1 27

***

, 2010

..
.

,

.

:

.

.
1.1 :
f .
F ( ) f ,
F :
F '(x) = f(x) , x

:
.

Darboux .

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 2 27

:
1
f
:
x

F(x) = f(t)dt , .

f ,
.

.
: :

2 1
x , x (0,1]
F(x) =
x

0, x =0
F :

1
1

2x , x (0 , 1]
f(x) =
,
x
x

0
, x =0
1

2x , x (0 , 1]
,
g(x) =
x
0
, x =0
1

, x (0 , 1]
G(x) = g ( x) f ( x) =
x
0
, x =0
[0,1] , g f (
F ) . G , .

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 3 27

f F .
F ;
:
(F(x) + c)' = F '(x) + c ' = f(x)

c , F + c

f .,

:
2
F , G f ,
. c IR , :
G(x) = F(x) + c , x

, ,
c .

.
3
f, g . :
) f + g
) f g
) f 0

:
f g ,
f + g , f g
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 4 27

, x 0
f(x) =
x
1, x = 0
:

, x 0 0 , x 0
f(x) =
+
x
1, x = 0
0, x = 0 


.

Darboux, .
1
:

,x 0

f(x) =

1, x = 0
,

,x 0
,x 0 0 ,x 0

=
+
f(x) =
2 ,x = 0

1, x = 0 1, x = 0
, ,
, Darboux. , , f .
2

2 1
, x 0
.
f(x) =
x

0, x = 0

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 5 27

2 1
, x 0
f(x) =
=
x

0, x = 0

2
1
(1+ ), x 0
=
x
2

0, x = 0

1
2

,x 0
1 , x 0
+
2
x
2
0, x = 0
0, x = 0

, , .

f , ..

; .
.
3
, .

1
1

, x 0
, x 0
g(x) =
f(x) =
x
x
0, x = 0
0, x = 0

2 1
, x 0
,
f(x) g(x) =
x

0, x = 0
. , f ,g .

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 6 27

:
4
f, g . f

g , f g
5
) f
g , f g
.
) f
g , f g
.
) ,
.
,

f(x) = x

, x 0
g(x) =
x
0, x = 0

21
, x 0
(f D g)(x) =
,

0 , x = 0
( 2 3).

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 7 27

6
f : R IR g
g '(x) 0 x , f D g
.

F f .. F D g ,
(F D g)'(x) = F '(g(x)) g '(x) = f(g(x)) g '(x) = (f D g)(x)) g '(x)

(f D g)(x) =

1
(F D g)'(x) .
g '(x)

(F D g)'

1
,
g '(x)

5 f D g

. ,

, x 0
f (x) = x g(x) =
,
x
0, x = 0
2

21
, x 0
(f D g) =
.
x
0, x = 0
7
f, g
:
) f ,
) g f

A ,

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 8 27

f(x) g(x), x A ,

f , f(x) = g(x), x - .
g
,
.

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 9 27

2.1
,
f .
,
, ,
, .

1 :
, .

1
, 0
f(x) = x
0 , = 0

(2.1)

, . ,
f(x) = g(x) + h(x) ,

1
1
1

+ 2 , 0
2x , 0
g(x) = x
h(x) =
x
x

0 , =0
0 , =0
h g

1
2
, 0
G(x) =
x
0 , = 0
f(x) = g(x) + h(x) .

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 10 27

, 0
.
) g(x) =
x
0 , = 0
,

1
1
1
x , 0
2
= 2x (x )' h(x) =
.
x
x
x
x
0 , = 0
)

, 0
, 0
f(x) = x
, 0 g(x) =
, 0
x
0 , = 0
0 , = 0
. .

2 :
.
.
:
- 2 , < 0
f(x) =
1 , 0

(2.2)

, ,
. Darboux
.

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 11 27

2.2 Darboux
:
f
Darboux, , < f(), f() ,
( ,) , f()= .

f ,
Darboux
.
Darboux, .
,
.

8 :
f Darboux ,
f(I) , I
:

9 :
f Darboux
, .

f(x) > 0 x f(x) < 0 x .

10 :
f Darboux 1 1 ,
.

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 12 27

2.3 Darboux
Darboux.
,
:

11
f ,
Darboux

- Darboux
Darboux
, .

, .
. f ,
, .
:

Darboux ,

2.4

f F . f

F , f = F ' F ' Darboux,

f Darboux. :

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 13 27

12
f Darboux , f


1, x 0
,
f(x) =
0,
x
0
=

, Darboux,
, f(IR) = {0,1} .

:
f f( )
, f
, f( )
, f .

) Darboux, .
:

, x 0
f(x) =
x
1, x = 0
,
3. :
Darboux ,

, Darboux
.

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 14 27

Darboux, . ,
Darboux.
) ,
Darboux. :
f, g Darboux ,
f + g f g Darboux
, :

1
1

sin , x 0
sin , x 0
f(x) =
g(x) =
x
x
0, x = 0

1, x = 0
0, x 0
(f + g)(x) =
, Darboux.
1, x = 0

) f Darboux, f + k
Darboux, k .
) f Darboux, f
Darboux, 0 .
:
* f g Darboux, f + g
Darboux.
* h h D f Darboux
f Darboux, h ,
h(x) = x +
) f ,

1
. :
f

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 15 27

) f
Darboux ,

1
Darboux .
f

Jarnik .
) Darboux,
Darboux.

