Earthquake Response Spectra

Although the logarithmic response spectra have an irregular shape, the general shape of elastic response spectra may be idealized as having regions of nearly constant spectral displacement, nearly constant pseudo spectral velocity, and nearly constant pseudo spectral acceleration. Newmark and Hall chose to normalize the elastic response spectra using the maximum ground acceleration, the maximum ground velocity, and the maximum ground displacement. 1940 El Centro (NS) Spectral Displacement Maximum Ground Displacement 5.0

Pseudo Spectral Acceleration Maximum Ground Acceleration

2.0 Maximum Ground Velocity Pseudo Spectral Velocity 1.0 5.0 0.5 2.0 0.2 1.0 0.1 0.05 0.5 0.05 Damping Factors: 0.0, 0.02, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20 1.0 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 Undamped Natural Frequency, Hz Values of maximum ground displacement, maximum ground velocity, and maximum ground acceleration may be calculated from the measured ground acceleration records. The ground velocity and ground displacement records are obtained by integrating the measured ground acceleration history numerically. Newmark and Hall considered a number of earthquake records and found statistical relationships between the amplitude of the spectral quantities and the peak ground response. S d = D d max PS v = V v max PS a = A a max D, V, and A are the spectral amplification factors. dmax , vmax , and amax are the maximum ground displacement, velocity, and acceleration values, respectively. 2.0 5.0 10.0

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Earthquake Response Spectra

Spectral Amplification Factors for Horizontal Ground Motion Damping F Factor 0.005 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.10 0.20 One Sigma (84.1%) A 5.10 4.38 3.66 2.71 1.99 1.26 V 3.84 3.38 2.92 2.30 1.84 1.37 D 3.04 2.73 2.42 2.01 1.69 1.38 A 3.68 3.21 2.74 2.12 1.64 1.17 Median (50%) V 2.59 2.31 2.03 1.65 1.37 1.08 D 2.01 1.82 1.63 1.39 1.20 1.01

Example: Develop an elastic response spectrum for the following peak ground parameters. Use a damping factor of 0.02. a max = 0.33 g v max = 16.0 in.sec d max = 12.0 in. The statistical data from Newmark and Hall yield the following amplification factors for the median plus one standard deviation:
A = 3.66 V = 2.92 D = 2.42 PS a = A a max = 3.66 0.33 g = 1.21 g PS v = V v max = 2.92 16.0 in.sec = 46.7 in.sec S d = D d max = 2.42 12.0 in. = 29.0 in.

At high frequencies, the spectral acceleration converges to the peak ground acceleration. A linear interpolation is used between 8 and 33 Hz to reproduce this phenomenon.

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Earthquake Response Spectra

Inelastic Response Spectra Design response spectra for inelastic systems were proposed by Newmark and Hall in the early 1970s. Statistical studies of elasto-plastic SDOF systems formed the basis of these calculations. The response of an elasto-plastic oscillator is idealized below. For forces below the yield level, Ry, the system displacement is proportional to the applied force. However, after the yield load is reached, the system will continue to displace with no increase in force.

Applied Force

Ry

The ductility ratio, , is defined as the maximum displacement divided by the yield displacement. = y max max y

Displacement of SDOF Oscillator The idealized response spectrum can be summarized by three regions: (a) constant acceleration region, (b) constant velocity region, and (c) constant displacement region. The following relationships were observed between the response of linear SDOF systems and elasto-plastic systems. Constant displacement and constant velocity regions: If the initial natural frequency of the oscillator lies within the constant displacement or constant velocity region of the response spectrum, it was observed that the maximum inelastic displacement of an elastoplastic system was approximately equal to the maximum elastic displacement of a linear system with the same frequency. Re

i e i = y = e R e = mu e Ry R = e y e R e = R y u .. .. u i = u y = e
.. .. .. ..

R i = mu i = mu y

Ry

e = i

The maximum inelastic acceleration is equal to the maximum elastic acceleration divided by the ductility factor.

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Earthquake Response Spectra

Constant acceleration region: If the initial natural frequency of the oscillator lies within the constant acceleration region of the response spectrum, it was observed that the energy in the linear and elasto-plastic systems is the same. AREA e = 1 eRe = 1 yR y 2 2

e y

Re Ry y e i

AREA i = 1 yRy + i yRy 2 1 R e 2 y y y

2

= 1 yRy + i yR y 2

e = y + 2 i y y e = y + 2( 1 ) y = (2 1) y
2 2 2

e = (2 1) y = i 2 1 i = Ry = Re

(21)

Relationship between inelastic and linear displacement.

y 1 = Re 2 1 e
.. ..

R y = mu y = mu i R e = mu e ue ui = (2 1)
.. .. ..

Relationship between inelastic and linear acceleration.

Using this procedure, two sets of inelastic response spectra are generated. The inelastic displacement of an elasto-plastic oscillator is read from one, and the inelastic acceleration of an elasto-plastic oscillator is read from the other. It is assumed that the elastic response spectra for a particular site is known, and that the ductility factor for a particular type of system is known.

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Earthquake Response Spectra

Example: Consider the same peak ground quantities and develop an inelastic response spectrum for an assumed ductility factor of 4. Use a damping factor of 0.02. PS a = 1.21 g PS v = 46.7 in.sec S d = 29.0 in. In the constant displacement and constant velocity regions: Inelastic response spectrum used to calculate displacement = linear response spectrum. S ID d = 29.0 in. PS ID v = 46.7 in.sec Inelastic response spectrum linear response spectrum used to calculate acceleration = divided by the ductility factor. S IA d = 7.25 in. In the constant acceleration region: Inelastic response spectrum linear response spectrum times used to calculate displacement = 21 PS ID a = 1.84 g Inelastic response spectrum linear response spectrum times 1 used to calculate acceleration = 21 PS IA a = 0.46 g Inelastic Response Spectrum for Displacement PS IA v = 11.7 in.sec

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Earthquake Response Spectra

Inelastic Response Spectrum for Acceleration

At high frequencies the peak acceleration in the inelastic response spectrum for displacement converges to the peak ground acceleration times the ductility factor. At high frequencies the peak acceleration in the inelastic response spectrum for acceleration converges to the peak ground acceleration. Transition frequencies of 8 and 33 Hz are used for both inelastic response spectra.

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