]mSpI ]qp-bnte

Pbcm-P.kn.-F
BapJw
]n. eoesb Ipdn-p kvac-W-I teJ-Is Xe-ap-d-tbmsS Ah-km-\n-p-I-bmWv FsXmcp bmYmy-am-Wv. eoe-t-nsb Ipdnv F-dn-bm F \psS \nw-KX B alm-Km-bnIsb \ap-n-jvS-s Nne Km\--fn Xf-n-Sp--Xn \nmWv Dm-hp--Xv. ]nme Xe-ap-dbvmIs ]n.-eoe FXv s]mbvtmb {]apJ kn\nam ]nWn Kmbn-I-am-cn Hcm F
s]mXp-hn-m-\-ambnon-cn-bvp-p. Cy kn\nam kwKoX {]ap-J-cpsS Ncn{Xw \-fntebvv Fnp sImn-cn-p--Xn {]i-kvX-\mb chn-ta-t\m-t\mSv Xs Nne ]mp-I
kqnp shbv-W-sapw Ah Ipn-Isf tInp sImSpv Cn-s\-sbmcp tNn ChnsS
]mp-I ]mSn-bn-p-sv ]d-b-W-sapw B alm KmbnI ]d--Xv hmbndn-tm \-fn
Nne-cp-sS-b-nepw Ip-I \nd-n-cn-bvWw.
]n.-eo-e-bpsS kwKoXPohn-X-n-tebvv Hp Fn-t\m-p-Xv Ah-cpsS ]mp-I
Bkz-Zn-p--Xn-\-pdw \-fn \smcp hn`m-Khpw Cu Kmbn-IbpsS al-mb kw`m-h-\-Isf
Ipdnv A-cm-bn-cp-p-shpw Ah-tcmSv \mw \oXn ]pen-bn-n-spw Xncn--dn-bp--Xn\v
klm-bn-pw. AtX kabw Xs \nw-i-bambpw Ah-cpsS Km\-sf Ipdn-p GsXmcp {]Xn]m-Z-\hpw \fn DWpXv Ahm-Ny-amb Krlm-Xp-cXz A\p-`qXnbm-bncn-bpw sNpw.
kwKo-X PohnXhgn-m-c-I-fn-eqsS
1934 ]me-ms Nnq-cn BWv ]n.-eo-e-bpsS P\-\w. amXm-]n-Xm--fpsS \nt-i-{]-Imcw
Ipn-mew apXte Xs eoe imkv{Xob kwKoX ]T-\-am-cw-`n-p. ]n.-eo-e-bpsS A-\mb C.-sI.Ip-p-ta-t\m aI-fpsS kwKo-Xm-`y-k-\-n Atbw Xmcyw {]I-Sn-n-n-cp-p. eoe AXncm-hnse Fgp-tv km[Iw sNm Atlw \njvIj ]men-n-cp-p. aIsf Im-SI kwKo-XtemIv ssI]n-Sn-p-bm thn Atlw tPmen cmPn shp. (Xs Fm
ku`mKypw ImcWw A-\m-sWv A`n-apJ kw`m-j-W--fn ]n.-eoe ]e-tmgpw hmNm-ebm-hm-dp-v.)
hmb-\-m-cn ]ecpw Icp-XpXp t]mse ]n.-eoe Xs kwKo-X-k-]-cybvv XpSw IpdnXv tIc-f-n-e. 1944 Ipt-t\m tPmen cmPn-shv
Xs ]p hb-p-Imcn aI-sfbpw
sImv sNss-bn hcpIbpw XpSv ssaem-q `mK-X-h-cpsS Iogn kwKo-Xm-`y-k\w \S-pI-bp-ap-m-bn. 1944 a{Zmkv hnizXv k` kwL-Sn-n cmKw--Xm-\w--]-hn ak-c-n Cu
sImp eoe ]s-Sp-p-tm AXn\v hn[n-Im--fmbn ]s-Sp-n-cp-Xv Im-SI kwKoX
temIs N{I-hn-am-cm-bn-cp Pn.-F.-_m-e-kp-{_--Wyhpw ]me-mSv aWn A-cp-am-bn-cpp
FXv {in-t hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. 1946 sNss-bnse B{ alnfmk`-bpsS B`n-ap-Jy-n
\S imkv{Xob kwKoX ]cn-]m-Sn-bn ]s-Sp-p sImv Xs Ac-t--n\v eoe XpSw
Ipdnbvp-tmgpw eoesb AXns ncw Kmbn-I-am-cn Hcm-fmbn \nb-an-bvp-Ibpw sNp-tm
Ahv tIhew 12 hbp am{Xta Dm-bn-cp-p-q.
eoe-bpsS i_vZ-ku-jvThw BZy-ambn kn\nam kwKoX cwKv Ah-X-cn-n--s-Xpw aebm-f-nembncp-n-. 1948 F.-B. ]-\m` imkv{Xo-bpsS kwKo-X-\n-l-W-n Iogn
IWw F Xangv Nn{X-n- {io hc-evan Znhy... F Km\-amWv Ah BZy-ambn ]mSn-b-Xv.
]-\m` imkv{Xn eoe-bpsS kwKo-X-]m-S-hw Xncn--dnp Ahsc Wn-p-Ib
-- m-Wp-m-b-Xv.
X-v ]cn-N-b-an-m ]pXnb amy-a-n\v thn kwKoXame-]n-bvm eoebpw ]nXmhpw
BZyw aSn ImWn-s-nepw HSp-hn k-Xn-bvp-I-bm-bn-cp-p. Xd-bn It-cn-bvs t]mse
Ccpv ssan-eqsS Ah B Nn{X-n\v thn \mev ]mp-I- ]mSn-smv Xs kn\nam
kwKoX temIs ssP{X-bm-{Xbvv XpSw Ipdn-p.

