@X - 1

1. NZo LXm - NuLs - @WNoLs

Lt\
u SdLeLs
Lt\-u
1.

NZoLu LXjR AV ERm NuL[

UQYoLs Ak Ls[fNnRp.

2.

NZ AWNoLu YrdL Utm NR]L[

UQYoLs Ak Ls[fNnRp.

Ru CkV YWXtu EVot NZ AWNoLs Tm

TeLl Nns[]o. tLX NZoLs NeLLXjp
BhkR]o. NeL LX NZ AWNoLp RXf\kR AWNo
LLXu BYo. Y LXjtl \ TpXYoLs Bh
rft\ T NZ AW UTm RXdL BWmjR.
_VXVu Gm NZ Uu]Wp im lTLPu NZo
Bh BWmj YdLlThP. tLX NZUu]oLs ..
850 Rp .. 1279 YW Uo 430 BiLs Bh kR]o.
. vd u
. vdl u
NuLs : PdLd V TjRU] NuLu
AlTPpRu GkRY NLm ApX AWNhu
YWXt\m GR m. NZoL[l Tt AV HW[U]
LpYh, RpTs, Utm CXdVf NuLs
Pdu\]. ULYmNm Tu\ CXdVf NuLm,
ULvRv Tu\ YShl TVLu lLm
tLX NZoLs Tt AV \kR NuL[L Es[].
LpYhLs : NZo LX YWXt\l TtV RLYpL[
AV ERm NuLp RuUV]Y LpYhLs Bm.
NZ AWNoLu YrdL, Bh\ Utm NZoLX
AWVp, T[RW, NUV, NL TiTh XL[l Tt
1

LpYhLs
u\].
LpLp Es[ iLm
YoLm
LpYhLs
TdLlThs[]. RgN TV
Lp Gu\ZdLlTm
WLvYWo BXVjp Lp
YhLs HW[UL LQlT
u\]. LPo, lWm, f,
RgNo, RmTWm, mTLQm,
SLlTh]m BV UYhPe

SQVeLs : NZ AWNoLs Tu, Ys, Nl SQVeL[

YhP]o. AYtp TtLLs Ld \YLm, Ys,
NldLLs ALULm Pdu\]. NZo LXjp
YPlThP NZ SQVeLp NZoLu u]UV
L u]m, NZ AWNoLu TVoLm LQlTu\].
CW_W_ NZu CXeLu SQVjRl Tu\
SQVeL[ RU WwVjp YhPo. NZ AWNoLu

LWkR NlT
Lp TX dV LpYhLs LQlTu\]. NZ
AWNoLu Bh\L[l TtV RLYpL[ LpYhLs
YZeu\].
u\m CW_kWu Bh \Vl Tt YkWm
LpYhLs u\]. PYX \, WU oYLm, Y
Yp \, X YYn \ BVY j EjWUo
LpYhLs u\]. X LpYhLp UnojLs
G]lTm Uu]oLu Yt YWXLm LQlTu\].
Aup NlTLs, LuVU LpYhLs, LWkR
NlTLs Utm YXeL NlTLs BV]
NZoL[l TtV TVs[ TX RLYpL[ Adu\].
NY URm Ae \lPu CkR j RgNp Es[
TPVo Lp LpYhLs u\]. NZoLu
NULX AWNoL[] NWo, TiVu, CWxW Po, LeL
BVo YhP LpYhLm NZoLu \lLs
Ttd u\].
]f u]eLs : NZoLX YWXt\ Ak Ls[
]f u]eLs L dV NuL[Ll TVuTu\].
]f u]eLs BXVeLu TL[L Es[]. RgNp
Es[ WLvYWo BXVm, LeL LiP NZWm Lp,
RWWjs[ IWYvYWo BXVm, Y]js[
LmTLWvYWo BXVm BV] NZoLXju dV ]f
u]eLs Bm.
2

NZoLX SQVeLs
Bh LXeL[ YNlTjRm, NZoLX NRV
T[RW XUL[ AkLs[m CkSQVeLs
Tm TVuTu\].
SQVeLs TtV Tlt
SQVVp Gu TVo
CXdVm : NeLLX NZoLs Utm tLX NZoLs Tt,
AkLs[ CXdVeLs \kR NuL[L Es[].
NdZu TV WQm NY TdRoL[l Ttd \.
CWiPm XjeLu LXjp NdZo YrkRo. _Vm
LiPu LLeLjlTW JhPdjRu u EXdLs,
XjeLu s[j Rr BV pLs NZoLs Tt
TVs[ TX RLYpL[j Ru\]. W NVm, SYNZ
NRm, ^RX WQm, NZ YmN NRm BV CXdeLs tLX
NZ AWNoLs Tt AV ERm \kR CXdVf NuL[L
Es[].

AVpSh NuLs : NZ AWtm CXeL AWtm

CPV CkR E\Ls Tt CXeL CXdVU] ULYmNm
u\. Um Ckp CXeLp NZo Bh jm
u\. IWlV TV UodL TX, AVpSh
GjR[o ULvRv BVo NZoL[l Tt TX
YV] RLYpL[d u\]o. ApT Gm
LUV YWXt\Vm NZoLs Tt Gs[o.
tLX NZ AWN Xm : tLX NZ AWN UWT
EYdVYo _VXVu Gu\ AWNo BYo. CYo
jRWVoLPk RgNVd LlTt, . 850p AR
NZ Shu RXSLWd]o. TpXY Uu]o ATWR]
RtLj AYW CWwVjPu CQjdLiPo. Y
TdRW] CYo TX CPeLp Yu LpL[d Lh]o.
Uu]oLu NR] YrdL
YWXLs UndojLs Gu
AZdLlTu\].
RXm TWkRLu . 907 - .953 : EjWUo
LpYhLs RXm TWkRL NZu Tt \V RLYpL[j
Ru\]. CYo BjVu UL]Yo. CYo Ru CkVu
TX TL[ Yu R] ShPu CQk RU TWWu
GpXV YPdL Spo YW Tj]o. TiV
Uu]Wj RtLj YtLWUL UWVd LlTt]o.
CkR YtV Ttm RUL CYd UW LiPu
Gu\ ThPm YZeLlThP. AjPu Um CXeL Utm
TiV AWNoLu h WYjRj RtLjRRp CYo
UWm DZm LiPu Gu\ ThPm Tt\o.
CYo J YTdRo. CYo RmTWjp Es[ SPW_o
BXVjt Tu]p W YnkRo. G]Y CYo
TuYnkRNZu Gu AZdLlThPo. CYW Bh
LXjp WU oYLm \lt LQlThP. TWkRLdl
4

\ LiPWjVu. AgNVu, CWiPm TWkRLu G]

AZdLlThP kRWNZu Utm EjRUNZu BVo
AWNiP]o.
RXm CW_W_ NZu . 985 - . 1014
CWiPm TWkRLdm Y]Yu UL Rdm UL]]l
\kRYo RXm CW_W_ NZu BYo. YXeL
NlTLs CW_W_u Tt u\]. CYo NZo Xju
L YLU dL Uu]WYo.
RXm CW_W_ NZu
\lLs
NZ
Sht
UhUpX RrShdL
TU Nodu\]. CYo
LXjp TX LpYhLs
YPlThP]. CW_W_Pm
YLU dL WYm CkR.
CYo NWu WYjR
Y]kRWjp RtLjRo.
CYo LpXjR NokR TvLW
W Gu\ Uu]]m RtLj,
LkRo NX LXURV
Gu\ ThPm Tt\o. CYo
AUW_eLu Gu\ TiV
Uu]] Yu\o. CXeL
AWNu IkRm UkRY Yu
A WRWjRm CXeLu
YP TVm CYo LlTt]o.
CYo X]Y SLWjRl V
RXSLWd
Ae
TX RXm CW_W_ NZu
LpL[d Lh]o. CYo NW,
TiV, CXeL BV u Uu]oL[ Yu m
NZu Gu\ ThPm Tt\o. CYo Uo Tp Es[
LeLT, RL T, S[mlT BVYt\ Yu\o. CYo
eOm Gu\ TV Yu d _Vm SPj]o.
UXj Ls, LLeLm BVYt\m Yu\o. CYd
AiU , CW_LN Tu\ ThPeLs Ei.
5

CW_W_ NZd AYW ULu ThPj C[YWNW]

CW_kWu Bh Utm TolTLp Lm EQVL
CkRo.
CW_W_ NZu J \kR oY, RU Bh LXjp
CYo X A[Y \V ALlTj]o. CWY
BhdhThP TLs A]jm Es[h oYL
\V \lTL SP\lTj]o. CYo RgNp Es[
TV Lp Gu\ZdLlTm WLvYWo BXVjRd
Lh]o. CYo jR URjRm NY NUVjRm BRjRo.
SLlTh]jp jRBXVm LhP AU AjRR B]
UeLXm Gm WUjRm jR UPXVjt SuLPVL
YZe]o.
RXm CW_kWu ..1002 - .. 1044 : RXm CW_W_
NZdl \ AYW ULu RXm CW_kWu AVQ
H]o. RXm CW_kW]l Tt YXeL
NlTLs, LWkR NlTLs BV] TX RLYpL[d
u\]. CYo J \kR oYm, To Wm BYo.
CYu RkRVPV CWY WfNVpLm \kR
oYLjm CYd dVl Tei. CYo TR Ht\Pu
CXeL YRm LlTt CXeLp NZo BhV
X j]o. CYo R]d ERY Ru ULu CW_ W_]
ThPj C[YWNo Bd]o.
R] Bhu T CYo TX Y BXVeL[m
x BXVeL[m Lh]o. CYo YeL[ AWNu RXm
UTX]j RtLj LeLp Ck RgNdj Rio
Li YkRo. Cko, LeLLiP NZWjt AL
Ess NZ LeLm Gu\ oTN] Hp NdLlThP. CkR
YtVl Ttm RU] CW_kW NZd LeL
LiPu Gu\ \llThPm hPlThP.
RuZd BVp Es[ UXV TL[
Yu\Rp LPWm LiPu Gu\ ThPm hPlTt\. CYW
\lL[ Ttm YLp CYd LiPu,
TiR NZu, EjRU NZu Tu\ TX ThPeLm
hPlThP].
6

CYo Ru RXSLW RgNp Ck LeLLiP

NZlWjt Ut]o. CYo CXeLV LlTt]o.
u]o NW TiV AWNoL[ YtdLiPo. NdV
X AWNu CWiPm _VmU] CYo ThPo.. LLeLj
AWN]m CYo YtLiPo. CYo J YRdLpV
]o. RXm CW_kWdl u RXm CW_W_,
CWiPm CW_kWu, WW_kWu, AW_kWu BV
AWNoLs X YPeLs NZ ShP Bh NnR]o.
RXm XjeLu .. 1120 - .. 1170 : NZo YWXtp
XjeLNZu LlTV l]V HtTj]o.
XjeL NZu s[j Rr, dWU NZu EX BV
pLs XjeLu oYLm, CWY YtLs Tt
[du\]. CYo NW TiV Uu]oL[j Ru
LhlThts YjkRo. Ut NdV Uu]W]
dWUjVPu CYo ThPo. XjeLu LXjp
NZlTWW Lm TWk LQlThP. ]VjVPm
Ck Yeu BhVd LlTt]o. RXm
XjeL NZ] ] Tu\ W Zd SLs Su
AkkR]. CYo ] AWNYd YW Al]o. CYo
CXeLu YP Tp Ru BdLjR CZkRo. B]p
Ru TLp Ru BdLjR X j]o. CYo
LLeLjR R] LhlThp YjkRo. NZlTWWu
TsRW XV u]t\UPV NnRo. TX V
ojReL[ ALlTj \V] XA[Y
\] CYo RPok SP\lTj]o.
UdLd dLlThkR eL Y EhTP TX RU]
YL[ d, Y Up Ck UdL[ hPRp CYd
eLm RojR NZu Gu\ \llThPm YZeLlThP. CYo
TX oYL ojjReL[ ALlTj]o. NZl TWW
CYo LXjp jo Tt\. CYW Bhp EsSh
AUm \kR oYLm NZUdLd PjR].
7

NZ AWNoLp Lm \kR AWNWL RXm XjeLu

LRlT\o. AYd u YkR AWNoLs \UVt\YoL[L
CkRRp NZo Bh rft\.
aWPhPv Gm YWXt AOo YWXtu
RkR Gu LRlT\o.
Lt\
u [Ls
Lt\-u
1. NZoLu YWXt\ AV ERm NuL[
UQYoLs AkjRp.
2. NZoLu GpXLs AYoLs Bhd EhThP
TLs Tt UQYoLs GjWdL CVRp.
3. NZ AWNoLu NR]L[ UQYoLs
AkjRp.
VUl

I. NV - RY\ GL
1. RXm CW_kWu WLvYWo BXVjRd Lh]o.
( )
2. _Vm LiPo GuTYo LLeLjlTWV G]o.
( )
3. LLXu tLX NZ AWNu ( )
4. RXm TWkRL Uu]d UWd LiPu Gu\
ThPm Ei ( )
5. X]Y SLWjRl V RXSLWL CW_W_u
Bd]o. (
)
II. NV] PV RokRj GL
1. tLX NZlTWWNj RtjRYo
A. _VXVu B. CW_W_u C. RXm XjeLu.
2. EjW Uo LpYhLs Y NZoLu
A. LPXdLm B. WU oYLm
C. NZoLu YR Lp.
3. LeLLiP NZWjRd LhVYo.
A. RXm CW_W_u B. CW_W_
C. RXm CW_kWu.
8

4.

UXVl TL[d LlTtV u CW_kWu Tt\

\llThPl TVo
A. LeLLiPu B. UW LiPu
C. LPWm LiPu
5. JhPdjRo GV p
A. XjeLu s[j Rr
B. W NVm
C. vRXWQm.
III. LhP CPeL[ WlL.
1. LpThLs NZoLu PYX
\Vl Tt u\].
2. NZoLX SQVeLp NZoLu u]UL
TdLlThs[.
3. NdZo GV p
4. tLX NZoLp RX \kR AWNo

5. , Gu\
ThPeL[ RXm CW_W_u TtkRo.
IV. TjL
1. SQVVp
UWm DZm
LiPu
2. u EXdLs
RXm XjeLu
3. eLm RojR NZu
CXeLu AWNo
4. RXm TWkRLu
JhPdjRo
5. IkRm UkR
SQVeL[l
TtV Tl
V. dLUL PVdLm
1. NZ LpYhLs Pdm HRm Su
CPeL[d lL.
2. NZu SQVeL[d j GL.
3. NZo YWXt\ AV ERm CXdVf NuLs Tt
GL.
4. RXm TWkRLu YtL[ GL.
5. RXm XjeLu oYLf \lL[d L.
VI. Y] PV
1. NZo LXm Tt AV ERm NuLs Tt GL.
2. RXm CW_kWu BhlTt GL.
3. RXm CW_W_u NR]L[ Ul NnL.
9

@X - 1

ALoLm CkR]o. NZ AWNoLs L EYjRj ReLs

AWNeL u]UL TVuTj]o.

2. NZo oYLm - Ds[h \ PYX \

UjV AW : AWNu RXUu r UjV AW

NVpThP. UjV AWu oYLjp AWN]
AUfNoLm ALLm DThkR]o. Up ALoLs
TkRWm Gum r ALLs kRWm Gum
AZdLlThP]o.

Lt\
u SdLeLs
Lt\-u
1.

NZoLu oYL \ Tt UQYoLs ARp.

2.

NZlTWWu AeLU] ULQeLs ApX

UiPXeLs Tt UQYoLs ARp.

3.

NZoLu oYLm, Es[h \, PYX

\ Tt UQYoLs Ak Ls[ NnRp.

NZ AWNoLs Lf\kR oYL \Vd LPjR]o.

RgN UYhPm, fu JT, dLhP,
RuBtL BV TL[ Es[PdVRL NZ UiPXm
CkR. UjV AW (Central Government), ULQ AW (Provincial
Government), Es[h oYLm (Local Self Government) BV
u L[L NZ oYLm NVpThP.
NZoLs RgNWj RXSLWULd LikR]o.
NZoLu \lT] oYL \ TX YWXt AOoL[m
BhV]oL[m TWhPlTu\.
AWN \ (King Ship) : AWNo Ru NZ oYLju RXYo.
NZ AWNoLm, AWLm, LPu WL[Ld
LRlThP]o. AYoLu EYfXLs LpLp
YdLlThP]. NZoLu AWN TR TWmTWV] Bm.
jRULu Ru RkRdl u AWN]L T HtL Yim
Gu\ Y Bh\V NZoLs LPjR]o. ThPj
C[YWNo YW_ Gu AZdLlThPo. NZ Uu]oLs
AL ALWeL[m NLL[m ATjR]o. NZ
AWNoLs ReLs NR]L[d dm YLp ThPeL[l
TtkR]o. AWNoLs TV AWiU]Lp YrkR]o.
oYLj\p AWNoLd ERY AUfNoLm EVo
10

ULQ oYLm : NZlTWW 9 ULQeL[Ll dLlTh

CkR. CkR ULQeLs UiPXeLs Gum AZdLlThP].
UiPXeLu RXYo BSo (YWn) Gu
AZdLlThPo. AWNoLu SeV E\]oL[
BSoL[L VdLlThP]o. BSoLs UjV AWN
GlTm RPo YjkR]o. BSoLs AWNoLPm
Ck BQL[l Tt AYt\ \YtV u
AWNdl Tp Al]o. BSoLd oYLjp
QV TX ALoLs CkR]o.
oYLl Ls : oYLl Lu \kR NVpTL[
NZl TWWu oYL Ytd LWQUL [e]. TYL
NZ AWNoLu EiUV] TVoLs ApX ThPl
TVoL[ UiPXeLdl TVoL[L hPlThP].
JqY UiPXm LhPeLs ApX Y[SL[L
dLlThP. JqY LhPm SL[L dLlThP.
Um JqY Sm Fo ApX WUeL[L dLlThP.
WUeLs oYLju LP AeLUL [e]. NZ
AWNoLu oYLm Tt EjWUo LpYh u\.
YYn : XYYn Ru NZ AWNeLju dV YYn.
XeLs \VL A[dLlTh, YdLlTPjRdL XeLs
Y dLlTP CVXR XeLs G] dLlThP].
YdLjRdL XeLs RWYVL odLlTh CkR].
XeLu RWjt HtT XYm UThP. X YYn
TYL [fNLp Bp J TLUL (1/6) CkR. CkR
Y TQULY. T[LY ApX CWiULY
YNLu YNdLtT YLdLlThP. XY UhUpX
eLY Tu\ Ut\ YLdLlThP]. WeLeLs, \LeLs,
11

LLs Utm ElT[eLLkm YLs YLdLlThP].

