ca oxi :
he so O2
(so C 2 + So H 2 - So O trong X) 2
he so cha t h u c X
V d 1 : t chy hon ton 1 th tch hirocacbon Y l cht kh ktc cn 6,5 th tch O2 (ktc). Hy
chn cng thc phn t ng ca Y. A. C4H8
B. C3H8
C. C4H4
D. C4H10.
Gii :
A(42+8:2):2=6 (loi)

B(32+8:2):2=5 (loi)
C(42+4:2):2=5 (loi)
D (42+10:2):2=6,5
V d 2 : ( thi d b khi A 2009)
t chy hon ton 1 mol ancol no A cn 3.5 mol O2. Cng thc phn t ca A l
A. C2H6O
B. C2H6O2
C. C3H8O3
D. C3H6O2
Gii :
A(22+6:21):2=3 (loi)
B(22+6:22):2=2,5 (loi)
C(32+8:23):2=3,5
D Loi v khng ph hp tnh cht no (mt d : (32+6:22):2=3,5)
V d 3 : t chy m gam hn hp gm 40% khi lng CH4; 40% khi lng C4H10 v 20% khi lng
mt hidrocacbon X cn 3,674 m gam Oxi. Cng thc phn t ca X l
A. C2H4
B. C3H6
C. C3H4
D. C2H2
Gii :
Chn m=1, cng thc phn t X : CxHy
0,4
0,4
0,2
3,674
(1 2 4 : 2) : 2
(4 2 10 : 2) : 2
(2x y : 2) : 2
16
58
12x y
32
Th y=2x=1,5075..
Th y=4x=3,015..
Th y=6x=4,5227
V d 4 : t m gam ancol no mch h X cn 1,2174m gam oxi. S nhm chc trong X l :
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
Gii :
Cng thc ca ancol no mch h : CnH2n+2k(OH)k hay CnH2n+2O k
Chn m=1. Ta c :

14n 2 16k (3n 1 k) 2

1
1, 2174 32

Th k=1n=0,7078..
Th k=2n=1,8539..
Th k=3n=3,0000
Th k=4n=4,1461
V d 5 : Mt loi m cha 40% triolein, 20% tripanmitin v 40% tristearin. X phng ha hon ton m
gam m trn thu c 138 gam glixerol. t m gam loi m trn cn bao nhiu lt O2 (ktc) ?
A. 2846
B. 2653
C. 2718
D. 2534
Gii :
Triolein : C57H104O6; tripanmitin : C51H98O6; tristearin : C57H110O6
0, 4m
0, 2m
0, 4m
138

12 57 104 16 6 12 51 98 16 6 12 57 110 16 6 92
m=1304.273145
(

0, 4m
57 2 104 : 2 6
0, 2m
51 2 98 : 2 6
0, 4m
57 2 110 : 2 6

) 22, 4
12 57 104 16 6
2
12 51 98 16 6
2
12 57 110 16 6
2

KQ : 2653,324306
V d 6 : t chy hon ton m gam hn hp FeS v FeS2 c t l v s mol l FeS :FeS2=1 :2 cn 16,8
lt O2 (ktc). Gi tr ca m l
A. 33,93
B. 54,29
C. 32,57
D. 46,12
Gii :
m
1,5 2
1,5 4 16,8
(
2
)
88 2 120
2
2
22, 4

