Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Reflective Teaching: " Reflection - On - Action"
Reflective Teaching: " Reflection - On - Action"
Rational Teaching
The teacher is seen as essentially a means-ends broker and teaching is conceived as a technical exercise, an applied science, concerned with, and judged according to, the criteria of means-end efficiency. Rational teaching relies upon a range of meansenhancing devices such as psychometric analysis, isolated technical competence, linear thinking and instrumental reason.
An Educational Paradigm
Education is a delivery system within which the worth of teacheroperatives is defined entirely in terms of their possession of a prescribed set of skills or competences and professional beliefs require justification by technical-rational procedures of investigation.
A Major Contradiction
Teachers as inquirers and critical thinkers
Teachers as discriminators
Limits of Technical-Rationalism
Complexity Uncertainty Instability Singularity Conflict of Values
Reflective Teaching
Involves thinking about ones teaching, an account of which will include use of such cognate terms as reasoning, and reasons, critical thinking and analysis, as well as planning and evaluating.
Reflection
When there is a real problem to be solved
Empowerment
A process that
Involves what the teacher does before entering the classroom, and retrospectively, after leaving the classroom. Can be defined as a spiral, in which we begin with reflection-for-practice, move into reflection-in-practice, and then to reflectionon-practice (inevitably leading us back to reflection-for-practice in an ongoing process).
Act Act
Reflective Activities
A few examples
(Pollard, 2002)
Learning Process
Aim: to consider the influence and strengths of different learning approaches when applied to students learning and school practice. Evidence and reflection: review a selection of major learning situations and teaching methods, which your class has experienced during a school day. Note each learning situation, each teaching approach and then consider the psychological rationale for its use. Consider if you are drawing effectively on the strengths of each approach. Does this activity have any implications for the repertoire of teaching strategies that you use?
Presents the results of the content analysis from the narratives, stressing patterns, themes and categories that emerged from the data; each teacher is confronted with the perspectives he or she expressed in their discourses. End and beginning of the reflective cycle
Evaluation of the global process in order to understand and assess its effectiveness, and to identify both what kind of changes, if any, occurred in the teachers practices, and the obstacles that might have unable those same changes.
Analysis and identification of discourse divergences, among the teachers, as well as between them and other social actors; clarification of the conceptual nature of such differences.
Identification of the ideologies and social paradigms expressed through the various discourses, namely in what way they mean a break with traditional approaches to education.
Analysis of core concepts, introducing other sources of information (e. g. official documents and texts, articles from experts), as an attempt to identify the frame of reference to which they can be related.
References
Liston, D. & Zeichner, K. (1996). Culture and Teaching. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaun. Parker, S. (1999). Reflective Teaching in the Postmodern World. Buckingham: Open University Press. Perrenoud, P. (1994). La Formation des Enseignants entre Thorie et Pratique. Paris: LHarmattan. Pollard, A. (2002). Reflective Teaching: effective and evidence-informed professional practice. London: Continuum. Reagan, T. et al. (2000). Becoming a Reflective Educator. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. Ritchie, J. & Wilson, D. (2000). Teacher Narrative as Critical Inquiry. New York, NY: Teachers College Press. Schn, D. (1983). The Reflective Practitioner: how professionals think in action. New York, NY: Basic Books. Schn, D. (1987). Educating the Reflective Practitioner. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Zeichner, K. & Liston, D. (1996). Reflective Teaching: an introduction. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaun. Usher, R. et al. (1997). Adult Education and the Postmodern Challenge. London: Routledge. Other reference Journals on this subject: Teaching Education (Carfax Publishing), Reflective Practice and Teachers and Teaching: theory and practice (both from Taylor & Francis).
Fernando M. S. Alexandre Faculdade de Cincias e Tecnologia - UNL Cincias e Tecnologia da Educao e da Formao/SACSA Quinta da Torre, Monte da Caparica 2829-516 CAPARICA PORTUGAL Tel. (+351) 21 294 83 94 Fax. (+351) 21 294 85 92 e.mail: fma@fct.unl.pt / fmalexandre@hotmail.com