Rp YLm, h YLm, YLdLlThP]. NRVjt
YfU Lm ALU]RL CkR. X NUVeLp UZ
TnjhPRm, TgNm HtThPRm UdL[p Y NjR
VUp TnhP.
CWYm : NZoLs \U YnkR CWYjRm
LPtTPVm NjkR]o. NZ CWYjp V]lTP,
WlTP, LXhTP BV Ls CkR].
ToWoLd \kR Tt AdLlThP. \kR CWY
ALLd SVd, N]T BV TRj RLs
YZeLlThP]. NZ CWYm 70 TPlL[Ll
dLlTh CkR. NZ WY V]lTPp 60,000
V]Ls CkR]. XVokR AWVd WLs C\dU
NnVlTh WlTP TXlTjRlThP.
LkRo NX GuPjp NZu YLUdL
CWYm NWoL[ RtLjR. CXeL, UXjL[f
NokR AWNoLm RtLdLlThP]o. NZoLu LlTtTP
RuCkVXV YLU dLRL CkR. ReL[ TXU]
LPtLWu Q Li UXTo LPtLW Utm NZ
UiPX LPtLW BVYt\ NZ Uu]oLs ReLs
LhlThts YjkR]o. YeL[ P, NZoLu
HTX [eV. NZ CWYjp AeLU] RWlTP
Utm LPtTP CWim Noj UjRm 1,50,000 Tt
Tt\ To WoLs CkR]o. LlTm Njm Uu]oLu
TPLs, RYV] T NZ CWYjPu Nok
TVt]. NZ CWYm AWNo ApX C[YWNWp Y
SPjRlThP.
: NZ AWNo Ru RXU T. NZ AWNoLs,
oYLjt kR dVjYm LjR]o. WU A[X]
j\ oYLjR WU NTLs LYjdLiP].
YZdLd WU Uu\eLp o LQlThP.
NhVeLu AlTPp YZdLs ojYdLlThP].
Uu\ ALL[p RiP]Ls YZeLlThP]. TV YZd
NWQ AWNWp SPjRlThP.
12

Es[h oYLm : WUeLs, SLWeLs UYhPeLp

SPjRlThP Es[h oYL\V NZ oYLju dV
AmNUm. EjWUo LpYhLs ALUL NZu
oYLjR Tt u\]. WU Vh GuT NZo
oYLju J \l AmNUm.
NZoLu oYL \ NZ AWNoLu
YWX Rr CXdVm BVY G]d FdLm
Fh G]d SpX YLhVL Es[]

U CkW Lk,
CkVu u]s WRUo
S : NZoLu oYLjp J dV S Bm.
SLp WLs NT CkR. SLu RXYoLs
ShPoLs Gu AZdLlThP]o. SLu BXN]d
ShPY Gu\ZdLlThP. ShPYu WLm,
ShPoLm, YNVjR u]t\UPV NnR]o. CYoLs
UdL[l TLlTm Y YLlTm dV TeLt]o.
WU oYLm : WU oYLlTlLs Ym WU
NT Gu AZdLlThP WU oYLdu Lp
CkR]. CdWU oYLd WU NT Gum
AZdLlThP. NZ oYLju LP AUl WUm
Bm. CkR WUeLu SXu, HLs, NXLs, Td [eLs,
LpLs BVYt\ WUoYLd oYLm NnR.
AWd LXjt WUeLs NjRYiV YRLdm
WU oYLddL[ TlTL CkR]. WU AeLL[
oYlTm, TgNm, Ys[m Tu\ LXeLp UdLd
ERYm WUd]o \k [e]o. Lp
Y[ofdm CYoLs TmTeLt]o. WUeLs RPoT]
A]jl TLdm WU oYLd Y dVlTl
Bm.
WUeLu NhPm Je CYoL[p oYdLlThP.
WUQoLs kR T NoY UeLXm Gu
AZdLlThP.
13

YVeLs : WU oYLj] YVeLu QPu

WU oYL dLs \lTL NnR]. BiL[
CqYVju El]oL[L CkR]o. CqYVju
El]WYRtj RYV] RLs, El]oLs
GidL, TRLXm BVY WUjt WUm
YThP]. JqY WUjm TX YVeLs CkR].
V X ShP VV YVm, kRhPeL[ TWUdL
RoU YVm, HL[l TWUjj Rio VdL
HYVm, T V TWUdL TuYVm, GpX
dLu YXL[m UtToYP WUd LV YVm
BV YVeLs NVpThP]. CqYVju El]oLs
YVlTUdLs Gu AZdLlThP]o. CYoLs FVm
CpXUp UltLL Ri NnR]o. B]p WU
ALLd TQULY ApX T[LY NmT[m
LdLlThP. Bt\p kR YVeLu NVpTLs
Es[h oYLm NYW SPdL ERVL CkR.

Tu Utm Xd BVYtd El]oLs

VdLlThPoLs.
El]oL[Lj RokRdLlTTYoLs, rdLiP
RL[l TtdL Yim. PYX \p
RokRdLlTTYo 35 Rp 70 YVds CdL Yim.
NZlTWW
YWTPjp RWlThs[
GiLs CdPm Es[
TLu TVoLs
1. ClWp
2. SkRo
3. Lg
4. RXdL
5. LeL LiP NZWm
6. NmTuU

NoY UeLXm Utm YVlTUdLs

Tt BVu ERPu RkLsL.
PYX \ : EjWUo LpYhLs, PYX
\VlTt u\]. NZoLu WU oYLjp Lm
\kR AmNULd PYX \ LRlT\. oYL
YNdLL JqY WUm 30 YoL[L (TLs)
dLlhkR]. JqY Tdm J W PYX
\p RokRdLlThPo. RokRdLlTPYiV
WLu TVoLs T] KXLp GRlTh, T]ds
TPlTh dLlTm. J TVu T]dsdm
T] KXLLk JqY KXVL GlTu. GdLlThP
TVW EPV SToLs RoSRdLlThPYoL[L
AdLlTYo. CqY JYod JYWL 30 SToLs
RokRdLlThP]o. CjRoRp \d PYX RoRp
\ Gu TVo. RokRdLlThP 30 SToLp, 12 To
Bi m, 12 To RhP m Ut\ 6 To
Hdm, El]oL[L CkRoLs. CRjRW
14

7. LhPo
8. eLm
9. YS

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NjRTYWLm, NkR Xjp EPVYWLm CdL
Yim. YReLs, UkWeLs Lt\ A EPVYWL
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RiP]d EhThPYoLs ClTRd RoRLp tL
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NZlTWWu UdLs NZu oYLjRp AL
SuUL[lTt\]o. NZAWNoLu oYLj\UV
15

L.H. XLiPNv Tu\ YWXt BVoLs Lm

\lTL Ttdu\]o. NZ AWNoLu oYL \V
tLXeLp TX AWNoLs uTt]o.
PYX \VlTt BVo Xm Cum
ALm Rk Ls[m
Lt\
u [Ls
Lt\-u
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2. NZoLu Es[h AUl ApX YVeLu
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V Ul

I. NV - RY\ G] GL
1. AWN] oYLju RXYo ( )
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( )
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5. LeLLiP NZWm tLX NZoLu RXSLWL
[eV. ( )
II. NV] PV RokRj G.
1. NZ NmW_Vju RXSLWm
A. f
B. RgNo C. UW
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A. _]Wp
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3. NZoLu H Gu AZdLlThP LPp
A. YeL[ P
B. CkVlTeLPp
C. AWdLPp
4. LpL[m, RoU LVeL[m TWUjR YVm
A. HYVm B. RoUYVm
C. RhPYVm
5. UiPXeLs CYoLs TVWp AZdLlThP
A. AWNoLs B. YWnLs
C. ShPoLs
16

III. LhP CPeL[ WlL

1.

AWNdl u TRd Ym jR
Gu AZdLlThPo.

2.

NZoLu oYLjp UjV AWu EVo ALLs Gu AZdLlThP]o.

3.

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4.

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1.

PYX \

RhP YVm

2.

EVo ALoLs

XY

3.

YV El]oLs

TkRWm

4.

Bp JTe[fNp

YV TUdLs

5.

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T] KX

V. dLU] PVdLm
1.

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2.

NZoLu oYLm j GL.

3.

YVeLs Tt GL.

4.

PYX \ Gu\p Gu]?

5.

NZoLu SLs j GL.

VI. Y] PVdLm
1.

NZoLu WUoYLm j GL.

2.

NZoLu NR]L[ [dL.

17

ULu

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3. NZoLs Ahu r UdLu NL,
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CPeL (CP L) p 98 NLm CkR]. CkR

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NRV X : NZo LX NRVm AU \kRRn

CkR. NRVjp TX Ls CkR]. AR SWjp
NRVm YoQWUd LsLu AlTPp WUQo,
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TiLu X : NZo Bhp TiLs EVo Ulm,

RkWm TtkR]o. LtPUm, LiVm
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Ls Ae CkR]. YXeL (YX L) p 98 NLm,

NZ AWN mTjl TiLPV NRVjp EPu

LhP Hm YZdLm LQlThP. NZ AWNeLjp TiLs

18

19

ALL[L, VdLlThP]o. EVo UdLdPV

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u\].
N ApX EPuLhP HRp GuT TZeLX
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p U] Ru]m GjdLi
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T[RW X : NZoLu Bhp YTm
T[RWm NUPu [e]. YNV YYn, X
Y, YT Y, Utm TX YLm, NZ AWu dV
YYnL[L [e]. AWNW, A]j XeLu
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20

ReLm Utm j BVY TVuTjRlThP]. LgWm

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21

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LiP Lp SLWeL[m.
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TPpL[j RjRo.
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Yu EYlTPm BVY
Lp YoLp YWVl
ThkR]. TWRShVm, LRL
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T[RW Y[ofm,
NUV A\lTLm UdLu
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22

UPeLs Lh ARu Xm NZ AWNoLs, LXfNW, LX LhP

LX Y[ofdl TmTe Bt]o. AWN mTju
BRW Ck URju NpYdL Um EVojV. NZo
LX LpLm, ZdLm NZlTWWu TUV
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Lt\
u [Ls
Lt\-u
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T[RW XV UQYoLs AkjRp.
2. NZoLX EsSh, AVpSh YLju
Y[of Tt UQYoLs AkjRp.
3. NZoLu NUV XVlTt UQYoLs
AkjRp.
V Ul
I. NV - RY\ G] GL
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)
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II. NV] PV RokRj G.
1.

2.
3.

4.

WLvYWo BXVjRd LhVYo

A. RXm TWkRLu
B. RXm CW_W_u
C. RXm XjeLu
YXeLl p CkR _Lu GidL
A. 98
B. 50
C. 30
CW_kW NZ]p LhPlThP
A. TV Lp
B. ]h Lp
C. LeLLiP NZWm Lp
LLu TLYXo G] AZdLlThP AW
A. Y]Yu ULR
B. NmVu ULR
C. kRY
23

CYPV BhdLXjp YXeL, CPeL Ls

Gu TVPlThP.
A. AWNu LLXu
B. URXm CW_W_u
C. u\m XjeLu
III. LhP CPeL[ WlL.
1. AWu EPL[ SnYRt
LgWj SNY[oLs R TtkR]o.
2. Lp LlT[oL[L CkR C NZ AWLs
, .
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.
4. RXm CW_W_u LX
p Lh]o.
IV. TjL
1.
YXeL, CPeL
\Lm
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LgWm SNY[oLs
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kRW NZu
4.
LY mTh]m
kRY
5. AWN EPLs
LLp NZu
V. dLUL PV
1.
YoQvWU \lT HtTjRlThP Su _Ls
VY?
2. NZoLu NRV XVd L.
3. NZoLu BhLXjp SPkR EsSh AVpSh
YTm Tt GL?
4.
NZoLs LXjp LiPPlThP ZodLs VY?
5.
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VI. Y] PV
1. NZo LXjp TiLu XV Y?
2. NZoLu LpL[ Tt YL GL?

@X - 1

5.

24

4. NZo LX TiTh Y[of

BXdVm, LX, LhPPdLX
Lt\
u SdLeLs
Lt\-u
1.

NZu LXjp HtThP LXfNW Y[of Tt

UQYoLs ARp.

2.

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CXdV Y[of Tt UQYoLs ARp.

NZo Bhu T HtThP CXdVm, LX,

LhPdLX Y[of BV] RZu TiTh TUV
EVoj]. Cj\Lp NZoLs AL u]t\eL[
HtTj]o. NZoL[p LhPlThP LpLs RrShp
Td LXfNWjR ALdLf NnR]. NZo LXjp
CXdVm, LX, LhP LX BV \Lp HtThP Y[of
RrShu TiThp BrkR RdLeL[ HtTj].
CXdVm : Rr CXdV YWXtp NZu Bh J
UpLpXL [eu\. Rr XYoL[] LpXP]o, LmTo,
LZk, JhPdjRo, AqYVo, jRdLj RYo BVo
NZoLs LXjp YrkR]o. LVeLs, TW, LY, EX,
LXmTLm, s[jRr Utm CXdLQju TXV
TPlLs BV CXdV YLLs NZo LXjp Lr
TtkR]. Rr Utm NUvR ULs EVo Xp
CkR]. UnojLs GRp, YWXt LrfL[
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CXdVju V TdL[L CkR].
NZo LXj CXdVeLs X U\k hP]. Rr
AOoLs, XYoLs BVd TX NLL[m,
R]eL[m, NZ AWNoLs YZe]. LpXP]o Y]l
Tt LpXPm Gu\ X G]o. Rr UdLPV NUQ
25

URj RjYeL[ TWlT jRdLj RYo YL kRUV

G]o. Ckp Rp UL LVeLp Ju\L
UdLlT\. RXm XjeLu LXjp, CWiPm
LLeLjl TWl Tt LLeLjlTW Gu\ X
_VeLiPo G]o.
RrU m Rr CXdVeLs m

Su AL Ul Yjd\u.
- ULjU Lk
JhPdjRo : dWUNZu, CWiPm XjeLu,
CWiPm CW_W_u BV u AWNoLu AYp
AYlXYWL JhPd jRo CkRo. CkR u AWNoLu
TUL[ EVojm YLp dWU NZu EX,
XjeLu EX, CW_W_u EX Gu u EX pL[
JhPd jRo CVts[o. CWiPm XjeLu LZ
EVojm YLp XjeLu s[j Rr Gu\ Xm
Lpd LP[] NWvYu LZTm YLp NWvY
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TUV EVojV.
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UL LVeL[] Y[VT, iPXL, ERVQUWLVm

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26

27

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28

29

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33

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34

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36

37

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38

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40

@X - 2
6. TiVoLs Ahu r BXdVm
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41

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42

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44

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45

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46

3.

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47

@X - 3
7. _VSLW TWWu r RrS NL, TiTh RdLm
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48

49

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50

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A EQY dV EQYL EhLiP]o. Td YtX
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51

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52

UQY[Ua GuTYo BYo. RuLX ]o

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CXdVeLs Su Y[of Tt\]. NY NUVjRm, YQY
NUVjRm NokR Rr AOoLs FddLlThPoLs,
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pLs
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pL[LdLRlTu\]. RpLlVm, XlTLWm, Utm
53

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Spo WLWVu AfNkWl WQm, TY]k Yu
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Rr CXdVeL[m.
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RrShp LX, LhPdLXp V \
AdlTjRlThP. WPdLhPd LXm,
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TiLPs KVeLs WQ LRL[ [dm KVeLs,
Uu]oLu dWLeLs Tu\Y Cum \lt
54

[eu\]. _VSLW Uu]oLs LXjp HtThP Ck

NUV UUXof, XV NL TiTLu Rt\m BVY
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1.

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2.

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55

I. NV, RY\ GL
1. _VSLW TWW CkVp LrTt\ TWWLp Ju
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(
)
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)
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1. _VSLW TWW RtdLlThP Bt\eLW
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3) 1056 .. 4) 1456 .
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1) LY
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56

4.
5.
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57

@X - 3
8. SVdLo Ahu r RrS UW, RgNo, Ng, Yo SVdL
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58

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1526p UW SVdLo ApX BSo Gum Xp
vYSR SVdLW VjRo. CYo UW T] 35
BiLs BhkRo. UW SVdLo Bhp CYoRu
Rp SVdLo BYo. vYSR SVdLd ERVL AYW
\kR R[T R[Yn AV SRo NVpThPo. vYSR SVdLo
TX Uu]oL[j RtLj AYoL[j R] LhlThts
LiYkRo. CYo T[VdLWo \Vj R] oYLl
TLp HtTj]o.
vYSR SVdLo R] BhlT] 72
T[VeL[Ll jRo. CkR V \uT SVdL
AWNoLs \lT] \p YV YLjR]o. T[VdLWo
59

\ GuT TPPu V XUV \ Bm.

CRuT AWNo Yt Tt\ CPeLp R] Bhu
LhlThP HtTj]o. LmTm, Po T UXj
RXYoL[j R] LhlThds LiYkRo. CYo
cWeLm WeLSRo Lp, f UXdLhP, SpYL
SpXlTo Lp BVYt\ oTj]o. CYoRuL,
LVjR T AWNoL[ RU T[VLW \ds Li
YkRo. CYo R] Bhl TV f, UW, SpYL
CWUSRWm Utm NZ UiPXeLs YWp Tj]o.
NZ, TiV AWNoLu TL[ CYo R] LhlThu
r LiYkRo. CYo TX LhPL[m Lhs[o.
G]Y UW SVdLo Bhu EiUV] Y]WL
vYSR SVdLo UdLlT\o.
R[Yn AVSRo : SVdLoLu Bhu T p,
CWY YLWeLp RXU oYVL R[Yn
[e]o. R[Yn AVSRo \lTL NVpThPo. vYSR
SVdLo Bhu T CYo AUfNWLm
TPjRXYWLm [e]o. CYo vYSR SVdLu
YtLdm, NR]Ldm LWQUL CkRo.
xQlT SVdLo . 1564 - . 1572 : vYSR SVdLu
UL]] CYW LXjp X T[VLWoLm vmLm
AWd GWL LXLm NnR]o. B]p AYt\ AV SRo
Xm Uu]o VjhPo. CYo xQWm LX
WUjRo. Um, X LpL[l ljd Lh]o.
xQWm Lp tTeLs SVdLo LXd LX Utm
LhPd LX \ltm \kR GjdLhPL [e\.
WlT SVdLo .. 1572 - . 1595 : CYo xQlT
SVdLu jR ULu BYo. NUV SmdLm NUR]
kR]m EPVYWL CkRo. CYo Bhu
NR]Ld R[Yn AVSRo ER]o. f LhPV
CYo ljRo. AldLhPp V LhP Ju\
Lh]o. RmTWm LX ldLf NnRo. UW ]h
AmUu LXl ljRo. CYdl u X Uu]oLs
Bh kR]o.

UX SVdLo 1623 - 165 : UW SVdLoLXV

RX\kR Uu]WL UX SVdLo UdLlT\o. CYo
R] RXSLW fp Ck UWd Ut]o. CYo
NUVYVm AOWLm [M]o, CYW oYLU]
UW, SpYL. LVmjo, Utm Y]kRWju
X TL[ LikR. CYo Uo AWNo NUWI
EPVWj RtLj TX TL[ LlTt]o. _VSLW
AWNoLu LhlThLk Ru] YUL
jRdLi UW Tp RkWUL NVpTP
BWmjRo.

60

61

CYo TX LhPL[m, LpL[m ljRo.

TX ZdL[ UWp BWmj Yj UWV
ZdLu SLWUd]o. lTL, RlT[m, UX
SVdLo Uap, UW LLp Es[ W_LWm, UW
UiPTm BVY CYW \kR TPlL[m. CYo LX,
LhPdLXV BRjRo. CYo LpLd WUeL[
R]UL YZe]o. CYo NjWML[m LWeL[m
AWiU]L[m UWp Lh]o.
UX SVdLo Uap : UX SVdLo LXjp
UWp LhPlThP UX SVdLo Uap CYo LX
LhPdLXu JlTt\ ERWQUL Y[e\. CmUaLp

UX SVdLo Uap

Es[ Y[Ls, mLs TV iLs TpY CPeLp

Ck Ym TVL[ LYou\].
dLl To : UX SVdLo Uo AWNo LkWYSWN
SVdLW idLpLp RtLjRo. To LLdd
LUV] RiP]L[ AjRo. Tod L[jp TX
WoL[ dLm ERLm AdLlThP]. CR]p
ClTd dLll To Gu TVo.
CW UeLmUs : CYo \kR oYm, WdL R[Tm
BYo. W_ RkW \p LXVl TPu RdRLp
Ck UWV LjRo. Yeo AWNo CWYoUYj
RtLj AlTVj Ru YNm Li YkRo. Uo
AWNWj RtLj f, RgNo, BV TL[d
LlTt]o.
CW UMLmUs vRYoL[ BRjRRPpXUp
vmLdm AkRQoLdm XeL[ R]UL AjRo.
YNV u]t\jtLL TX olTN]d [eL[ Yh]o.
[eL[ BZlTjRp, LpYnL[ YhRp, NXL[
AUjRp, NjWeLs, UiPTeLs, LpLs LhRp Utm
LX C\eLm UWeLs SRp Tu\ TlTL[
CYo HW[UL Nns[o. UWs[ UeLmUs NjWm
CW UeLmUu Ldm LX LhPdLX \ltm
\kR GjdLhPL [e\.
_VWeL NdLSRo 1706 - . 1732 : CYo
\UVt\Yo. CYW LXjp S TX]U]. Yeo
CYPk kNu RkWUPkR.