Cu Ime-L--n kn\nam kwKo-X-temIw Hcp hgn-n-cn-hn-eqsS ISp t]mIp-I-bm-bn-cpp. Am-ev kn\n-a-bn \So \S-m Xs-bmWv ]mp-I ]mSn A`n-\-bn-n-cp--Xv. ]n-WnKmb-Isc B ]mp-I ]mSn-m\pw AXn-\-\p-k-cnv \So \S-m Npp-I-f-\-m\pw XpS-nb
AtX Ime-L--n-emWv ]n.-eoe kn\nam ]nWn kwKoXw Bcw-`n-bvp--Xv. C-c-n
Cy Ne-n{X cwKv ]nWn Km\imJ-bpsS hnPbinev]n-I-fn {]ap-J-bmWv ]n.-eo-e.
asmcp Xc-n ]d-m Cv Cy kn\nam cwKv Km\- FXv Db hcp-am\w
ssI-p X\-Xmb imJ-bmbn amdn-b-Xn\v ]nn eoe-t-n-bpsS al-mb kw`mh-\-bp-v.
1948 Xs-bmWv \ne F ae-bmf kn\n-a-bn ]n.-eoe ]mSp--Xv. {]ikvX Ihn Pn.
i-c-p-dp-ns ]mSpI ]qp-bnte Imhp tXmdpw Fp XpS-p Km\w ]n.-F-kv.-Zn-hm-I-dns
kwKoX kwhn-[m-\-n Iogn Sn.-sI. tKmhn--dm-hp-hn-t\m-sSmw ]mSn-smv ae-bmf kn\nam
kwKoX temI-tbvv Ah Imse-Spp shbvptm Chn-sSbpw ham--mWv AXv
hgn sXfn--sXp IqSn Xncn--dn-tb--Xp-v. 1928se hnK-X-Ip-am-c F \n_vZ Nn{Xw BZy
Nn{X-sa \ne-bnepw 1938se _me BZys i_vZ Nn{Xw F \ne-bnepw hnJym-X-amsbnepw kn\n-a-bvp-nse Xan-gns kzm[o\w hep-Xm-bn-cp-p. IrXyw Hcp Zim-_vZ-n\v tijw
ae-bmf kn\n-a-bn Km\-n\v {]m[m\yw e`n-bvp-Xv \ne F kn\n-a-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. 12
Km\--fp-m-bn-cpp B kn\n-a-bn. ae-bmf kn\n-a-bnse BZys ]n-Wn-Km-b-I-cmbn Sn.-sI.tKm-hn--dm-hphpw ktcm-Pn\n tat\m\pw ]n.-eo-ebpw Ncn-{X-ns Xmfp-I-fn CSw t\Sn-bXv Cu
kn\n-a-bn ]mSn-sm-m-Wv. C-c-n Km\-sf ae-bmf kn\n-a-bpsS `mK-amn ampXnepw ]nWn Km\-im-Jsb Chn-sSbpw m]n-s-Sp-p--Xnepw Km\-sf ae-bm-fnw XpSnbvp-Xmn amp-Xnepw ]n.-eoe apJy ]p hln-p. ]mSpI ]qp-bnte ]mSn ae-bm-f-ns
]qp-bn-embn amdn Ah.
1949 ]nl-W F Xs cm-as Xangv Nn{X-n eoe ]mSnb ]mp-Ifpw anI-Xmbn Adn-b-s-p. Am-ev kn\nam kwKoX cwKv {]i-kvX-\mb kn.-B.-kp--cm-a
eoebvv Xs ]mp-I ]mSm Ah-kcw \In-smv Ahsc IqSp-X {]i-kvX-bm-n. kpcm-a\v thn ]n.-eoe BZyw ]mSn-bXv ` I_o F IU Nn{X-n\v thn-bm-bn-cp-p.
XpSv tamln-\n, thsse-mcn Fo Xangv Nn{X--fnepw kp-cm-as kwKo-X-kw-hn-[m-\-n
Iogn eoe ]mSp-I-bp-m-bn. tamln-\n-bnse Blm Ch bmcUn F Km\hpw thsse-m-c\nse HcnSw Xm\nte F Km\hpw P\-{]oXn ]nSnp ]nb-tXmsS eoe-bpsS {]ikvXn IpXn-pb-cp-I-bm-bn-cp-p. CXn BZy Km\w Im-SI kwKoX cmK--sf at\m-l-c-ambn tImn-W-nbm-sW-n cm-a-tXv ]mmXy kwKo-X-ns kzm[o\w Dsm-p--Xm-Wv. AXp
sImp-Xs eoe-bpsS sshhn-y-am Km\m-em]\s IqSn Xangv P\X \ coXn-bn kzoIcn-s-mWv a\-n-em-m Ign-bp--Xv.
1949 ]n.-eoe sXepv Nn{X--fn-tebvv IS-pI am{X-a Xs m\w Dd-n-p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. a\-tZiw Bbn-cpp Ah-cpsS BZys sXepv Nn{Xw. sXepp tZis Ghpw
{]ivk-X-\mb Kmb-I\pw kwKoX kwhn-[m-b-I-\p-amb J-im-e-bm-bn-cpp ]n.-eo-esb ]mSm
Wn-Xv. sXep-n ]n.-eoe Ghpw IqSp-X ]mSn-bn-p-Xpw J-im-e-tbm-sSm--am-bn-cp-p.
Ioep Kpcw F Nn{Xw hfsc P\-{]o-Xn-bmPn-p-Ibpw AXn-eqsS ]n.-eoe sXepv tZi-n
{]i-kvX-bm-bn-o-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1949 Unkw-_ Ah-km-\-hm-c-n ]pdp h KpW-kp-cn
IY F kn\n-a-bnse \mbnI {ioc-RvPn-\nbvv thn ]n.-eo-e-bmWv ]mSn-b-Xv. sXepp tZihpw
]n.-eo-esb ]nSn--Sn XpS-n-bn-cp--Xns sXfn-hm-bn-cpp CXv.
Cm-ev ]n.-eoe sXep-n ]mSp-Xv {in-m lnn-bnse {]i-kvX- Kmbn-I-bmbncp jwjZv _oK-ns ssien-bpsS kzm[o\w ImWm Ign-bp-p-v. Amev Zn-tWy kn\nam kwKo-X-n lnnKm\--fp-sSbpw Kmb-I-cp-sSbpw kzm[o\w i-am-bn-cp-p.
AtX ka-bw, KpW-kp-cn IY-bnse I-Ka Xnssh F at\m-lcKm\n `mhm--IX
Dsmp sImv ]n. eoe {]I-Sn-n- KaI {]tbmK sshZKvyw Xm Bcp-sSbpw A\p-I-c-Wa Fp hy-am-p--Xm-bn-cp-p.

