PHN I.

M U Cng vi s pht trin ca nn kinh tth gii th nhu cu v vn lng thc, thc phm ca ngi dn ngy cng c quan tmnhiu hn c bit l vn rauqu ti. Rau quti sau thu hoch l mt trongnhng sn phm thc

phm khng ththiu c v lun gn lin vi cuc sng hng ngy. Tuy nhin, cc sn phm rau qu ti png c cc yu cu v cht lngthc phm th phi c cc phng php x l_bo qun chng sau thu hoch nhm gi nguyn gi tr dinh dng v thi hn s dng lu di. V vy vic nghin cu v tm hiu cc yu t nh hng n sn phm rau qu ti v cc bin php x l, bo qun chng sao cho c hiu qu l rt cn thit. Trong s cc sn phm rau qu ti phi k n l c chua. y l loi rau va c th c dng n ti, va dng ch bin trong cc ba n hng ngy ca ngi dn hay ch bin cc sn phm ung, sn phm ch bin khc rt thun tin cho s dng v c li cho sc kho con ngi. C chua l loi qu rt d b hng sau qu trnh thu hi, chu nhi u tc ng ca cc yu t ngoi cnh cng nh con ngi, vy cn nghin cu cc yu t nh hng tm ra c phng thc bo qun thch hp. PHN II. NI DUNG I.Gii thiu v c chua 1.1.Ngun gc C chua (tomato) l loi rau qu lm thc phm. Qu ban u c

mu xanh, chn sang mu t vng n . C chua c v hi chua v l mt loi thc phm b dng giu vitamin C v A, Potassium, cht m, cht x v licopene. C chua c ngun gc t chu M v ph bin ra ton th gii t sau th k 16. i vi sc kho con ngi, c chua ng vai tr rt quan trng, cung cp lng sinh t C, cht m, cht x v nhiu cht l licopene. Hin nay c chua c n ti v ch bin rng nhiu loi sn phm qui m gia nh v qui m cng nghip. Bn cnh phng php ch bin, th phng php bo qun ng vai tr khng kem phn quan trng, nh hng rt ln n cht lng sn phm v gi tr kinh t. 1.2. Thnh phn ho hc ca qu c chua 1.2.1.Cht kh Hm lng cht kh trong c chua ph truc vo loi nguyn liu v iu kin trng trt, chim khong 4-8%. Trong thnh phn cht kh bao gm: + ng: 2-5%, phn ln l glucoza, cn saccharza chim rt t (<0.5%). + Tinh bt: ch c dng vt khong 0.07-0.26%.Trong qu trnh chn tinh bt s chuyn thnh ng. + Cellulose : c nhiu trong qu xanh, vng chn th hm lng cng gim dn. 1.2.2. axit axit chung ca c chua chn trung bnh khong 0.4%(theo axit

malic). axit hot ng trong khong pH 3.1-4.1, ngoi ra cn c axit citric v lng nh axit tatric. Khi cn xanh, axit dng t do. Khi chn n c dng mui axit 1.2.3. Nit Nit trong c chua khong 1%. Lc cn xanh, nit dng t do, khi chn n b phn hu thnh axit amin. 1.2.4. Khong Ca 10mg%; P 25mg%; Fe 1mg% v cc loi khc 1.2.5. Cht cht c chua thng c v ng, hng l do c cha glucozit solanin. S lng solanin theo chn bn di C chua Solanin 1.2.6 Sc t Trong c chua thng c sc t thuc nhm carotenoid nh carotene, lycopene, xantophyl. qu xanh cn c chlorophyll. Tu theo m c chn ca qu m sc t kia tng dn nn mu ca qu tr nn m hn: Sc t c chua Lycopene Carotene Xantophyl Cn xanh 0.11 0.16 0.02 Na chn 0.84 0.43 0.05 Chn 7.85 0.73 0.06 Xanh 4 mg% ng 5mg% Chn 8 mg%