RgN SVdLoLs

NYlT SVdLo 1532 - 1580 : _VSLW AWNo AfRWVo,

NYlT SVdLW RgNo SVdLWL VjRo. CYoRu
RgNu Rp SVdLo BYo. CYW BhlT
NZUiPXm Utm RiP UiPXm BVYt\
LikR. RXdLhPl To, Utm Yeo
ToLu T NYlT SVdLo R] AWNo xQ
RYWVd CWY ERV AjRo. CYo RgNs[
HV oljl ljRo. CY tLXjp NYlT]
Gu\ZdLlThP. CYo YLeL LhP Utm TX
LpL[ Lh]o.
AfRlT SVdLo 1580 - 1600 : CYo NYlTSVdLu
UL]Yo. CYo R] AWNo xQRYWVd \mTP
ER NnRo. mTLQjp Es[ Lr Tt\ ULULm
[U] CYW LXjp ldLlThP. CYo TX
LpL[d Lh]o.
CWSR SVdLo 1600 - 1634 : CYo AfRlT SVdLu
UL]Yo. RgNo SVdL AWNoLp CYo \kRYWYo.
CYo YP CXeLd CWYjR Al]o. CYo
RrShp YL Y]eLs AUlTRt BeXVo,
TofVo, PfdLWoL[ BRjRo. CYo \kR AOo
UhUpXUp CNd LXp \kR QWYo. CYo Re,
NUvR ULu Y[ofd ER]o.

]h : .. 1732 - .. 1739 : _VWeL NdLSRPV

U]V] ]h GuTYo UW SVdLoLp LP
BhV[WYo. CYW LXjp SVdLoLd
NkRUkR RgN, idLp, f Utm UW BV
TL[ CYPk BtL SYl LlTt]o. ]h
L NnVlTh `m Ljd LpXlThPo. CqY
SYlL[p UW SVdLoLs BhV] d YkR.

_VWLY SVdLo : ..1633 - ..1673 : CYo CWSR

SVdLu UL]Yo. CYo Re Up AOWYo.
CYo CWSRTRVm Gu\ X G]o. CYW LXjp
RgNW LpLiP pRu Rd AWd \V
CZl] EYd]o. 1673p UWVf NokR NdLSR
SVdLo CYW RtLj RgNW UWPu CQj.
AYW E\]o AZV RgN BSWL VjRo.
CjPu RgNo SVdLo Bh d YkR. CYoL[
LXjp NRVm AUPu CkR.

62

63

Ng SVdLoLs 1526 - 1671

Yo SVdLoLs

TX, LsPm, BVYtd CPV Es[ TLs

Ng SVdLoAWdhThPRm. Ng SVdLoLs _VSLW
BhV[oLu E\]oLs BYo. RZLjp Es[ YWXt
\ldL CPeLp Ngm Ju\m. xQ RYWVo
LXjp Ng RXSLWL CkR. xQ RYWVo
YVlT SVdLo GuTYW Ngu BhV[WL VjRo.

Yo SVdLo BhV] u] SVdLTmUo

GuTYWp HtTjRlThP. CYoRu Rp Yo SVdLWYo.
u] SVdL TmUdl \ LeLmU SVdLo TRd
YkRo. Yo SVdLoLs LXm Bh NnR]o.
NRV XU : SVdL Uu]oLs TZV TiThPl
Tt]o. SVdLoLs LXjp N\ LUV]RL
CkR. Rm, VTWm Y[okR, YXeL, CPeL
]o ReL[ NVpTL[j RPokR]o.
LjRp ]oL[] RfNo, TtLpXo, LUo,
BfN Tu\YoLs CkR]o. NRWQ UdLs
RtSnL[] LXW, AmUSn Tu\Yt\p
TdLlThP]o. YU, LjRU \Ls CkR].
EsSh UdL[ AL A[p AUlTj]o. WU
UdLs GUV] YrdL SPj]o. Re Tm UdLs
RrShds TVok V X EUV[oL[L
EYjR]o. AWNeLm AYoLd XjR AuTlTL
Aj BRjR.

NgdLhP
YVlT SVdLo 1526 - 1541 : CYo xQ
RYWVdd LhlTh SPk LiPo. CYW LXjp
dLp Lp LhPlThP.
lTd (SVdLo) xQlTo : .1541 - ..1554 :
lTd xQlTo YVlT SVdLu UL]Yo.
xQRYWVu RukV TPVlu T
AYd CYo EQVL CkRo. CYo R] LXjp
NgVf ts[ u UXLp TgYoL[
GZl]o. CYo TV RVd L[gVm Ju\m,
BPmTWU] LpVQ UaXm Lh]o. CW_
LhPVf t Yo Gl]o. AWNoLu
Bhdl\ Ng 1671p _lo LpR]p
LlTt\lThP.
64

Lp : WUQoLs Lp EU TtkR]o.
YRLpV] NUvR U Xm LtdLlThP.
LpVlTdL TX UPeLd SVdL AWNoLs RW[UL
SuLPL[ AjR]o. NRWQ WU UdLs YUm,
AVUm YrkR]o NRWQ UdLPm Lp
AuUV XV.
Rp : YNVl T[RWm CVtL BRWU] UZ
W SmkR. X SVdL AWNoLs, lTL CW
UeLmUs Tu\o olTN] \V ALjR]o. Nd
BX, Xm GiQn RVjRp, NodLW RVjRp, YpXm
RVjRp. UhTiPm NnRp, LPXL El RVjRp, Tu\
TX EsSh RpLs RZLjp \lTL SPTt\]. p
t\p., BPSnRp, BVY LgWm Utm UW
TLp WTXUL CkR], LVjo, LgWm, UW
65

BV TLp SNj RtNXLs dVjYm Tt\].

Cm, Ys, ReLm, Utm Y EXLeLm ETVLjp
CkR]. Nj Rp YXL h ETVLl TjWeLs
Utm ALXuLs RVdLlThP]. EsShlTdYWjt
UhYi RuUVL CkR. A, LnLLs, El BP,
Tl YLLs, YN] WVeLs Tu\Y EsSh
NkRp tT] NnVlThP]. Um A, NodLW, N[m,
YN]l ThLs, Tj Utm Thj Ls Tu\Y
YSLd HtU NnVlThP]. Tu, Ys, RLWm,
RWm, DVm YiLXm Utm BPmTWl ThLs Tu\Y
YSLLk C\dU NnVlThP].
NUV X : SVdLoLs Ck NUVjRl Tt]oLs.
LpLd RW[UL Su LPL[ YZe]oLs.
vYSRSVdLo, cWeLm, f BV CPeLp Es[
LpLd TX NYLs Nns[o, WlT SVdLo
RmTWm LXf t Ll TV YW Gl Es[o.
CWUeLmUs vLm RoLdLd RW[UL
SuLPL[ YZes[o. Ad LXjp LhPlThP
YiQUX, iY]m, Ng BV CPeLp Es[
LpLs Lr Tt\Y Bm. SVdLoLs NY NUV
\V BRjRoLs. LeL YTh \V
uTt]oLs. ULULm, YWj, HLR Tu\ ZdLs
LiPPlThP]. UX SVdLo LXjp RlTj Z,
RojZ, jWj Z Tu\ ZdLs
ALlTjRlTh].
CXdVm : SVdLoLs LXjp Rr, Re Tu\
ULs dVjYm Tt\]. NY UPeLs NUV CXdV
Y[ofd Tm RiPt]. GpXlT SYXo AQfNX
WQm Gu\ Xm, UWTWo LkRo LLYiT Gu\
Xm Gs[]o. AQ SRWp GRlThP lLr
Tt\jRdL \lPVRm. O]WLN RLo Lgd
LXmTLm Gu\ Xm, SUfYVl XYo RmTW YiT
Gu\ Xm, WYiQ jRW lTvYWo WQm Gu\
Xm Gs[]o. Utm WSL SVdLo NeR R,

TWRLR BV CWi CN pL[ CVts[o. CkR

CWi pLm CYWp LidLlThP V WLeL[m,
R[eL[m Tt [d\. SVdLoLs Bh LXjp
Re U CXdVeLs Su Y[ofVPkR].
LXm LhPd LXm : SVdLoLs _V SLW
LXjV LhP LX \Vl uTt]oLs. TX
LpLp V UiPTeLm, LWeLm LhPlTh
TjRlThP], LX, LhP LX Y[ofd vYSR
SVdLo, UX SVdLo, CW UeLmUs Tu\o Tm
TeLts[]o. SVdLo LXjp UW, Lp SLWULm,
LX LhP LX Y[ofu SLWULm [eV. UW
]hVmUu LLu W_LWm, SVdLo ULp, UeLmUs
NjWm, UiPTm, BWeLp UiPTm, TV LWeLs,
WLWeLs Tu\Y SVdLo Bh LX LX LhPLX
Y[ofd \kR GjdLhL[L [eu\]. Um
c pLjp Es[ BiPs Lp, xQWjs[
YeLPSRo Lp Utm cWeLm Lp, SpXVlTo
Lp Tu\YLs SVdLo LX LX, LhPd LX
Y[ofd \kR UL[L [eu\].
KVm : SVdLo LXjp JVdLX Su Y[of
TtkR. ]h AmUu LLp YWVlThs[ KVm
Lm \l Tt\Rm. UiPTju Wm,
tfNYoLm YWVlThs[ AZV KVeLs
CWUVQ, ULTWR LhL[ [du\].
_V SLW TWW LXjp LQlThP NL TiThu
RdLeLs SVdLo Bhu Tm Rr Shp W TLjR.
SVdL Uu]oL[p uTt\lThP V oYL \. SVdLo
NRVjp V NRV T[RW NUVl TiTh
\L[ ALlTjV. SVdLoLu Bhdl
\m ClV oYL \ uTt\lThP. Um UW,
RgNo, Ng, Yo SVdLoLs NRV TiTh
Y[ofdLL Tm TeLts[oLs. SVdLo Bhu
RdLm AYoLu Rim RZL YWXtp Lm Lr
dLRL [e\.

66

67

5.

Lt
u [Ls
Lt-u
1. UW, RgNo, Ng, Yo BV CPeLp SVdLo
LX Bh HtTYRtL] LWQeL[ UQYoLs Ak
Ls\oLs.
2. SVdLo Bh LXjp HtThP NL TiTh
Y[of] UQYoLs Ak Ls\oLs.
3. SVdLo LXjp HtThP CXdV, LX, LhPd LX
Y[of]l Tt UQYoLs Ak Ls\oLs.
V Ul

I. NV, RY\ G] GL.

1. AldLhPp Es[ LhPV jWlT SVdLo
Lh]o. ( )
2. xQlT SVdLo xQWjR ]o. (
)
3. _V WML NdL SR SVdLu LXjp Yeo
RkWm Tt\. (
)
4. vYSR SVdLu fd LWQUL CkRYo R[Yn
AVSRo. (
)
5. UX SVdLWp UX SVdLo Uap LhPlThP.(
)
II. NV] PV RokRj GZL.
1. UWp SVdLo BhV EYdVYo
A. SLmU SVdLo
B. vYSR SVdLo
C. xQlT SVdLo D. jxQlT SVdLo
2. SVuLW \V ALlTjVYo
A. xQ RYWVo
B. AfRWVo
C. CWUWVo
D. YSR SVdLo.
3. UWu LP SVdLo
A. UX SVdLo
B. CW UeLmUs
C. ]h
D. xQlT SVdLo
4. Yp SVdLu BhV EYdVYo
A. u] SVdL TmUo B. LeLmU SVdLo
C. WTjW SVdLo
D. jxQlT SVdLo
68

RgNp SVdLo BhV EYdVYo

A. AfRlT SVdLo
B. WSRSVdLo
C. _VWLY SVdLo
D. NYlT SVdLo.
LhP
CPjR
WlL
:
III.
1. UWp SVdLu Bh RtdLlThP Bi..................
2. YSR SVdLo UWp .................... BL xQ
RYWVp VdLlThPo.
3. T[VdLWo \V ALlTjVYo......................
4. Ngu Rp SVdLo..........................
5. RgNu LP SVdLo..........................
IV. TjL
1. Rp R[Yn UX SVdLo
2. ]hd LX olTVYo AVSRo
3. UX SVdLo Uap YSR SVdLo
4. CW UeLmUs GpXlT SVdLo
5. AQfNX LXmTLm _VWeL NdLSRu Th
V. dLU] PVdLm :
1. R[Yn l YWL?
2. YSR SVdLu NR]Ls Su] GL?
3. dLll TWl Tt l YWL?
4. CW UeLmUu NR]Ls VY?
5. UX SVdLo Uap l YWL?
6. SVdLu Lp\V GL?
VI. Y] PV
1.

SVdLo Bhu NRV TiTh T[RW

Y[of] Y?

2.

SVdLo BhuT HtThP CXdV Y[of]

Tt GL?

3.

SVdLo LX LX, LhPdLX Y[oflTt GL?

69

@X - 4
9. UWjVo Ah - TiT BXdVm Utm LX Y[of
Lt\-u SdLeLs
1.
2.
3.

RrShP BiP UWjV Uu]oLs Tt UQYoLs

ARp.
RrlTiTh Y[ofd UWjVoLs BtV
RiLs Tt UQYoLs ARp.
CXdVm, LX, LhPdLXd UWjVoLs BtV
Te] UQYoLs ARp.

CkV YWXtp UWjVoLs dV Te Ydu\]o.

`TuvX GuTYd Y, YeL Gu\ CWi
ULuLs CkR]o. ULWxhWlTp Y RVL UWjV
AWN HtTj]o. YeL RrShs[ RgNo
Tp UWjV AWN HtTj]o.
Yu YrdLdl : NjWT Y LrTt\
UWjV Uu]o BYo. Yu Ru TVo _Tn
GuTRm. Yu Rn Yd CWUVQm, ULTWRd
LRL[d LtdLj ARuXm RVjRm,
RNTdVm, Fh]o. RRLiPRq GuTYo Yd
oYLdLXVd LtdLjRo. YVXV YTol
TtTt\o. LXV BhLk CkVY hL
VtLs UtLiPo. AkR GiQju AlTPp J
YLUV] CWYj] Y ]o. RoQ, Wnfo,
TWU, CkWW, WkRo BV LhPL[ Y
LlTt]o. AlNpLu SmdL WLl TPVlT
YtLWUL NUj Cp AlNpL] Y Lu\o.
NxhPLu
RXUp
TPVjYkR
LXVlTP]j RtLj Y YtTt\o. Y
70

GuTYW Ru WVL VU]m Nn AlTL[

BmTf NnRo. u Y Ru NLRWo YeLV
Nkj Ru RkRu Njp R]d NWYiV TeLj
RmT LhPo. YeLm Yu YiL[ Ht
RgNo TV Yd LjRo. \ Y C\kR
X ShLp YeL RgNW im LlTt RgNu
RkW Uu]W]o.
LrTt\ UWjV Uu]o NjWT YVlTtm
AYPV NR]L[l Ttm UQYoLs ReLs
BVPm Lh RkLs[Xm.
UWjV Bh RgNp HtTRp : Yu RkR
`TuvX _lo pRu Bhu r R[TVL
TVtdLikRo. _lo LpRu RgNo, NO
Utm LoSPLlTL[d LlTt AlTLd
`TuvXV BSWL VjRo. YeLm _lo
pRu Bhu r TVt YkRo.

UWu Y
UWjV AW Xm J \UV] oYLjR
SP\lTj]o. CYo CVtLV] \Um, UhTm
LiPYo. Y Ru \U]U, U hTjRm V
_oRo TRLk L EVokR NjWT Gum AWNo
XV APkRo. CYo EVokR StQm LiPYo. CYo
J R AWN HtTj]o. Y CkV YWXtp J
LlTV RdLj] EiPds[o.
Yu RukV TPVl : UWjVoLs
GodLVR TPYLUVlTtkR]o. Yu
CWYjp 30,000 WLs CkR]. 40,000 RWlTP WoLs
CkRoLs. Y Rr Shu TPVj Ng, Yo,
RgNo BV TL[ Bi YkR Uu]oL[j
RtLj AlTL[d LlTt]o. u NkR
71

UWV Bi YkR NdLSR SVdLdm, RgNV

Bi YkR AYPV BSo AZ SVdLdPV
HtThP NiPV AkR _lo LpRu Ap` R]
R[T YeLu RXUp CWYjR Al
NdLSR SVdLd BRWYLl Tm TfNnRo.
YeL AnVmThP Gu\ CPjp SPkR Tp AZ
SVdLWj RtLj NeLUXRN RgNo SVdLWL
TRp AUoj]o. CR]p Urft\ _lo pRu
LoSPLl Td _oRWL YeLV VjRo. _lo
pRu Ap` C\kR T YeL, NeLUXRN TR
dLm Nn h RgNo BhVd LlTt]o. CqY
YeL .. 1675 Bm Bi RrShp UWjV BhV
HtTj]o.
YeL 1675 - 1684 : YeL RgN UWjV
AWu Rp AWNo BYo. CYo GuL Gum
AZdLlThPo. CYo RgN, f, Ru BtL, TeLo
72

CWiPm NWT : RXm NWTdlu CWiPm

NWT Bhd YkRo. hx AWNeLm CYW 1798p
AWNWL AeLjR. CYo RgN t\WN BeX ZdkV
LmTPm JlTPjRo. u AlT Nu]
ULQjPu CQdLlThP. CWiPm NWTdlu
AYPV ULu Y UWjV Uu]W]o. Y RgN
UWjV AWu LP AWNo BYo. CYo LXjPu RgN

UWjV AW t\. NWTu mTm BeX

ZdkV LmTPk JnVm Tt\.
NWvY Uap : Uu]o
CWiPm NWT AWVp
NVpTLLk Ru]
jdLi, BeX
CXdVm TlTp BoYm
Nj]o. Um TpY
Lpl TLp Ru]
DTjdLiPo. CYo TX
jRLeL[m,
JXf
YL[m, LVjl
WL[m,
TZV
BYQeL[m
Wh
AYt\ NWvY UaLp
TLjRo. CYo WhV NWvY Uap XLm
jRLeLs YRkRm, LVm, CXdLQm, CN, ShVm,
Y]NvWm, UjYm Utm Y[iU BV TPeLs
NmUkRlThPRL CkR]. HW[U] CXdV pL[m Ut\
BRWeL[m Li LrkRRp NWvY Uap Lf\kR
Lp UVULm, Bn UVULm [e\. UWjV
NUvR ULp HW[U] LVjl WLs
CmUaLp Es[]. Um 2200 KXfYLs CmUaLp
TLdLlTu\]. BeXm, Wg, _oUu, WdLm,
CXju Utm NUvRm BV ULp GRlThs[
jRLeLs YN WUUL Tj AXULp Ad
YdLlThs[]. . 1805m Bi CWiPm NWT
RgNp Ko Afd PjR ]o.
UWjV Bh\ : . 1676 Rp 1856 V RgN
UWjV Uu]oLs RrShu Y[dLlTL[ Bi
YkRoLs. CYoLs LXjp AUfNLoLm, ALLm,
oYLjR SPj YkRoLs. oYL YNdLL UWjV S
GuT dLhP, Uu]o mTLQm Gu\ u
WRNeL[L dLlThP. u JqY Tm TX

73

74

BV TL[ Yu R] AWN TXlTj]o.

SVdLoLm, C^XV Uu]oLm AdL CYW AWu
TPVjR]o. Clm CYo Ru oYLjR
UtVUjj R] AWN TXlTj]o. UWjVoLs RZL
YNLPk Y[s[ XeL[ LlTtd LiP]o.
CR]p TmTX] UdLs ReLs XeL[ CZkR]o.
UWjV AW AL YV Yp Nn UdL[ AXdLjR.
TgNj]m, Ys[j]m TUWUdLs AYt\]o.
RXm ` .. 1684 - .. 1712 : YeLdl u
AYPV ULu RXm ` .. 1684p BhVd
LlTt]o. CYo Ru BhdLXjp SVdLoL[d
LhlTj]o. UW, dLhP BV TL[m
LlTt]o. CYo Ru BhdLXjp AdL ToL[
NkjRo. Clm CYo HZ GV UdLd TX
UjYU]L[d Lh]o. CYo p Utm t\Vp
Uu\eL[ SPem HtTj]o, LX,
LhPdLXV BRjl Tt]o.
RXm NWT .. 1712 - . 1728 : RXm
`dlu AYPV C[V NLRWo RXm NWT
.. 1712p BhVd LlTt]o. CYo CWUSRWm
Tp SPTt\ EsShl TWj R]d NRLULl
TVuTjdLi X TL[j RgNPu
CQjdLiPo. CYo LXjp YLeL Gu\ RkRW
AW RuV. LP LXjp CYW BeX AW
BRjR.