:
) .
) Darboux.
) Darboux, .
) ,
Darboux .

1
, 0
f(x) = x
, .
0 , = 0

:

F ,
C , D
Darboux
, :

C A D F
:

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 16 27

,
Darboux
.

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 17 27

.

.

1.
f : R g : R* .

f
Darboux
g

( Jarnik)

2.
f : I J , g : J IR Darboux
, J . g D f Darboux I

3.
.
x o .
f x o ,
, f x o .
.
x o

.

.
f .
f

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 18 27

.
f Darboux .
f

f

,

lnx
, (0,1) (1, + )

f(x) = x-1
2 , =1
f .

ln x
=1 2 = f(1) .
x 1 x 1

f 1 , lim f(x) = lim

x 1

, f x 0 = 1 ,
.

4.
f Darboux
. f

5.
Darboux,
,

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 19 27

6.
,

,
.
,
.
:

2 , [0,1]
f(x) =
+ 1, > 1

ex , 0
, g(x) =
+ 2 , >0

, .
(
)

f x 0

f x 0 , ,
f (x 0 ) ,

,
,
.
,
, 0

f(x) = 1
x x, > 0
, f 0 + .

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 20 27

7.
:
. f IR
x Darboux

Lebesgue
B. f :IR IR
f1 , f2 :IR IR Darboux , :

f = f1 + f2

Sierpinski

8.
Darboux

Darboux .

f ,
Darboux
.
Darboux, .

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 21 27

.
1

1
, 0
f(x) = x
, = 0
:
) f Darboux, | | 1
) f , = 0
2
f [ , ] , [ , ] ,
[ , ]
3

1
1

, =0
, =0

2
2
f(x) =
, g(x) =
1
1
2 , 0
2 1 + 1 , 0

x
x
x
x
f , g , f g
.

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 22 27

.
.
.

3.1

f ,

. f ,
.
1
f
. :

f(x)dx = { F / F : IR , F '(x) = f(x) x }

.

,
. ,
, f
.
2
F (
) , F . :
) + = {f + g /f A g B} , ) = {f g /f A g B}
) f + = { f } + B = { f + g /g B } ,

) f = { f } B = { f g /g B }

) = { f /f A }, IR * , - = {(1)f /f A } , (+)=+ , IR *
A B A B ' .
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 23 27

3
. :
C = { f : IR /f }

C
.

C :
C = C , 0

(1)

C + C = C C C = C

(2)

k + C = k C = C + k = C k = C k C

(3)

f + C = f C = {f + k /k C} f F

(3)

f F I = { f + k /k C } , I I = C , I + C = I
I = f + C = { f + k /k C} , 0 (4)

:
f + C = g + C f = g + c ,c IR

f , :

F f , :

f(x)dx = F(x) + C

(1)

C . ,
C

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 24 27

C ,
, :

f(x)dx + C = f(x)dx

f(x)dx = I , :
I+C=I

(***)

(***)
. I

C = 0 , C = 0
!
(***) I , ,
, :
I + C I = I I (I I) + C = C C + C = C C = C

C = 0 !!! C C = C .
I I = C ,
I + C = I , C = C !
:
) , , ,
C c . ,
, ,
(1) (1) .
(1) :

f(x)dx = F(x) + c , c IR

(2)

(2) ,
. (2)
,
. :
!!!
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 25 27

f(x) =

1
, x > 0
x

:
1
1
1
dx = 1 dx = x ' dx =
x
x
x
1
1
1
1
x x ( )'dx =1 x ( 2 )'dx =1 + dx = 1 + I
x
x
x
x

I = f(x)dx =

I =1 + I , I 1 = 0 ,
. ;

, I = f(x)dx .
I =1 + I , I (
) :

I =1+ I I I =1+ I I C =1+ C C = C

,
,
. .

C , , . ,

F f(x) =

1
, x > 0 , ,
x

, :
1 + I = 1 + F(x) + C = F(x) + C 1 + C = C

, :

1+ C = C 1+ C C = C C 1+ C = C,
,
.

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 26 27

I = g(x) + I 1 , :

1
g(x) + C ,
1

.
:
I = g(x) + I F(x) + C = g(x) + (F(x)+C)
F(x) + C = g() + F(x)+C (1-)F(x)+C=g(x)+C
1
1
1
C=
g(x) +
C
1
1
1
1
1
F(x) + C =
g(x) + C I =
g(x) + C
1
1
F(x) +

I = f(x)dx F f , :
) I = F(x) + C

) (F+C)=F+C=F+C , 0

.
:
= e x xdx , = e x xdx

C .

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 27 27

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
( !!!)
, ,
. :
:

2
1
(1 + ), x (0,1]
G (x) = 2
x

0 , x=0
2

G 2 , A( x) G 2 B(x)
G .

2
1
x
, x (0,1]
[B( )]' = 2
.
x
2
0 , x = 0

1
x
, x (0,1]
[A(x) B( )]' = 2
2
0 , x = 0
, G 2 .

27/12/2010