1950Ifn ]n.-eoe Zn-tW-y kn\nam kwKoX cwKv hfsc Xnc-p Iem-Im-cn-bmbn-op. Am-ev sXepp kn\nam kwKoX cwKs dmWn-bmbn eoe hncm-Pn-p-I-bm-bn-cpp. Fm LSp t{]a-tbm, Iem-hcasb a[n-tem (-]m-Xmf ss`c-hn), eln-cn eln-cn eln-cn-tem,
Nq]pep Ie-kn\ ip`-th-f, \oh\n \\p Xe-Nn-\[p, \o tImkta t\bv (ambm-_-km), FXn
\pn hot\m (Ap tNkn ]p IqSp), dthmbn Nama (an--) kXn-tk-btKm Kmen (cm-P-a-IpSw) Fo Km\- Bdp ]Xn-mpIp tijhpw A\-iz-c--fmbn XpS-cp- ]n.-eoe ]mSnb
Km\--fn NneXp am{X-am-Wv.
eoebpsS Km\- A\-iz-c--fmbn Xo-Xn\v ]nn Ah-cpsS Id If Azm-\ap-m-bn-cp-p. ambm-_-km-dnse Km\--fn Hv kwKoX kwhn-[m-b-I 28 XhW eoesb
sImp ]mSn-Xv Ah tami-ambn ]mSn-bn-m-bn-cp-n-. adnv eoe- Hmtcm XhW ]mSp-tmgpw
D ssien-bn GXv BWv saw F Bi-b-p-gw sImm-bn-cp-p. HSp-hn Am-aXv
]mSn-bXv kwKoX kwhn-[m-b-I sXc-s-Sp-p-tm _mn 27 kpcKm\--fpw Xs Ncn-{Xn CSw ]nSn-bvmsX hnS hmp-I-bm-bn-cp-p.
1950Ifn Xangv kn\nam cwKp ]n.-eoe hfsc Xnc-p ]nWn Kmbn-I-bm-bn-cp-p. 60 ]cw kn\n-a-I-fn Av eoe ]mSn. A-h Xan-gnse ap\nc KmbnI Bbn-cp-p. ]n.-eo-ebpw
J-im-ebpw tNv ]mSp bp-Km-\- As Xe-apd Bth-i-tmsS Hmp-p. B
bp i_vZw ]c-kv]cw tNn-Wn krjvSn--s--Xm-bn-cp-sv Bcm-[-\-tbmsS As
Xe-apd ]d-bp-p.
ae-bm-f-kn-\nam ]nWn Km\cwKpw ]n.-eoe Cu Ime-b-f-hn h aptw \Sn. 40-Ifn 4 ]mp-I am{Xw ae-bm-f-n ]mSnb eoe 50-I-fn 130]-cw Km\--fmWv ]mSn-b-Xv. Xncp\-bn-\m Ipdn-n-bp-sSbpw A`-b-tZ-hn-sbpw ]n.-`m-kvI-c-s-bpw AS--aphcpsS ZpJ-n-sbpw
{]W-b-n-sbpw hmk-ey-n-sbpw `n-bp-sSbpw `mh-km-{--fmb hcn-Iv {_Z evaW, ]n.Fkv.Zn-hm-I, sI.-cm-L-h, hn.-Z-n-Wm-aqn XpS-nb {]K- kwKoXw \In.
1950 Cd-nb kv{Xo F Nn{X-nse Hma-\-n- InSmthm F Cc-bn- Xn- cNn
Xmcmv ]mv eoe-bpsS A-c-n-ep ]mp-I-fpsS aptmSn Bbn-cp-p. NnZw-_-c-\mYv Bbncpp Cu ]mns kwKo-Xw. B Xmcmv ]mv t]mepw cmK-am-en-I-bn Nn-s-Sp-n-b-tm NnZw_-c-\mYv eoe-bn \npw Bh-iy-s-Xv Htc kabw Xmcmp ]mnse hmk-eyhpw Im-SI
kwKo-X-nse hnhn[ cmK--fn-ep kwK-Xn-I-fp-am-bn-cp-p. {ia-I-c-amb Cu ZuXyw F{X at\ml-c-am-bn-mWv eoe ka\z-bn-nncn-p--sXv B Km\w \-fn-eqsS ISp t]mIp-tm \mw
Xncn--dn-bp-p-v.
Adp-]-Xp-I-fn eoe- Xan-gn ]mSnb kn\n-a-I 30 Xmsg-bm-b-Xn\v ImcWw ]e-Xm-Wv.
t\-bp i_vZ-amWv As \mbn-I-amv tNcp--sX khpw lnp-m\n sae-UnbpsS kzm[o-\hpw eoebvv ]Icw kpio-esb IqSp-X IqSp-X sXc-s-Sp-p--Xn-tebvv
Fn-p F-XmWv AXn {][m-\-s--Xv. (a-e-bm-f-nepw Xan-gnepw AXyw hn-in-jvS--fmb
Km\- krjvSn sXn-y-bnse Fm-e-sbpw alm-Km-bn-I-bmb ]n.-kp-io-esb ]nn
asmcp anI Kmbn-Ibmb Pm\In Dbp h-Xns Imc-Whpw Xmc-X-tay\ IqSp-X t\bp i_vZ-hpw IqSp-X sae-Unbpw apaS-p \qX-\m-h-iy- kn\nam hyh-km-b-n\v e`nbvp-Xv Pm\-In-bn \nmWv FXp sImm-bn-cp-p.) asmcp {][m-\-s ImcWw ae-bmf
kn\nam ]nWn Km\ cwKv Ahp-mb h Xnc-m-bn-cp-p.