WUeL[Ll dLlThP. RgN UWjV AWp UjRm

5753 WUeLs CkR].
CXdVm : RgN UWjV Uu]oL[] dL,
p_ Utm CWiPm NWT BVYoLs XYoL[m,
AOoL[m BRjlTt]o. CXdV Y[ofd
CYoLs TmTe Bts[oLs. ` Uu]PV
AWiU]p 46 XYoLs CkR]o. Um CmUu]o
AWiU]p CWUTjW Utm Ap lTiQ Tu\
LrTt\ Re XYoLs CkR]o. Ap lTiQ
BkW LRNWL Tt\lThPo. SPLeLs, LVeLs,
[dLWLs Tu\Y Re, NUvR ULp
GRlThP]. Yo YVSR RLu, YRWiVm
RU]Yo, YSR RLo, oL AQfNX LWVo
Tu\YoLs RgN UWjV TWWp LrTt\ Rr
AOoL[L [e]oLs. Um RrlXYoLs
TdlTPpLs, vRX WQeLs Utm TX [dLWL[m
Gs[oLs.
RrlXYoLs UhUpXUp RjYm, Y]NvWm,
UjYm Tu\ TpYj \Vf NokR AOoLm
UWjVl TWWp Tt\lThPoLs. LX, LhPdLX
CWiPm NWT Uu]Wp EYdLlThP NWvY Uap
RgN UWjV Uu]oLu LX LX LhPdLXd J
SpX GjdLhPL [e\. .. 1824 Bm Bi
NWvY UaX ToYhP WuNu tlT CmUap
A]j XLm Y[ofVPkR Lp UVULm,
UtLjV \p YNLs \kR Bn UVULm
[e\.
RgN UWjVo LXjp LhPlThP Ck LpLs
A]jm TZeLX LhP AUl \ uTt\l
ThkR. CkR NWNd LhPdLX \m CYo LXjp
uTt\lThP. RgN UWjVoLs TX LpL[
Lhs[oLs. AYLp RgN WavYWo Lp
Y[Ljs LhPlThs[ LQNo Lm YjVSR

Y Lm \kR LpL[L [eu\]. RgN

UWjVoLs TX NjWeLs Lhs[oLs. AYLp JWjR
Shp LhPlThs[ NjWm L AZL] YYUlTl
Tts[. Um CYoLs LXjp CNdLX, ShVdLX,
KVdLX, AfdLX Tu\ TX LXLs Tt
Y[odLlThP].
tTdLX : UWjVo LX tTeLs AZL]YVLm,
AXeLWU]YVLm [eu\]. CftTeLs JW
LpXp YYUdLlThPY Bm. CftTeLs YoLm,
iLm YYUdLlThs[]. CftTeLs dVjYm
YnkRYVLm, TX NnL[d LiPYVLm,
[eu\]. CftTeLp Lf \kRRL [eY Uu]o
WRl eu U] AmU AmUu YiLX dWLm
Bm. C J YiQm hPlThP EYfX Bm. CftTm
RtT PUo BXVjp Es[. CftTm RtT
PUo BXVjp Es[. CftTjp Es[ EYm
Lp [d Hk, u\ Xp YYUdLlThs[.
CftTju YX Rp TfNd Ju AUoklT
Tp YYUdLlThs[.
RgN LLs[ Ys RLhPp PlThP G
YL]f tTm RgN UWjVo tTdLXd Ut\ \kR
GjdLhPm. RgN Uu]o CWiPm NWTPV
LttTm UWjV tTdLXd J RX \kR
GjdLhPm. CfX RtT RgNs[ NWvY
Uap XLjp YdLlThs[.
KVdLX : RgN WavYWo BXVjp Es[
lWUV LLu u UiPTjp LQlTm Yo
JVeLs UWjVo LX KVdLXd \kR GjdLhPL
[e\. UWjV Uu]oLs LXjp dVjYm YnkR
YiQ KVeLs RgN AWiU]u Es YoL[m
NWvY UaLu Es YoL[m A Nnu\].
UQYoLs NWvY UaX ToYh As[ Yo
JVeL[lTtm, KXfYL[lTtm Ak
Ls[Xm.

75

76

RgN UWjVo Bhu dVjRYm : RgN

UWjVoLs H\d\V 180 BiLs RgNW Bh
Nns[oLs. CmUu]oLs ReLs Bh LXjp CXdVm,
LX, LhPdLX BVYt\ BRjlTts[oLs.
RgN UWjV Bh Rr NRVjp LlTV NRV
TiThRdLjR HtTjs[. NWvY Uap RgN
UWjVu LZ GlTm m.
Lt\-u [Ls
1. RrShp RgN UWjV BhVlTt AYRtL]
BRWeL[ UQYoLs k LsYo.
2. RgN UWjV Uu]oLu YWXt] UQYoLs
Ak LsYo.
3. UWjV Uu]oLu Bhu r LX, LhPdLX
Y[of] UQYoLs k LsYo.
4. Lf\kR LpUVULm, Bn UVULm,
[eLdV NvY UaXlTt UQYoLs
AkLs\oLs.
VUl
I. NV, RY\ GL
1. RgN UWjV AWu Rp AWNo Y BYo (
)
2. NWvY UaX VYo RXm NWT AYo ( )
3. 2200 JXfYLs NWvY UaLp TLdLl
Tu\] (
)
II. NV] PV Gj GL.
1. RgN UWjV BhVj RtjRYo
A. `
B. Y
C. YeL
D. NWT
2. RgN UWjV BhLXjp \kR XLULm, Lp
UVULm Bn UVULm [eV.
A. RgNs[ NWvY Uap
B. SVdLo Uap
C. WLvYWo BXVm
D. Ao Uap.
77

3.

RgN UWjV AWu LP BhV[o

A. YeL
B. RXm NWT
C. CWiPm NWT
D. Y.
III. LhP CPeL[ WlL:
1. RgN UWjV AW....................GuTYWp RtdLlThP.
2. YeLu RkR.................BYo.
3. YeLu UTVo.....................Bm.
4. RgNp AfdPjR Rtj UWjV Uu]o
...................... BYo.
5. RgN UWjVo BhdLpRp YrkR RrlXYoLs
..................... BYo.
6. BkWLRNo Gu LZlTt\ RelXYo............... BYo.
IV. TjL:
1.
` TuvX YLeL Rt\m
2. Y
RgN UWjV TWWu Rp Uu]o
3. YeL
RgN UWjV TWWu LP Uu]o
4. CWiPm NWT YeLu RkR
5. RXm NWT NWvY UaX RtjRYo.
V. dLUL PVdLm :
1. ULWxW T] Bh RnR W Yu
YrdLVlTt l YWL.
2. RXm `u ojReL[lTt GL.
3. RgN UWjVo Bhu dVjYm V?
4. RgN UWjVo Bhp YrkR RrlXYoL[lt
l YWL.
5. NWvY UaXlTt, dLUL GL.
VI. Y] P GL:
1.
2.

RgN UWjVu Bh\Vl Tt Y?

CXdVm, LX, LhPdLXd RgN UWjV Uu]oLs
BtV RiL[lTt [dL.
78

AX 4

10. NTLs, RiPUuLs, SYlLs

Ahu r UdLu NL YrdL
Lt\-u SdLeLs :
1. NTLs, RiPUuLs, SYlLu Bhu
r RrSh UdLu NL X Tt UQYoLs ARp.
2. NTLs, RiPUuLs, SYlLs, BhNnR
TLs Tt UQYoLs k LsRp.
3. UtLiP BhV[oLu NR]L[ UQYoLs
ARp.
CWUSRWm Utm YLeLV BiP NTLs :
17m t\iu BWmT LXjp CWUSRWjRm
YLeLlTVm NTLs Bh kRoLs. .. 1605

CWUSRN Lp - CWUvYWm
Bm Bi SVdLo Uu]o j xQlT SVdLo N
NjWm, CWUvYWm Npm Tdl TVLdl
TLYXWL NPdL RYW VjRo. N NjWju
TLYXoNT Gu AZdLlThPo. NPdLRYo
SVdLoLd YNUL CkRo. u]o CYo
T[VdLWoLdj RXYWLm EY]o. CWUSRWm,
UW, SpYLp Yrk YkR U\YoLs NTLs G]
79

AZdLlThP]o. CYoLs CWUSRWjRj ReL[

oYLju RXSLWLd LikR]o.
NPdL RYm, hPu NTm NTL[L NVpTh
CWUvYWm YkR TVLdl TLl LjRoLs.
Um Cq NTLm CWUvYWjs[ CWUSRN
Ld NUVjRi kRoLs.
CWiPm NPdLjRYo .. 1636 - .. 1645 : hPu
NT RuPV Rjls[V] CWiPm NPdL
RYWj R]d AjR BhV[Wd]o. hPu NTu
NkR UL]] Rm GuTYo CR] GojRo. R] Bh
EUV XShP Rmd UX SVdLo BRW
AjRo. NPdL RYo AWN TRLk dLlTh \p
APdLlThPo. NTVL Rm TRp AUojRlThPo.
B]p Rm \UV] BhV[WL [eLpX. Um
NPdLRYu Uj]oL[] CWSRRYm,
SWVQRYm Rmu BhV Goj LXLm NnRoLs.
UX SVdLo CYoLu TY] YiL[ Ht
RmV NT TRLk dh NPdLRYW
\Lk RX Nn NTVL VjRo. NPdL
RYo R] LXjp CWUvYWjp NdLSR Y
BXVjR Lh]o. Um CYo UdLd SXu Rm.
HW[U] A\lTLm TlTLm NnRo.
CWSRNT - . 1645 - .. 1670 : CYo SVdL
Uu]oLd YNU]Yo. CYo jlLu RXUX]
CvXVoL[m GhPVWj T[VdLWWm
RtLlTp SVdLoLdj Q u\o. CkR ERL[l
TWhm Th SVdLUu]o RXSLp SYWj Z
LiPYRt NTLd EU AjRo. Um
Y]m, Uu]oLp, f, BV TL[ NTd
SVdLUu]o SuLPVL YZe]o. Um RYLhP,
A\kRe BV TL[ Yu AYt\ CWSR NT
Ru AWPu CQjdLiPo. UoTPPu To
NnRT UX SVdLd CWSR NT CWY
80

ERNnRo. CWSRNTu \ukR CWY

ER]l TWh AeLj AYd UX NT
Gu\ ThPjR UX SVdLo YZe]o. SVdLoLd
NTLs LhV YNm UX SVdLW t\.
Ru] RkW AWNWL AjdLiP CWSR NT
HtL]Y CZkR LhPL[m CPeL[m
SVdLoLPk hPo. R] BhdLXjp CWSR
NT LX, CXdVm BVYt\l Tt Y[ojRo. R]
Bh NTu ALWloYU], AYXL UL[L Rr,
Re BVYt\ Bd]o. AZV t\mTXd LWVo
AmR LWVo BV RrlXYoL[ CYo BRjRo.
CWUvYWjp Es[ CWUSRY BXVju CWiPY
WLWjRd Lh]o. LrdLj RrlXYo RU]Yu
C LXjp AYW CWSR NT R] AWYQlp
Yj AuPu LYjRo. CWSR NTdl\ 1670p
V RYo Utm ARQj RYo BV CYm LXm
Bh NnR]o.
ZYu NT Gum CWiPmNT
.. 1671 - .. 1710 :
U\Yo X Uu]oLu Lf\k [eVYo ZYu
NT BYo. NdLSR SVdLd CYo EQVL
CkRo. TWW_LN (GLd CYo eLmTu\Yo) Gum
ThPjR YZe SVdLUu]o CYW L[WjRo. UW
NmWwVju X TLs Utm A\kRe, UVm,
WuUX BV TL[j R] NmWwVjPu
CQjdLiPo. RiPUuLu RXUp
dLhP AWNhV ZYu NT TXlTj]o.
vRY CVdLeLu NVpTLs TWYRt CYo GolTL
CkRo. ZYu NT UW SVdLoLu LhlThLk
U\Yo ShP hPo.
81

CYo CW UeLmUu CWYjRj RtLj h

1707p U\Yo ShP RkW SPL AjRo. RU
RXSLWjR LLk WUSRWjt Ut]o.
u]p YLeL Gu\ZdLlThP SpLhPp
T[VjR HtTj ARu BSWL EPVRYW ZYu
NT VjRo. Ck URju Y[ofd CYo St Ri
NnRo. YPQ Utm L[Vo Lp Gum FoLp
Ck BXVeLd WUeL[ R]UL YZe]o.
RXSLWU] CWUSRWjp LhP Ju\d Lh]o.
YL AQVd Lh]o. CYW Bh U\YoLu
TtLXm Gu AZdLlT\. ZYu NTdl u
TY NeLW RYo, RiPj RYo BVo Bh kR]o.
ZYu NTdl \ AYW CWwVm CWiPLl k
YLeL SPL RuV. NTLu Bhu tTp
WUSRWju AkRv J _u Xdd \dLlThP.
BeXVoLu BhdhThkR WUSRWm CVL
CkVu J TVL BdLlThP.
tLX NTLp TvLWNT Tt\jRdL _uRWL
[e]o. CYo BeXm Tu\ BhV[WL CkRo.
dLL SLp SPTt\ EXL NUVeLu UShp LXk
LiP Y YL]kRW CYo L[WjRo. NTLu
Bhp UdLu NL Yr Su\L CkR.

CWSR RiPUu : dLhP AWNWLl

TlTt\u UW SVdLoLd BRWYL CYo RgNo
SVdLoL[j RtLj dLhl Ts Gm dVU]
CPjRf LlTt]o. ARu u dLhPj RiP
Udm RgN SVdLdm SW URp HtThP. RgN
Utm WUSRWjR BhkR Uu]oLu h WYjR
dLhP RiPUu RtLjRo. CkR Yt
ATYeLPu dLhP Uu]o, T[VdLWoL[
BRjRo. RiPUu WwVjtj RXSLWL CYo
dLhPV Bd]o.
dLhPj RiPUu RkW BhV
aRWTj _m AeLjRo. BeX AWPm AtL
SYPm dLhP RiPUu Sh\Pu
NVpThPo. CWSR RiPUuRu RkWU]
dLhP CWwVju EiUV] Y]WLm
TLYXWLm LRlT\o.
UW Bi aRo ALdL GWL BtL SYt
RiPUu ERLs NnRo. LXjtL \
dLhPds ZV Vk\ aRo ALu WYjR
dLhPj RiPUu RtLjRo. ZX, A\kRe
BVYt\ RiPUu LlTt]o. CYo lpRd
GWL BeX AWt ER NnRo.

CkV RX Tt\Pu CkVULQeL[

JeQdm Vtp DThkR CkV Es\
AUfNo NoRo YpXTTn TPp AYoLs 1948p jR
CQl AZlT Ht CkV ShPu
dLhP NUvR]m RLp CQkR.

_V WSR RiPUu : CWSR RiP

Udl \ AYW E\]W] _V CWSR RiPUu
Bhd YkRo. BtL SYl CYd W_ TLo Gum
ThPm YZe]o. dLhPj RiPUuLs ARtl
\ dLhP W_dLs Gu AZdLlThP]o. RgNo
Utm CWUSRWm BhV[oLdm T[VdLWoLdm
GW] ToLp RiPUu BtL SYtj QVL
NVpThPo. _V WSR RiPUu LXjp A\lTLs
RPokR] TX NjWeLs LhPlTh Tdl TVLd
CXYNUL RePm EQm YZeLlThP].

82

83

dLhPj RiPUuLs :

ZYu NT V dLhP CWwVjR HtTj

R] ULu CWSR W_ RiPU] ARu Rp
BhV[WL VjRo.

NL X : RiP UuLs Bhu tTp

dLhPl T UdLs CVpT] YrdL YrkR]o.
AWNoLs AWVp YLWeLm UdLs SXm AL
AdL\ Nj]o. Tdl TVLdLL NjWeLs TX
LhPlThP]. CYoL[ Bhu tTp HtThP TgNjRp
UdLs Lm uTlThP]o. u]o L] UZ Utm Ys[m
LWQUL UdLs TX SnLd Es[]o. u]mU
Snd GWL Rl \ ALl TjRlThP. CYoL[
Bhu C LhPeLp TX o jReLs
SP\lTjRlThP].
SYlTs

dLhPd Lp
HtL]Y Rn APkkR dLhP oYL
\V _V CWSR RiPU] R] Bh LXjp
Ut AUjRo. TZV oYLjt TXL \UV] RgN
UWjVu oYL \V dLhPp
ALlTj]o. dLhP oYLju TX \Lp
CYo UWjV WUQoL[l Tp AUoj]o. TgNju
LWQUL TZV dLhP SLWm AkR. u]o
ClTs[ dLhP SLWm Su hPPlTh im
EYdLlThP.

LXV Uu]o J[WeLl AYoLu R[TV]

pLoLu GuTYo WYl TPVlp Yt Tt
Yo, Ng Utm BtL TL[d LlTt]o. RgN
SYlLu AW

YWTPjp
RWlThs[ GiLu
T CPeLu
TVoLs RWlThs[]

1. Spo
2. BtL
3. TZYtL
4. Nu]
5. NeLpTh
6. Yo
7. NWeLl Th]m
8. LWdLp
9. RgNo
10. fWlTs
11. UW

CYdl \ CWUNkW RiPUu, UojRiP

TWY RiPUu, CW_W_LTX RiPUu
BVo dLhPV BhkR]o. CkR CW_dLs
LXjp BeX AWu NpYd dLhP TLp
ALm TWV. Lp NL j\Lp GW[U]
ojjReLs NnVlThP]. BeXm Utm CkV
UL[d LtdLm CXYNl Ts Ju \dLlThP UdLs
RLd LQdLl NVpLs BWmTU]. YNVjR
UmTj TgNjRl TdYRtLL ojRdLeLs TX
LhPlThP]. CVL, 1948p dLhP CkVPu
CQkR.
84

85

Utm UW SVdLoLs Y]kRWm W_ BVWm

CYo LXVoLu LhlThu rd Li YkRo. LoSPLl
Tp LXVoLu BhV HtTj ARt pLo
Lu SYl B]o. LoSPLl Tp LXVl TWWu ALW
oYU] W SYl Gu\ZdLlThPo. SYlLs Bhu
RXSLWL BtL LrkR.
RkW Bh : pLo Lu U\tl \ AYW
Qj R[T Rj Lu LXm SYl BL NVpThPo.
AYdl \ NRpXLu SYl BL TlTt\o. LXV
Uu]oLu TX ]jRp HtThP AWVp rXL[j
R]d NRLULl TVuTjd Li CYo Ru] LoSPLl
Tp RkWU] SYl BL Bdd LiPo. CYo R]
WwVju GpXVd LY YW Tj]o.
Rvj A
A- : Aj Rvj AL SYl B]o. CYW
LXjp CYW ULu NlRo AL, CYW UULu NkR Nl
CYm CQkR hjRXUu rSYl WYm \mTP
Tok Nu], TifN, RgNo, f, UW,
Y]kRWm BV TL[ LlTt SYl Bhu r
Li YkR. ARuu TV AWVp Ut\m HtThP.
RuT Uu]u AZlu Tp UWhV WYm
RrSht Yk SYl WYjRj RtLjR. Rvj
AL LpXlTh NkR Nl L NnVlThPo. u]o
Rvj ALu ULu NlRo AL UWhV WYju
AUu T SYl B]o.
IWlV NpYd : SYl mTjRoLPV
YUf NiPLs HtThP]. SYlLu TX]jRl
TVuTjd Li BeXVoLm Wgd LWoLm
LoSPLl TLp ReL[ XV TXlTjd LiP]o.
CR]p IWlVoLu NpYd Ae ALm B].
AuYo - Ej - u : YX_Yf NokR AuYoEju
AjR SYl B]o. CYW TR LXjp BeXVoLs
Nu]p R _ow LhPVd Lh]o. WgdLWoLs
86

Tif Np ReL[ LhlThP ALlTj]o. SYl

AuYo Eju BQV Wg WYm
BeXVoLPk R _ow LhPVd LlTtV.
CR]p SYl WYjt Wg WYjtm CPV
1746p APV GuPjp To LrkR. CkRTo
APV To G] AZdLlT\. ClTp Wg
WYm SYl WYjRj RtLjR.
RrS AWu RXUf NVXLm Nu]p Es[
R _o_ LhPp NVpTh Y\.
NkR Nl : Wg BSo l[ u]o NkR
NlT \Lk RX Nn BeXVd GWL
NiPP AlYjRo. 1749p SPkR Bmo Tp AuYo
Ej u LpXlThPo. AuYo Ej uu UL]]
LU ALV AjR SYl BdL BeXVo Vu\]o.
AR SWjp NkR NlT AjR SYl BdYRt
WgdLWoLs Vu\]o. Cp Wgd LWoLu
QPu NkR Nl SYl B]o.
LU A
A- : NkR Nl R] CWYjPu f
TPVj NukR SWjp BtL Utm LPp
CkR SYlLu LhPL[ BeXj R[T CWToh
[q LlTt]o. BeXVoLs LU ALV SYl
Bd]o. Spo Utm RgNW LU AL LlTt]o.
Um CYo UW TjRuL[m T[dLWoL[m
RtLjRo.
BeXVoLu Bh : NkR Nu ULu W_ NV
AjR SYTL Bd LoSPLl TL[j R] LhlThu
r Li YW Wgd LWoLs Vu\]o. B]p Am
Vt Rp APkR. SYlL[j RtLj AYoLu
BhdhThkR TLs YRm ReL[ Bhu
r Li YkRo.
SYlLs Bhu r NLX : SYlLu
Bhu T UdLu NL X TYL Su\L CkR.
87

UdLs AUVL YrkR]o. TX Yl\ RdLRpLs CkR

Tm SYlLs NL u]t\jtLL TThP]o. WU
UdLdj Ri NnYRtLL FojRXYo, LQdLu,
RXV, Utm AW ALLs BVo JqY
WUjm CkR]o. WUj RXYo TR TWmTWV].
WUj RXYoLm T[VdLWoLm rUhP A[X]
j\ oYLjR LYj YkR]o. Y YLdm
ALLs UdLPk Y YLlTRtLL Lm
LUV] Y \L[d LP jR]o. YL[ YLj
YkR ALLd TVk AYoLu RVpRu
WUjRYoLm YNLm YZYikR. NL
kRYoLs \YLm NLVt\ UdLs ALULm Y
Nj]o. ALLd NmT[m TQULY XULY
YZeLlThP. AWl Tp IWlVoLs VdLlThP]o.
LX, TiT : SYlLs LX CXdVjRl Tt
Y[ojR]o, AYoLs AW Utm TWL ULu Y[ofd
ER]o. SYlLu BhLXjp TpY LXfNWeLs
JuPu Ju LXk CQkR NVpTLs EY].