1.2.7. Vitamin ( tnh theo mg%)

VitaminC i ln 20_40

tng Caroten B1 1.2_1.6 0.08_0.1 5

B2

PP

K 50

0.05_0.07 0.5_15.5

1.2.8. Cc thnh phn khc C chua cha pectaza, khi cng chn enzyme ny cng nhiu. 1.3. Qu trnh chn trong c chua Trong qu trnh chn c chua tri qua cc thi k sau: - Thi k qu xanh: qu v ht pht trin cha hon chnh. Nu thu hi qu thi k ny v thng qua cc phng php thc chn th qu chn khng bnh thng, qu khng c hng v, khng c mu sc c trng ca ging. - Thi k chn xanh: Cht keo bao quanh ht c hnh thnh, qu cha c mu hng hoc mu vng. Nu em thc chn th qu s th bin mu sc ca ging. - Thi k chn vng : nh qu xut hin mu vng hoc mu hng vi din tch b mt chim khong 10%. - Thi k chuyn mu: Din tch b mt t 10-30% c mu vng hoc . - Thi k chn hng: Din tch b mt qu t 30-60% c mu hng nht hoc mu vng. - Thi k qu hng ho c : Din tch b mt qu t >60-90% c mu vng hoc . - Thi k qu chn : Din tch b mt t trn 90% tr ln. Trn y l nhng thi k quan trng ca qu trnh chn. T khi chn

xanh n chn tng hp khong 10 12 ngy. II. Cc yu t nh hng n cht lng c chua sau thu hoch Sinh hc (thot hi nc, h hp, vi sinh vt)

Mi trng (nhit , m , chuyn thnh phn khng kh) 2.1. Yu t sinh hc

Con ngi (thu hi, vn

phn phi,tiu th)

C chua l loi cy a kh hu m p, c chua rt s rt v cng rt s nng. C chua yu cu c nh sng y . C nh sng y cy mi pht trin tt, qu to, mu sc l ti, phm cht qu tt. Song c chua sau thu hoch th nhit cng thp c chua bo qun c cng lu. Tuy nhin, do c chua c hm lng nc rt cao nn cng khng trnh khi cc hin tng: +S thot hi nc ( hay mt nc): do c im cu trc qu, chn, gi, m khng kh, nhit , nh sng u l cc yu t

gy ra s mt nc cho c chua sau thu hoch. +S h hp : h hp l qu trnh oxiho kh phc tp, tri qua hng lot cc phn ng sinh ho k tip nhau di s xc tc ca h thng ezyme c hiu, qu trnh ny c th chia lm 2 giai on: -Giai on 1: c trng bi s phn gii lin tc c cht h hp di tc ng ca h thng enzyme oxihoa-kh hnh thnh nn cc cht kh l NADH, FADH2, NADPH v gii phng CO2. -Giai on 2: Tin hnh oxihoa-kh t hydro lin kt vi cht kh. y l qu trnh vn chuyn in t v H+ t NADH, FADH2 n O2 khng kh nh chui vn chuyn in t. Giai on ny gii phng nng lng di dng ATP v to nc. Trong h hp thng xy ra 2 loi h hp la h hp ho kh v h hp ym kh. H hp ho kh: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O +Q H hp ym kh: C6H12O6 +O2 CO2 + nhit +Ethanol + axit Khi nhit cng cao th qu trnh h hp ca c chua cng tng dn n cc qu trnh sinh ho xy ra trong c chua cng mnh. Ngoi ra m cng nh hng mnh n qu trnh thot hi nc ca c chua. m khng kh cng cao th qatrnh thot hi nc ca c chua xy ra cng chm do c chua s gi ti c lu hn, song cng l mi trng thch hp cho nm bnh v cn trng xm nhp v pht trin gy h hng c chua. + S xm nhim ca vi sinh vt gy bnh: c chua sau thu hoach d b nhim cc bnh: -Bnh thi hng do nm Fusarium Solani: qu c chua b bnh tr

nn mm, thm, sng t. Ngoi v c mt lp lng t t mu trng chuyn sang mu hng.