Adp-]-Xp-I-fnepw ]n.-eoe sXep-n Xnc-p ]n-Wn-Km-bn-I-bm-bn-cp-p. imn \n-kwkw, {io shn-tS-izc amlm-yw, kl{k inc-tOZ A]q Nnm-a-Wn, Zo]m-h-en, PK-tZI
hocp\n IY, eh-Ip-i, ]mWvUh h\-hm-kw, Kp IY XpS-nb \nc-h[n kn\n-a-I-fn- eoe
]mSnb ]mp-I {]i-kvX--fmbn Xop.
eh Ipi F kn\na sXep-n Am-ev XpS-bmbn Hcp hj-n-tesd HmSn
sdtmUv krjvSn--Xm-Wv. eh Ipi-mv thn B kn\n-a-bn eoebpw kpio-ebpw tNp

Be-]n kpc Km\- Av sXt Cy-bnse P\--fp-sS-bm-I-am\w a\w Ihp. imn

\nhmkw F kn\n-a-bnse Ie-ss\\m \o het] F Km\w Ctmgpw P\--fpsS Npn
Xn--fnp sImn-cn-p a[pcKm\-am-Wv. (AIm-e-n ac-W-n\v Iogvs sshjvW-hnsb
t]mse anSp-n-bmb bph-Km-bn-I- AS--aphv CubnsS \S ak-c-th-Zn-I-fn \ndtb
ISn taSnp sImSp-n-p ]mp-am-Wn-Xv.)
C-tmgpw eoe- Xan-gnepw sXep-nepw ]mSnb ]mp-I tIm Bfptm F Imcyn Bsc-nepw kwi-bn-p-p-sh-n bp Syq_n Hp sXc-m Ctmgpw ]n.-eo-ebvv
Innsm-n-cn-p A`n-\--\- hmbn-m Ign-bpw. asmcp B-cy-s-Sp-p Imcyw Xangnepw sXep-nepw eoe ]mSp-tm {]I-Sn-n- Dm-cW ipn-bm-Wv. Xan-gv \m-p-Imcpw sXepp
tZi-mcpw Cm-cy-n eoesb {]iw-kn-p-Xp \mw C s\n-eqsS hmbn--dn-bp-tm
Acw A`n-\--\- Zn-tW-y-bnse atXv Kmbn-Ibvv e`n-n-p-sv IqSn Btem-Nn-t-Xp-v. Cu t\w hgntb kzm`m-hn-I-ambn ssIh--X-spw sNss-bn h Imev adp-`mj-I-fn-ep Km\-fpsS hcn-I ae-bm-f-n Fgp-Xn-m-Sn-p-S-nb eoe CXc `mj-I ]Tnm hon Aym-]-Isc hcpn Ahv Iogn ITn\ ]cn-{iaw \S-n-bn-cpp Fpw IqSn
\mw a\-n-em-Ww.
{ioe--bnse kntem tdUntbmbn \np Xangv Km\- sXt Cy-bn
hfsc {]Nmcw t\Sn-bn-cp-p. Adp-]-Xp-I-fn eoe-bpsS Ah-k-c- Xan-gn Ipd-bp-tmgpw
kntem tdUn-tbm-bn \nv Am-ev eoe-bpsS ]mp-I Hcp ]c-ky-ns `mK-ambn ncambn tIn-cp-Xv hfsc {]i-kvX-am-bn-cp-p. eoe F t]cn {]kn-o-I-cn-n-cp Hcp Ie-dn\v thn-bp ]c-ky-am-bn-cpp AXv. B ]c-ky-n tIn-p-Xv ]n.-eo-e-bpsS Fpta
B\-w, sImpw iness Hen tIp XpS-nb Nne ]mp-I-fpsS Htm ctm hcn-I-fm-bn-cp-p.
Fnv ]ckyw Ah-Im-i-s-Sp-Xv ]n.-eo-e-bpsS ]mp-I t]mse AXn-a-t\m-l-c-amWv Cu Ie Fm-bncpp!
Adp-]-Xp-I-fn Xan-gn ]ntmw t]mtIn h eoe ae-bm-f-n Ah-cpsS ]nWn
Km\ Ncn-{X-nse Ghpw henb IpXnp Ib--amWv \S-n-bXv. GXmv 400-Hmfw ]mp-I Cu
Zim-_vZ-n Ah ]mSn. 50Ifn ]n.-eoe ]mSnb ]mp-I-fpsS aqn-c-n-tbmfw Ah 60-I-fn
]mSn. Zn-Wm-aqnbpw tZh-cm-P\pw _m_p-cmPpw sI.-cm-L-h\pw AS-p ae-bmfw Inp
Ghpw \ kwKoX kwhn-[m-b-I-cpsS Iogn hb-emdns\bpw ]n. `mkvI-c-s\bpw t]mephcpsS
A-Nyp-Xn-bn-m `mh-\m--I--fmb cN-\-I eoe- ]mSn-b-tm ]Xnhp t]mse Ahsbmw A\-izc Km\--fmbn ]ndhn sImp.
1968 Nn-cn-]m-pep F sXepp kn\n-abvv kwKoX kwhn-[m\w \nh-ln-Xv ]n.eoe Bbn-cp-p FXv ]n.-eo-esb Ipdn-p ae-bmfn k-sf adn IS-p hnkva-bImcyam-Wv. Nncn ]mpep F kn\n-a-bvv ]nn {]hn--h-cn _lp-`q-cn-]-hpw
kv{XoI-fm-bn-cp-p. B kn\n-a-bpsS \nm-Whpw kwKo-Xhpw \n-ln-Xv sXep-n alm-\-Snsbpw Xan-gn \Sn-I-bm Xne-I-sapw Adn-b-s {]ikvX \Sn kmhn{Xn Bbn-cp-p.
1969 ISmew F kn\n-a-bnse D-bn-\n-bnse KmbnI F ]mns\ ASn-m-\s-Spn B hjs Ghpw anI Kmbn-I-bvp AhmUv ]n.-eo-ebvv e`n-p. B ]mns
t]cn-se-nepw kwm\ km-cn\v A\p-tam-Zn-m Hcn--se-nepw tXmn-b-Xn teJ-I\v
ktm-j-ap-s-nepw Nne Imcy- ]d-bmsX h. B Km\tm F{Xtbm aSv ]n.-eo-ebpsS Bem-]\ NmXpcn hnfn--dn-bn-p Km\- ae-bm-f-n-ep-m-bn-p-v. 1969 Fptmtgbpw ]n.-eoe Aq-dn ]cw ]mp-I ae-bm-f-n ]mSn--gn-n-cp-p. Hcp hgn-]mSp t]mse
AXn-semcp ]mv Hcp ASn-m-\-hp-an-msX sXc-s-Spv sImSp AhmUm-bn-tmbn Cu
kwm\ AhmUv Fp ]d-bmsX h. Cu D-c-hm-ZncmlnXyw H-s--X-spw CXn-t\m tami-amb Imcy--fp-spw AXv ]n.-eo-e-bpsS Imcy-n am{X-a-s-p-ap Imcyw
hgntb ]cm-ain-mw.