AoUap GuT BtL SYl Ym LrkR

AWiU]. ClTs[ BtL SYl AYoLs
AWNeLjRp AeLdLlThs[o. Nu]p
WVlThP Tp Es[ TWlh NXp Ao
Uap Es[.
Lt\-u [Ls
1.
RrShu Y[ofdL NTLs, RiPUuLs,
SYlLs BtV NYL[ UQYoLs AkR]o.
2. CkR BhV[oLs LXjp UdLu NL Yr X
Tt UQYoLs AkR]o.

V Ul
1. NV] PVj Ro NnL.
1.
2.
3.

4.
5.
II.
1.
2.

Ao Uap
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96

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98

AX - 1

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3.

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4.

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1.
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100

U lTm NnmTR, ApX

101

TdYWj
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Rp ER Adm STo NnV
Yim.
UjYPu
RR
RPoLsRp
SmdLV HtTjRp, UjYu SW ER YmYW
RYd ALUL Gm NnVjRp Tu\Ym Rp
ER NnTYu LPUVm.
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Yim. RYV] AYNW LXeLp RR RYlTm
UQYoLd RR AdL ARl TVuTjR Yim.
Rp ER TtV T Ls
1. Tjds[]YoLu Cl, Lj, Tu\ TLp
Es[ BPLu CdLjRj R[oj WjR KhPm, Utm
jRU] Lt NpmT TojdLs[Yim.
2. EPm hP TLjm YLp ToYVp EPX
P Yim.
3. TdLlThPYo Yk GjRp AYW RXV UYL
YX ApX CP TdLm lTYim.
4. TdLlThPYPk AYW E\]oLs Utm
SiToLu TVo LY RXT GiL[ Tt
EP]VL Tj TtV RLYpL[ EVYoLdj
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105

5.

TdLlThPYW UjYU] ApX BmXuv

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RWlTPdP.
Gm Es WjRdL Y WjRd L
BVYtdL] TY] Rp ER YLs:
Gm : Gm
HtThs[ Gu NkRjRp
LVUPkR STW ALt\
YiPm. EP] UjYW
lPm. LVUPkRYW
ALt\YiV
LhPVm
HtThPp, ALtYRt u,
LR UlTX ApX m
Yjd LhV kRYW
Y NNn ALt\Yim. Gm - Rp ER
Es WjRdL : SVV NV] CPjp Yjh
P] EQ Gm AdLUp EP]V] UjYW
AZdLYim. Y, WWLp Es[ CWjRm d, Yn
YVL YV\ Ynl Es[. YtLk Ym CWjRm
LgYlTL Cdm. WWLp Ck YVm CWjRm
C[gYlTL Cdm. CqY CWjRm YVU]p Iv
iLs \kR TV Sgu Yj, Yt\
PYim. V]Y Es[ SVdj RLUL
Clu Rio ApX [dLlThP I^ LdLXm.
UVdLUPks[ SVV JdLj TdL Yj,
RXm, Uom Rrk CdmT NnVYim. CR]p
WWds GkR WYlTm NpX RdLXm.
Ltdm Tit CWjRm YVm A[t LVm
HtThPp EP] UjYW AL YiV AYVm.
Y WjRdL : CWjRdLY EP] jRYim.
LVju jRU] V Yj AjRYim.
CdLhP] AYNW rXp LVp LVmThP CPjt
Ut\UL GmT Nok CWjRdZV Aj,
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106

UVdLUPRp : UVdLtdm JYd GRm

YnYVL LdLdP NUR[jp SWL TdL
YdLYim. RXV J\UL Nnj CdLUL Es[
EPL[j R[oj PYim. EP] UjY ERd
UjYW AL Yim.
RRlTh : LoLs, C NdLW YL]eLs,
BhPdLs, TkLs, TsLs, LpLs, AYXLeLs
Utm Lp V RRlTh ClT Lm
TVs[Rm. RjRVL Ls, x TlToLs,
dLQ TiP_ Ls, Tg, LjRdLp, FdLs,
Tup, ljRs, jRU] Ys[jLs, UkLs,
BV] CdL Yim.
Lt\
u [Ls
Lt\-u
1. UQYoLs NXL[m, NXl TLlVm Tt
Ak AR uTt\m Ut\YoLs Gjd\m
RkjRp.
2. RRu dVjYjR Gj CVmm A[
UQYoLs AkkRp.
VUl
I. NV - RY\ G] GL.
1. VQl YiLm BmXuLm d]Lp u
NpXYim. ( )
2. UjYoLs UhU RR NnVYim (
)
3. BndPeLm TjdLs SPXm (
)
4. JLlTuL[ RPok AUlTLp JLdLXm ( )
II. LhP CPeL[ Wl:
1. NXl TLl UVm ................................AUfNWLjp NlPmTo
1986p EYdLlThP
2. RRu AlTP SdLm.............................
3. TjdLdL] LWL[L RlThP LWLm
.............................LWLm Es[].
4. U lTjp ................................... ETVdLYim.
5. GlTm NXu ......................TdLjp YL]jR
KhPYim.
107

III. TjL
1. NXl TLl UVm
RRd LLs
2. U lTm

NXLp Ju
3. U YL] Kh]o

AUfNLm
TtlTsLs SPjY
4. UkLs, Tg

NXl TLl UVm

IV. NV] PV RokRj GL
1. NX Ls SP\d YkR YPm
A. 1989
B. 1990
C. 1998
2.. Gm CdUu RR NnTYo
A. SVV ANdLdP
B. SVV UjY]dd Li NpXYim.
C. LhlTP Yim.
3. TRNLs NXVd LPdm CPm
A. Ge YiU]m
B. d]d Ap
C. TRNLs LPdm Tp
4. J YL] KhPm CdL YiV
A. KhSo EUm
B. \l NuRr
C. TVUojRp BQ
5. RRu AlTP SdLm
A. RtLLL UjYm B. EWdLlTtRp
C. UjYW ERd AZjRp.
V. dLUL PVdLm
1. NXl TLl UVm Ap Tjm hPeLs VY?
2. NX Ls HRm Su] GL
3. TjL[j Rodm YL[d L.
4. RR Gu\p Gu]?
5. NX TjdLdL] LWQeLs VY?
6. YL]m KhTYPm CdL YiV BYQeLs VY?
VI. Y] PV :
1. NX Ls, NXl TLl \Ls Tt [dL?
2. RRu dVjYjR [dL.
108

@X - 1
3. @Wu NUV NouUd LsL
Lt\
u SdLeLs
Lt\-u
1.

URNouUu TsTt UQYoLs ARp.

2.

CkVp YtUp JtU Gum LsLu

AYVm Tt UQYoLs ARp.

3.

URNo uUVl uTtm LPUV UQYoLd

EQojRp.

CkV RVl TiThu AjR[UL YtUp

JtU Gm LsL Es[. CkV TX UReLu
RVLUm. Ce CkdLs, CvXVoLs, vRYoLs, dV
URj]o, jRURj]o, NUQURj]o Tu\ TX URj]o
Yru\]o. CkVp URm J RuU NdVL
[e]m, CkV AWNeLm AWVXUlf NhPm
CkVu ALWoY LsLVL URf NoTt\ LsLV
Ajd LPj Y\.
URNouUu YWX : NdXNm Gu\
BeXfNp NdXm Gu\ Xju NpLp Ck YkR.
u]o Vh SLp URNouU]o VW
mLs G] AZdLlThP]o. 1789m Bi WglWh
URNouU LjR WTXlTjV. 1791m Bi Wg
AWVXUlf NhPm Wu AWN URNoTt\ AWNdV.
LXV AWNo AdTo, NL NUV ojjRYL[]
CW_Wm ULuWn Utm Y YL]kRo BVo
GpX UReL[f NokR UdL[m UVRPu SPj]o.
ULW_ CWgj e Gu\ CkV AWNo AWNeLju
LsLVL URfNouUd LsLVd LPjRo CkR
Vtfp AYo Ytm APkRo.
AWNeLju Xm URNouUd LsLV
SP\dd Li YkRp u]VL Wgj e
109

LRlT\o. 1888p CkV RV LeWv URNouU

LXkR RVjR ALlTjV. ULjU Lk CkV
AWVLp d pRd BRWYL XTj CVdLm
BWmjR TR URNouU Lj LZPkR.
TZeLXjp URm, UR NRVju BdL Xp
CkR. AWVX URm LhlTjV. vRY
URjRXYW] TlTiPYo A]j EXL vRY
SL[d LhlTj]o. ARTp TX d pRu
EXLm Ym CkR vLm BhV[oL[ TX LXm
AWVp LhlThp YjkRo. \ AWNPV
ALWjtm TlTiPYu ALWeLdm, CPV
TWhPm SPkR. TlTVL URjLk AWVp
lThP. CVL AWVp RuUVLd LRlTh
YtLWUL R AUlTL EYjR. CTRm t\ip
TX SLp UdL[h Utm AWVXUl AlTPp
AWLs EY]. EXu TX TLp RuV WhLu
[YL., X SLp ReL[ AWNeLjt URU
AlTPVL B]. ERWQUL TvRp C^Xm URm
ALWoYU] URUL Es[. jY, jR URSLm
EXp Es[]. CkVYlTu\ X SLs URNouUd
LsLVl uTtu\].
CkV AWVXUlf NhPm URNouUm
CkVp AWVXUlf NhPjR RVdm Th
AUdLlThP AWVp oQV NT CkV AWVXUlf
NhPjp Gh YLhdLsLL[ YhP. CkR Gh
YLhdLsLLp URNouU IkRY CPjp
Es[. CkR A[t AWVXUl jRLoLs UR
NouUd dVjYm Ajs[]o. YtUp
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URfNouUd Lj dVU]RL Es[. BWdVU]
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J AlTP CXhVdLjRL [e\. 1950 Bm Bi
_]Y
URjp
CkV
AWVXUlfNhPm
110

HtdLs[lThPT URNouU RPoT] LjdLs

TU] A[ AWVp NhPjp CkR].
AWVXUlf NhPj jRm
CkV AWVXUlf NhPm YZes[ AlTP
EULs NUV, RkWm RPoT] EUm Ju\m.
CkV AWVp NhPjp tLXjp TX jReLs
NnVlThs[]. 18.12.1976, Au CVt\lThP AWVXUlf
NhPju 42Y jRm NnVlThP URNouU Gu\
Np ALWloYUL AWVp NN]jp LWp
CQdLlThs[. C CkVu LXfNW RVju
l]VL AUkR. URNouU GuT LPs
GolT, UR GolT ApX, URNouU AWNeLju
LsLLu Xm UdLu NUV EQoL[ NUuTj\.
CkV AWVXUlu LWp NnVlThP 42Y
AWVp NhPjjRju dVjRYjRlTt
BVPm Lh Ak LsL.
NUU] AkRv
CkVp Ck URm RuUV] URUL [e\.
CkV AWNeLm GkR URjRm AWNeL URUL
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GkR URjRm BRdLY ApX SdLY AW Vt
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CkV AW YTjYpX.
UdLm URfNouUm : ReL[ lTjtLtT
GkRY URjRm uTt\Y, WfNWm NnVY CkV
UdLd RkWm Es[. CRuT JYo GkR URjRm
uTt\Y LP[ YQeLY m, UdLs YTh
CPeL[] LpLs, ULs, fNTLs, dV
jYoLs BVYt\ LhYRtL TWUlTRtL EU
Ei. TX UReL[ uTtm UdLs Lp Y]eL[
SPj Ae T Utm NUVdLpV AdL \.
AWNeLd Lp Y]m GkRY URdLjRm
111

UQYd TdL V. UtLiP LWL[p SU

CkV AWVXUlf NhPm UV] URfNouU
RuU Lis[R AVXm. URm GuT RlThP
URu lTm RPoPVRm. UR AlTPp GkR
UdLs m AW Y dL V. URNouUd
LsLp CkV AWVXUlf NhPm EV] SmdL
Lis[. RV dLsLp URNouUm
dVU]
Ju\m.
AWNeLju ALWloY
LsLVL URfNouUd
LsL CkRm CkVu
AL
UdLs
Cu]m
URfNoPu
Ru
[e\oLs. URYRm,
TVeLWYRm URNouUd
TV ATVUL Cd\.
RVdL Utm RV
u]eLd UlTj RV
UR Sp
QdL
Sp-QdL
ZdL[] RkW ] Z,
APV[f
u]m
VW ]Z, Lk _Vk
Tu\ ZdL[d LiPm T CkVoLPV
JtU GiQm Y[o\. CkV TWmTV ShVm, CN
Utm LXd UlTj ShlTt\ Y[odmT
AWNeLm URNouUd LjdL[ YtLWUL
NVpTjYRt YN HtT\.
CkVoLPV NL SpLQdLm ShlTt
NUV NljRuU, UR SVm, RV NLRWjYm,
SpXiQm BVY Y[oYRt URNouUdLsL
AlTPVm.

112

CkVp dV UReLm AYt\l uTtm

UdLs RLu NRRm
(1991m Bi UdLs RLd LQdLluT)
CkURm
CvXm URm
jY URm
jR URm
NUQ URm
Ut\ UReLs

82%
12.12%
2.34%
0.76%
0.39%
0.45%

Lt\
u [Ls
Lt\-u
1.

URNouUu T[ UQYoLs k
[dYoLs.

2.

CkV AWVXUlf NhPju 42Y jRjR

UQYoLs YoLs.

3.

URNouU RVjR UQYoLs Y[olToLs.

V Ul
I. NV - RY\ GL.
1. d pRu jY Sh AWVp RXYo
(
)
2. CkVu ALWloY LsLVL URNouU
Es[ (
)
3. TZeLXjp NLjp AWVp Rp Xp CkR
(
)
4. X Sh AWNeLju AlTPVL URm Cd\
(
)
5. CkV LXfNW RVju AlTPVL YtUp
JtU Gm LsL Cd\ ( )
II. NV] PV GL
1. URNouUVl uTtm S
A. CkV
B. d C. TvRu
113

2. 42Y AWVXUl NhPj jRm LiYWlThP Bi

A. 1976
B. 1977
C. 1978
3. CvXm ALWloYU] URUL Es[ S.
A. TvRu B. CkV C. Pu
4. Ck URm ALWloYU] URUL Es[ S
A. ST[m
B. CkV C. DWu
5. CkV AWVXUlf NhPm HtLlThP Bi.
A. 1935 B. 1950
C. 1947
III. LhP CPeL[ WlL
1. URNouU GuTRu BeXf NpX] NdXNm
Gm Np....................Gu\ Xju NpLLk YkR.
2. URNouUd LsL AWVp NN]jp NodLlThP
Bi...................
3. URNouUd LsLVj RU AWNeLju
LsLVL LPjR CkV AWNo...........
4. .......................Bi SPkR CkV RV LeWv hPm
URNouUdLsLV ALlTjV.
IV. TjL
1. TlTiPYo

42Y AWVXUlf
NhPjjRm
2. 1976

vY NUVj RXYo
3. d pRu

CW_Wm ULuWn
4. NL ojRY
CWgj e
5. Ck AWNo

vmLu URjRXYo
V. dLUL PVdLm
1. URNouUd LsLV CkV AW GqY
SP\lTj\.
2. 42Y AWVXUlf NhPjjRjRlTt l YWL?
3. CkVu dVU] X UReL[lTt G?
VI. YL PV
1. URNouUu [dLm Utm YWXt] GRm.
2. CkV AWVXUlf NhPm GqY UV]
URNou URuUVd Lis[ GuTR Y.
114

@X - 2
4. UdL[h - Ts - [dLm SoL, U\L UdL[h
Lt\
u SdLeLs
Lt\-u
1.

TpY UdL[h YLL[l Tt UQYoLs ARp.

2.

RtLXjp UdL[h] NVpT Tt UQYoLs

ARp.

EXLjp TX TLm Es[ AWVp LhTLp

UdL[h GuT J \SR RjYm Gu\ A]YWm Htd
Ls[lThP SP\lTjRlTh Es[. UdL[hp
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LiVjRl Tt\.
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CPdLXjp UdL[h \p X CPoTLs HtThP].
B]p AUdL RXlTo, Wgl Wh, WxVl
Wh Utm CkV RkWl To BVY Uu]Whd
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RUv, (Demos) WPv (Kratos) Gu\ CWi
NtLLk RuV. RUv GuTRt UdLs Gum
WP^ GuTRt ALWm ApX Bh Gum Ts.
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UdLPV ALWm Gu Ts YZeLlT\. _]SVLm
Gm Lj UdL[h AWd AjR[UL Es[ Gu
WdL AOo aWPPv \o.
115

C\ViUd LsL AlTPp UdL[h Es[.

UdLs ReLs WLs YXL, AWu oYLjR
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SW UdL[h SPTt\. CkR UdL[h \V]
CPdLXjp CjRLV AWLPV ldLlThP.
TZeLX CkVp SW UdL[hd LjlT WU
TgNVj \ NVpTh YkR.

UdL[h \
UdL[h GuT TXPV AWNeLm Gu WdL
AOo AvPp lYo. UdL[ UdLdLL UdL[p
SPjm Bh UdL[h Gu u]s AUdLd VWj
RXYo BWLm LeLu \o.
U d L [ h u A l T P L s : UdL[hd
LsLL[ AlTPVLd uTtu\ AWNeLU
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AWVp LhLs Utm Tj RoRpLs BVY
UdL[hu iL[L [eu\]. UdLu
116

SW UdL[hp AWNeL NVpTLp UdLs

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117

Wu, AUdL BV SLs U\L UdL[h

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hPhVm. CkV AWVXUlf NhPm CWi R AW
\V Ajs[. Ju\ UV AW Ut\u UX
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118

WV Ro NnY L dVU] TVL Es[.

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LdLlThs[. 25 YVd UtThPYoLs NhPUu\j
RoRLm, TWUu\j RoRLm ThPXm. RV
AWN SPjP RVd LhLm UX AWN SPjP UXd
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Bh SP\p CpX.
UdL[h AWNeLm : UdL[h AWNeLjp UdLm,
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119

RoRp Xm ReLs WL[j RokRj Al UdLs

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NL UdL[h CXd] APYRd dL[L
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NVpTjYRu Xm AWNeLm NRVjp HZ TQdLWo
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120

UdL[hu ULs : TYL UdL[hV]

NRVju \kR AYL[ DodLj RY\.
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G] AZdLXm.
121

III. TjL :

UQYoLs U L[d Lt AYt\ Au\P

Yrp LPdLm.

1. CkV
2. vhNoXk
3. Gm.
4. Gm.Gp.H
5. 18 BiLs

Lt\
u [Ls
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1.

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2.