Ca chua nhiem nam

Nam Fusarium Solani

-Bnh do nm Phytophotora infestans: trn qu xut hin nhng m nu ln ri lan ra khp qu. Tht qu tr nn rn v khng n c. Khi tri n ngoi v xut hin lng t mu trng ca b phn mang bo t nm.

Nam Phytophotora infestans

Ca chua nhiem nam

-Bnh thi do vi khun : Bacterium caratovorum, lactobacillus lycopersici v nm Fuarium Solani gy ra. -Thi nm qu : do vi khun l Lactobacterium lycopersici, trn nm qu xut hin vt mu nu ri lan dn khp vng nm. Nhng m qu vng b thm pha ngoi lm qu b rn li. -Bnh than c chua do vi khun Colletotrium Lycopersici, sau gia vt c mu nu v vt ln dn lan ra khp qu. B mt vt bnh c ph mt lp en mt. Qu b bnh tr nn mm v thi. 2.2. Yu t vt l mi trng C chua sau thu hoch con chu nh hng cc yu t vt l mi trng nh : nhit , m khng kh, kh quyn ( thnh phn v n ng cht kh), nh sng. Nhit l yu t nh hng ln n c chua sau thu hi.C chua xanh rt mn cm vi lnh di 10 C. nhit trong qu c chua chn

xanh phi c gim nhanh chng t khong 23 C xung 21 C trong 8- 10 pht hoc 13 - 15 pht n nhit 15 C bng cch s dng nc lnh 1-5oC C chua chn t mn cm vi lnh nn c th bo qun nhi t 10- 13 C trong 4 ngy, sau c chua vn c th tip tc chn khi nhit tng ln. C chua c mu hng nht c th bo qun nhit 5 C trong 4 ngy, sau tng nhit 13-15 C t 1 -4 ngy hon thin thi k qu chn. Qu chn th c th bo qun nhit 2-5 C trong mt s ngy. Nhng bin i sau l mt mu, gim cng v gim hng v. m mi trng cng l yu t nh hng n c chua sau thu hoch. m thch hp cho bo qun c chua l t 85 95%, n u m qu thp s gy ra hin tng ho r c chua nh hng ti cht lng c, hoc nu m qu cao cng l iu kin thun li cho s pht trin ca cc vi sinh vt gy hai v lm hng c chua. Ngoi ra thnh phn khng kh nh hng ti qu trnh chn ca qu sau thu hoch. Mun rt ngn thi gian trong qu trnh chn ngi ta cho c chua xanh tip xc vi ethylene (CH4) t 12-18 gi nhit 20 C. Nh vy s gim c 1/2 thi gian so vi c chua bnh thng. Khi cn thit cng c th khng ch qu trnh chn n chm cho n khi bn sn phm bng cch iu chnh kh trong kho. iu chnh kh CO v O2 trong kho l rt kh khn v phc tp. Ngi k thut vin phi iu chnh lng CO2 v O2 nhanh chng t n mc ti hn, nu s cn bng c th duy tr c c chua th iu chnh lng O2 c bn mc thp, cn i vi lng CO cng phi quan tm iu chnh.