1970-I-fn Xan-gn hnc-en-se-m-hp Km\-tf ]n.-eoe Be-]n-n-p-q. ]n.-kp-ioebpw

Sn.Fw.Fkpw Xan-gIw ]nSn-s-Spp Ign-n-cp-p. sXep-nepw ]n.-eo-e-bpsS Km\- \t Ipdp. ae-bm-f-n 60-I-fn ]n.-eoe ]mSnb ]mp-I-fpsS aqn-sem-n Xmsg Km\- am{XamWv 70-I-fn ]mSn-b-Xv. Xo-bmbpw kp-c--fmb \nc-h[n Km\ Cu Zi-I-nepw ]n.-eoe
\ap-mbn ]mSn--p.
1980I apX eoe-bpsS kn\nam Km\- hfsc Ipd-p. \h Xe-ap-d-bpsS t\bp i_vZ kucy k-v DX-Ip Kmbn-I-am eoebvv ]nmse amdn amdn hp.
ae-bm-f-n kpio-e, Pm\-In, Nn{X.... CXv XpSp sImt-bn-cn-p-p.
1998 Xnc-I-pdw F kn\n-a-bn tbip-Zm-kn-t\m-sSm--ap bp Km\-amWv ]n.-eoe
Ah-km-\-ambn ]mSn-b-Xv.
\qtdmfw IU kn\n-am Km\- ]n.-eoe ]mSn-bn-p-v. Xmtb Itb [o\, {Xn`p-h\ P\\n, {io Nmap-t-iz-cn, \ymbt In- XpS-n-bh Ah-bn {]i-kvX--fm-Wv.
Hcp _wKmfn Nn{X-n\v thn ]mSn Zn-tW-y--p-d-tbvpw Hcp knwlf Nn{Xn\v thn ]mSn-smv IS-en-\-p-d-tpw eoe Xs kwKo-X-sa-n-n-p-v.
ktlm-Z-cn-bpsS IqsS Xma-kn-n-cp ]n.-eoe 2005 sk]vw-_-dn Ipfn-ap-dn-bn Im
hgpXn hoWp Xebvv ]cn-t--Xns\ XpSv Bip-]-Xn-bn {]th-in-n--s-p. BkvXvam
tcmKn-Wn-bm-bn-cp eoe-bpsS Xe-bn c-{km-h-ap-m-hp-Ibpw ikv{X-{In-bbvv hnt[-b-am--sSp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Fm Ahv \yqtam-Wnb ]nSn-s]-Sp-Ibpw XpSv HIvtSm-_ 31\v AXn-cmhnse B ]qp-bn asmcp temI-tbvv Nnd-I-Snp ]dp t]mbn.
`n Km\-kp[
hnizm-kn-Iv Cuizc kmm-Xvmcw tZymXn-n-phbmWv ]n.-eo-ebpsS `n-Km-\. lnp--{In-kvXy `n kn\nam-Km-\- {]kvXpX aX-ns `n khn-ti-j-X-Isf
DsmmWv ]n. eoe Be-]n-p--Xv. ae-bm-tf-Xc `mj-I-fn ]n.-eoe ]mSnb `nKm\-fpw
AXp sImp Xs Bkzm-Z-I lrZbw sImmWv kzoI-cn--Xv. eoe-bpsS Imes kn\naI
`n-Km-\- sImp k--am-bn-cp-p. eoe-bpsS BZys Nn{X-nepw BZy ae-bmf Nn{Xnepw Ah `n-Km-\-am-e-]n-bvp-p-v F-Xv kzm`m-hnIw am{X-am-bn-cp-p.
tKmIpe ]me tKm]-Ip-amcm (t]m-p-ams\ ImWm-\n-), ssI sXmgmw Im(iyma-f-t-n),
I\ym X\-bm(\nW-a-Wn Imm-Sp-I), BIm-i-n aln-atbm (kv\m]I tbml-m),
tlamw-_-cm-Uw-_co ({io-[-im-kvXm), \mcm-b-Wmb \a(-N--m-cn), IWn-ImWpw t\cw (Hm-a-\p-) Cns\ F{Xtbm Km\- Ah kn\n-a-bn ]mSn-bn-p-v.
ae-bm-fn-Iv Ghp-a-dn-bm-hp-Xp t]mse tIc-fnse an t{X--fnse ]pe-cnI `-km-{-am-pXv ]n.-eo-e-bpsS {]kn--amb Io-\m-em-]-\--fm-Wv. ]n.-eoe ]mSnb
\mcm-b-Wo-bhpw m\-m-\bpw lcn-\ma Io-\hpw Hs amcp ]mSn-b-Xn-t\-mfpw Cpw
anIp \np-p. A kp{]-`mXw, Kpcp-hm-bq kp{]-`m-Xw, aqImw-_nI kp{]-`mXw XpSn
Am-bn-c-n-tesd `n-Km-\--fpw tmI--fp-amWv ]n.-eoe Be-]n-n-cn-p--Xv.
Kpcp-hm-bq-c--e-nse \nmey Zi\ thf-bn ` Cpw ]pe-cnsb hc-thpXv hmI-mv F ]gw sN Kpc-hm-bq-c kvXpXn-Io\w ]n.-eoe Be-]n-p-Xp
tIp sImm-Wv. \mcm-b-Wobw F B_w Xm-dm-m Kpcp-hm-bq tZhkzw Btem-Nn-tm Fw Fkv kp-e-van-bpw Fw F hk--Ip-am-cn-bpw AS--ap \nc-h[n kwKoX {]Xn`-I-fpsS t]cp-I ]cn-K-W-\bvv hs-nepw HSp-hn Ah Ah ]n.-eo-esb sXc-s-Sp-Xv
Ah ae-bmfn BbXp sImm-bn-cp-n-. adnv, kqambn BmWw sNbvXp sImv
]n.-eoe `nbpsS AhmNy A\p-`qXn krjvSn-p-sa Dd hnizmkw tZh-kz-n-\p-m-bn-cp-Xp
sImm-Wv. B Xocp-am\w icn-bm-bncp-sv Hmtcm ]pe-cn-I-fpw \-tfmSv hnfnp ]dp
sImn-cn-p-p.