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Gm.Gp.HdLu TL[m UQYoLs Rk
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U\L UdL[h
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V Ul

A. vhNoXk

I. NV - RY\ Gu GL
1.

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B. CeXk

C. Wuv.

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A. 17

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UdL[hp RuU ALWm Uu]o Lp Es[.

(
)

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(
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A. TWUu\ UdL[h \
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2.

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A. BLv 15

B. _]Y 26

C. 21
C. NmTo 30

V. dLUL GL
1. UdL[hV BlWLm LeLu GqS [d\o?

1.

AWNeLju CWi lPjRdL YLLs ............

2.

Ts Rm : PUv ............. WPv ...................

3.

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4. UdL[hu YLLs VY?

4.

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5.

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122

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2 SW Utm U\L UdL[hu TXuL[ GL.
123

@X - 2
5. @WVp LhLs - Te - RV,
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2.

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3.

RV LhLs Utm UX LhLu Te] UQYoLs

ARp

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RV LhLu RoRp u]eLs

RU XhVeLs Utm AUl Xm NVpTYR
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124

UX LhLu
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125

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Tu\ GkR J RdLhV ApX TX LhLs NokR
hPV AWNeLjR AUdu\.
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JeQk ClTR AWVp Lhu Rp dV
AmNUm. Tl WfN]Lp Lj JtUV AWVp
LhLu El]oLs TtjRp Yim. AYoLs
RlThP SX] Roj RNm, Utm NL SXdLL
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ReL[ SdLeL[ APV RY\]\L[l uTt\Up
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BQVm J RufNV]
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B Q V e L u
Je]lPu,
A
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126

lTjR EYdm YLp UdLs U]R LhLs

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127

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NoYLWjPu NVpTYo.
C Lh \ : UdL[h YtLWUL NVpTP C
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Ad\.
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\kR 4 UXeLp SPkR kRV Tj RoRpLp
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128

Tts[ LhV RVdLhVL RoRp BQVm

AeLWm Nn\. TWV _]RLh, CkV RV LeWv,
Lmvh LhLs CkVu AeLdLlThP dV
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WfN]L[m UXdLhLs UXl WfN]L[m
LYdu\]. UdLu RYL[ AYLs oj
Nnu\]. AkR LhLs RVL AWNeLjR AUjR,
ApX TX LhLs CQk hP AWNeLjR AUjR
TVtu\].
TWUu\ El]oLs GidL
UdL[Y El]oLs GidL (LOK-SABHA) - 545
UXeL[Y El]oLs GidL (RAJYA-SABHA) - 250
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J Tu u]t\jtLL NVpTm Lhd UXdLh
Gu TVo. AY AkR UXjp UhU NpYdPu
NVpTm. UXdLhLs UXju RYLs Utm
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(RrS), Re RNm (BkW) YN] (ULWxWm)
BV] [eu\].
RS NhPUu\ju UjR El]oLs 234+1 = 235
RoRp Xm RokRdLlTm El]oLs =
VU] El]o
URRm

234

235

UdL[hu Em WjRUL [eY AWVp

LhL[m. AWVp Lh CpXR UdL[h U CpXR
LlTXlTu\m, l CpXR TPL Tu\Um Gu
129

TiP _YLoXp S AWVp LhLu dVjYjR

[d\o. AWVp LhLs CpXUp UdL[h Gm
NnV CVX AWVp LhLu RuU Utm
GidLV] Shu LXfNWm, UdLs RL, Shu
TWlT[ BVYt\l Tjs[. YtTt\ Bh
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RrShp 30 UYhPeLs Es[]
Lt\
u [Ls
Lt\-u
1. AWVp LhLs Gu\p Gu] UQYoLs Ak Yo.
2. UdL[hp AWVp LhLu TLs Tt
UQYoLs Ak LiP]o.
3. GjdLhLPu RV Ut\m UXd LhL[
YLlTjR UQYoLs AYoLs.
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I. NV - RY\ Gu GL
1.

AWVp LhLs AWNeLjp T NnVYim (

2.

CkVp J Lh\ SP\p Es[ (

3.

Shu Y[ofd Bm Lh ER\. (

4.

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(
)

5.

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130

)
)

II. NV] PVj RokRj GL:

1. CkVp uTt\lTm Lh \
A. TX Lh \
B. J Lh \
C. C Lh \
2. CkV RV LeWv
A. UXdLh
B. RVdLh
D. UX ApXR Lh
3. AWNeLjp BeLhVd LiLdm Lh
A. BeLh
B. GodLh
D. BRW Lh.
III. LhP CPeL[ WlL :
1. ..................CkVp RoRX SPj\.
2. ...................Lh S Ym NpYdTt\s[.
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IV. TjL :
1. CkV

C Lh\
2. ]

UXdLh
3. AUdL

RVdLh
4. ReRNm

J Lh \
5. CkV Lmvh Lh
TX Lh \
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1. RVdLhLs VY? GjdLhLPu L.
2. UXdLhLs VY? GjdLhLPu L.
3. RoRp AdL Tt Y.
VI. YL PVdLm
1. UdL[hp AWVp LhLu dVjYjR GL.
2. AWVp LhLu TL[ Ttd L.
131

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UL NN]m (Magna Carta) 1215m, EULs UNR (Bill of
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Wgl Wh, WxVlWh, CkV RXlTo BVY
UR EULd AWVXUl NhP EjWYRjR
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EUL[d LlTp EVokR Y]ULm I.S. NT
[e\.
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132

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133

SLs NT UR EULs BQVm YlThP. JY

El Sm uTt\ YiV NoYRN UR EULs
UNRY CkR EYdV.
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UR EULs WLP]jR YhP. UR EUL[l
TLj EVojYp I.S. NTu \lj Q
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UR EULs Utm CkV AWVXUlf NhPm UR
EUL[l TX CkVoLd CkV AWVXUlf NhPm
134

EVoY] AlTP EUL[ YZes[. Ym EU,

RkW EU NjU, NUV EU, Lj EU, NUjY
EU, WiPd GW] EU, TfU, NeLm AUdm
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CkVp ZkRLs ]m JqY Bim SYmTo
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135

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ZkRu \lTl T NnV Yim. TVhP \
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Tt 1924m Bi YPlThP _Y WLP]m \.
ZkRj RX[oLu X : ZkRj RX[o
WfN] GuT EXL[V WfN]Vm. 14 YVd
EhThPYoLs ZkRLs G]lTu\]o. 14 YVd r Es[
GkR J ZkRVm RtNXLp Tp VdLd
P Gu CkV AW ALWloYUL Ajs[ Gu\m
EXLem ZkRLs RX[oL[L AUojRlT\oLs,
Y[m SLp TX XhNm ZkRLs LWeLs, lTh,
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EQ Ls, NeLp [Ls, ThP RtNXLs
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136

DTjRlTu\]o, HrU, LpXU, rXLs,

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UdL[h AWNeLm UR BUu LiVjR Y[oj
JqYYdm AlTP EUL[ Ad\.
AOo AvhPhp AWp Lpu RkR G]
AZdLlT\o.
UdL[hu YLLs : UdL[h \p SW
UdL[h, U\L UdL[h Gu CYL Ei.
SW UdL[h : TZeLX WdL WUV SLp
SW UdL[h SPTt\. CkR UdL[h \V]
CPdLXjp CjRLV AWLPV ldLlThP.
TZeLX CkVp SW UdL[hd LjlT WU
TgNVj \ NVpTh YkR.

UdL[h \
UdL[h GuT TXPV AWNeLm Gu WdL
AOo AvPp lYo. UdL[ UdLdLL UdL[p
SPjm Bh UdL[h Gu u]s AUdLd VWj
RXYo BWLm LeLu \o.
U d L [ h u A l T P L s : UdL[hd
LsLL[ AlTPVLd uTtu\ AWNeLU
UdL[h AWNeLm G]lTm. UdL[hp AWu
RuUV] ALWeLs UdLu LLp LdLl
ThPs[]. TmTuU UdL[p NhPUu\eLs CVdLlTh
oU]eLs \Yt\lT\. UdL[h AWNeLeLp
UdLs UdLs G] AZdLlT\oLs. AYoLd
AlTP EULm, SpX YrdLm E NnVlT\.
AWVp LhLs Utm Tj RoRpLs BVY
UdL[hu iL[L [eu\]. UdLu
116

SW UdL[hp AWNeL NVpTLp UdLs

SPVL TeLtu\]o. AWNeLjp oU]eL[
EYdm YLp UdLs SPVL AWNeLjPu RPo
LikR]o. UdLs RL \YL Es[ V SLp
SW UdL[h NjVUL Es[ hNoXkp RtNUVm
SW UdL[h \ Es[. 20m t\ip TV SLp
CdLj HtdLs[lTPpX. CRtd LWQm UdLs
RLl TdLU Bm. SW UdL[h \p UdLs
ReLdLL Tu\ YnlT Tu\]o.
CkV J QdLiPm
U\L UdL[h : U\L UdL[h\p UdLs
AYoLu WL[j RokRdu\]o. CkRj
RokRdLlThP WLs Bh AUj AWNeLjR
SPju\]o. RokRdLlThP WLs Xm UdLs
ReL[ LjdL[ YlTju\]o. CkV, CeXk,
117

Wu, AUdL BV SLs U\L UdL[h

\Vl uTtu\].

CkV TWUu\m
C k V U d L [ h N V p T m R m : CkV
AWVXUlf NhPm UdL[h LjdLu AlTPp
AUks[ CkV S TWUu\ UdL[h \Vl
uTt\. CkV TX UXeL[d LiP
hPhVm. CkV AWVXUlf NhPm CWi R AW
\V Ajs[. Ju\ UV AW Ut\u UX
AW. CkV UdLs ReL[ WL[ TWUu\m, NhP
Uu\, SLWhLd RokRdLj RjR EUL[l
Tts[]o. UjV AWNeLjp UdLs WLu
AUlT] TWUu\m G]m, UX AWp UdLs
WLu
AUlT]
NhPUu\m
G]m
AZdLlT\. TWUu\ El]o Gm. G]m NhP
Uu\ El]o Gm.GpH G]m AZdLlTu\]o. RoRLp
YtTt\ AWVp Lhu RokRdLlThP TWUu\
El]oLs Ju ReLds J RXYWj
RokRj UjV AWNeLjR AUj SPju\]o.
CRuTV UXjp YtTt\ AWVp Lhu
NhPUu\ El]oLs Ju ReLds J RXYWj
RokRj UX AWNeLjR AUj SPju\]o.
RoRLp YtTt\ Lh Bm LhVLm RoRLp
CWiPY CPjR Tt\ Lh GodLhVLm U\.
U\L ApX UdLu WjY UdL[h \p
118

WV Ro NnY L dVU] TVL Es[.

RoRp XUL C NnVlT\. CkVp RoRpL[
CkV RoRp BQVm SPj\. CkV AW YVYkRo
YdUd LsLV NVpTj\. 18 YVd UtThP
A]j UdLdm RoRLp YdLdm EU
LdLlThs[. 25 YVd UtThPYoLs NhPUu\j
RoRLm, TWUu\j RoRLm ThPXm. RV
AWN SPjP RVd LhLm UX AWN SPjP UXd
LhLm RoRp Xm VtLs UtLs[u\]. U\L
UdL[h \p AWVp LhLs dV Te Ydu\].
NnjRsLs, RXdLh, Y]L, YW CRrLs,
TdhPeLs WlTPm BVY UdL[hp UdLs
LjdL[ EYdYp dVl Te Ydu\].
UdLm, RokRdLlThP WLm \lTLm
SoUVLm TVtYp Ru UdL[hp Yt
APes[. J \kR UdL[h AWNeLjtm
UdLdPV AL CPY HtTP.
EXLm Ym JqY Bim u URm 5m Ss
NoYRN tfZp ]ULd LiPPlT\.
AWNeLju YLLs : NoYLW AW, UdL[h
AW G] AWNeLjR CWiPL YLlTjRXm.
NoYLW AW : YLUV] ALWs[ RSTW
NoYLW BhV[WYo. TZeLXjm CPdLXjm
EXu X TLp NoYLLs Cks[]o. NoYLW
\p AWNeLju GpX ALWeLm NoYLu
LLX Cdm NoYL, AWNeLju LsLL[
UdLd RdL YiV RYpX, NoYLW
Bhp UdLs ReLs WL[l TtdL UhPoLs.
NoYLW AWp UdLs ReLs LjRd \ V. Um
NoYL UdLs SXdl TlTtL UhPo. NoYLW
Bh SP\p CpX.
UdL[h AWNeLm : UdL[h AWNeLjp UdLm,
AYoL[ WLm AWu NVpTLp TeLtToLs.
119

RoRp Xm ReLs WL[j RokRj Al UdLs

ReL[ EVokR ALWjR TVuTjYo. UdL[hp
AWNeLm UdLs SXdl Tl Htm.

UdL[hp UdLs Te : UdLu SoU

Utm \Uu AlTPp Ru UdL[hu Yt
AUks[. UdLs T YLWeLp WUL
DTTYo. UdLs Nn Y]eLs XUL Au\P
LrLs Utm SP\ WfN]L[ Ak Lsu\]o.
UdLs SoUVLm LY]ULm WL[j
RokRdLYim. UdLd \V] U EQoLs
CkRp Yim.
UdL[hu SuULs : UdL[hV] T _]
Lju AlTPp AU\. C A]YW SXuL[l
TLd\. C NUjYm Utm EUdLhTL[
AlTPVLdLiP C ShlTtQoY Y[od\.
UdL[h AW UdLu RYL[ AL LY]jPu Bnk
\Ytu\.

VW ] AYl
NL UdL[h : UdL[hp C J YLVm.
NL NUjYU CkR NL UdL[h \u dL[m.
UdL[d NNUUL YnlLs AlTm, EQ, EP
ClPm Tu\ NUU] SuUL[ CkV UdLd
AlT NL UdL[hu CXhVeL[m. CkV AW,
NL UdL[h CXd] APYRd dL[L
Lid\.
T[RW UdL[h : CkV TWUu\ UdL[h
\V] T[RW UdL[hV APYR SdLULd
Lis[. CkV T[RW UdL[hV
NVpTjYRu Xm AWNeLm NRVjp HZ TQdLWo
CPV Es[ CPYV \dm SdLjRd
Lis[. CkRd LhThuT JqYYm ReLs
YrdLVl Y[lTjd Ls[ NUU] YnlLs
AdLlTu\].
120

UdL[hu ULs : TYL UdL[hV]

NRVju \kR AYL[ DodLj RY\.
RokRdLlThP WLs ReL[ LPUp RY]p
U\L UdL[h \p Rp HtT\. UdL[h
AWNeLm YtLWUL SPT\ TX LWLs ERu\].
TuU]o TmTuU]u olT HtL YiV
X Es[. UdL[hp TmTuU]o
TuU]u WX LhLYim. TuU]u
TmTuU]o ReL[ LjdL[j dLdP.
Lj YTL[ NUR] VtLs Xm
ojdLs[Y ApX TjdLs[Y UdLs
LtLYim. JYdLYo hdLdm Ti.
YtUp JtU, NL Yr, ShlTt, UR SVm,
BV] UdL[h AWNeLju \UV] NVpTL[
ALdu\].
EiUXV UdL[hV] AWNeL AUlp
Lm \l Tt\ Ju\m. RtLXm UdL[hu NLlRm
G] AZdLXm.
121

III. TjL :

UQYoLs U L[d Lt AYt\ Au\P

Yrp LPdLm.

1. CkV
2. vhNoXk
3. Gm.
4. Gm.Gp.H
5. 18 BiLs

Lt\
u [Ls
Lt\-u
1.

UQYoLs UdL[hu \L[ AYoLs

2.

UdL[h AWu TL[m, Gm.. Utm

Gm.Gp.HdLu TL[m UQYoLs Rk
LsYoLs.

SW UdL[h
U\L UdL[h
NhP Uu\ El]o
YdLdm YV
TWUu\ El]o.

IV. NV] PVj RokRj GL:

1. U\L UdL[h SP\p Es[ S

V Ul

A. vhNoXk

I. NV - RY\ Gu GL
1.

UX AWp UdLs WLu AUlt

TWUu\m Gu TVo. ( ).

B. CeXk

C. Wuv.

2. CkV UdLs ReL[ YdUVl Tm TV

A. 17

B. 18

UdL[hp RuU ALWm Uu]o Lp Es[.

(
)

3. CkVp VW Ss LiPPlTm R

3.

SW UdL[hp WLs UdL[p EV \p

RokRdLlTu\]o ( )

4.

SW UdL[h TV SLd Uhm Tkm. (

5.

EXp CkV LlTV TWUu\ UdL[h SPm

(
)

4. CkV uTtm Bh \
A. TWUu\ UdL[h \
B. VWjRXYo UdL[h \
C. AWN\

2.

II. LhP CPeL[ WlL :

A. BLv 15

B. _]Y 26

C. 21
C. NmTo 30

V. dLUL GL
1. UdL[hV BlWLm LeLu GqS [d\o?

1.

AWNeLju CWi lPjRdL YLLs ............

2.

Ts Rm : PUv ............. WPv ...................

3.

CkV AWVXUlf NhPm ...................... LhTL[

AlTPVL Es[.

4. UdL[hu YLLs VY?

4.

SW UdL[h ................. Shm U\L UdL[h ..................

Shm uTt\lT\.

1. UdL[h Shp UdLu Te Tt Y?

5.

UjV AWNeLjp UdLs WLs TeLtm

AUlt ................... Gu TVo.
122

2. UdL[hu XhVeLs VY?

3. YV YkRo YdUVl Tt [dL
VI. YL GL
2 SW Utm U\L UdL[hu TXuL[ GL.
123

@X - 2
5. @WVp LhLs - Te - RV,
UX LhLs - TLs
Lt\
u SdLeLs
Lt\-u
1.

AWVp LhLu dVjYjR UQYoLs ARp

2.

AWVp LhLu TL[ UQYoLs ARp.

3.

RV LhLs Utm UX LhLu Te] UQYoLs

ARp

UdL[hj RjYm GuT EVokR AWVp kR]Lp

Ju. CkV UdL[h AWNeL AUlT Hts[.
UdL[h \p AWVp LhLs dV Te Ydu\].
UdLs WLs Xm UdL[h AWNeLeLs
SPTu\]. C CWi YLp NVpTjRlT\.
Rp Xp UdLs RoRp Xm ReL[ WL[j
RokRdu\]o. CWiPm Xp RokRdLlThP
WLs ReLds J RXYW RokRj
AWNeLjR AUj SPju\]o. CWi XLm
AWVp LhLs L dV Te] Ydu\].

RV LhLu RoRp u]eLs

RU XhVeLs Utm AUl Xm NVpTYR
AWVp Lh Gu AOo W[Nd \o. UdLdm
AWNeLjdm J CQlTL AWVp LhLs
[eu\]. AWVp LhLs TY] LjdLPm
dLsLPu dL[L JeQk
NVpTu\]. AYLs ReLdLL NkR LsLLs,
NVp hPeL[ Yjs[]. RoRLp Yu AWNeLjR
AUdL AWVp LhLs RVLY hP AUjR
NVpTu\]. CjRLV AUlL[ AWVp LhL[m.