Mc d vy hu ht trong thc tin u bo qun c chua vi mc 5% CO2 v 2,5% O2 nhit 12oc, khi t l c bn CO2 l 10% v O2 l 2,5% nm bnh s khng pht trin c trong mi trng c nhiu CO2 nh vy. tng hiu qu phng tr bnh hi th iu chnh t l CO: 2,5% v O: 2,5% l tt. 2.3. Yu t con ngi nh hng ca con ngi ti c chua thng qua cc thao tc k thut. Cc bin php x l din ra trong sut qu trnh trng, thu hoch, vn chuyn, bo qun, phn phi, tiu th. Trong qu trnh trng v chm sc, nu c chm sc thch hp th c chua s cho nng sut cao, ng thi cht lng qu tt, sau thu hi thi gian bo qun s c lu, khng nhim su bnh. nc ta hin nay c chua hu ht c thu hi bng tay, cc vt cha thng t c quan tm, do vy c chua s d b dp nt, v d dng b cc vi sinh vt gy hi tn cng. Do vy, khi thu hi cn da vo mt s tiu ch sau: - Nu phn phi cc ch gn th nn thu hach c chua c mu hng. - Khi phn phi ch xa th thu qu gi nhng v cn xanh hay bt u chuyn hi vng, y qu bt u chuyn hng. - Trnh lm dp qu khi hi bng cch hi bng tay, ngn tay ci n vo im ni gia cung qu v thn, kh xoay, qu s ri ra. Khng git mnh s lm dp hng qu. - Thu hoch khi tri mt, thng vo lc sng sm, nu thu ti tra th phi xp qu vo ni rm mt. Trnh thu hoch vo ma ma, trnh t qu xung t, hi n u t qu vo st trnh ly bnh v nhim

bnh. Cn phi loi qu gip nt, b su n. nu qu bn th lau bng gi sch v mm. III.Mt s cch bo qun c chua 3.1. Bo qun c chua chn thm. Qu c chua khi bt u hnh thnh n khi chn c chua trong qu gim dn, trong khi lng ng tng ln dn. Nu thu hoch qu cha chn y , trong khi vn chuyn i xa hay trong khoang tu, khng thong gi th t l ng khng tng ln bao nhiu. Ngc li, nu ch thng thong gi th t l ng tng. Mun ko di thi gian bo qun cung cp ra th trng, ng thi m bo c phm cht qu, cn thu hoch c chua lc chn ti. Qu cha hn, bo qun thm mt thi gian th mu sc qu s u hn so vi qu chn trn cy, qu t b nt hn. Sau khi thu hoch, c chua chn thm, tt nht l bo qun nhit 22 25oC, m tng i ca khng kh l 80 85%. Trong iu kin m qu cao, qu d b thi, cn m qu thp th thi gian chn ko di thm. 3.2. Bo qun bng nhit Khi bo qun c chua trong iu kin khng thun li s dn n mt mt do thi ra bi hot ng ca vi sinh vt, nht l cc loi nm. Thng thng c chua c bo qun giai on cha chn khi ton qu cn xanh ch mi c chm hng y qu. Cng c th bo qun c chua khi chn hon ton. Sau khi thu hi, c chua c thu hi theo kch thc, chn, loi

qu dp nt, thi hng. Trng hp qu bn phi ra bng nc sch ri ro. C chua c xp vo khay g hoc nha, nu l c chua chn dng xut khu hoc vn chuyn xa th mi khay nn xp khong 5 10kg vi chiu cao t 1 -2 lp qu. Cu to ca khay cn m bo sao cho khi xp nn nhau khay khng ln qu khay di. Nu l c chua xanh th c th trong st, mi st xp thnh l cao n 2m. Thm ch c th c chua xanh thnh tng ng trong kho bo qun. Ch bo qun c chua xanh: nhit 8 10oC, m 80 85%, thi gian bo qun c th n 1.5 thng. Khng bo qun c chua di 5oC v s ri lon sinh l dn n khng chn hoc chn khng c trng , qu d mm mt kh nng khng bnh. i vi c chua chn t na qu tr nn th bo qun m 90%, nhit 1 -2oC. 3.3. Bo qun bng mn ca m bo c lu cn ra qu, tt nht ra bng nc clo. Cho 1 tha cafe cht clorin vo 1L nc ra, hong ch mt cho kh qu. Dng nc clo ny lm m mn ca. Dng mun ca sch v khng ln tp cht. Nu dng li mn ca th phi kh trng bng cch phi nng cho kh. Loi b nhng mu g vn ln trong mn ca trnh lm xy xt qu. C 1kg mn ca dng 1L nc l m. 1kg mn ca c th bo qun 1kg c chua. Ti nc vo mn ca v o u. mn ca v o u. mn ca m vo st hoc ln sn nh ni thong mt. Vi c chua vo mn ca m, c 1kg lp qu n 1kg mn ca, lp mn ca ph