hm-ey-\n[n
Fsbpw Fs aI-s\bpw ]n.-eo-e-bpsS CuW--tfp]mSn-bpd-n-bXv cp Xe-ap-d-bnse
A-am-cm-Wv. Ipw ]qn-bp-d-pI \osb F ]mv Bdp ]Xn-m-p-I-pdw kvt\l koa
(1954) F Nn{X-n\v thn eoe ]mSn-b-Xm-sW-nepw Cs Xe-ap-d-bnse t]mepw Hcp ]nSnsb-nepw Ipcp-p-IfpsS Ip-I \n{Z-bn-te-mp t]mIp-Xv Cu ]mp tIp sImmWv.
As cq]-n Kpcp-hm-bq-c- hmZyw Xosmcp in-a-t..-kz-n \n
ssI\on hmnb \{X ap-t... (Dnss hf-cv...]p-\P-w) Fv eoetn ]mSp-tm
AXn Bhm-ln--s-Sp-Xv Hcp ]gb Xe-ap-d-bnse ho--am-cpsS kz]v\--fpsS KXn-hn-K-Xn-I-fmWv. Asb ImWm F Nn{X-n\v thn Ac \qm-n\v apv eoe ]mSnb IY IY ss]nfnbpw F Km\w ]gb Xe-ap-d-bnse A-am Ipp-v IY ]dp sImSp-p ssien
AmsS Dsm-n-p--XmWv.
CtXm-sSmw Iqn hmbn-t Hcp {][m\ Imcy-ap-v. eoe Hcp A`n-`m-j-Is\ hnhmlw
Ign-s-nepw Ah-cpsS Zm-Xy-Po-hnXw ]cm-P-b-s-Sp-I-bm-Wp-m-b-Xv. Pohn-Xmyw hsc A-bmIm hn[n-bn-msX t]mb hmk-ey-\n-[n-bm-bn-cpp Ah. ]n.-eoe F kv{XobpsS s\nse
hmeyw apgp-h\pw Ah \ap-mbn Npc-n--cp-I-bm-bn-cp-p. AXp \pW-mWv \-fn
]ecpw Hcp Imev Dd-n-bXv F Imcyw Hm-W-sa-v B\p-jmw-Kn-I-ambn hmb-\-m-tcmSv
]dp sIm-s.
imkv{Xob kwKoX hnZpjn
]n.-eoe kwKoX PohXw Bcw-`n-bvp-Xp Xs imkv{Xob kwKoX taJ-e-bn-em-sW
Imcyw teJ-\-ns XpS--n ]cm-ain-n-p--tm. ]n.-eo-etbm Ahsc ssI]n-Sn-p-bnb
At\m kn\nam kwKo-X-tem-I-t-bvp {]th-i\w B{K-ln-n-cp--X-. Fm kn\nam
cwKv Ah-cpsS Km\- imkv{Xob kwKo-X-ns kwK-Xn-I-fpsS s]cp---fm-bn-cp-n
Fv \apv A\p-`-h-ap Imcy-am-b-Xn-\m hni-Zo-I-cn-t Imcy-an-. ]n.-eo-e-bpsS `n-Km-\fpw Xmcmp ]mp-Ifpw {]Wb Km\-fpw ZpJ-Km-\--fp-sams imkv{Xob kwKo-X-s ASnm-\-s-Spn Nn-s-Sp-n-b-Xm-bn-cp-s-nepw AsXmw `mhm--IX \ndp Xpfp-n-bmWv
eoe-bpsS IWvT-n \nv DXnp hoW-Xv. sImpw Rm tIn (X-tmfn HtX-\), ]-Pm ISh (GWn--Sn-I) XpS-nb ae-bmfn a-am-cpsS ssIsIm-n--fn-I- t]mep--hbpsS Bm-h-dnp ]mSnb ]n.-eoe ae-bmf kwKoX kwkvIm-c-\n-asb kn\nam ]nWn
Km\ cwKv m]n-s-Sp alm-Km-bnIbmWv.
F-d-Wm-Ip-fp \nv sNss-bn-tebvv hn Ib-dp--Xn\v apt Xs Xncp-`p-h\ aWn`m-K-h-X, ]-a-Zmbn IrjvW, acp-Xp-hm-pSn cmP-tKm-]m-e-, cma `mK-h-X Fn-h-cpsS
Iogn am{X-a kwKoX alm-c-Y-\mb sNss-bpsS Iognepw eoe kwKoXw A`y-kn-n-p-v. ]n.eo-esb Ghpw IqSp-X ae-bmf Km\- ]mSn-n-pXv Zn-Wm-aqn-bmWv. kzman-bpsS
Iognepw eoe kwKoXw A`y-kn-n-p-v. eoe-bpsS kwKoX ]mShw Iv ssNss-bn-ep-m-bncp hS-m-tcn `mK-h-Xcpw eoe- ]Tn-n-cp Fd-Wm-Ipfw tKkv kvqfnse slUvan-kv{Spw
\n_-n-Xp IqSn sImmWv eoe-sbbpw sImv A sNss-bn hcp--Xv. XpSp
Imcy- teJ-\-ns BZyw ]cm-ain-n-p--tm.
ssNss-bn shv eoe imkv{Xob kwKoX N{I-hn-am-cmb PnF_n, sNss,
Fkv.-cm-a-\m-Y, Acn-b-pSn cmam-\pPw t]mep--h-cpsS kwKo-X--t-cn-I {ihn-m km[n-p.
Cu tIhn m\amWv Xs kwKo-Xs ]cp-h-s-Sp-n-bXv Fv eoe Xs ]d-n-p-v.
eoe-bpsS Cu {]kvXm-h-\sb A\z-am-p--XmWv Ah-cpsS Km\-. knp-ss`-cho
cmK-ckw (]m-Sp ]pg) F Km\w {in-pI. BZys cp hcn-I-fn knp-ss`-c-hn-sb
cmK-ns Kmw`o-cy-amWv apg-n-tp--Xv. Hcp Kmbn-Ibpw Cns\ ]mSn-t-n-n-. eoe-bpsS
]e ]mp-I-sfbpw t]mse Cu ]mpw cmK-am-en-I-bn-emWv Nn-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p--Xv. CXnse ap
cmK-fpw AXoh lrZy-am-bn-mWv ]n.-eoe ]mSp--Xv. {]nb am\km \o hm hm (Nn-e-sm-en)
F ]n.-eo-e-bpsS Km\mem-]-\-n-eqsS tZh-Km-mcn cmK-ns kucyw \mw Adn-bp-p. Cu

cmK-n CXp t]msse at\m-l-c-amb asmcp Km\w ae-bmf kn\nam temIv Dm-bn-n-
F \ne-]m-SmWv teJ-I-\p--Xv. C-c-n GsXmcp cmK-ns `mhs icn-bmb coXnbn DtZym-Xn-n-m Ign-hp kwKo-X--bmWv ]n.-eoe Fv sXn-y-bn-se-mSpw Ah
]mSnb Km\- hy-am-p-p-v.