m=33.93
Bi tp t gii :
1) Cho 20,8 gam hn hp FeS v FeS2 tc dng vi dd H2SO4 c nng d thy thot ra 26,88 lit SO2
(ktc). Xc nh % theo khi lng mi cht trong hn hp ban u.
A.13,46%; 86,54%
B.42,3%; 57,7%
C .63,46%; 36,54% D. 84,62%; 15,38%
2) Cho phng trnh ho hc: FeSx + HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO+ H2SO4+ H2O
Sau khi cn bng phng trnh ho hc trn vi h s ca cc cht l nhng s nguyn, ti gin th
h s ca HNO3 l A. 4+4x.
B. 3+x.
C. 4+2x.
D. 1+2x.
3) Cho phng trnh ho hc: Fe3C+ HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO+ CO2 + H2O
Sau khi cn bng phng trnh ho hc trn vi h s ca cc cht l nhng s nguyn, ti gin th
h s ca HNO3 l A. 40.
B. 36.
C. 42.
D. 36.
4) Phng trnh ho hc: Al + HNO3 Al(NO3)3 + NO + N2O + H2O
c tng h s cn bng HNO3, N2O v Al l 101,t khi ca hn hp kh NO v N2O so vi H2 l
A. 19,9
B. 19,2
C. 20,6
D. 16,4
5) Cho phng trnh: KClOx+HClKCl+Cl2+H2O. Tng h s ca cc cht c trong phng trnh trn khi
cn bng l A. 4+2x
B. 2+4x
C. 4+4x
D. 2+2x
6) Cho phng trnh: Cl2+KOHKCl+KClOx+H2O. Tng h s ca cc cht c trong phng trnh trn khi
cn bng l A. 2+8x
B. 8x
C. 6x
D. 2+6x
7) Cho phng trnh: Al+HNO3Al(NO3)3+A+B+H2O
A,B l 2 cht kh , khi lng phn t trung bnh ca hn hp kh A v B l 35,6 v sau khi cn bng tng
h s cn bng (h s cn bng cc cht l s nguyn dng ti thiu) l 209. A v B l :
A. NO v NO2
B. N2 v N2O
C. NO v N2O
D. NO v N2O
8) Cho phng trnh ho hc: FexOy+ HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NaOb+ H2O
Sau khi cn bng phng trnh ho hc trn vi h s ca cc cht l nhng s nguyn, ti gin th
h s ca HNO3 l
A. 18ax6bx2ay.
B. 16ax4bx2ay.
C. 18ax4bx2ay.
D. 16ax6bx2ay.
9) t chy m gam hn hp X gm C2H4 , C3H4 v ankan Y c cng s mol cn 24m/7 gam O2. Cng thc
ankan Y trong hn hp X l : A. CH4
B. C2H6
C. C3H8
D. C4H10.
10)t chy m gam hn hp H2NCH2COOH v CH2=CHCOONH4 c t l s mol 1:1 cn 8,96 lt O2
(ktc). Gi tr ca m l : A. 10,93
B. 13,09
C. 14,05
D. 15,04
11)Cho m gam hn hp X gm 20% MnO2; 35% KClO3 cn li l K2MnO4 (v khi lng) tc dng vi
dung dch HCl c nng d thu c 1 lng Clo oxi ho va 10,08 gam Fe. Gi tr ca m l
A. 16,91
B. 17,80
C. 15,89
D. 12,71
12)Hn hp X gm FeS2 v Cu2S. Ho tan hon ton X trong dung dch H2SO4 c nng thu c dung
dch Y v 8,96 lit SO2 kc. Ly 1/2 Y cho tc dng vi dung dch Ba(NO3)2 d thu c 11,65 gam kt
ta, nu ly 1/2 Y cn li tc dng vi dung dch Ba(OH)2 d khi lng kt ta thu c l
A. 34,5 gam.
B. 15,75 gam.
C. 31,50gam.
D. 17,75 gam.
13)Mt dung dch c cha H2SO4 v 0,543 gam mui natri ca mt axit cha oxi ca clo (mui X). Cho
thm vo dung dch ny mt lng KI cho n khi iot ngng sinh ra th thu c 3,05 gam I2. Mui X l
A. NaClO4.
B. NaClO3.
C. NaClO2.
D. NaClO.
14) Cho phng trnh ho hc: Cu2S+ HNO3 CuSO4+Cu(NO3)2+NxOy+H2O
Sau khi cn bng phng trnh ho hc trn vi h s ca cc cht l nhng s nguyn, ti gin th
h s ca HNO3 l A. 20x4y.
B. 30x8y.
C. 20x8y.
D. 30x4y
15)Crackinh 11,6 gam butan vi xc tc thch hp thu c hn hp X gm 5 hirocacbon. Tch ring hn
hp X thnh 2 phn: hn hp Y gm cc anken v hn hp Z gm cc ankan. t hn hp Y cn 14,112 lt
O2 (ktc). t hn hp Z (metan chim 50% th tch ) cn V lt O2 (ktc). Gi tr ca V v hiu sut phn
ng l : A. 15,232 v 60% B. 15,008 v 80%
C. 15,008 v 60%
D. 15,232 v 80%
16)Ha tan ht 5,355 gam hn hp X gm FeCO3 v FeS2 trong dung dch HNO3 1,25M thu c dung dch
Y (cha mt cht tan duy nht) v V lt (ktc) hn hp D (ha nu ngoi khng kh) cha hai kh.Gi tr ca
V l A. 1,512.
B. 3,864.
C. 4,116.
D. 1,008.

17) Tng h s cn bng ca phn ng

FeS2+HNO3Fe2(SO4)3+NO2+SO2+H2O
l
A. 72
B. 74
C. 64
D. 84
18) Cho phn ng : Al + HNO3 Al(NO3)3 + NO2 + NO + N2O + H2O
T l th tch kh thu c l: VNO 2 : VNO : VN 2 O = 1 : 2 : 3 . H s nguyn ti gin ca HNO3 l:
A. 120
B. 31
C. 48
D. 124
19) Cho phn ng sau Fe3O4 + HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + NO + H2O
Nu t l s mol gia NO v NO2 l 1 : 2 th h s cn bng ca HNO3 trong phng trnh ho hc l
A. 38
B. 66
C. 48
D. 30
20) Ho tan hon ton m gam hn hp X gm FeS2 v Cu2S vo axit HNO3 (va ), thu c dung dch
X (ch cha hai mui sunfat) v 8,96 lt (ktc) kh duy nht NO. Nu cng cho lng X trn tan vo trong
dd H2SO4 c nng thu c V lit (ktc) kh SO2 . Gi tr ca V l
A. 8,96.
B. 13,44.
C. 6,72.
D. 5,6.