ln phi dy va phi v m. Khng c trn mn ca vi bt k mt sn phm no hng trnh ly sang qu. 3.4. Rm chn C chua xanh chn bng cch nng nhit ti 20 -25oC, m 80 90%. Sau 1 tun c chua s chn. Khng nng nhi t ln cao qu 30oC v s gim kh nng tng hp cht mu licopin lm cho c cho c chua chn khng c trng. C th rm nhanh c chua bn ethylen vi liu lng 0.1 0.5% th tch kho, kt hp nng nhit 20 -30oC, m80 -85%. Khi rm chn ch nn xp c chua ti m t 80 -90kg/m3. Bng cch ny c chua s chn trong vng 4 -5 ngy. 3 .5. Cng ngh bo qun c chua mi Cng trnh nghin cu c thc hin trng i hc Tamil Nadu (TNAU) n bo qun c chua c 3 thng s gip cho vic kim sot hu hiu loi hng ho ny. Theo cng ngh mi, nhng qu c chua chn hon ton v cn nguyn c a vo thng PVC ri nhng chm vo dung dch thm thu c cha 2% ng, 2% sodium cloride, 2% acid citric v 0.5% sodium benzoat dng lm cht bo qun. Sau c th thng cha nhit bnh thng trong phng. C chua bo qun nh vy c th gi lu c 100 ngy m khng b thi hay gim khi lng. Ngoi ra ta bit trong vic trng c chua, c chua khng b su bnh, khng b cht ho khng n gin cht no. L do c chua l loi c chua d mc phi bnh do vius c tn cucumber mosaic virus, gi tt l

CMV gy ra. Hin tng d thy l cy chuyn sang mu nu v cht. Bn cnh , c chua cn l loi cy trng chu thi tit lnh km, bi vy, ch cn mt m gi lnh c tuyt ri l rung c chua cht sch. khc phc nhc im trn, cc nh khoa hc Qu nng nghip Samuel Robert Noble Foundation (SRNQ), Okahoma ( M) m i y tm ra mt phng php mi bo v c chua trc s tn cng ca virus CMV v thi tit lnh. Trong k thut ny, ngi ta s dng mt k sinh trng vi mt mu virus CMV to ra mt dn xut c t, hay cn gi l c t t bo. y l qu trnh t nhin thc y cc t bo t tiu dit. Qua nghin cu cc nh khoa hc to c loi c chua chu c k sinh trng bng cch ci xen mt gen c trng c th ly t ngi hoc su b cho vo loi c chua ni trn. Gen ny c kh nng sn xut c loi Protein chng li c t tiu dit hoc v hiu ho virus CMV. Ngoi ra c chua bin i gen ni trn cn chu c lnh rt tt nn thch hp m i iu kin a hnh, thi tit khc nhau.

Phn III. KT LUN Nc ta l nc c kh hu nhit i gi ma, min Bc c kh hu nhit i gi ma, c chua ch c trng vo ma ng t thng 11- 12 . C chua l loi qu h h p t bin do vic bo qun c chua gp nhiu kh khn. Hn na nc ta c chua trng c trng nh l, khng tp trung thu hi bng cch th cng .Cc dng c cha trng l r, r, st nn thng gy xy xt lm tn thng c chua . iu ny lm tn tht

rt ln cho c chua sau thu hoch , lm thit hi n kinh t ca ngi trng. V vy vic tm hiu nhng yu t nh hng ti c chua sau thu hoch,gip tm ra cc bin php khc phc hin tng tn tht sau thu hoch v bo qun c lu c chua. c th ko di ma v c chua pha v nhu cu ngi dn trong nc,v xut khu hay ch bin cc loi ch phm t c chua.