]pc-kvIm-c-
1940 Fd-Wm-Ipfw tKkv sslkvq-fn \nv e`n kz saU-emWv BZyw e`n
]pc-kvIm-cw. imkv{Xob kwKoX ]T-\-n-\mbn sNss-bn Fnb eoebvv 1944 a{Zmkv
ayqknIv Am-Z-an-bpsS ]hn Bem-]\ ak-c-n Hmw km\w e`n-p. hoW Xn
satm-dnb kwKoX ak-c-nepw Hmw km\w e`n-p.
B alm-Km-bn-I-bpsS kwKoX al-Xzs \nc-h[n XhW AwKo-Im-c- \In ZntWy BZ-cnnpv. Ipq XymK-cm-P-kw-KoX k`-bpsS kz saU, Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq
tZhkzw t_mUns tKmUv saU, Kpcp-hm-bq ko\ {Sns kz saU, 1973
Kmn aWvU-]-n shp \S-nb kwKoX ]cn-]m-Snsb BZ-cnp sImv As Xangv\mSv
Kh {io.-sI.-sI.jm \Inb cPX ]pc-kvImcw XpSn \nc-h[n XhW eoesb tXSn ]pckvIm-c--sf-n-bn-p-v.
eoebvv Nne _lp-aXn ]{X- e`n-n-p-Xpw {it-b-am-Wv. 1955 Bh-Un-bn shp
\S Cy \mj-W tIm{K-ns 60-mw kt-f-\-n shp eoe BZ-cn--s-p. AXn\v
apv 1953 tImgn-tmSv \S Btcm-Ky, hnZym-`ym-k, hyh-kmb FIvkn-_n-js thf-bnepw
eoebvv AwKo-Im-c- e`n-p. ae-bmf kn\n-a-bpsS hfbvpw hnIm-k-n\pw tIc-fkm eoebvv _lp-aXn ]{Xw \In.
AhmUp-I ]eXpw eoesb tXSn-sb-n-bn-p-v. 1969 ae-bmf kn\n-a-bnse Ghpw
\ ]nWn KmbnIbmbn tIc-f-km-cns AhmUv e`n-p-sh-Xv AXn {][m-\-s--Xm-Wv.
1999se Iap-Id AhmUv eoe-bvmWv \In-b-Xv. 1983 tIcf kwKoX \mSI Am-ZanbpsS
B`n-ap-Jy-n tIcf km imkv{Xob kwKo-X-n-\p AhmUv \Ip-I-bp-m-bn. ^nenw
^mkv Atkm-kn-tb-j AhmUv XpS-nb ap AhmUp-Ifpw eoebvv e`n-n-p-v.
ta-d-Xn\v ]pdta \nc-h[n ]pc-kvIm-c- thsdbpw eoebvv e`n-n-p-v. Xriq,
Nnq, sNss XpS-nb CS--fnse ]uc-k-aqlw \Inb AwKo-Im-c-, 1959 a{Zmkv
kmaqly kmwkvIm-cnI Am-Z-an, 1964 Nn{X kmK hoven, 1976 sX\m-en-bnse _me-kp-{_Wy I-d B v ayqknIv Atkm-kn-tb-j, Fd-Wm-Ipfw sshFw-knF XpS-n-bh joUpI \In eoesb BZ-cn-n-p-v. IqSp-X IW-p-I \nc-p-n-s-nepw AwKo-Im-c-fpsS
t{iWn Ah-km-\n-n-n Fp am{Xw ]d-b-s.
2006 eoebvv ]-`q-j e`n--XmWv AJn-teym Xe-n e`n Ghpw henb
AwKo-Im-cw.
AtX ka-bw, \nc-h[n _lp-aXn- eoebvv P\-k-aqlw Nmn-sm-Sp-n-pv
FXv FSpp ]d-tb kwK-Xn-bm-Wv. Ipq-ense XymK-cmP alm-k`bpsS Km\-a-Xn, A]q au\-kzm-an-I-fpsS kwKoX lwk-\n, Kpq I-d Am-Z-an-bpsS Km\-tIm-In-e, sNss
sk v tXmakv BSvkv Am-Z-an-bpsS kwKoX kc-kz-Xn, \yqtbmnse IS tIm, Xangv
kwKw Fo kwL-S-\-I kwbp--ambn \Inb Iem-cXv\w, Kpcp-hm-bq shn-Sm-N-e-]Xn
t{X-ns \mZ kp[, Kpcp-hm-bq ko\ {Sns `n-Km\ Xne-Iw, A\n {io XymKcmP k`bpsS Cssd Cssi ama-Wn, Kpcp-hm-bq t{X-ns kwKoX \mcm-b-Wn
XpSnbhsbms ]n.-eoebpsS kwKo-X-m-\-n\pw Bem-]\ ]mS-h-n-\p-sams e`n
A\p-tam-Z-\--fm-Wv. kn\nam Km\- aWvU-e-n\v ]pdta imkv{Xo-b--`n kwKoX cwKv eoe
\Inb A\-izc kw`m-h-\-Iv temI-sa-m-Sp-ap Zn-tW-y P\X hn\o-X-ambn \Inb
hnti-j-W--fm-Wn-h-sbm-s-sb- hkvXp-X-bn-eqsS ISp t]mIp-tm eoe-t-n-bpsS
amlmyw \mw IqSp-X Xncn--dn-bp-p. 1992 Xangv\mnse kwKoX \mSI Am-Z-an-bpsS B`nap-Jy-n kwm\ km \Inb Isse-am-aWn F _lp-a-Xn-w ]n.-eo-e-bv Innb
Ghpw henb _lp-a-Xn-I-fn Hm-Wv.