AWVp LhLs Tt [dLm Tm : AWVp

LhL[l Tt TX AOoLs TpY [dLeL[
Ljs[]o. AWVp Lh GuT J lhP
UdLs hPm AWVp AUlTL NVpTh RoRp Xm
AWNeLm SPjm ALWjRd LlTt ReL[
LsLL[ SP\lTjY Bm Gu AWVp
AOo _iPp (Gentell) l\o. AWVp GiQeL[
Tok, AWNeLjRd LhlTj AWVp AXLL NVpTm
UdLs Y AWVp LhVm Gu AWVp AOo p
Wvh u\o.
124

UX LhLu
RoRp u]eLs
125

AWVp LhLs RoRpLp Thu\]. TpY

AWVp LhLPVm, VhN Utm Lh
YhT[oLPVm RoRpLs SPdu\]. RoRp Yt
Tu\ GkR J RdLhV ApX TX LhLs NokR
hPV AWNeLjR AUdu\.
AWVp LhLu dV AmNeLs : El]oLs
JeQk ClTR AWVp Lhu Rp dV
AmNUm. Tl WfN]Lp Lj JtUV AWVp
LhLu El]oLs TtjRp Yim. AYoLs
RlThP SX] Roj RNm, Utm NL SXdLL
TVt\ Yim. AUV], \V] AWVXUl
NhP YLs Xm AYoLs ALWjR LlTt\ Yim.
ReL[ SdLeL[ APV RY\]\L[l uTt\Up
KhlThLp SmdL YjjRp Yim.
AWNeLjp AWVp LhLs T NnLs[ Yim.
ReL[ lTjtLtT AWVp LhLs ReLs u]eL[
YjdLs[Xm. AWVp LhLs RoRp BQVju
\Ld LtT NVpTP Yim.
RoRp : CkV RoRp
BQVm J RufNV]
AUlTm. UX RoRp
B Q V e L u
Je]lPu,
A
TWUu\, NhPUu\, SLWh
RoRpL[
SPj\.
Es[h
AUlLu
RoRpLs UX RoRp
BQVjRp SPjRlTu\].
AWVp LhLu TLs : UdLu LjdL[
AWVp LhLs JeQdu\]. ReLd YdLdm
126

lTjR EYdm YLp UdLs U]R LhLs

Utu\]. LhjRXYoLs ReL[ LhLu NoTL
YhT[oL[ Vj RoRp WfNWeL[f NVu\]o.
TWLs SPju\]o. ReL[ LhLu LsLLs Utm
hPeL[ YdL[oLs k Ls[ ER NnV \kR
TfN[oL[l TNYjl Td hPeL[ SPju\]o.
i WWeL[ AjRp, YWhL[ JhRp Tu\
TL[m LhLs Nnu\]. RoRLu T ReL[
LsLL[m hPeL[m YdL[m AWVp
LhLs Adu\]. ReL[ LsL hPeLu
AlTPp UdLu YdL[d Lu\]. J Lh
Bhd YkRp Ru NVpTjRlTu\d LsLLu
Es[PdLUL YPlTm AdLV RoRp AdL
Bm. RoRLp AL A[p YdL[l Tu\ Lh
AWNeLjR AUj Bm LhV\. Bh SPju\
Lh RoRLu T AdLlThP YdL[ \Yt\
Yim. YtTt\ AWVp LhLu (V GmLs Utm
GmGpHdLs) RokRdLlThP WLs Ju
AWNeLjR Ht SPjR WRUo ApX Rp AUfNW
RokRdu\]o. Bm Lhu RXYo Ut\
AUfNoL[ Nok AWNeLjR SPj\o. RoRLp
CWiPY AL YdL[l Tt Rps[ Lh
GodLhVL U\. GoLh J LiLlT[WL
NVpT\. CkR AWVXUl S\ UX NhPUu\m
TWUu\m BVYtp uTt\lT\.
u YLV] Lh\Ls EXp Es[].
J Lh \ : X SLp JW J AWVp LhRu
NVpT\. Y\kR Lh NVpTYRtm AkR Sh
AWVXUlf NhPm AUlTpX. ], WxV Tu\
SLp JW AWVp LhV] Lmvh Lh NVpT\.
CkR \p ALWjp Es[ Lh NoYLWlTd]d
127

LidLXm. J Lh \p LhjRXYo
NoYLWjPu NVpTYo.
C Lh \ : UdL[h YtLWUL NVpTP C
Lh\ RYlT\. CWi LhLp Ju
BmLhVLm Ut\ GoLhVLm Es[. C
Lh\p C LhLs UhU Cdu\]. AUdL,
CeXk Tu\ SLp C Lh \ Es[.
AUdLp TV LhL[L _]SVLdLh Utm
VWdLh Es[. RoRLp Yt Tm Lh
BeLhVLm Rpt\ Lh Go LhVLm
NVpTu\]. YdL[oLu lTjR CkR\
GRd\. C Lh \ AWNeLjt EjRuUV
Ad\.
TX Lh \ : TX Lh \p TX AWVp LhLs
Te Lsu\]. CkVp Cm \ uTt\T\. TX
Lh Bh \ SP\p Es[ SLp AWVp
YLU HtT\. TX YhT[oLdPV
\kRYhT[Wj RokRdL UdLd Ynl
AdLlT\. TX Lh \p d WUjp Es[ LP
ULu P R] AWVp Te] NnV \.
CkVp Lh \ : CkVp RVdLh,
UXdLh Gu CYLV] AWVp LhLs Cdu\].
RV A[p AlTP Es[ AWVp LhLs
RVdLhLs G]m, UX A[p Es[Y UXdLhLs
G]m AZdLlT\.
RVdLhLs : S Ym RVdLhLs NpYd
Tts[]. J RVdLh Shs[ A]j
UXeLm NUU] NpYd TtdLj RYpX.
\kR 4 UXeLp SPkR kRV Tj RoRpLp
UjR NpTV] YdLp 4 NRRm ALU] YdLs
128

Tts[ LhV RVdLhVL RoRp BQVm

AeLWm Nn\. TWV _]RLh, CkV RV LeWv,
Lmvh LhLs CkVu AeLdLlThP dV
RVdLhL[L Cdu\]. RVd LhLs RVl
WfN]L[m UXdLhLs UXl WfN]L[m
LYdu\]. UdLu RYL[ AYLs oj
Nnu\]. AkR LhLs RVL AWNeLjR AUjR,
ApX TX LhLs CQk hP AWNeLjR AUjR
TVtu\].
TWUu\ El]oLs GidL
UdL[Y El]oLs GidL (LOK-SABHA) - 545
UXeL[Y El]oLs GidL (RAJYA-SABHA) - 250
UXdLhLs : J lhP J UXju, ApX
J Tu u]t\jtLL NVpTm Lhd UXdLh
Gu TVo. AY AkR UXjp UhU NpYdPu
NVpTm. UXdLhLs UXju RYLs Utm
WfN]Lp ShPm Nju\]. UX LhLu
El]oLs SPUu\jt Ro NnVlTPPp AYoLs
ReLPV UXeLu WfN]Lp BoYm Lh UdLu
LY]jR Dodu\]o. UX LhL[L ..L, ACAL
(RrS), Re RNm (BkW) YN] (ULWxWm)
BV] [eu\].
RS NhPUu\ju UjR El]oLs 234+1 = 235
RoRp Xm RokRdLlTm El]oLs =
VU] El]o
URRm

234

235

UdL[hu Em WjRUL [eY AWVp

LhL[m. AWVp Lh CpXR UdL[h U CpXR
LlTXlTu\m, l CpXR TPL Tu\Um Gu
129

TiP _YLoXp S AWVp LhLu dVjYjR

[d\o. AWVp LhLs CpXUp UdL[h Gm
NnV CVX AWVp LhLu RuU Utm
GidLV] Shu LXfNWm, UdLs RL, Shu
TWlT[ BVYt\l Tjs[. YtTt\ Bh
SPjm LhLs TuU]u SXuL[ TmTRu
UdL[hu dLs \Yt\lTu\. RV Utm
UX Lh \p CkV Lm \lTL Es[.
CkVp LQlTm TX Lh \p Shu GpXl
TLLkm GpX UdLs LLkm W jYm
HtTYRp CkV \lt [e\.
RrShp 30 UYhPeLs Es[]
Lt\
u [Ls
Lt\-u
1. AWVp LhLs Gu\p Gu] UQYoLs Ak Yo.
2. UdL[hp AWVp LhLu TLs Tt
UQYoLs Ak LiP]o.
3. GjdLhLPu RV Ut\m UXd LhL[
YLlTjR UQYoLs AYoLs.
4. AWVp LhL[ UQYoLs YLlTjYoLs.
V Ul
I. NV - RY\ Gu GL
1.

AWVp LhLs AWNeLjp T NnVYim (

2.

CkVp J Lh\ SP\p Es[ (

3.

Shu Y[ofd Bm Lh ER\. (

4.

CkVj RoRp BQVm RufNV] AUl CpX

(
)

5.

CkV _]SVL AWNeL \Vd Lis[ (

130

)
)

II. NV] PVj RokRj GL:

1. CkVp uTt\lTm Lh \
A. TX Lh \
B. J Lh \
C. C Lh \
2. CkV RV LeWv
A. UXdLh
B. RVdLh
D. UX ApXR Lh
3. AWNeLjp BeLhVd LiLdm Lh
A. BeLh
B. GodLh
D. BRW Lh.
III. LhP CPeL[ WlL :
1. ..................CkVp RoRX SPj\.
2. ...................Lh S Ym NpYdTt\s[.
3. AWVp LhLs...........................Thu\].
4. AWVp LhLs...........................Ju NodL ERu\].
5. RoRLp Yt Tt\ Lh............................
IV. TjL :
1. CkV

C Lh\
2. ]

UXdLh
3. AUdL

RVdLh
4. ReRNm

J Lh \
5. CkV Lmvh Lh
TX Lh \
V. dLUL GL
1. RVdLhLs VY? GjdLhLPu L.
2. UXdLhLs VY? GjdLhLPu L.
3. RoRp AdL Tt Y.
VI. YL PVdLm
1. UdL[hp AWVp LhLu dVjYjR GL.
2. AWVp LhLu TL[ Ttd L.
131

@X - 2
6. UR DULs - ZkR DULs
Lt\
u SdLeLs
Lt\-u
1. UR EULu Ts dVjYm Tt UQYoLs
ARp.
2. ZkR EULu dVYjR UQYoLs ARp.
3. UR EULs Utm ZkR EUL[ Y[odm.
UR EU AUlLs Tt UQYoLs A ERRp.
UR EULs URoLu YrdLj RWjRm
UlTm EVoju\]. GkR J URm EUPu
CdLd LPUlThPYu, BYu. CVtL EULLk
UR EULs EYdLlTu\]. CVtL EULs
CVtL NhP LLk Ruu\].
UR EULs YWXt dLm : AWVp, CVtL, NUV,
NL EULs, UR SLLj u u]t\m, UR Xju
u]t\m, BVYt\ UR EULs UdLd
Ajs[. WUVoLs R UR RkWjt
dVjYm AjR]o. B]p WdLoLs C Tt AVUp
CkR]o. CeXkp LrTt\ UR EU BYQeL[]
UL NN]m (Magna Carta) 1215m, EULs UNR (Bill of
Rights) 1689m Li YWlThP]. AUdL RkWlTo,
Wgl Wh, WxVlWh, CkV RXlTo BVY
UR EULd AWVXUl NhP EjWYRjR
HtTjd Ljs[]. UR EULs YWXtp IdV
SLs NTu T \kR Up LpXL [e\. UR
EUL[d LlTp EVokR Y]ULm I.S. NT
[e\.
UR X YWXtp 20m t\iP AojRs[
NLlRUL I.S. NTu UR EU NR]Ls Uts[.
jRo, BlWLm LeLu, Uou Roe, ULjU Lk, SpNu
132

UiPX Tu\o UR EUL[ Y[odL lPjRdL

Te] Bts[]o.
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177

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178

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180

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988 . To
984 . To

1000 . To
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184

185

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186

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190

187

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AWdL[eLm u\.
XlTWlu LQlTm u, UX, P Tu\
XjRt\eLm, RYWeLm Lt WL YRt RPVL
Es[]. B]p olTWlX CqR RPLs Gm CpX.
BRXp olTWlu LtLs WLm YLULm
u\].
YP AWdL[ju XlTWl ALUL Es[Rp
AYts[ UXLs, PLs CYt\p Ltu N
YLm, RPofm TdLlTu\]. Ru AWdL[jp
TmT olTWlT Lis[. G]Y Ru
AWdL[jp CdLtLs A YLjPm,
RPofVLm u\. G]Y 40 Ru AhNjp CdLt
L YLULm, Tm NlRjPm u\. CR]p
ClTp m Utd Lt Lodm StT G]
AZdLlTu\].
(3) Yd Zd LtLs: Y EVo AjR UiPXjt
Q Y \YjR UiPXjR Sd m LtLs
Yd Zdd LtLs G]lTm. CdLt L ofVLm,
APoj kRRLm Es[.
2. TYd LtLs : J Su J Tp ApX J
Biu J Tp J lhP Np m Lt,
AkSu ApX Biu UTp Go Np m
CR]V TYd LtLs Guu\m.
(1) TYd Lt: BeXjp CdLt Uuu Gu
AZdLlTu\. CqYojR U[m Gu\ AWV
YojRLk T\lThPRm.
189

Vu YPd Utm Rt CPlTVofVp

TYLXeLs HtTu\]. G]Y YUiPX AjRm
TYjtLtT UYRp, TYdLtL[ Rtdu\.
J lhP NLk J lhP TYjp m
LtLs AR Biu Ut\ TYjp ARt So Go
Np U]Rp AYt\ TYd LtLs G]
AZdu\m.
CkV, RuZd BV Utm YP BvWLV
Tu\ SLs TYd Lt]p UZVl Tu\]. CkV
RuUt Utm YPZd TYdLtu Xm UZVl
Tu\.

(1) RuUt TYdLt : Uof URm Rp NlPmTo

URm YW Vu YP AWdL[jp WLlTRp
CmUReLs CkVt LPdLXm Bm. CR]p
CmUReLp YPUt CkV L ALUL YlTm
AP\. AL YlTj]p Aes[ Lt YlTUPk
YPk EVW Npu\. G]Y Ae \kR AjR
UVm EY\.
CR LXjp Ru AWdL[jt oLXm Bm.
G]Y Ru AWdL[jp AL AjRm UVm
HtT\.
YPUt CkVp HtThP \kR AjRjR D
NnV, Ru AWd L[jp Es[ AL AjR UVjp
Ck Lt YPd Sd u\. Rtp Ck m
CdLt u Zt LWQUL RuUtLL N U
u\.
CjRuUt TYdLt u Rp NlPmTo YW Ck
QdLiPm Ym u\. RrS Utm Zd
LPtLWl TV RW, CkVu A]jl TLm
SpX UZVj Ru\.
YPZd TYdLt: AdPTo Rp Uof YW Vu
Ru AWdL[jp WLlTRp CmUReLs CkVt
oLXm Bm. CR]p YPUt CkVp AL AjR
UVm HtTu\.
CR LXjp Ru AWdL[jp Vu WLlTRp
Ce LPdLXm Xu\. CR]p, Ru
AWdL[jp \kR Lt AjR UVm EYu\.
CR] DThP CmUVjR Sd YPdLk Lt Rt
Sd u\. YPdLk m CdLt, Zt]p,
YPZdLL N U u\. CdLt]p CkVu
Zdd LPtLW, RrS BVY UZ Tu\].
X LtLs JW Sp Ru NV Utd Li
Go Np u\]. CRtd LWQm, JW Sp ALL

190

191

Es[ C TWlLd CPV HtTm Lt\jR

YTRu. Xm LPm NokR TLm, UXm
Ts[jRdm LiP TLm CjRLV LtL[d
LQXm.
(2) Xm Utm LPp LtLs
(1) LPpLt : oTVd Lhm XlT Wp
YlTjR Gjd Lsm. CRt LWQm.

4. TLp SWjp Xm YLUL YlTUPVj RPeu\.

G]Y olTWlTd Lhm XlTWl AL YlTUL
Es[. G]Y YlTm ALUL Es[ XlTWlp
\YjRm EYu\. AR NUVm YlTm \YLs[
olTWlp AL AjRm EYu\. G]Y tTLLp
AL Lt\jRs[ oTWlp Ck \kR Lt\jRs[
XlTWlT Sd Lt u\. CR]d LPp Lt
Gu\m.
LPp Lt]p LWVWl Tp tTLp SW YlTm
RdLlTu\.

1. d XjR P YlT Htj\u ALm. CR]p m

Xm NU A[ YlTX APV XjRd Lhm d
AL SWm RY.
2. p V J AL BZm EhL \. CR]p A
AL A[ W A YlTlTjR Yis[. B]p
Xjs V J L VRRp ARu UtTWl Uhm
YlTlTjRlT\.
3. YlT NX] \p YlTm r UhPjs[ dm
TW \. B]p Xjp AqY YlT NX]m
LrYpX. CR]p XlTWl YLUL YlTUPVj
RPeu\.
192

(2) XdLt : Vu EjRm Xm YlTUPV YeY

TX Vu U\kRm Xm L YLUL YlTjR
CZdu\. B]p olTWlT L UYL YlTjR
CZdLj RPeu\. CR]p SsWp XlTWl Lm
ofVLm, olTWl XlTWlT P YlTm ALm
193

Es[RLm, Cdu\. G]Y YlTm ALUL Es[

olTWlp \kR Lt\jRm YlTm \YL Es[
XlTWlp AL Lt\jRm EiPu\. CqYjR
UThu LWQUL Lt XlTLk olTWlT
Sd SsWdl \ u\. CdLt XdLt G]
AZdLlTu\.
LPpLt, XdLt LPtLWVWeLp Au\Pm Lm
LrfLs Bm.
(3) Um LtLs : TYdLtL[l TX J lhP
NLkR, J lhP TX NUp, NVm,
ARu CPjRm Utd Li YRp AY Um
LtLs G] AZdLlTu\. Vp Lt Utm Go
VpLt ApX UYm VpLt (Anti-Cyclones) BVY
RkR GjdLhLs Bm.
VpLt: Ld \kR Lt\jRm LiP UVl TV
Sd A]j NLLkm Lt Zu Y
VpLt\m. VpLt AL UZV AdLdV RuU
LiPRm. AjPu AL YLjp Lt YRp
EPULdm, E]eLdm AL NRjR EiPdm.
TYL YeLd LPLp Vp NlPmTo, AdPTo Utm
SYmTo UReLp EYu\. ClVp Zd LPtLW
KWUL SLok, AL UZVd Ldu\. X SWeLp
UdLdm EPULdm TjR NRjR
[du\.

VpLtLs EXu TpY TLp YqY

TVoL[d Li AZdLlTu\]. YP AUdLm,
Ut CkVj Lm adLuv Gum, N] Utm
_lTu SLp Pu Gum, Vp Gu CkVm
BvWLVp pL pL Gum, AWVp N]v
Gum, AZdLlTu\.
GoVpLt: L AL Lt\jR UVl TLk
A]j NLdm Lt Y Go Vp Lt\m.
Go VpLt m T Y]m ULhPu RYL
Cdm UZ TnV.
194

4. RXdLt : RXdLtLs GuT J V Tp m

XV] LtLd U\] Np m LtL[m.
CdLtLs AlTp HtTm AjR YThPp EYm
LtL[m.
Lt GkR CPjLk u\R AkR CPm
YlTU]RL CkRp YlT Lt\Lm, ofVLm,
CkRp kR Lt\Lm m.
(A) YlTdLt
1. @Tu - CdLt Y\iP YlTdLt\m. CdLt Bplv
UXu UZ U\f NLp u\. CdLtu
YlTj]p UZfNLs[ T EYRp tLs
Y[ou\]. CR]p CdLt B UnfNd
ERVs[.
2. : YP CkV NUYl TLp U, u UReLp
u\. CdLt 45 50 YlT XVd Lidm.
CR]p ClTp Es[ UdLs CdLt m T
YlTjRdRd Es[u\]o.
3 . d : CdLt YP AUdLs[ Wd
UXfNLk Wn pYl TV Sd u\.
CdLt ClTs[ TlTPXeL[ EY YlTRp
CdLt] T um Lt Gu L]P Sh UdLs
AZlTo.
4. WdL: NLW TXY]jLk YP Np UjV
RWLPp YVL, CjRLu Ru TV Sd u\.
CqY\iP YlTdLt\p Ces[ ToLs Y\i
u\]. Um, Rt CjRLs[ WhN Utm BLq
YNVjRhPeLs ALm TdLlTu\].
odLt :
1. vhWp: LeW] CdLt 100 .. YLjp
BplLk, Wus[ Wu Ts[jRd YVL UjV
RWdLPX Sd \. CdLt ToL[
NRlTj\.
2. TW : ofV] Y\iP CdLt IWlTLk
LvXV YVL UjV RWdLPX Sd \.
195

Ltu dVjYm
1. Lt AL YlTs[ TLp Ck \Y]
YlTs[ TLd YlTjRd LPj\. CR]p
p J T AL YlTm APVUm, AL
ofVPVUm TLdLlTu\.
2. olTWlLLk BVm WV Gjf Nu,
XlTWlt UZVj R\.
3. TnUWdLlTpLs, LhUWeLs BVYL[
NjYRt TVuT\. U]eLs T\lTRtm Lt
AYVUm.
4. o C\lT, U AWlT Utm uNWm RVlT
Tu\Ytt Ltu Nd TVuTu\.
AjRl TPjp Ltu DWlTRm Utm UZlTYl
Ttl TlTm.
Lt\
u TVuLs
Lt\-u
1. u AjR, UThPl TjR, Lt
KPjp Ck, Ut\o CPjt SLo\
GuTR ARp.
2. CkV TYdLtu Xm UZ TYR
EQoRp
3. Ltu TVuL[l Tt ARp
Tt

I. NV] PV RokRdLm
1. Q YlT UiPXjLk UjVWL \YjR
UiPXjR Sd Y ....................................... Lt Bm.
(A) VTW (B) Zd (C) Ut
2. Uuu LtLs .................................. Bm.
(A) TYdLt (B) XV] (C) Um (D) RXd
3. 400 Rt AhNeLp mT Lt ............................... G]
AZdLlTu\.
(A) Zdd LtLs (B) Lodm StT (C) Uuu
(D) YdLtLs
4. YPZd TYdLt ................................. LXjp RrSht
UZVj Ru\.
(A) o (B) LP (C) C[Yt (D) CXo
196

5.