Ah-K-W-\-I
ta ]cm-ain-n-p-Xp t]mse \nc-h[n AwKo-Im-c- ]n.-eo-ebvv e`n-n-p-s-nepw
AXn ]eXpw eoe-bpsS imkv{Xob kwKoX ]mS-h-n\pw `n Km\-c-k-n\pw e`n-n-p--XmsWv ImWm Ign-bpw.
AXp sImp Xs kn\nam Km\cwKv Ahv th{X AwKo-Imcw e`n-n FXv
Nqn-m-t--Xp-v. sXn-y kn\naIfn ]nWn Km\imJ m]n-s-Sp {]ap-cn-semcm, ae-bmf kn\n-a-bpsS ssiih Zn\--fn Dm-bn-cp Xangv kzm[o\w kn\n-am-Km-\--fn
\nv XpS--nte XpSp \on ae-bm-fn-s Bhm-lnh, Ac \qmp Imew sXny `mj-I-fn-semw Bem-]\ ssh`hw ImgvN-sh-h, Dm-cW ipn sImv sXep--scbpw
Xan-g-scbpw hnkva-bn-nh, {]W-b-n-sbpw hm-ey-n-sbpw Xmcm-n-sbpw `n-bp-sSbpw
Io-cn-sbpw ]mp-I imkv{Xo-b--tIc-fob kwKo-X-ns A- Dsmp ]mSn ae-bmfn-I-fpsS lrZbfn Nnc {]XnjvT t\Snbh ......-eo-e-t-n- CsXm-s-bm-bn-cp-p. Fntm?
hj-p apv {]ikvX Kmb-I-\mb ]n.Pb-N-{\v Hcp AhmUv \Im sXn-ybnse Fm-e-sbpw anI Kmbn-I-bmb ]n.-kp-io-e-sb AXns kwLm-S-I Wn-p. AXpambn _-sp \S ]{X-k-t-f-\-n Cu AhmUv eoe-t-n-bvmbn-cpp BZyw \tIn-bn-cp-Xv Fv kpio-em Xpd--Sn-p.
X\nv e`n ]-`q-j \nc-knp sImv sXn-y kn\n-a-bnse {]i-kvX-Km-bn-Ibmb Fkv.-Pm-\In Nqn-m-Wn Hcp Imcyw ]n.-eo-ebvv \Inb ]-`q-j Bbn-cp-p. 2005
HIvtSm-_-dn ]n.-eoe ac-W-a-S-bp-Xp hsc tZiob Xe-n Hcp AwKo-Im-chpw \Im-Xn-cp-h Ah acnp sXm-Sp hjw ]-`q-j AhmUv {]Jym-]n-p. kn\nam kwKoX
temIn\vv Gsdmew anI kwKoXkw`m-h-\-I \In-sm-n-cp ]n.-eo-ebvv CXp
sImsp {]tbm-P-\-am-Wpm-b-sXv Fkv.-Pm-\In tNmZn-p-p.
ae-bm-fn-Ifmb kn\nam kwKoX t{]an-I ]n.-eo-esb th coXn-bn AwKo-I-cn-n
FXv hmkvXhw Xs-bm-Wv. t\ct teJ-I kqNn-n-Xp t]mse Dn-bn-\n-bnse KmbnI
F Km\-t-m anI Bem-]\ ]mShw ImgvN sh \nc-h[n Km\- ]n.-eoe ae-bm-fn ]mSn-bn-p-v. Fm Hcp XhW am{Xw, AXpw ]n.-eoe F alm-Km-bnI ae-bm-f-n
]mSn-p-Sn cp ]Xn-m-p-I Igntm am{XamWv ]n.-eo-ebvv Hcp AhmUv \In-tbm-sa Nn Chn-sS-bp--hp-m-bXv.
]n.-eo-ebvv e`n _lp-aXn-- ]cn-tim-[n-m Ah-bn Ipdp am{Xta ae-bm-fn-I-fptS-Xm-bpq Fp ImWm Ign-bpw. ae-bm-fn-I-fp-tS-Xmbn ]d-bm-hp--Xn Gsdbpw Kpcp-hm-bq-cn
\np am{Xw e`n--Xp-am-Wv.
]n.-eo-esb Ipdnp hnn-]o-Un-b-bn ae-bmf kn\nam Km\-sf Ipdn-smcp kqN\
t]mep-an-! hnn-]o-Un-b-bnse ae-bmfw hn`m-K-am-Is ]n.-eo-esb Ipdn-smcp hnhcw t]mepw
icnv \ImsX Ahsc A]-am-\n-p-I-bmWv sNp--Xv.
D]-kw-lmcw
Xo-bmbpw Cu teJ\w Xncp--ep-Ipw Iqn-t-ep-Ipw hnt[-b-amstS-Xm-Wv. AtX ka-bw, teJ-Is Xe-ap-d-bp-sSbpw apX-e-ap-d-bp-sSbpw lrZbX{n-I aon-m-Snb
alm-Km-bn-I-bmWv ]n.-eo-e-bm-sW-p Imcyw teJ-\-n-\-p-d-p efnX kXy-am-Wv. Fnpw
Cu cp Xe-ap-d-Ifpw th{X \oXn Cu Kmbn-I-tbmSv ]pen-bn-ptm? eoe- Ah-km-\-Imev ]d-Xp t]mse \psS Ipp--tfmSv Cn-s\-sbmcp tNn ]mSnb ]mp-I sXn-ym-cpsS a\v ]nSn--S-n-bn-cpp Fv \ ]dp sImSp-n-ptm?
1992 ]n.-eo-ebvv Isse-am-a-Wn _lp-aXn ]w \In-smv As Xan-gv\mSv apJya{n Pb-e-fnX ]d hmp-I \ap-sms _m[-Iamb kXy-amWv:
CXp Fmthm D-fpv IpSp-n-cnWpw...-F A D ckn-ssK..-\m\pw D ckn-ssK..
(Cu AwKo-Imcw \nv hfsc apt Xs Xtc-n-bn-cp--Xm-bn-cp-p. Fs A
\n-fpsS Bcm-[n-I-bm-bn-cp-p. Rm\pw \n-fpsS Bcm-[n-I-bmWv.)