YPAUdLp VpLt .................................. G]

AZdLlTu\.
(A) Puv (B) Vp (C) uv (D) adLu
II. LhP CPjR WlL
1. Y AL AjRl TLk Q Y
\YjR TV Sd m Lt .............................. G]
AZdLlT\.
2. u Zt LWQUL YP AWdL[jp Lt
................................... \m Sd N lTlT\.
3. ...................... Lt AL ofVLm APoj km
LQlTu\.
4. Uuu Gu\ YojR ................................... Gu\ AWV
YojRLk EY]Rm.
5. TYdLtt ................................. RkR GjdLhPm.
III. TjL
1.
AL AjR UVm
2. Puv
Lt
3. Go VpLt
YP CkV NUY
4. VTWd Lt
N] Utm _lTu
5. Y PUhPUL
SLoY Zd LtLs
IV. YTj LhL
1. TYd LtLs Utm Ls LtLs
2. Utd LtLs Utm Zd LtLs
V. dLU] PV
1. Ls LtLs Gu\p Gu]?
2. Ltu ZtV u Zt GqY Tdu\?
3. 400 Rt AhNjp m Lt Hu Lodm StT G]
AZdLlTu\?
4. Um LtLs Gu\p Gu]?
5. TYd LtLs Gu\p Gu]?
VI. Y] PV
1. TYdLtLs Gu\p Gu]? X Utm LPp Lt\
RkR TPeLPu [dL?
2. Ls LtLu TPjR YWL? VTWd Lt\l Tt
[dL?
VII. hP NVpT / Nn\l Tt
YX YWTPeLLk ApX AhXv jRLjLk
Ltu YLm Utm NL[d Lhm L[f NL.
197

@X - 6
YUiPX CWlTRm, UZlTm
Lt
\-u
u SdLeLs
Lt\
1. YUiPXjt DWlTRm Pdm \L[
ARp.
2. ULeLs EYm \L[ ARp
3. p Tnm UZu YLL[l Tt
ARp
EXp Ym A]j E]eLdm o AYVm.
p Es[ A]jl TsLm o Ju UhU. P,
WY Utm Y XLp LQlTu\. ARY o
WRNeLp o P Yp TdLhVLm, LPp, B, H
Utm [m BVYtp o WY YYjm, Ltp o
WVLm LXkRs[.

198

o KPju YlTXVl Tj Ko XLk

Ut\ Xd U\. o YlTjR GjdLiP
ApX YlTjR CZkR Ko Xp Ck Ut\
Xd U\. olWRNeLm, EVWU]
UXlTLm E\Xdd Z YlTX Es[.
G]Y Ce o E\Xp TdLhVL Es[. Ce
Ltu YlTX EVWj RPeVPu YlTjR
GjdLi TdLh E WL Uu\. Um
YUiPXju YlTX ALdmT Cko
ALdmT, Cko YlTjR Gjd Li
WVL Uu\. CqY WVL UV o LtPu
LXk u\. im CkW, WL UmTm o
TdLhVL UmTm YlTjR Yu\.
DWlTRm : Ltp Es[ Wu A[YV DWlTRm G]d
lu\m.
Ltu DWlTRjRl TX \Lp LQdPXm. YX
AdLLp DWlTRjR Sm Jl DWlTRm G]d
lu\m.
Jl DWlTRm GuT J lhP YlTXp Es[
Ltu Wu A[tm, AR YlTXp Lt
HtdLs[dV EfN A[ Wu A[tm CPV
Es[ Rm Bm.
GjdLhPL, J lhP YlTXp J
lhP A[s[ Lt 10 Wm GPs[ WV
HtdLs[dV RuU LiP G]d LsYm. B]p
AdLtp 6 Wm WV CkRp, AdLtu Jl DWlTRm
rdLiPY LidPlTu\.
Lts[ Wu A[ x 100 = 6 x 100
10
= 60%
Lt HtdLs[dV EfN A[
G]Y Jl DWlTRm = 60% Bm.
G]Y Ltu Jl DWlTRU] Ltu DWlTRjRm,
ARu HtdLs[dV EfN A[Ym Tj
AUu\. G]Y C C \Lp Uu\.
199

Ltp DWlTRm WVRLu Xm ALUmTm

Jl DWlTRm ALdm. ERWQUL u V
GjdLhp Ltp 6 Wt TXL 8 Wm DWlTRm
Es[ G]dLsYm. G]Y ClT Ltu Jl
DWlTRm 80% Bm.
Ltu YlTX UmTm, Ltu Jl
DWlTRju A[ UTu\. Ltu YlTX
ALdm T, Ltu DWlTRjR HtdLs[dV
EfN A[m ALdu\. Ltu YlTX \mT,
Ltu DWlTRjR HtdLs[dV EfN A[m
\u\. ERWQUL 200C YlTXp Es[ Lt
HtdLs[dV DWlTRm 14 Wm G]dLsYm. B]p
100c YlTXs[ Lt HtdLs[dV EfN A[
DWlTRm 7 Wm Bm. G]Y Ltu YlTX
EVmT, Jl DWlTRm \u\. YlTX
\mT Jl DWlTRm ALdu\. C TPm 6.2
Xm [dLlThs[.

200

Ltu R X: Lt HtdLs[dV EfN A[

DWlTRjR TtdmT AdLt R Xp Es[
G]lTs. R Xp Es[ Ltu Jl DWlTRm 100%
Bm.
Lt GkR YlTXp R XV APu\R,
AR]l TX Guu\m. CkXp UtLi
WV HtdLs[. Lt C YLLp R XV
APm.
1. Ltp Wu A[ ALdmT
2. Ltu YlTX \mT
YUiPXjt WV AlT WVRp XUL
SPTu\. o BVRXlTt CYm Tp
LiTm.
WVRp : WYXp Cdm o, WVL Um
LrYV WVRp Guu\m. WVRp u
UtTWlp A]j YlTXLm SPTu\.
G]Y WVRp J RPofVL, Ss Ym SPdm
LrYm.
TjWjp Es[ o PdLlTmT, o
LXV APkRPu, W YV YYRl
TojlTn. WV o Y X Bm. CkW
TjWjLk YV YkRPu Gef Npu\?
LtPu W LXk Lidj RVUp U\k u\.
L[j Yj Yp EXjVp, SWjp
u DWm EXok \. hp RWp LhV o
SWjp Lnk u\. A TXY YVpLp
Tnfm m ShLp Ytm. p CkR DWm,
RWp kV o, YVpLp TnfV o Ge Nu\. CkR
o A]jm BV LtPu LXk hP.
LPp, Lt, H BV o XLp Ck o TU[p
RPofVL BVd LiP Cdu\. AqY\
RYWeLs YdmT TU[p WV
Yu\]. YPlTm W Ltp LXdu\.
201

UZlTtj RYV] WVj RYWeLdm,

YUiPXjtj Ru\]. G]Y UWeL[ Y[olT
Lm AYVm.
J CPjp Es[ Lts[ Wu A[ Ae
Pdm u A[Ym, Ae Xm YlTXVm
Tj AUm.
Ge TWkR olTWlm, AL YlTm LQlTu\R
Ae BVRp RUL SPTu\. CR]p Ltp
Wu A[ ALdu\.
TX XeLp AL YlTm Clm, uUVp
Ces[ Ltp Wu A[ Ld\YLY Cdm.
T rkR Yl TLp o TdLhL[L \k
Clm, YlTm Ld \YL ClTRp BVRm
Ld \YLY SPTu\.
Ltu YlTX \Rp: YUiPXju EVW
NpXfNpX YlTX \m GuTR Sm A]Ym
AkRR. AR Tp, Lt EVW NpmT ARu
YlTXm AdLt EVm EVWjtLtT \u\.
KPju YlTX SiTLLp EVmT, Aes[ Ltm
YlTlTjRlTu\. CR]p Lt YlTUPk
YPk UXm\. UtTWlt Ap Es[
Ltu Jl DWlTRm \YL Cdm. B]p Lt EVW
GmmT ARu YlTX \YRp, AdLtu
DWlTRjR HtdLs[dV EfN A[ \u\. CR]p
AdLt R XV APu\.
W eRp : Ltu YlTX \mTm,
DWlTRm ARLdm Tm, Ltu Jl DWlTRm 100
NRRjR APu\. T XV APkR u]o
ARu YlTX Um \m T, W eRp
SPTu\.
Lts[ W ojL[L Um LrYV W
eRp Gu\Zdu\m. Ltu YlTX 00c d
202

ALUL CdmT W ojL[L eu\.

B]p Ltu YlTX 200c d \mT W
TjL[L eu\.
CR]V J GjdLhu Xm Ak
Ls[Xm.
TjWjp Es[ o LdmT WV YV
u\. AkW okR TWlT APkRPu
ojL[L Uu\. oLXeLp ALXp,
tLu Up oj ClTRl TojloLs. ARl Tp
okR o Es[ LiQ Pm[oLu Ym ojLs
ClTR TodLXm. CkR ojLs GekR]. Lidj
RVR Lts[ WV Lidj RVdV
ojVL Uu\.
W eRp YUiPXjp u UtTWlLk
GpX EVWjm SPTu\. YUiPXju YlTX
Utm EVWjRl Tj W eYRp TX YLLp
SPTu\. Ap Ju Ru ULeL[m. AmULjRl
Tt ClT TlTm.
U L e L s : Y]jp BeLeL ULdhPeLs
RuTYRd LQXm. X ULeLs YiUV]Rn
Cdm. X NmTp \U]RL Cdm. X ULeLs
WLNU]Rn Cdm. CmULd hPeLs Ltu
NXV SLok Lidm.
ULeLs Gu\p Gu]? ULm GuT YUiPXju
YqY EVWeLp, W eYRp HtThP iV
ojYXLs ApX TjLs NokR J RVm.
CqY TjLsL[LY, oYXL[LY eY
Ltu YlTXVl Tjm AUu\. CkR iV
ojYXLs ApX TjLsLs NokR J RVm.
Jhd Li ULUL LhVdu\].
u UtTWlp Es[ Lt WV
EgdLs\. TLp SWeLp u UtTWl
YlTlTjRlTYRp, CdLtm YlTlTjRlT\.
203

G]Y CdLt YPk CXN EVW Gmu\.

CqY UXm Lt oYPk R XV
APu\. CqY\L W e ULeLs EYu\].
W eRp YqY EVWeLp SPTYRp
ULeLm YqY EVWeLp EYu\].
ULeL[, AY EYm EVWjtLtT 4 L[L
du\m.
1. r UhP ULeLs
2. CPUhP ULeLs
3. EVoUhP ULeLs 4. Nej ULeLs
1. r UhP ULeLs : u UtTWlLk 2000 hPo
EVWm YW LQlTm ULeLs r UhP ULeLs Bm.
CmULeLp APojV] ojYXLs, TjLs,
dLs BVY LQlTu\]. CmULeLs APokR
\jRd Lis[]. G]Y VPV LoLs GRL
FY VR RuUVl Tts[]. CmULdhPeLs
Yp Cdm T V]d LQ CVX. CY
TmTm UZVd Ldm ULeL[m.
2. CPUhP ULeLs: CmULeLs u UtTWlLk
Rp 12000 hPo EVWm YW LQlTu\. CY
YiUVL ALXULm, APoj dLRLm Cdm. Cp
ojYXLm TjLsLm LQlTm. CY Tl
\jp LQlTm. CqYL ULd hPeLu YV Vu
Utm NkW] UeLXLj Rm. CqYL ULeLs
EYm T UZ Tnm.
3. EVoUhP ULeLs : CqYL ULeLs Uo 7000 hPo
12000 hUo EVWm YW LQlTu\. CY YiUVL
Tg T Tu\ Y] Rt\m LiPY. CY
Ld\kR YlTX Es[ L AL EVWjp EYYRp
W ok TlTLeL[LY Es[]. G]Y Ru
CmULeLs YiUVLm, J FYd V RuU
LiPRLm Es[]. CqYL UL hPeLu YV
Vu Utm NkW]l Todm T Vu, NkW]f
t JYhPm Tp LQlTm.
4. Nej ULeLs : u UtTWlLk WYL
UX Gmm Lt]p Nej ULeLs EYu\].
204

CmULeLs LUVL Cdm. CmULeLs L APojV]

ojL[m, dL[m, EYdLlThPY. G]Y, V
JdLoLs CmULeLds FY V. CmULeLs
u]p, CPu V V LX L]UZV
HtTju\]. X SWeLp BXeLh UZ Tnm
CqYL ULeLs UjV WLl TLp AL UZVd
Ldu\].
UtV 4 YL ULeL[j RW RtNXLs m
L]m, GUXLs Yl]m ULeLs
EYu\].
ULeLs Wv, vWPv, Xv, mTv Gu ARu YYeLs,
\m Utm Rt\eLu AlTPp TVPlThs[.
TXYL ULeL[l Tt Ak Ls[ XLju ERV
SeLs

ULeLs, KPju LXXV uhV

EQoju\]. APokR LjR ULeL[ Yp Lm T
Sm u]p Utm CPu V UZ Tnm G]
GoTod\m. CqYL ULeLs ip U]eLs
T\lTRtf WUjR HtTju\].
W eRLu TpY YLLs; ULeL[j RW
Um TX YLLp W eRp SPTu\.
olTj : oLXjp tLu Up, ojLs
ClTR TojdLXm. CfV ojV Tj G]
AZdLlTu\. Lts[ WV], okR
UtTWlLdL] LtLs, tLs Utm CXLu
TjVLl Tu\. T X, E\Xd ALm
Cdm T Tj EYu\.
YiT: X Tu\ EVWU] CPeLp oLXeLp
ALX SWeLp YlTX E\Xdd r Cdm.,
AR]p Ltp Es[ W tLs, CXLs Tu\Ytp
V TlTLeL[Ll Tm. CR]V YiT G]
lu\m. YiT HtThPp RYWeLs Lm.
205

APokR ThPm (Fog) : RWV Jh W eYRV

APokR ThPm Guu\m. APokR ThPjRj
RWV Jh EY] ULeLs G]dP AZdLXm. APokR
ThPju T As[ TsLs P NVLj
RV.
ThPm (Mist) : APokR T hPjR P APojd
\Y]R ThPm G] AZdu\m. ThPm
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2. URd CVtLj RYWeLs SWVLl TVuTRp.
3. RtNXLd CVtLj RYWeLs TVuTRp.
1. CVtLdLj RYWeLs TVuTRp
1. Bd_u : E]eLs A]jm EoYZ
Bd_] Ydu\]. RYWeLs Jf NodLdLL
LoTuPBd^P GjdLi Bd_]
Yu\]. G]Y p Xe]eLm, UR C]m
EoYZ BRWUL ClT RYWeL[.
Sm EoYZj RYV] Bd_u RYWeLLk
Pdu\.
240

2. UZlT : u XlTWlp 30% TWlp

LQlTm LLs ]l TUVdu\]. LLs
WV HW[UL Yu\]. W LtPu LXdu\.
CdLt LLp Es[ APokR UWeL[p RdLlTh, EVW
Gmu\. EVW Nu\ DWjRuU LiP Lt
ofVPk, e, UZVLlTu\.
3. UiY[m : LLs[ UWeLu CXLs Eok
UiPu LXk UdYRp UiY[m Tu\.
pYLs[ tLs UmTm UiY[m ALdu\.
4. Ui Al : RYWeLs Y[oklTRm, ARu
YoLs UiQ CLljd LilTRm, Km o,
Lt Tu\Yt\p Ui Al HtTPUp RdLlTu\.
5. CVtLf Zp TLl:: CVtLj RYWeLs
CVtLf ZXl TX YLLp TLdu\]. Bd_u
Zt, ShW_u ZtLdj RYWeLs Q u\].
RYWeLs AdLlThPp CfZtLs SPTY RPTm.
6. Y]Xe NWQXVm : LLs Y]XeLs YZ
TLlT] ClPUL Es[].
2. URd CVtLj RYWeLs SWVLl TVuTRp
URd RYV] UWeLm, GT[Ll
TVuTjRlTm Y\m LLLkR Pdu\]. TX
pLVu BiLd u ds RkT] LLs
SUdR RtNUVm XdLVLj EU TVu Ru\].
LLs[ UWML[ LhYRtm, UWfNUuLs
NnYRtm ERu\].
3. RtNXd CVtLj RYWeLs TVuTRp
LLs RtNXLLl TX YLp TVuTu\].
LRm EtTj Nnu\ RtNXLL XlT[]
UXeLs A[lT LLs Bm. AY RW Lk, u,
JLY GiQn, NVm Tu\Yt\d LLLkR
RtNXLs Tu\].
241

Tt

CVtLj RYWeLu TLl

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pYL[m SU SU Ut\ RYL[ uh
YWp Aju\m.
J V Lhl TV SU AdmT, UlP
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Tu\].

I. NV] PVj RokRdLm::

1.

2.

J RYW C]jR AlT 30 Xe]eL[ AlTRt

NUm Gu X RYW CVp Yp]oLs Lu\]o.
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jR, L Tu\ UNlThLs Au\].
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ClTRt. URu RYL[] CVtL Y[eL[
AlTRt CVtLjRYWeLs L L AYVm. G]Y,
CVtLj RYWeL[l TLdL YiV SU Rp
LPUVL CdLYim.

3.

4.

5.

Lt\-u TVuLs::
1.

LXXd Ls CVtLj RYWeLu YLL[

oQdu\] GuTR ARp

2.

CVtLjRYWeLs Sm Au\P YrdLLd

SWVLm U[LULU ERu\] GuTRl
k LsRp

3.

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AdLUp TLjRp Sm LPU G] EQoRp

242

RYWeLu Y[of .................................... Tm Noks[.

A. V J
B. Ui
C. UZlT
D. CY um
RYlT UiPXdLLp LQlTm dVU]U
UWU ..................................
A. Rd
B. Kd
C. Tu
D . pY
............................................... LLdd LW[ UXjs[ AU
Ts[jRLd LLs SpX ERWQUm
A. FXd L
B. TU U\dL
C. CXodL
D. kWd L
Wn .............................................. p Es[ RYlT
UiPXlpY
A. YP AUdL
B. Ru AUdL
C. RtNXd
D . GpX
CVtLj RYWeLs CVtLdm URdm
.......................................... TVuTu\]
A. TLs
B. LXX
C. RtNXdL
D. GpX

II. LhP CPjR RkR YojRVp WlL::

1.

RYWeLs Y[oYRt CVtL Y[M L [Y]

............................................... UZlT Utm Ui ERu\].

2.

BldLp LQlTm YlTUiPXl pY

.............................................................. G]lTU

3.

............................................................. TLp UNv, dNu Utm

T UhU Y[ou\].

4.

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............................................... RPTu\.
243

III. TjL::

1.

u AdR RYWeLs

CXodLLs

2.

Rd, Np, NkR]UWm

CXUd

3.

Wn pY

FXdLLs

4.

UiY[m TRp

TU U\dLLs

5.

Q Yd LXX

RYlTUiPXl
pY

IV. V PVdLm::

1.

CVtLjRYWeLs Gu\p Gu]?

2.

UjV WL UiPXjp TU U\dLLs Y[Wd

LWQm Gu]?

3.

CXod LLs[ UWeLs Hu CXV

Eodu\]?

4.

R YlTl pY UiPXm G] GR]

AZdu\m?

5.

CVtLjRYWeL[ Sm Hu TLdLYim?

V. Y] PVdLm::

1.

CVtLd RYWeLu TVuL[ YNlTj GL.

2.

LL[ BlTRp HtTm [L[l Tt J

LhW GL.

/NVpTLs
VI. hP YXLs/
CVtLj RYWeLu YLL[l Tt TPeL[f
NLj AR]d LodLm.

244